ORAL COM

Communication should be Honest Open Two-way

Nature of Communication

1. Communication is a process.
2. Communication occurs between two or more people.
3. Communication can be expressed through written or spoken words, action or both.

Elements of Communication

1. Sender
2. Receiver
3. Message
4. Channel
5. Noise or barriers
6. Feedback or response

Process of Communication

1. The speaker generates the idea.

2. The speaker encodes the message.
3. The speaker sends the message through a channel.
4. The receiver gets the message.
5. The receiver decodes the idea.
6. The receiver gives their feedback.

Functions of Communication

1. To control behavior
2. Social interaction
3. Motivation
4. Emotional expression
5. Information dissemination

Models of Communication

1. Linear model/ laswel’s model

- communication is a one-way process

- the receiver gets the message but doesn’t reciprocate the message.

Ex. reading a book, listening to a resource speaker

2. Shanon-Weaver’s Model

- resembled to the transmission of a telephone message

- mother of communication models
 - Introduces noise as a factor of communication

Ex. you are talking to your friend when a dog barks

3. Transactional Model

- A two way process

- consider both people involved in the interaction are communicators
- realistic view of communication

Ex. arguing with someone

4. Interactive Model

- two way communication

- communicator and the recipient take turns to speak and to listen to each other
- feedback is the key element

Ex. sending a text or e-mail messages

Types of Communication Barrier

- emotional barrier
- use of jargon words
- lack of confidence
- noisy environment

Effects of Communication Breakdown

- loss of morale- enthusiasm and sense of purpose may be affected

- demotivation- loss of motivation
- embarrassment- feel guilty and incompetent
- anger- can get someone in trouble
- tension among the team- people will point fingers
- stress caused to an individual- affect to the one who received it and failed to
understand
- loss of clients, business, and sales (or friends/relationship)- breaks trust
- disorganization- careless communication
- gossip- fake information

5 Ways to Resolve Communication Breakdown

- observe
- presenting and choosing an option
- sharing is caring
- practice makes perfect
- one team, one dream
How to Overcome Communication Barriers

- active listening
- use common language
- give constructive response
- focus on the issue not the speaker
- be genuine rather than control
- emphasize rather than being alone
- be patient towards others
- promote yourself and your own experience

7 Features of a Good Communication

- completeness- should include everything that needs to be heard

- conciseness- making it direct to the point
- consideration- should consider, mood, race, preference, background, education status
- concreteness- supported by facts
- courteousy - should respect cultures, values, and beliefs
- clearness- use simple words
- correctness- correctness in grammar

Verbal Communication

Effectiveness

1. appropriateness- language should be appropriate

2. brevity- use simple words, avoid fillers,
3. clarity- clearly state your message
4. ethics- words should be carefully chosen
5. vividness- use words that vividly or creatively describe things or feelings

Skills Required

1. volume- loudness of your voice

2. enunciation and pronunciation- proper pronunciation of sounds
3. pitch- frequency of your voice
4. stress- emphasis on certain words
5. phrasing- how you group words n a sentence
6. speed- how quickly you speak

Nonverbal Communication

Strategies

1. eye contact
2. facial expressions
3. head movements and body movements
 4. posture
5. proximity
6. personal appearance

Mastery of nonverbal communication is important for several reasons:

1. It enhances and emphasizes the message of your speech, thus making it more
meaningful, truthful, and relevant.
2. It can communicate feelings, attitudes, and perceptions without you saying a word.
3. It can sustain the attention of listeners and keep them engaged in the speech.
4. It gives the audience a preview to the type of speaker you are.
5. It makes you appear more dynamic and animated in your delivery.
6. It serves as a channel to release tension and nervousness.
7. It helps make your speech more dramatic.
8. It can build a connection with listeners.
9. It makes you a credible speaker
10. It helps you vary your speaking style and avoid a monotonous delivery.

Intercultural Communication

Intercultural communication happens when individuals interact, negotiate, and create

meanings while bringing in their varied cultural backgrounds (Ting-Toomey, 1999).

Development of Intercultural Sensitivity

Stage 1: Denial

Stage 2: Defense

Stage 3: Minimization

Stage 4: Acceptance

Stage 5: Adaption

Stage 6: Integration

Once you understand these stages, you may apply it to

(1) recognize communication behaviors which differ from your own,

(2) take into account what can influence these types of behaviors

(3) try to analyze how linguistic and cultural communities differ in terms of communication
behavior and influencing factors (Allwood, 1985).

