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Getting Started With The Sport of Programming - Getting Started With The Sport of Programming

This document provides guidance for beginners to get started with competitive programming. It recommends starting with solving problems on SPOJ to build confidence and experience. It emphasizes participating in online contests on CodeChef, Codeforces, and TopCoder. It discusses types of errors one may encounter like runtime errors, compilation errors, and time limit exceeded. It introduces order analysis and standard memory limits. It also introduces useful data structures and functions from the Standard Template Library that can simplify coding.

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rahul das
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
93 views

Getting Started With The Sport of Programming - Getting Started With The Sport of Programming

This document provides guidance for beginners to get started with competitive programming. It recommends starting with solving problems on SPOJ to build confidence and experience. It emphasizes participating in online contests on CodeChef, Codeforces, and TopCoder. It discusses types of errors one may encounter like runtime errors, compilation errors, and time limit exceeded. It introduces order analysis and standard memory limits. It also introduces useful data structures and functions from the Standard Template Library that can simplify coding.

Uploaded by

rahul das
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Getting Started with the Sport of Programming

We d n e s d a y, 2 3 J u l y 2 0 1 4 About Me

Triveni Mahatha
Getting Started with the Sport of Programming
View my complete profile

This document is to guide those people who want to get started or have just started with
competitive programming.
Blog archive
Originally, this document was prepared during the summers of 2014 to help the freshers of
▼ 2014 (1)

Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur. So, we thought it might be useful to others as well.
▼ July (1)

Getting Started with the Sport of
Prerequisite : Basics of any programming language. We will follow C/C++.
Programming

Note : Please note that this blog is not meant to explain concepts in
details. The Aim of this blog is to guide you about which topics you
should read and practice in a systematic way. However, in many places
short explanations have been included for their relevance. Relevant
problems are given after each topic. Proper sources are given from where
these concepts can be studied. Where sources are not mentioned, that
means these are very very popular and you can get to know about them
just by a single google search. Move forward and enjoy it !

All the following things are from our experience and not
something written on stone.

You will need to show motivation.


Languages that should be used
C/C++/JAVA (your choice)
We will focus on C++, JAVA is slow (one big advantage of
JAVA is Big Integers, we will see later)
C++ is like superset of C with some additional tools. So,
basically if you have knowledge of C, you are ready to code in
C++ as well. Otherwise go back and learn how to write codes
in C/C++
Sometimes knowledge of PYTHON is helpful when you really
need big integers.

PARTICIPATE PARTICIPATE PARTICIPATE (the only mantra)

SPOJ: Its a problem Archive (recommended for all beginners


Start with problems having maximum submissions. Solve first
few problems (may be 20). Build some confidence. Then start
following some good coders (check their initial submissions).
Then start solving problems topic wise
Never get stuck for too long in the initial period. Google out
your doubts and try to sort them out or you can discuss with
someone (ONLY IN THE BEGINNING).
Before getting into live contests like codeforces or codechef,
make sure that you have solved about 50-70 problems on
SPOJ.

CODECHEF: Do all the three contests every month. Do participate in


CodeChef LunchTime for sure.
Even if you are unable to solve a problem do always look at
the editorials and then code it and get it accepted (this is the
way you will learn).
And even if you are able to do it, do look at the codes of some
good coders. See how they have implemented. Again you will
learn.
Same point apply to TopCoder and Codeforces as well.

Codeforces: 4 to 5 short contests of 2 hour in a month (Do them once


you develop some confidence).
TopCoder: Once you have proper experience and you can write codes
very fast.

Online Programming Contests:

You write codes and submit them online . The judge runs your code and checks
the output of your program for several inputs and gives the result based on your
program’s outputs.You must follow exact I/O formats. For example, do not print
statements like : “please enter a number”, etc :P

Each Problem has constraints:


Properly analyse the constraints  before you start coding.
Time Limit in seconds (gives you an insight of what is the order of solution it
expects) -> order analysis(discussed later).
The constraints on input ( very imp ): Most of the time you can correctly guess
the order of the solution by analysing the input constraints and time limit .
Memory Limit ( You need not bother unless you are using insanely large amount
of memory).

