MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION OF RESEARCH

Summary of Learning Chunk 1

Research using the simplest definition, is looking for an answer to a query using the most
logical and valid methods. Over the years, research has become prevailing phenomena of our
civilization. Scholars, graduate students in the academic and professions are engaged in research.
Research is conducted in various settings: classrooms. Laboratories, barangays and even foreign
cultures. To reiterate this, we can simply define research as a systematic and refined technique of
thinking, employing specialized tools, instruments, and procedures to obtain a more adequate
solution to a problem. Its starts with a problem; collection of data; analysis if facts, which are
critical and reaching decisions based on actual observations. By definition, research is purposive.
The main purpose and goal of research is the preservation and improvement of the quality of
human life. A good research has some characteristics; it must be systematic, controlled,
empirical, analytical, employs hypothesis, employs qualitative or statistical methods, it is an
original work, it is done by expert, it is accurate investigation, observation and description, it is a
patient and unhurried activity, it requires an effort-making capacity, and lastly, it requires
courage.
Research and problem-solving are not always the same; each has distinctive
characteristics and differ from each other. Not all problem-solving can be considered as a
research problem. In broader sense, a research problem is more rigorous and larger in scope.

Study Guide:
1. What is research?
 Research has been defined as “the process of gathering data or information to solve a
particular or specific problem in scientific manner.” (Manuel and Mendel, p5)
 Good defines research as a “careful, critical, disciplined inquiry, varying in technique
and method according to the nature and conditions of the problem identified, direct
toward the clarification of resolution of a problem.” (Good, p. 464)
2. What is the principal purpose and goal of conducting a research?
 The main or principal purpose and goal of research is the preservation and improvement of
the quality of human life. All kinds of research are directed toward this end. “The purpose of
research is to serve man,” and “The goal of research is the good life.” (Good and Scates).
Due to research, man has attained great accelerating progress and is enjoying the products of
research such as the fast and comfortable land, sea, and air means of transformation, the
wonders of electricity like the radio, telephone, air conditioning, light in the homes, movies,
running machinery for industry, the computer, the potent drugs that promote health and
prolong life, and many other countless things. “To satisfy man’s craving for more
understanding, to improve his judgment, to add to his power, to reduce the burden of work,
to relieve suffering, and to increase satisfactions in multitudinous ways-these are the large
and fundamental goals of research.” (Good and Scates, p. 15)
3. List at least ten (10) characteristics of a good research:
 must be systematic, controlled, empirical, analytical, employs hypothesis, employs
qualitative or statistical methods, it is an original work, it is done by expert, it is accurate
investigation, observation and description, it is a patient and unhurried activity, it requires
an effort-making capacity, and lastly, it requires courage.
Learning Chunk 2
Kinds an Classification of Research
 According to purpose
 Predictive research proposes to give the result from one specific educational practice or
pattern and seeks to establish a close statistical connection between characteristics of
students and prediction of educational outcome.
 Directive research determines what should be done based on the findings.
 Illuminative research is concerned with the interaction of the components of the variable
being investigated.
 According to goal
 Basic or pure research is done for the development of theories and principles.
 Applied research is the application of the results or pure research.
 According to the levels of investigation
 In exploratory research, the researcher studies the variables pertinent to a specific
situation.
 In descriptive research, the researcher studies the relationships of the variables.
 In experimental research, the experimenter studies the effects of the variable on each
other.
 According to the type of analysis
 In the analytic approach, the researcher attempts to identify and isolate the components
of the research situation.
 The holistic approach begins with the total situation, focusing attention on the system
first and then on its internal relationship.
 According to scope
 Under the category is action research. This type of research is done in a very limited
scope to solve a particular problem which is not so big. It is almost problem-solving.
 According to choice of answers to problems
 In evaluation research, all possible courses of action are specified and identified and the
researcher tries to find the most advantageous.
 In developmental research, the focus is on finding or developing a more suitable
instrument or process that has been available.
 According to statistical content
 Quantitative or satisfied research is one in which statistics are utilized to determine the
results of the study.
 Non-quantitative research.
 According to time element
 According to time element. Best classifies research as historical, descriptive, and
experimental.

MODULE 2: THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

Summary
A research problem is the focus of a research investigation. A research problem is exactly
that a problem that someone would like to research. A problem can be anything that a person
finds unsatisfactory or unsettling a difficulty of some sort of a state of affair that needs to be
changed, anything that is not working as well as it might. On the other hand, a thesis or
dissertation is a document submitted in support of candidate of professional qualification
presenting the authors research and findings. Thesis writing also involve the choice of a problem.
This stage is difficult but quite challenging and stimulating. A good problem that a researcher
should consider is it must be of great interest on the part of the researcher. It should possess
novelty, and also it should invite more complex designing, a good problem also must be time
bounded and finally, a good problem does not carry ethical or moral impediments. The statement
of the problem can be expressed either general or specific. Basically, every research starts with a
problem or problems. On the other hand, after selecting the theme or topic to write on, the
researcher considers the title of the research and criterion measurers exist for a good one.

