2018 TJC H2 Math (9758) JC1 MSM: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1 Show, by means of the substitution w  x 2 y , that the differential equation

dy
x  2 y  3 xy  0
dx
dw
can be reduced to the form  3w . [2]
dx
1
Hence find y in terms of x, given that y   when x  2 . [4]
2
[2010/IJC/Prelim/I/6]
[Solution]
1
Given: w  x2 y ----- (1)
Differentiate with respect to x:
dw dy
 2 xy  x 2 ----- (2)
dx dx

dy
x  2 y  3xy  0
dx
2 dy
 x  2 xy  3 x 2 y  0
dx
Substituting (1) and (2),
dw
 3w  0
dx
dw
 3w (Shown)
dx
1 1
 w dw   3 dx
ln w  3x  c
w  e 3 x  c
w   e c e 3 x
w  Ae 3 x , where A  ec
x 2 y  Ae3 x
1
Given that y   when x  2 ,
2
 1
22     Ae6  A  2e6
 2
Thus x 2 y  2e6e3 x
2 6 3 x
 y e
x2

1
2018 TJC H2 Math (9758) JC1 MSM: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

2 The rate at which a substance evaporates is proportional to the volume of the substance
which has not yet evaporated. The initial volume of the substance is A m 3 and the
volume which has evaporated at time t minutes is x m 3 . Given that it takes (2ln2)
1
  2t 
minutes for half of its initial volume to evaporate, show that x  A 1  e .
 
Find the additional time needed for three quarters of the substance to evaporate, giving
your answer in exact form. [6]
[2010/YJC/Prelim/I/11]
[Solution]
2
dx
 ( A  x)
dt
dx
  k ( A  x), k  0
dt
 1 


d x   k dt

 A x 

ln(A  x) = kt + C ,where C is an arbitrary constant [Note that A  x > 0]

ln(A – x) = – kt – C
A – x = ektC = Bekt ,where B = eC is a constant
 x = A  Bekt
When t = 0 , x = 0  B = A
1
When t = 2ln 2, x = A and B = A,
2
1
A  A  Ae  k (2 ln 2)
2
1
 e  k (2 ln 2) 
2
1
  k (2ln 2)  ln     ln 2
2
1
 k
2
1
  t 
 x  A 1  e 2  (Shown)
 
1
2 3 3   t 
When x  A, A  A 1  e 2  ,
4 4  
1
 t 1 1 1
 e 2
   t  ln    2ln 2  t = 4 ln2
4 2 4
Thus, it takes an additional needed = (4ln2 – 2ln2)mins = (2ln2) mins

2
2018 TJC H2 Math (9758) JC1 MSM: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

3 In a certain country, the price of a brand new car of a particular make, manufactured on
1 January 1996, is $32,000. According to a model of car pricing, the price P of the car
(in $) depreciates at a rate proportional to P when the car is t years old (as from 1 January
1996). Write down a differential equation relating P and t. [1]

By solving this differential equation, show that P  32000e kt , where k is a positive

constant. [4]
A man purchased a used car of this particular make for $2000, at the price predicted by
the model, on 1 January 2006. Subsequently on 1 January 2007, the man sold the used
car for $800. Determine if the man sold his car below the price predicted by the model.
[3]
[2008/RJC/Prelim/I/5]
[Solution] Note that the price depreciates so
3
The differential equation relating P and t is dP
P is decreasing. Hence  0.
dP d t
 kP , where k is a positive constant.
dt We usually denote a negative value
1 as (– positive).
Solving this equation, we have  dP    k dt
P
ln P   kt  C since P > 0
P  Aekt , where A  eC

When t  0 , P  32000 , 32000  Ae0

A  32000
 kt
So P  32000e (Shown)
3 In 2006, i.e. when t  10 , P  2000 ,
2000  32000e10k
2000
 e10 k 
32000
 10 k   ln16
1 1 2
 k ln16  ln  24   ln 2
10 10 5
 2 ln 2 
 t
 5 
So the equation relating P and t is P  32000e
3 In 2007, i.e., when t  11 , the value of the car has depreciated to
32000e  5   1516  800 .
 2 ln 2 (11)

Thus the man sold his car below the price predicted by the model.

