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Makalah Word and Its Structure

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A PAPER ASSIGNMENT

WORD AND ITS STRUCTURE


To Fulfill the Requirement of the Individual Assignment of
Subject: Morphology

Presented by:
Alma Ayu Karyanti
1901051004

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM


TEACHER EDUCATION AND SCIENCE FACULTY
STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES OF METRO
2022/2023
PREFACE

Assalamualaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh


Alhamdulillah, thank God Almighty, because with His grace, I was able to finish the paper
assignment entitled "Creating an Introduction" be on time. This paper was prepared in order
to complete the task of Morphology course.
In addition, this paper also aims to add insight into how creat an introduction when we will
make a Scientific Work. I also thank all those who have supported and assisted in the process
of completing this paper.
I realize that this paper I write is still far from perfect. Therefore, I welcome constructive
criticism and suggestions for the perfection of this paper.
Wassalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatauh

Metro, 21 Desember 2022

Alma Ayu Karyanti

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER
PREFACE ......................................................................................................................... ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................................. iii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION...................................................................................... 1
A. Issue Backgorund.................................................................................................... 1
B. Question .................................................................................................................. 1
C. Goals ....................................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION............................................................................................ 3
A. Meaning and Structure............................................................................................. 3
B. Affixes as Head....................................................................................................... 3
C. More Elaborate Word Forms: Multiple Affixation................................................. 4
D. More Elaborate Word Forms: Compound within Compound................................. 5
E. Apparent Mismatches Between Meaning and Structure......................................... 5
CHAPTER III CLOSING................................................................................................. 6
A. Conclusion............................................................................................................... 6
B. Suggestion .............................................................................................................. 6
REFERENCES.................................................................................................................. 7

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Issue Background
Morphology is the arrangement and relationships of the smallest meaningful
units in a language. Every human language depends on sounds. When specific sounds
are put together in a specific way, words, phrases, and finally sentences can be created.
This is how messages are sent and received in order to understand morphology. You
need to know the term morpheme, which is the smallest unit of a word with meaning.
That meaning is how language conveys messages: Morphemes are more than just
letters. When a number of letters are put together into a word part that now has
meaning, then you have a morpheme. Morphology studies how these units of meaning,
or word parts, can be arranged in a language.
In linguistics, morphology is the identification, analysis and description of the
structure of a given language’s morphemes and other linguistic units, such as root
words, affixes, parts of speech, intonation/stress, or implied context (words in a
lexicon are the subject matter of lexicology). Morphological typology represents a
method for classifying languages according to the ways by which morphemes are used
in a language—from the analytic that use only isolated morphemes, through the
agglutinative (stuck-together) and functional languages that use bound morphemes
(affixes), up to the polysynthetic, which compress many separate morphemes into
single words.(One of the definitions for Morphology.

B. Questions
1. What is the Meaning of Meaning and Structure?
2. What is the Meaning of Affixes as Head?
3. What is the Meaning of More Elaborate Word Forms: Multiple Affixation?
4. What is the Meaning of More Elaborate Word Forms: Compound within
Compound?
5. What is the Meaning of Apparent Mismatches between Meaning and Structure?

C. Goals
1. To Know the Meaning and Structure.

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2. To Know the Affixes as Head.
3. To Know the More Elaborate Word Forms: Multiple Affixation.
4. To Know More Elaborate Word Forms: Compound within Compound.
5. To Know Apparent Mismatches Between Meaning and Structure.
6.

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CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A. Meaning and Structure


Some words are predictable, but words do not have to be listed as lexical elements.
The predictability of meaning depends on how complex word structures make up their
respective interpretations.
The elements that make it up, are an important building block in the understanding
of language. Although it is often easy to refer to vocabulary, which is a word and its
meaning, it becomes important to consider in the construction of a word, morphemes,
affixes and inflections.