Study Guide:
1. What is a research problem?
 A research problem is the focus of a research investigation.
2. What is the difference between thesis and dissertation?
 A thesis commonly required to obtain a master’s degree, is supposed to test a student’s
understanding of his or her field of study while a dissertation is usually done by a
doctorate student and focuses on original research.
3. List at least four (4) possible sources of problems.
 Personal or professional experience
 A theory
 The media
 Other research study
4. Enumerate at least four (4) characteristics of a good problem.
 Must be of great interest on the part of the researcher.
 Should invite more complex designing.
 Must time bounded
 Does not carry moral or ethical impediments.

LEARNING CHUNK 2
Summary of Learning Chunk 2
A hypothesis is a tentative conclusion or answer to a specific question raised at the
beginning of the investigation. It is an educated guess about the answer to a specific question. On
the other hand, an assumption is a self-evident truth which based upon a known fact or
phenomenon. The functions of a hypothesis in a research are that: it introduces the thinking of
the researcher, it structures the next stage of the research report, it identifies the characteristics of
the researcher, it brings the research to a deeper analysis of the variables of the study, it identifies
what the research hopes and contemplates of the study, and finally, it helps the researcher
provide the format of the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of the data gathered in the
study. The characteristics of a good hypothesis can be summarized as: it should be testable, and
it should state the type of analysis between variable, whether relationships of differences.
Generally, the types of hypotheses are research and statistical hypothesis. On the other hand, it is
usual to see two ways of stating the hypothesis as they are discussed in the books. These are the
null and alternative forms. One of the most important aspects of a hypothesis is a variable.
Variables are characteristics possessed by an object, a situation, a person, or a group of people.
Variables are classified as quantitative and qualitative. It can be considered as a quantitative
variable if it can be measured numerically like age, intelligence quotient, number o years in
service, scores in examination, grade point, number hours in slept, temperature degrees, height,
weight, and the like. On the contrary, a qualitative variable is a variable that cannot be measured
quantitatively or cannot be expressed numerically such as sex, civil status, educational
attainment, grief, stress, amount of depression, type of surgery, personality, level of
management, tenure of service, and the like.

Study Guide:
1. What is the difference of a hypothesis from an assumption?
 A hypothesis is a tentative conclusion or answer to a specific question raised at the
beginning of the investigation. It is an educated guess about the answer to a specific
question. On the other hand, an assumption is a self-evident truth which based upon a
known fact or phenomenon.
2. In a research, what is the function of a hypothesis?
 The functions of a hypothesis in a research are that: it introduces the thinking of the
researcher, it structures the next stage of the research report, it identifies the characteristics
of the researcher, it brings the research to a deeper analysis of the variables of the study, it
identifies what the research hopes and contemplates of the study, and finally, it helps the
researcher provide the format of the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of the data
gathered in the study.
3. What are the different characteristics of a good hypothesis?
 It should be testable,
 It should state the type of analysis between variable, whether relationships of differences.

MODULE 3: METHODS OF RESEARCH

Summary
The methods of research consist of three-parts-subjects, procedures, and data analysis.
The subject describes the population, the procedures part describes the research plan, how the
researcher will undertake the investigation, what data are needed and what data-gathering
instruments will be employed. The methodology of data analysis should be describing clearly
and be specific so that the reader will know precisely what is planned.

Study Guide:
1. Why are methods and procedures important in research?
 Research methods outline the systematic processes, frameworks, steps, or procedures a
per-son uses to conduct social science research. It useful, there-fore, to view research
methods as how-to guide or as a basic for conducting research.

Summary of Learning Chunk 1

The methods of research as a part of the research proposal consist of three parts- subjects,
procedures, and data analysis. The subject section describes the population from which the
investigation will select the sample. The procedure part describes the research plan on how the
researcher will undertake the investigation, what data are needed and what data-gathering
instruments will be employed. The methodology of data analysis should be describing clearly
and be specific so that the reader will know precisely what is planned. We can categorize
methods of research as a qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative methods of research
are data free while the latter one is not. Another type of research method is historical method,
descriptive method which includes case studies, surveys, developmental studies, follow-up
studies, documentary analysis, trend analysis, and correlational studies. Aside from these
methods is experimental method, ex-post facto research, causal comparative, action research, and
alternative forms of research.

Study Guide:
1. What are the three pars of methods of research that involve in a research proposal
 Subjects, procedures, and data analysis
2. What are the two categories of method of research?
 Qualitative and quantitative methods
3. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative method?
 Qualitative methods of research are data free while quantitative method is not.