3
2018 TJC H2 Math (9758) JC1 MSM: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

4 (a) (i) Find the general solution of the differential equation

d2 y
 sec x tan x . [2]
dx 2
(ii) Find the particular solution of the differential equation for which y  2 and
dy
 1 when x  0 . [2]
dx

(b) The rate of change in the population of a colony of insects of size x thousands at
time t days after it is first discovered, satisfies the differential equation
dx
 40  0.1x .
dt
Find x in terms of t, given that x  300 when t  0 . [5]
Sketch the part of the curve with this equation which is relevant in this context, and
state what happens to the population of the colony of insects eventually. [2]
[modified 2011/RVHS/promos/12]
[Solution]
4
d2 y
(a)(i)  sec x tan x
dx 2
dy
 sec x tan x dx
dx 
 sec x  c
dy
 sec x  c
dx
y   sec x  c dx
 ln sec x  tan x  cx  d

4 dy
(a)(ii) When x  0 ,  1.
dx
1  sec0  c
1
1 c
cos 0
1  1 c
c0
Thus, y  ln sec x  tan x  d

When x  0 , y  2 .
1
2  ln  tan 0  d
cos 0
2  ln 1  0  d
d 2
Thus, particular solution is y  ln sec x  tan x  2 .

4
2018 TJC H2 Math (9758) JC1 MSM: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

4 dx
(b)  40  0.1x
dt
1
 40  0.1x dx   1dt
1
ln 40  0.1x  t  c
0.1
ln 40  0.1x  0.1t  0.1c

40  0.1x  e0.1ce0.1t
40  0.1x  Ae0.1t ,where A  e0.1c
0.1x  40  Ae 0.1t
x  400  10 Ae 0.1t
When t  0 and x  300 ,
300  400  10 Ae 0
10 A  100
A  10
Thus, x  400  100e0.1t

400

300

The population increases and approaches 400 000.

5
2018 TJC H2 Math (9758) JC1 MSM: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

5 A certain radioactive substance is known to decay at a rate proportional to the mass

present. A block of this substance has an initial mass of 200 grams. After 40 hours, its
mass is reduced to 180 grams. Given that x grams is the mass of the substance present
at time t hours, write down a differential equation relating x and t. [1]
 1 
 ln 0.9  t
 40 
(i) Show that x  200e [4]
(ii) Find the half-life of the radioactive substance, that is, the time it takes for the
substance to decay to half of its mass, giving your answer correct to the nearest
hour. [2]
(iii) Sketch the curve that shows the mass of the block of radioactive substance over
time. Hence explain what happens to the radioactive substance eventually. [2]
[modified 2015/YJC/promos/9]
[Solution]
5 Note that the substance decays so
dx
(i) Given:  kx , where k  0 dx
dt x is decreasing. Hence 0.
dt
1 We usually denote a negative value
  dx  k  dt
x as (– positive).
 ln x   kt  c since x  0
 x  e ce  kt
 x  Ae  kt , where A  ec
Given: When t  0 , x  200
200  Ae 0  A  200
 kt
Thus, x  200e
Also given: When t  40 , x  180
180  200e 40 k  e 40k  0.9
1
     k   ln 0.9
40
 1 
 ln 0.9  t
 40 
Thus, x  200e (Shown)
5 (ii) Let T hours be the half-life of the radioactive substance.
 1 
 ln 0.9  t
Thus, if x  200e 40 
--- (1)
 1 
x  ln 0.9   t  T 
then,  200e 40  --- (2)
2
 1 
1  ln 0.9   t  T  t 
(2)  (1):  e 40 
2
 1  1
  40 ln 0.9  T  ln 2
 
40ln 0.5
 T  263 (to nearest hours)
ln 0.9

6
2018 TJC H2 Math (9758) JC1 MSM: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

 1 
5  ln 0.9  t
 40 
(iii) x  200e Note that ln 0.9 is a negative number.