Types of errors you may encounter apart from wrong answer :

Run Time Error (Most Encountered)


Segmentation fault ( accessing an illegal memory address)
You declared array of smaller size than required or you are
trying to access negative indices .
Declaration of an array of HUGE HUGE(more than 10^8 ints) size -_- .
Dividing by Zero / Taking modulo with zero :O .
USE gdb ( will learn in coming lectures )
Compilation Error
You need to learn how to code in C++.
USE GNU G++ compiler or IDEONE(be careful to make codes private).
Time Limit Exceed (TLE)
You program failed to generate all output within given time limit.
Input Files are not randomly generated , they are made such that
wrong code does not pass.
Always think of worst cases before you start coding .Always try to
avoid TLE.
Sometimes a little optimizations are required and sometimes you
really need a totally new and efficient algorithm (this you will learn
with time).
So whenever you are in doubt that your code will pass or not .Most of
the time it won’t pass .
Again do proper order analysis of your solution .

Sometimes when you are stuck . Check  the running time of other accepted codes to take an
insight like what Order of solution other people are writing / what amount of memory they
are using.

4 MB ~ array of size 10^6 . Or 2-d array of size 10^3*10^3


Standard Memory limits are of Order of 256MB
Order analysis :
Order of a program is a function dependent on the algorithm you code. We wont go in
theoretical details just think Order of program as the total number of steps that program
will take to generate output generally a function based on input like O(n^2) O(n) O(log n) .
Suppose you write a program to add N numbers .See the following code.

   
int cur,sum=0;
for(int i=0;i<n;++i)
{
    scanf(“%d”,&curr);
    sum = sum+curr;
}
   
Total number of computations = n*(1+1+1+1)
n times checking i
n times i++
n times scanf
n times + operating

So total of 4*N.
We remove the constant and call it O(N)
This is the simplest I can explain.You will get further understanding with practice and
learning.

You must know running time of these algorithms (MUST)


Binary Search -> ?
Merge / Quick sort -> ?
Searching an element in sorted/unsorted array -> ?
HCF / LCM / Factorization / Prime CHeck ?

We all know the computation power of a processor is also limited.


Assume 1 sec ~ 10^8 operations per second . (for spoj old server it is 4*10^6).
Keep this in mind while solving any problem.

If your program takes O(n^2) steps and problems has T test cases . Then total order is T*N^2.

For T < 100 and N < 1000 . It will pass .


But for T < 1000 and N < 1000 it wont .
Neither for T < 10 and N < 10000 

INT OVERFLOW :
Sum three numbers.
Constraints :
0 < a,b,c < 10^9
int main()
{
    int a , b,c;
    scanf(“%d %d %d”,&a,&b,&c);
    int ans = a + b + c;
    printf(“%d”,ans);
    return 0;
}

This program won't give correct output for all cases as 3*10^9 cannot be stored in INTS you
need long long int or unsigned int (4*10^9).
what if 0

Comparing Doubles :
int main()
{
float a ;
scanf(“%f”,&a);
if(a == 10 ) printf(“YES”);
return 0;
}
float / double don’t have infinite precision . BEWARE ( 6/15 digit precision for them
respectively)
Try the following problem.
http://www.spoj.com/problems/GAMES/

Standard Template Library (STL):


In your code sometimes you need some Data Structures(DS) and some functions which are
used quite frequently. They already have lots of standard functions and data structures
implemented within itself which we can use directly.
Data Structures  ( To be discussed in later lectures ) 
Vectors
Stack
Queue
Priority Queue
Set
Map 
 Functions
Sort
Reverse
GCD
Swap
next_permutation
binary_search (left + right)
max, min
pow, powl
memset 

Now imagine writing codes using these inbuilt functions and data structures . It would be
much more simpler now.

What headers/libraries should you include ?