Summary of Learning Chunk 2

Alternative research methods were carried due to the uncertain relevance of western
methodologies in studying social behavior unique to our culture. This is a trend especially in
social sciences to break away from the strict standardized procedures of western origin to give a
way for a more natural, authentic and indigenous but cogently scientific study of human
behavior. Under this type of research methods is participatory research method, indigenous
research method and ethnographic research method. At the end of your research will dictate the
kinds of research methodologies you will use to underpin your work and methods you will use in
order to collect data.

Study Guide:
1. Why do we need to use the alternative form of research method especially in social
sciences?
 We need to use the alternative form of research because it breaks away from the strict
standardized procedures of western origin to give a way for a more natural, authentic and
indigenous but cogently scientific study of human behavior.
2. What are the three alternative research methods used in social sciences?
 Participatory research method
 Indigenous research method
 Ethnographic research method.

MODULE 4: THE THEORY AND THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND

STUDIES

Summary of Learning Chunk 1

Theory as defined by Kerlinger (1973) is a set of interrelated constructs (concepts)
definitions, and propositi9ons that present a systematic view of phenomena by specifying
relations among variables, with the purpose of explaining and predicting the phenomena. In
search of the theory, you gather information mostly from the related literature.
The function of a theory is to identify the start for the research problem by presenting the
gaps, weak points, and inconsistencies in the previous researchers. This provides the study with
the conceptual framework, justifying the need for investigation. Another function of a theory I it
puts together all the constructs that are related with the researcher’s topic. Lastly, it presents the
relationships among variables that have been investigated.
To differentiate the theoretical framework from the conceptual framework, let us try to
define the two terms. Theoretical framework indicates all constructs or concepts, definitions, and
propositions that relate to a research problem. The theoretical framework becomes the basis of
the research problem. It explains the phenomena upon which the thesis investigation hopes to fill
the vacuum in the stream of knowledge. On the other hand, the conceptual framework is the
detailed presentation of the variables to be observed in the on-going study. The conceptual
framework should clarify the relationship among major variables of the study. It should be
illustrated further in a drawing or a paradigm.

Study Guide:
1. What is a theory?
 Theory as defined by Kerlinger (1973) is a set of interrelated constructs (concepts)
definitions, and propositi9ons that present a systematic view of phenomena by specifying
relations among variables, with the purpose of explaining and predicting the phenomena.
2. What are the functions of a theory in a research investigation?
 The function of a theory is to identify the start for the research problem by presenting the
gaps, weak points, and inconsistencies in the previous researchers. This provides the study
with the conceptual framework, justifying the need for investigation. Another function of
a theory I it puts together all the constructs that are related with the researcher’s topic.
Lastly, it presents the relationships among variables that have been investigated.
3. What do you mean by a framework?
 a basic structure underlying a system

Summary of Learning Chunk 2

In most cases the review of related literature and studies has always been Chapter 2 in the
past, and is still is. The review of related literature is the major process that leads to past theories
that will support your present study. Gay (1976) says that the review of related literature involves
the systematic identification location, and analysis of documents containing information related
to the research problem. The review of related literature provides the researcher with the
theoretical and conceptual framework of the study. On the other hand, the review of related
studies which are both foreign and local which have the significant bearing to the present study is
very important. The relevance and justification why the researcher should review both foreign
and local studies is to strengthen the existence of the present study. In this part, all the related
studies will be compared to the proposed study in terms of their similarities and differences.

Study Guide:
1. In writing the thesis, where do we usually put the review of related literature and studies?
 In most cases the review of related literature and studies has always been Chapter 2 in the
past, and is still is.
2. Why do we need to review some literature and studies that are related to the proposed study?
 The review of related literature is the major process that leads to past theories that will
support your present study. Gay (1976) says that the review of related literature involves
the systematic identification location, and analysis of documents containing information
 related to the research problem. The review of related literature provides the researcher
with the theoretical and conceptual framework of the study.