200

x=0
t

The radioactive substance will gradually decrease in mass but will never disintegrate
completely.

7
2018 TJC H2 Math (9758) JC1 MSM: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

6 The quantities x and y are related by the differential equation

dy
x  y 1  x  y  .
dx
(i) Show that this differential equation may be reduced by means of the substitution
dz
zy  x to  z  1 . Hence, find the general solution of this differential equation,
dx
expressing y in terms of x. [5]

(ii) Sketch the solution curve which passes through the point  2,1 , stating clearly
the equations of the asymptotes. [4]
[2008/PJC/Prelim/I/8]
[Solution]
6
(i) zy  x ----- (1)
Differentiating wrt x,
dy dz
z  y  1 ----- (2)
dx dx

dy
x  y 1  x  y 
dx
Substituting (1),
dy
zy  y 1  x  y 
dx
dy
 z  1 x  y
dx
Substituting (2),
dz x
1 y  1 x 
dx z
Substituting (1),
x dz x
  x 
z dx z
1 dz 1
 1
z dx z
dz
 z  1 (Shown)
dx
6 1
 z  1 dz   1dx
ln z  1  x  c where c is an arbitrary constant.
z  1   ec e x
z  1  Ae x , where A=  e c
x x
  1  Ae x i.e. y  x
y Ae  1

8
2018 TJC H2 Math (9758) JC1 MSM: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

6 2
(ii) Since y  1 when x  2, 1   Ae 2  1  2  A  e 2
Ae 2  1
x
 y x2
e 1

x
y x2
e 1
Note that as x   , y  0
x
and as x   , e x 2   0 and so y 
1

9
2018 TJC H2 Math (9758) JC1 MSM: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

7 (a) By using the substitution y  z sin x , show that the differential equation
dy dz
sin x  y cos x  1 can be reduced to sin 2 x  1 . [2]
dx dx
Find the general solution for the differential equation, giving your answer in the
form y  f ( x ). [3]
 
Find the equation of the solution curve that passes through  ,1 . [2]
2 
[2013/ACJC/mid year/5]
(b) When an object moves through a fluid, it experiences a force that slows it down.
This force is called the drag force. At low speeds, it is known that the drag force
causes the rate of change in the speed of the object to be proportional to its speed.
You may assume that the experiment described below is carried out at low speeds
and the only factor that affects the speed is the drag force.
An experiment is conducted to find out how the speed of an object changes as it
moves through a certain fluid. When the speed of the object slows down to a speed
of D m s-1, a sensor is triggered and the subsequent speeds of the object are
recorded.

(i) Show that the speed of the object, v m s-1, at t s after the sensor is triggered,
is given by v  De  pt , where p is a positive constant. [4]

(ii) On a single diagram, sketch the curves, C1 and C2, of v against t

1
corresponding to p = e and p  .
e
State a single transformation the maps C1 onto C2. [3]
(iii) Describe the motion of the object in the long run based on the assumption
made. [1]
[modified 2016/VJC/Prelims/II/1]
[Solution]
7
(a) y  z sin x --- (1)
Differentiate wrt x,
dy dz
 sin x  z cos x --- (2)
dx dx
dy
sin x  y cos x  1
dx
Substitute (1) and (2) to get
 dz 
sin x  z cos x  sin x   z sin x cos x  1
 dx 
dz
 sin 2 x 1 (Shown)
dx

10
2018 TJC H2 Math (9758) JC1 MSM: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

7 dz
  cos ec 2 x
dx
 z   cos ec 2 x dx
 z   cot x  C
y cos x
  C
sin x sin x
 y   cos x  C sin x , where C is an arbitrary constant

7  
Solution curve passes through  ,1 :
2 

Substitute x  , y  1 .
2
 
1   cos  C sin  C  1
2 2
Thus equation of solution curve is y  sin x  cos x .