B. Affixes as Heads
In morphological derivations of English, the number of suffixes exceeds the
number of prefixes. Affix is a part of a word that can be added at the beginning (prefix),
middle (inset), and end (suffix) of the root word (rooted words). In Indonesian, affixes are
known as affixes. The purpose of adding this part of the word is used to form a new word,
which will certainly give a different meaning from the original word.
If the affix is added at the beginning it is called a prefix. If it's in the middle or
inserted, it's called an infix and if it's at the end, it's called a suffix. Most compounds have
a head (on the right).
Example: greenhouses. As head, house determines the status of a syntactic
compound as a noun, and also in its meaning, namely a greenhouse-house for growing
various plants. As head, house determines the status of a syntactic compound as a noun,
and also in its meaning, namely a greenhouse-house for growing various plants.
1. Kinds of Affix Forms
a. Prefix
Prefix is an additional word that is located at the beginning (the beginning) of the
original word (rooted words). By adding the prefix, it will make this original word
have a different meaning from the original. The addition of a prefix is usually
intended to show a negative sentence (negation), but it can also express a
relationship of time, manner or place.
b. Infix

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If the prefix is a word affix that is located in front of the rooted words, then infix is
an affix that is placed in the middle or is inserted in the rooted words. Usually, we
use infix in informal situations. In English, actually we rarely find this infix form.
These words are for example; cupful, spoonful, and passerby can be made plural as
cupsful, spoonsful, and passersby, using the "s" as the infix.

C. More Elaborate Word Forms: Multiple Affixations


Affixation is the morphological process that consists of adding an affix (i.e., a
bound morpheme) to a morphological base. It is cross-linguistically the most common
process that human languages use to derive new lexemes (derivational affixation) or to
adapt a word’s form to its morphosyntactic context (inflectional affixation). Suffixes (i.e.,
bound morphemes following the base) and prefixes (i.e., bound morphemes preceding the
base) are the most common affixes, with suffixation being more frequently recorded in the
world’s languages than prefixation. Minor types of affixation include circumfixation and
infixation. Conversion and back-formation are related derivational processes that do not
make use of affixation.
Many studies have concentrated on the need to differentiate derivation from
inflection, but these morphological processes are probably best described as two end
points of a cline. Prototypically, derivation is used to change a word’s category (part of
speech) and involves a semantic change. A word’s inflectional distinctions make up its
paradigm, which amounts to the different morphological forms that correlate with
different morphosyntactic functions. Form-function mapping in (derivational and
inflectional) affixation is a key issue in current research on affixation. Many deviations
from the canonical One Form-One Meaning principle can be observed in the field of
affixation.
From a diachronic point of view, it has been demonstrated that affixes often derive
from free lexemes by grammaticalization, with affixoids being recognized as an
intermediate step on this cline. More controversial, but still attested, is the opposite change
whereby affixes and affixoids develop into free morphemes through a process of
degrammaticalization. Some multiple affixations in English:
1. The description is guided by the function of word-formation
2. More consideration is given to the relation between word-formation and the lexicon
3. Semantic aspects of word-formation rules are taken into account
4. The data are interpreted in an unbiased way

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D. More Elaborate Word Forms: Compounds within Compounds
Any compound has only two immediate constituents. Example: Window oven
cleaner is not actually construed as something that cleans both the window and the oven,
but rather means something that cleans the window of the oven (namely, an oven that has
a see-through panel on the door).

E. Apparent Mismatches between Meaning and Structure


It has been agreed that the interpretation of complex words (either derived or
compounded) depends on the expectation that meaning must go hand in hand with
structure. So far, this wish has been fulfilled, provided that the word with a really special
meaning (anch) is ignored. Examples:
1. Unhelpfulness.
2. Holiday car trip.
3. Fresh air fanatie.
4. Open door policy
5. French historian (expert in French history)
The two words are constructed from the two constituent parts of meaning, which
are in turn constructed from the meaning of their parts, and so on until we reach the
individual morpheme, which by definition separate semantics.

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CHAPTER III
CLOSING

A. Conclusion
In linguistics, morphology is the identification, analysis and description of the
structure of a given language’s morphemes and other linguistic units, such as root words,
affixes, parts of speech, intonation/stress, or implied context (words in a lexicon are the
subject matter of lexicology). Morphological typology represents a method for classifying
languages according to the ways by which morphemes are used in a language—from the
analytic that use only isolated morphemes, through the agglutinative (stuck-together) and
functional languages that use bound morphemes (affixes), up to the polysynthetic, which
compress many separate morphemes into single words.(One of the definitions for
Morphology.

B. Suggestion
The author hopes that educators and students will be aware and understand and
strive to practicing and understand the quality of morphology course or subject better than
before.

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REFERENCES

Kalsum, Munawir and Nur Asiza. Morphology. Sulawesi Selatan: IAIN Parepare Nusantara
Press. October, 2021.

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