Basically the above functions / DS are in different libraries. So in some cases you may need
to include many headers . But you can include everything using just one header.

        #include <bits/stdc++.h>


Try the following problem :
www.codechef.com/problems/ANUUND
Which of the above inbuilt function did you use ?
What if you need to sort an Array of structure ? 
You can either make a struct and write compare function for it.(Read more at
www.cplusplus.com)Or you can use an vector of pair.
Read This:
http://community.topcoder.com/tc?module=Static&d1=tutorials&d2=sorting

Now you are ready to start competitive programming .


You can continue reading this doc or get started on your own . Good luck :)
First, you must learn the basic and well known algorithms . Not only the algorithm but you
must also understand why that works , proof , code it and analyze it . To know what basic
algorithms you must know you can read :
http://www.quora.com/Algorithms/What-is-needed-to-become-good-
algorithmist-like-top-rankers-in-Topcoder-Spoj-GCJ
http://www.quora.com/Algorithms/What-are-the-10-algorithms-one-must-know-
in-order-to-solve-most-algorithm-challenges-puzzles
http://www.quora.com/Computer-Science/What-are-the-10-must-know-
algorithms-and-data-structures-for-a-software-engineer

Also read these answers on how to start competitive programming and get good at it.
http://www.quora.com/ACM-ICPC-1/For-an-ACM-beginner-how-should-I-start
http://www.quora.com/Can-I-crack-the-ACM-ICPC-in-1-5-years-if-I-have-to-start-
from-scratch
http://www.quora.com/Competitive-Programming/What-was-Anudeep-
Nekkantis-Competitive-Programming-strategy-to-become-35th-in-Global-ranking-
in-just-6-7-months

TopCoder has very nice tutorials on some topics, read them here .

You can also read this book topic wise to understand an algorithm in a deeper way
http://ldc.usb.ve/~xiomara/ci2525/ALG_3rd.pdf.

To get good at writing fast codes and improving your implementation, you can follow
this:
My personal advice is to start practicing on TopCoder . Start with Div2 250 master it then
start with Div2 500 master it then move to Div1 250 .Also read the editorials of problem you
solve and the codes of fastest submissions to learn how to implement codes in simple and
elegant way.Meanwhile keep learning algorithms and keep practicing them on SPOJ or
CodeChef or Codeforces . And do read the tutorials, after a time you will realize that the
tricks and methods to solve are repeating themselves . We learn from practice only . If you
read same thing 5 times in different tutorials then it will not be stored in your short term
memory only right .

Below are few topics to start with and problems related to those topic.
They are very basic stuffs and you can learn all you need to know by just googling them out.

“When i will get some time I will try to update and give more details about the topics a
newbie should cover.”
Try to do all the problems stated below if you are a beginner.

PRIMES
Prime Check ( O(log n) also possible read about miller-rabbin )
Factorization
Number of factors
Sum of factors
Generating Primes using sieve of eratosthenes
Bounds on number of primes till N
Euler’s totient function
Practice Problems :
http://www.spoj.com/problems/NDIV/
http://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/431/B
http://www.spoj.com/problems/GAMES/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/GCJ101BB/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/GCJ1C09A/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/MAIN72/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/WINDVANE/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/NDIV/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/PTIME/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/NDIVPHI/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/NOSQ/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/AFS/
http://www.codechef.com/MAY13/problems/WITMATH/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/CUBEFR/

Try as many as you can.


Other things that you can read meanwhile
Euler Totient function and Euler's theorem [[ READ ]]
Modulo function and its properties
Miller-Rabin Algorithm            [[ READ ]]
Extended Euclid's Algorithm        [[ READ ]]
Keep exploring STL
Prove running time of HCF is O(log n)
Try sorting of structures
Practice few problems on several Online Judges
Try to do + - * operations on large numbers(<1000 digits) using char
array (for learning implementation)
Number of factors and sum of factors in sqrt(n) time ,Number of
primes till N