7 dv
(b)(i) Given:   pv , where p  0
dt Note that the drag force slows
1 down the object so v is
  v dv   p  dt decreasing. Hence
dv
0.
dt
 ln v   pt  c
We usually denote a negative value
c  pt
 v  e e as (– positive).
 pt c
 v  Ae , where A  e
Given: When t  0 , v  D
D  Ae0  AD
 pt
Thus, v  De (Shown)
1
7  t
(b)(ii) C1 : v  De  et and C2 : v  De e

t
Replace t with  1  1
e2  e t   t
De  et                  De  e2 
 De e

Scale C1 with scale factor of e 2 parallel to the t-axis (horizontal axis) to get C2.
v

C2

v=0 C1
t

7 (iii) Based on the assumption, the object will continuously slow down but will never
stop.

11
2018 TJC H2 Math (9758) JC1 MSM: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

d dy
8 (a) (i) Given that y is a function of x, find
dx
 ye3 x  in terms of x, y and
dx
. [1]

dy
(ii) Hence, or otherwise, find the general solution of  3 y  1 , expressing y in
dx
terms of x. [2]
(iii) Sketch the solution curve that passes through the point (0, 1), stating clearly
the equation of any asymptotes. [3]
dy
(b) By using the substitution y  vx , solve the differential equation x  y  x2 .
dx
Find the particular solution, given that y  5 when x  1 . [4]
[modified 2011/RI/Prelim/I/8]
[Solution]
8
d dy
(a)(i)
dx
 ye3 x   y  3e3 x   e3 x
dx
dy
(ii)  3y  1
dx
Multiply both sides by e3x :
dy
e3 x
 3 ye3x  e3 x
dx
d
dx
 ye3 x   e3 x

By integrating both sides,

ye 3 x   e 3 x d x
e3 x
 c
3
1
y   ce 3 x where c is an arbitrary constant.
3

12
2018 TJC H2 Math (9758) JC1 MSM: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

8 Otherwise method for (ii)

dy dy
 3y  1   1  3y
dx dx
1 dy
 1
1  3 y dx
1
 dy  1 dx
1  3y
1
  ln 1  3 y  x  A where A is an arbitrary constant.
3
ln 1  3 y  3( x  A)
1  3 y  e 3 x 3 A
1  3 y   e 3 A e 3 x
3 y  1  e 3 A e 3 x
1 1
y   ce 3 x where c   e 3 A is an arbitrary constant.
3 3
8 1
(a)(iii) At the point (0, 1), 1   ce 0  c  23
3
Thus equation of the solution curve is y  13  32 e 3 x

13
2018 TJC H2 Math (9758) JC1 MSM: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

8 (b) y  vx ----- (1)

Differentiate w.r.t. x,
dy dv
vx ----- (2)
dx dx
dy
x  y  x2
dx
Substituting (1) and (2),
 dv 
x  v  x   vx  x 2
 dx 
dv
x2  x2
dx
dv
1
dx
vxc
y
 xc
x
y  x 2  cx

When x  1 , y  5 . Thus c  4 .
The particular solution is y  x 2  4 x .

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2018 TJC H2 Math (9758) JC1 MSM: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

9 d2 y
(a) Find the general solution of the differential equation 2
 sin 2 3 x . [4]
dx
(b) In established forest fires, the proportion of the total area of the forest which has
been destroyed is denoted by x, and the rate of change of x with respect to time, t
hours, is called the destruction rate. Investigations show that the destruction rate is
directly proportional to the product of x and 1  x  . A particular fire is initially
noticed when one half of the forest is destroyed, and it is found that the destruction
rate at this time is such that, if it remained constant thereafter, the forest would be
destroyed completely in a further 24 hours.
dx
Show that 12  x 1  x  . [3]
dt
Deduce that approximately 73% of the forest is destroyed 12 hours after it is first
noticed. [6]
[2008/IJC/Prelim/II/5]
[Solution]
9
d2 y
(a) 2
 sin 2 3 x
dx
dy
   sin 2 3 x  dx
dx
1 1 
    cos 6 x  dx
2 2 
1 1
 x  sin 6 x  C
2 12