Characteristics of Competent Intercultural Communicators

1. Flexibility and the ability to tolerate high levels of uncertainty

2. Reflectiveness or mindfulness
 3. Open-mindedness
4. Sensitivity
5. Adaptivity
6. . ability to engage in divergent thinking (or thinking creatively) and systems-level
thinking (or thinking how each one in a system or organization influences each other)
7. Politeness

Tips

1. Avoid stereotypes
2. Challenge gender norms
3. Do not talk down
4. Be sensitive
5. Be polite

Types of speech context

1. Intrapersonal-talking to yourself

Ex. Reciting a declamation piece in front of the mirror

2. Interpersonal- communication between or among people

-dyad- occurs between two people

Ex. Talking to your best friend privately

-small groups- includes at least three but not more than 12 people

Ex. Group Study

3. Public- delivering a message in front of a group

Ex. Valedictorian Speech

4. Mass Communication- refers to communication that takes place through media

Ex. Talking through phone.

Types of speech style

1. Intimate- “private”

Ex. Talking to a family member

2. Casual-“common”

Ex. Talking to your classmate

3. Consultative-“standard” ”consultation”
 Ex. Talking to your doctor

4. Formal-“formal setting”

Ex. Talking to your teacher

5. Frozen- “unchangeable”

Ex. Prayer

Types of Speech According to Purpose

1. informative speech- provides information. The lectures of your teachers are the best
examples of this type.
2. entertainment speech- amuses the audience. The humorous speeches of comedians and
performers are the best examples of this type.
3. persuasive speech- seeks to provide the audience with favourable or acceptable ideas that
can influence their own ideas and decisions. The campaign speeches of the running
candidates for government posts are the best examples of this type.

Type of Speech According to Delivery

1. Extemporaneous
- speaking with limited preparation
- guided by notes or outline
- delivered conversationally
Situations
-When you are a candidate for a post in a student government and you deliver your
campaign speech before a voting public
-When you are assigned to report a topic in class

Advantages
- Helps you look confident
- Engages the audience

Disadvantages
- May not have adequate time to plan, organize, and rehearse

Tips
- Create an outline
- Organize your points logically (most important to least important or vice versa)
- Use facts and real-life experiences as your examples
- Manage your time well
Rehearse, rehearse, rehearse

2. Impromptu
- speaking without advanced preparation
- unrehearsed speech
- spoken conversationally

Situations
- in an event where you are asked to say a few words
 - first day at work or in class

Advantages
- spontaneous or natural speaking
- more focused and brief

Disadvantages
- tendency to be disorganized
- lacks connection with the audience
- nerve-racking for inexperienced speakers and beginners

Tips
- once you are requested to say something, pause for a moment to plan in your head
what to say.
- state your main point briefly and deliver it at a pace your audience can follow.
- end by saying thank you.

3. Manuscript
- speaking with advanced preparation
- planned and rehearsed speech
- reading aloud a written message

Situations
- news casting with a TelePrompTer or an autocue device
- presenting the legal proceedings and verdict in court
- reading the rules and criteria in a contest

Advantages
- exact repetition of the written words
- guided speech

Disadvantages
- boring and uninteresting presentation
- lacks audience rapport or connection

Tips
- rehearse the speech over and over again until you sound natural.
- observe accomplished news anchors and note how conversational they sound
when they deliver the news.

4. Memorized
- speaking with advanced preparation
- planned and rehearsed speech
- reciting a written message word-for-word from memory

Situations
- when you perform in a stage play
- when you deliver a declamation, oratorical, or literary piece
- when an actor or actress in a scene performs a script from memory

Advantages
- exact repetition of the written words from memory
- free to move around the stage
Disadvantages
- speakers might end up speaking in a monotone pattern. Alternatively, he/she
might take a fast pace.
- when the speaker cannot control his/her stage fright, he/she might have difficulty
remembering his/her memorized speech.
Tips
- rehearse the speech over and over again until you sound natural and feel
confident.
- observe how actors/actresses perform their script in a theater, television, or movie
scenes.