Basic Number Theory


Modulo operations and Inverse modulo
How to compute a ^ b % p in O(log b), where p is prime
Find Nth fibonacci number modulo p [Read Matrix exponential]
n! % p ( what if we have lots of test cases )
ETF ( calculation / calculation using sieve )
Euler theorem , Fermat’s little theorem , Wilson theorem [[ READ
]]
nCr % p (inverse modulo) ( read about extended euclid algorithm)
(p-1)! % p for prime p, Use of fermat theorem in Miller-Rabin (
Probabilistic ) ( miller-rabin.appspot.com )
64 Choose 32 < 10^19 we can precompute till herein a 2 dimentional
array [Learn use of the recursive relation : (n+1)Cr = nCr + nC(r-1)]
Number of ways to traverse in 2D matrix[Catalan Number] ( what if
some places are blocked ? Hint : DP)
a^b % c . Given Hcf(a,c) = 1 .And what if Hcf(a,c) ! = 1. [[ READ
Chineese Remainder Theorem, not used much in competition]]
Matrix Exponentiation
solving linear recurrence using matrix exponentiation(like fibonacci)

Practice problems:
http://www.spoj.com/problems/DCEPC11B
http://www.codechef.com/MAY13/problems/FTRIP/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/FIBOSUM/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/POWPOW/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/POWPOW2 [[ CRT ]]

Go through these tutorials (The listed problems might be tough but do


read the tutorial)
http://community.topcoder.com/tc?
module=Static&d1=tutorials&d2=primalityTesting
http://community.topcoder.com/tc?
module=Static&d1=tutorials&d2=combinatorics
http://community.topcoder.com/tc?
module=Static&d1=tutorials&d2=math_for_topcoders
http://community.topcoder.com/tc?
module=Static&d1=tutorials&d2=primeNumbers
Power of BITS
Numbers are stored as binary bits in the memory so bits manipulation
are alway faster.
Bitwise 'or' operator :|
Bitwise 'and' operator : &
Bitwise 'xor' operator : ^
Bitwise 'left shift' : <<
Bitwise 'right shift' : >>
Memset and its uses using function : sizeof()
Bitmask and use of Bitmask in Dynamic Programming [[subset DP]]
Some cool Tricks
n = n * 2 :: n = n << 1
n = n /2 :: n = n >> 1
checking if n is power of 2 (1,2,4,8…) ::checking !(n & (n-1))
if x is max power of 2 dividing n, then x = (n & -n)
Total number of bits which are set in n = __builtin_popcount(n)
setting xth bit of n :: n |= (1<<x)
checking if xth bit of n is set :: checking if n&(1<<x) is non
zero
Problem : You are given N numbers and a numbers S. Check if there
exist some subset of the given numbers which sums equal to S .What if
you are asked to compute the number of such subsets ?
Practice problems:
http://www.spoj.com/problems/SPCO/
http://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/114/B
More will be added later
Read this for further knowledge
http://community.topcoder.com/tc?
module=Static&d1=tutorials&d2=bitManipulation

Binary Search
Try this : http://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/431/D
Understand the concept of binary search. Both left_binary_search and
right_binary_search. Try to implement it on your own. Look at others
implementation.
sample implementation :
int l = 0, r = 10000, key_val = SOME_VALUE, m;
while (r - l > 1)
{
m = (l+r) >> 1;
int val = some_non_decreasing_function(m);
if(val < key_val) l = m;
else r = m;
}
if (some_non_decreasing_function(l) == key_val ) return l;
else return r;

// this can be modified in a variety of ways, as required in the problem

Practice Problems:
http://www.spoj.com/problems/AGGRCOW/
http://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/431/D [[Learn’t
something new ?]]
http://www.spoj.com/problems/PIE/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/TETRA/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/KOPC12A/

The Beauty of Standard Template Library of C++

Vectors in one dimension and two dimension


http://www.codechef.com/MAY14/problems/CHEFBM

solve : http://www.codechef.com/MAY14/problems/COMPILER
Now use stacks to taste its beauty and solve the following problem too.
http://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/344/D

Queue
http://www.spoj.com/problems/DONALDO/

Priority Queue
http://codeforces.com/gym/100247/problem/I [[First try without
using Priority queue]]

Set
http://www.spoj.com/problems/FACEFRND/ [[First try without
using set ]]
What if I tell you that apart from scanning the input
this problem can be done in 2 lines ? Interesting ?
Think!