1 1 
y    x  sin 6 x  C  dx
2 12 
2
x  1  cos6 x
    Cx  D
4  12  6
x 2 cos 6 x
   Cx  D
4 72
9 dx
(b)  kx 1  x 
dt
1
1 dx 2 1
When x  ,  
2 dt 24 48
1  1  1 
 k   
48  2  2 
1
k
12
dx 1 dx
 x 1  x   12  x 1  x  (Shown)
dt 12 dt

15
2018 TJC H2 Math (9758) JC1 MSM: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

9 dx
12  x 1  x 
dt
1 1
 x 1  x  dx   12 dt
1 1  1
  x  1  x  dx   12 dt
t
ln x  ln 1  x  c
12
x t
ln  c
1  x 12
t
x
  e c e12
1 x
t
x
  Ae 12
, where A  ec
1 x
1
1 2
When t  0, x  ,  A  A 1
2 1  12
t
x 12
 e
1 x
When t = 12,
12
x x
 e12  e
1 x 1 x
 x  e  ex
e
x  0.731  73%
1+ e
Therefore approximately 73% of the forest is destroyed. (Shown)

16
2018 TJC H2 Math (9758) JC1 MSM: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

10 y
(i) Show, by using the substitution w  , that the general solution of the
t2
dw 1  2 Ae2t 
differential equation t  w2t 3  2 wt  2 w is w  2  . [5]
dt t  1  Ae2t 

2e 2
(ii) Find the particular solution, given that w  when t  1 . Sketch the
1  e2
particular solution curve. [2]
[modified 2012/ACJC/Prelim/I/12]
[Solution]
10
y Alternative solution (more tedious)
(i) w  2  wt 2  y ----- (1)
t y
w 2 ----- (1)
Differentiate wrt t t
dw 2 dy Differentiate wrt t
t  w  2t   ----- (2)
dt dt dy
t2  2 yt
dw dt
dw  ----- (2)
t  w2t 3  2 wt  2w dt t4
dt
dw
dw t  w2t 3  2 wt  2w
 t2  w2t 4  2wt 2  2 wt dt
dt
Substituting (1) and (2),
Substituting (1) and (2),
dy
 2 dy 
2
 2 wt   wt 2   2  wt 2   2 wt  t dt  2 yt  y 2 3 2 y 2y
dt t 4  4 t  2 t 2
 t  t t t
dy
 y2  2 y  
dt dy
1 t 3  2t 2 y  t 3 y 2  2 yt 3  2 yt 2
 y 2  2 y dy   1 d t dt
dy
1  y2  2 y
dt
 y  y  2  dy   1 dt
1 1
 2 y  2  y  2  dy   1 dt
1 1
ln y  ln y  2  t  c
2 2
1 y
ln tc
2 y2
y
ln  2t  b
y2

17
2018 TJC H2 Math (9758) JC1 MSM: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

y
 Ae2t , where A   eb
y2
y 1  Ae 2t   2 Ae 2t
2 Ae 2t
y
1  Ae 2 t
1  2 Ae 2t 
w 2  (Shown)
t  1  Ae 2 t 

10 1  2 Ae2(1)  2e2
(ii) When t  1 , w  2  
(1)  1  Ae2(1)  1  e2

 A=1

1  2e2t 
 particular solution is w  2  
t  1  e2t 

18
2018 TJC H2 Math (9758) JC1 MSM: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

11 Rubber latex is being poured into a processing chamber at a constant rate. The
processing chamber discharges the latex at a rate proportional to its current mass. At
time t minutes after the processing chamber is activated, the mass of latex in the chamber
is m tonnes. It is known that the mass of rubber latex in the chamber approaches a
2
constant value when m approaches . The rate of discharge is always less than the rate
3
of latex poured into the processing chamber at any time.
dm
(i) Show that  k  2  3m  where k is a positive constant. [3]
dt
2
(ii) Show that the general solution is m   Ae 3kt where A and k are some positive
3
constants. [3]
(iii) Sketch a particular solution curve representing the variation of m with respect to
1
time in this context, for the case where A  and k = 1. [2]
3
[modified 2009/DHS/Prelim/I/6]
[Solution]
11
dm
(i)  R  Bm, where R and B are positive constants
dt
2 dm
Given: As m  , 0.
3 dt
2
Thus, R  B    0
3
3
 B R
2
dm 3
  R  Rm
dt 2
R R
 (2  3m)  k (2  3m), where k   0 (Shown)
2 2
11 dm
(ii)  k (2  3m)
dt
1
  dm  k  dt
2  3m
1
  ln 2  3m  kt  c
3
 dm R 
 ln  2  3m   3kt  3c  dt  2 (2  3m)  0 
 