Map
http://www.codechef.com/MARCH13/problems/TOTR/
http://codeforces.com/gym/100247/problem/C

          

Some Practice Problems Before you proceed further


http://www.spoj.com/problems/DCEPC11B/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/AGGRCOW/
http://www.codechef.com/problems/CHEFBM
http://www.codechef.com/JUNE13/problems/PERMUTE
http://www.spoj.com/problems/KOPC12A/ (recommended)
http://www.codechef.com/MAY13/problems/WITMATH/ (recommended)
http://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/431/D (recommended)
http://www.spoj.com/problems/SPCO/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/FIBOSUM/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/POWPOW/ (recommended)
http://www.codechef.com/AUG13/problems/CNTSOLS/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/IOPC_14F/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/NDIVPHI/ (recommended)
http://www.spoj.com/problems/AU12/ (easy)
http://www.spoj.com/problems/ETF/ (easy)
http://codeforces.com/problemset/problem/114/B (easy)
http://www.spoj.com/problems/HISTOGRA/ [[Hint : use stacks]]
http://www.spoj.com/problems/HOMO/

http://www.spoj.com/problems/NGM2/

GRAPHS
Try the following problems :
Prime Path
Prayatna PR
Any Ideas ?

Def : Think graphs as a relation between node , related nodes are


connected via edge.

How to store a graph ? ( space complexity )


Adjacency Matrix ( useful in dense graph)
Adjacency List (useful in sparse graph) O(min(deg(v),deg(u)))

You must know the following terminologies regarding Graphs :


Neighbours
Node
Edge
Degree of vertices
Directed Graph
Connected Graph
Undirected Graph
Connected components
Articulation Points
Articulation Bridges
Tree [[ connected graph with N nodes and N-1 edges]]
Leaves
Children
Parent
Ancestor
Rooted Tree
Binary Tree
K-ary Tree
Cycle in graph
Path
Walk
Directed Acyclic Graph [[ DAG ]]
Topological Sorting (Not very important, in my
opinion)
Bipartite Graph ( Tree is an example of Bipartite Graph .
Interesting Isn’t it.)

Breadth First Search/Traversal (BFS) [[ very important, master it as


soon as possible]]
Application : Shortest path in unweighted graphs

Depth First Search/Traversal (DFS) [[very very important, master it as


soon as possible]]
Infinitely many applications, just kidding :P (But Its true,
Indeed !)
Now try the problems given at the beginning !
Practice Problems :
http://www.codechef.com/JUNE14/problems/DIGJUMP
http://www.spoj.com/problems/PRATA/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/ONEZERO/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/PPATH/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/PARADOX/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/HERDING/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/PT07Z/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/NICEBTRE/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/CERC07K/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/BUGLIFE/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/COMCB/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/NAKANJ/
http://www.codechef.com/IOPC2013/problems/IOPC13N/
http://www.codechef.com/IOPC2013/problems/IOPC13G/
http://www.codechef.com/IOPC2013/problems/IOPC13C
Problem : You are given a Graph. Find the number of connected
components in the Graph.
Hint : DFS or BFS.
Problem : You are given a grid with few cells blocked and others open.
You are given a cell , call is source, and another cell , call it dest. You
can move from some cell u to some another cell v if cell v is open and it
is adjacent to cell u. You have to find the shortest path from source to
dest.
Hint : Try to think the grid as a Graph and apply some shortest
path algorithm. Which one ? You think !
Problem : You are given a Tree. You need to find two vertices u and v
such that distance between them maximum.
Hint : Try to do it in O(1) number of DFS or BFS !