3kt  3c
 2  3m  e
2 1
 m   Ae 3 kt , where A  e 3c  0 (Shown)
3 3

19
2018 TJC H2 Math (9758) JC1 MSM: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1 1
11 (iii) Given k = 1 and A = , then we have m   2  e3t 
3 3
m

20
2018 TJC H2 Math (9758) JC1 MSM: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

12 A certain circular-shaped leaf has radius r cm that is proportional to the amount of

water, w, it contains during a period of its growth at time t. The leaf absorbs water
from the plant at a rate equals to 8 times the radius of the leaf and loses water by
1
evaporation at a rate equals to times the area of the leaf. During the period of

growth, it may be assumed that the shape of the leaf will be the same.
dr
Given that  6 when r = 2, show that the growth of the leaf can be represented by
dt
dr 1
the differential equation   8r  r 2  . [3]
dt 2
Given that when t = 0, r = 4, find r in terms of t.
How big can such a leaf grow to? [4]
[modified 2013/AJC/Prelims/I/10b]
[Solution]
12
Given: r  kw , where k is a positive constant --- (1)
dw 1
and  8r   r 2  --- (2)
dt 
Differentiate (1) wrt t,
dr dw
k
dt dt
Substitute (2) to get
dr
 k  8r  r 2 
dt
dr
Given: When r = 2, 6
dt
1
Thus, 6  k  8(2)  (2) 2   k
2
dr 1
Hence,   8r  r 2  (Shown)
dt 2
12 1 1
  2 2
dr    dt
r  8r  16  4 2
1 1
  2 2
dr    dt
 r  4  4 2
1 r 44 1
 ln   t  c , where c is an arbitrary constant
2(4) r  4  4 2
r 8
 ln  4 t  8c
r
r 8
  e 4t 8c  Be 4 t , where B =  e8c
r
8
 r
1  Be 4 t
21
2018 TJC H2 Math (9758) JC1 MSM: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

12 When t = 0, r = 4
8
4  B  1
1  Be 0
8
Thus, r 
1  e 4t

As t  , e4t  0, r  8
Thus, the circular shaped leaf will grow to a radius of a maximum of 8 cm.

22
2018 TJC H2 Math (9758) JC1 MSM: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

13 The resistance R of a newly-manufactured conductor is known to increase with the

d2R 1
temperature  . Engineer A proposes the differential equation 2
 e 0.01 to
d 10000
model the relationship between R and  while Engineer B believes that the relationship
dR
is better represented by  sec 2 2 .
d
(i) Find the general solutions of the two differential equations given above,
expressing R in terms of  for both cases. You may assume that both R and 
are non-negative quantities. [4]
(ii) Give a reason why the model proposed by Engineer B cannot represent the
relationship between R and  well. [1]
(iii) Using the model proposed by Engineer A, find the value of  when R  200 ,
dR
given that R  100 and  0.1 when   0. [4]
d
[2013/DHS/Prelims/I/8]
[Solution]
13
(i) Engineer A
d2R 1
2
 e0.01
d 10000
dR 1
  e 0.01 d
d 10000
1  e0.01 
    p, where p is an arbitrary constant
10000  0.01 
1 0.01
 e p
100
 1 0.01 
 R   e  p  d
 100 
1  e0.01 
    p  q, where q is an arbitrary constant
100  0.01 
Thus, R  e0.01  p  q

Engineer B
dR
 sec 2 2
d
1
 R   2sec 2 2 d
2
1
 R  tan 2  c, where c is an arbitrary constant
2

23
2018 TJC H2 Math (9758) JC1 MSM: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

13 1
(ii) The model R  tan 2  c proposed by Engineer B cannot represent the
2
relationship between R and  because:
R is only increasing with  for some intervals (decreasing for other disjoint
intervals of  ),
or
 (2k  1) 
R is not defined at some values of     , for k     0  .
 4 
13 (iii) Substitute dR  0.1 and   0 into dR  1 e0.01  p ,
d d 100
1 1
we have   p p = 0.09.
10 100

Substitute R  100 and   0 into R  e0.01  p  q ,

we have 100  1  q q = 99.

Thus, R  e 0.01  0.09  99

When R  200 , e0.01  0.09  99  200

From GC,   415 (to 3 sig fig)

24
2018 TJC H2 Math (9758) JC1 MSM: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

14 A group of medical researchers is investigating the spread of the H2C2 virus in a

province by keeping track of n , the population of infected people t weeks after the virus
is first discovered. Initially, 50 people are infected with the virus.
t
d2n 
It is suspected that n and t are related by the differential equation 2  e 5 .
dt
(i) Find the general solution of the differential equation. [3]
(ii) Explain why all solution curves of the differential equation are concave upwards.
[1]
(iii) Sketch on a single diagram, the particular solution curves that satisfy the following
conditions:
(a) The population of infected people is decreasing at a rate of 5 at the point when
the virus was first discovered.
(b) The population of infected people is increasing at a rate of 5 at the point when
the virus was first discovered.
Determine in each case, with a reason, if the virus will be wiped out eventually, that
is, there will be no more infected people. [6]

(iv) If, given instead, the population of infected people reduces to half of its initial value
after 1 week, predict what will eventually happen to the population of infected
people. [2]
[modified 2013/HCI/Prelims/I/10]
[Solution]
14
t
d 2n 
5
(i)  e
dt 2
t t
dn  
  e 5 dt  5e 5  C , where C is an arbitrary constant
dt
t

 n  25e 5
 Ct  D , where D is an arbitrary constant
Given: When t  0, n  50
50  25e 0  C  0   D
D  25
t

Thus, general solution is n  25e 5
 Ct  25
t
14 d 2n 
5
(ii) Since  e  0 for all values of t , all the solution curves are concave
dt 2
upwards. (Shown)

25
2018 TJC H2 Math (9758) JC1 MSM: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

14 (iii)(a) The population of infected people is decreasing at a rate of 5 at the point when
the virus was first discovered.
dn
  5 when t  0
dt
t
dn 
Substituting into  5e 5  C , we have
dt
5  5  C
 C0
t

Thus, particular solution is n  25e 5
 25 .

(iii)(b) The population of infected people is increasing at a rate of 5 at the point when
the virus was first discovered.
dn
  5 when t  0
dt
t
dn 
Substituting into  5e 5  C , we have
dt
5  5  C
 C  10
t

Thus, particular solution is n  25e 5
 10t  25 .
y (b)

50
(a)
25 n = 25

For case (a), the number of infected people will decrease gradually but to no less than
25.
For case (b), the number of infected people will increase indefinitely.
Thus in both cases, the virus will not be wiped out.

26
2018 TJC H2 Math (9758) JC1 MSM: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

14 (iv) Given: When t  1 , n  12 (50)  25

t

Substituting into n  25e 5
 Ct  25 , we have
1

25  25e 5
 C  25
1

5
 C  25e  20.468
t

Thus, n  25e 5
 20.468t  25
From GC,
y

50
Note that a sketch of the graph
from GC will help “explain” your
statement answer clearly.

x
2.03

From graph, the population of infected people will reduce to 0, i.e. there will no infected
people after 2.03 weeks.