GREEDY ALGORITHMS

Greedy Algorithms are one of the most intuitive algorithms. Whenever we see a
problem we first try to apply some greedy strategy to get the answer(we humans
are greedy, aren’t we :P ? ).
Read this tutorial for further insight or you can directly attempt the problems most
of the greedy approaches are quite simple and easy to understand/formulate.But
many times the proving part might be difficult. But you should always try to prove
your greedy approach because most the times it happens that you later realise
that you solution does not give the optimal answer.

http://community.topcoder.com/tc?module=Static&d1=tutorials&d2=greedyAlg

They are generally used in optimization problems and there exists an optimal
substructure to the problem and solutions are generally O(n log n) (sorting) or
O(n) (single pass).

Problems List:
http://www.spoj.com/problems/BAISED/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/BALIFE/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/GCJ101BB/
http://www.codechef.com/problems/FGFS
http://www.codechef.com/problems/KNPSK
http://www.codechef.com/problems/LEMUSIC
http://www.spoj.com/problems/ARRANGE/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/FASHION/

Q)A thief breaks into a shop and finds there are N items weight of ith item is Wi
and cost of ith item is Ci and thief has a bag of which can carry at most W units of
weight. Obviously thief wants to have maximum profit . What strategy he should
choose if :

Case 1: If he is allowed to take fractional part of items (like assume item to be a


bag of rice and you can take whatever fraction of rice you want). [Hint :: greedy])

Case 2:If he cannot break the items in fractional parts. Will now greedy work ? Try
to make some test cases for which greedy will fail.

Most of time when greedy fails its the problem can be solved by Dynamic
Programming(DP).

DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING [[ DP ]]
In my view this is one the most important topic in competitive programming.
The problems are simple and easy to code but hard to master. Practice as many
DP problems as much possible.

You must go through this topcoder tutorial and you must try to solve all the
problems listed below in this doc.

( These are basic problems and some with few variations that we feel one should
know. You must practice other DP problems too)
Problems list:
http://www.spoj.com/problems/COINS/
Read about Maximum Sum Subarray [I dint find exact question on any
online judge as its very very basic]
http://www.codechef.com/problems/DELISH
http://www.codechef.com/problems/KSUBSUM/
Q)Finding NCR [Using above discussed recursion in math section and
DP]
https://projecteuler.net/problem=18
Q)Given a matrix filled with numbers.You are initially at upper left corner
, you have to reach to the lower right corner.In each step you can either
go right or down.When ever you go to a cell you points increase by
value of that cell.What is the maximim possible points you can gain?
http://www.codechef.com/JUNE13/problems/LEMOUSE
http://www.spoj.com/problems/MAXWOODS/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/EDIST/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/ADFRUITS/
http://www.spoj.com/problems/IOIPALIN/
http://www.codechef.com/problems/PPTEST/
http://www.codechef.com/problems/MAXPR
http://www.codechef.com/problems/LEBALONS
http://www.codechef.com/problems/DBOY/
http://www.codechef.com/problems/HAREJUMP

For further advanced topics you can follow topcoder tutorials.


This also might be helpful introduction to competitive programming - Stanford.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

If you have any queries / suggestions please contact us.

Abhilash Kumar
abhilak@iitk.ac.in
https://www.facebook.com/abhilash.276

Triveni Mahatha
triveni@iitk.ac.in
https://www.facebook.com/triveni.mahatha

Co ordinators @ Programming club IIT Kanpur [2014-15]


https://www.facebook.com/groups/pclubiitk/

Posted by Triveni Mahatha at 06:51

273 comments:

Gourav 25 July 2014 at 08:42

This comment has been removed by the author.

Reply

Gourav 25 July 2014 at 08:45

well this is going to be very useful guide for beginners like me..please keep updating this
post with more necessary practice problems. It would be so helpful to solve exact right
niche problems instead of wasting time on non-useful ones. happy coding :)

Reply

Unknown 30 July 2014 at 08:55


I truely will follow what you write, whenever you write, on this blog. Keep them coming.
Thank you for not being selfish. Happy to see these kind of people.

Reply

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