27
2018 TJC H2 Math (9758) JC1 MSM: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

15 A supply is dropped from an airplane. It leaves the airplane with zero speed. After t s,
dv
its speed is v ms1 which satisfies the equation  8.1  0.1v 2 .
dt
(i) Find the exact time the supply takes to reach a speed of 3 ms 1 . [4]
For an object falling through atmosphere, the “terminal velocity” is the speed attained
after a long time.
(ii) Find the terminal velocity of the supply. [2]
(iii) The distance covered by the supply after t s is denoted by S m.
Find S in terms of t. [4]
[modified Mathematics Junior College by Yang Jia-Hu/pg 10/Question 25b]
[Solution]
15
dv
(i)  8.1  0.1v 2
dt
1
  8.1  0.1v2 dv   dt
1
 10  2 dv   dt
9  v2
 1  9v
 10   ln tc
 2  9   9  v
9  v 9 9c
 ln  t
9v 5 5
9c 9
9v t
  e 5 e 5
9v
9 9c
9v 5
t
  Ae , where A   e 5
9v
Given: When t  0 , v  0 .
9
Thus,  Ae 0  A 1
9
9
9v t
Hence,  e5
9v
9
93 t 9 5
When v  3 ,  e5  t  ln 2  t  ln 2
93 5 9
5 
Thus it takes  ln 2  s to reach a speed of 3 ms 1 .
9 

28
2018 TJC H2 Math (9758) JC1 MSM: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

9
15 9v t
(ii)  e5
9v
9
t
 9  v  e5 9  v 
9
 t   9t 
 v  1  e 5   9  e 5  1
   
 95 t 
 e 1
 v  9 9 
 e5t  1 
 
9 9
t t
9 5 5
5
t e 1 e
As t   , e   and 9
 9
 1.
t t
5 5
e 1 e
Thus, as t   , v  9 .
Therefore the terminal velocity is 9 ms1 .
15  95 t 
 e 1
(iii) v  9 9 
 e5t  1 
 
 95 t 
dS  e 1 
  9 9
dt 
 e5t  1 
 
9
t
5
e 1
 S  9 9
dt
t
5
e 1
9 9
t  t
5 5
e 1 e
 S  9 9
dt  9  9
 9
dt
t t  t
5 5 5
e 1 e 1 e
9 9
9 5
t9  t
e  e 5
 S  5 59 dt  5  5 9 d t
t  t
e5  1 1 e 5
 95 t   9
 t 
 S  5ln  e  1  5ln 1  e 5   c
   
When t  0 , S  0 ,
0  5ln  e 0  1  5ln 1  e0   c  c  5  2 ln 2   5ln 4

 9t   9
 t 
Thus, S  5ln  e 5  1  5ln 1  e 5   5ln 4
   
  9t  9
 t 
  e  11  e 5  
5

 S  5ln    

 4 

29
2018 TJC H2 Math (9758) JC1 MSM: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

16 In a chemical reaction, the amount of substance X and substance Y are being observed.
There are x grams of substance X and y grams of substance Y at time t minutes. Using a
mathematical model, the variable x and y satisfy the equations
dy dx
 2  x and  e x , for 0  t  1 .
dt dt
(i) Initially, there are no traces of substance X and substance Y present in the reaction.
Express y in terms of x. [4]
(ii) The amount of substance Y during the reaction is the maximum at time k minutes.
Find the value of k. [4]
[2009/YJC/Prelim/I/6]
[Solution]
16
 dy 
dy  dt 
(i)   (2  x )e  x
dx  dx
 dt 
 
y   (2  x )e  xdx

y  (2  x )  e  x     1  e  x  dx

y  (2  x )e  x   e  x dx

y  ( x  2)e x  e x  C , where C is an arbitrary constant

y  xe x  e x  C
When x = 0, y = 0, C = 1
Therefore, y  xe x  e x  1

16 dy
(ii) 2x
dt
dy PLAN
Max y occurs when  0 , i.e., x = 2 (and t  k )
dt Max y gives x = 2 and it occurs
dx when t = k.
 ex
dt In order to solve for k, need

  e  x dx   1 dt an equation that involves k.

Thus, need to find an equation
 e x  t  C involving x and t.
x
 e  t  C
 x   ln(t  C )

When t = 0, x = 0, C = 1
 x   ln(1  t )
When x = 2, t  k
2   ln(1  k )  k  1  e2

30
2018 TJC H2 Math (9758) JC1 MSM: DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

31