MODULE 5: SAMPLING TECHNIQUES/PROCEDURES

Summary of Learning Chunk 1

Sampling may be defined as measuring portion of something and the making a general
statement about the whole thing. The common sampling techniques and procedures are random
sampling, table of random numbers, lottery sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling,
cluster sampling and non-random sampling.
In random sampling, it is a method of selecting sample size from a universe such that
member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample and all possible
combinations of size have an equal chance of being selected as the sample. Because it gives
every member of the population an equal chance to be sample, this strategy is known as the best
procedure. On the other hand, when we talk about the most systematic techniques for getting the
sample units at random numbers. The random table contains columns of digits that have been
mechanically generated, usually by a computer, to assure a random order. The most common
technique that we know is what we call fishbowl technique or lottery sampling. This procedure
can be applied by first assigning numbers to the participants of your population assembling them
frame, then write the number of your participants in a small piece of paper one number to a
piece. Next roll these small pieces of paper and put them in a container big enough to allow all
rolled papers to move in all directions. Another sampling technique is the systematic sampling. It
is a strategy for selecting members of a sample that allows only one chance and a “system” to
determine membership in the sample. Next sampling procedure is the stratified sampling defined
as the strategy for selecting samples in such a way that specific sub-group (strata) will have
sufficient number of representative within the sample to provide sample numbers for sub-
analysis of the members of these sub-groups. In this strategy, your population is first divided into
groups each belonging to the same stratum. Another important sampling technique is the cluster
sampling. It occurs when you select the members of your sample in clusters rather than using
separate individuals. It is a sampling technique in which groups, not individuals are randomly
selected.

Study Guide:
1. What is the difference between sample to a population?
 A population is the entire group that you want to draw conclusions about. A sample is the
scientific group that you will collect data from. The size of the sample is always less than
the total size of the population.
2. Why do we need a sample rather than a population?
 Because it gives every member of the population an equal chance to be sample, this
strategy is known as the best procedure.

Summary of Learning Chunk 2

In a non-random sampling the sample is not a proportion and there is no system in
selecting the sample. The selection depends upon the selection. In this strategy, all participants of
the investigation are not derived through equal chances. This strategy is also known as non-
probability sampling or judgment sampling because it makes use of judgment in the selection of
items to be put into subgroup. The common non-random sampling techniques are
purposive/deliberate sampling, quota sampling and convenience sampling.
In purposive/deliberate sampling, this type of sampling is with a purpose. On the other
hand, quota sampling is done by identifying a set of important characteristics of a population and
then selects your desired samples in a non-random way. Last sampling technique under non-
random sampling is convenience. It is done based on the convenience of the researcher. It is
obtained when the researcher selects whatever sampling units are conveniently available.

Study Guide:
1. What particular sampling procedure where the sample is not proportion of the population and
no definite system of selecting the sample?
 In a non-random sampling the sample is not a proportion and there is no system in
selecting the sample. The selection depends upon the selection.
2. What other names are used to describe non-random sampling?
 This strategy is also known as non-probability sampling or judgment sampling because it
makes use of judgment in the selection of items to be put into subgroup.
3. What type of non-random sampling is used with a purpose or certain criteria?
 In purposive/deliberate sampling, this type of sampling is with a purpose.

MODULE 6: METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

Summary of Learning Chunk 1

Methods of data collection involve three steps. The first step is the pre-collection activity
where the researcher agrees on goals, target data, definitions and what method to be used. Next
step is the actual collection of data, and finally, is the presentation of findings.
A data collection of numbers, quantities, facts, or records used as a basis for drawing
conclusions or making inferences. Data are what research is searching for and which are subject
to analysis, statistical procedure, and interpretation so that inferences, principles or
generalization are drawn. Information on the other hand can be classified into three sources, the
primary, secondary and tertiary sources of information. The data for quantitative and qualitative
research are collected from direct observations, tests, and survey questionnaires and interviews.
Researchers refer to these as data collection devices and procedures as instruments. The several
ways of collecting data among which are the clerical tools such as interview method, empirical
observation method, registration method, testing method, experimental method, and library
method. Other ways of collecting data can be done through mechanical devices like
microphones, thermometer, cameras, etc.

Study Guide:
1. What do you call these data collection devices and procedures?
 The first step is the pre-collection activity where the researcher agrees on goals, target
data, definitions and what method to be used. Next step is the actual collection of data, and
finally, is the presentation of findings.
2. Under the clerical tools, what are the different instruments to be used?
 The several ways of collecting data among which are the clerical tools such as interview
method, empirical observation method, registration method, testing method, experimental
method, and library method.
3. Cite examples of mechanical devices that might be helpful in collecting data for the research
at hand.
 Other ways of collecting data can be done through mechanical devices like microphones,
thermometer, cameras, etc.

Summary of Learning Chunk 2

Data presentation is very important in research; it is the process of organizing data into
logical, sequential, and meaningful categories and classifications to make them amenable to the
study and interpretation. Data can be presented in tabular form, graphical form, and textual
presentation of data.
In every thesis or study aside from presenting the data into a logical manageable way
researcher always documents all the ideas and concepts cited in his study. Documentation is very
important in order not to plagiarize the work or idea of other person. The term documentation is
generally used for the gathering and recording information, especially to establish or provide
evidence of facts or testimony. Three are many types of documentation and the most common
are footnotes and endnotes.

Study Guide:
1. What is the importance of data presentation?
 Data presentation is very important in research; it is the process of organizing data into
logical, sequential, and meaningful categories and classifications to make them amenable
to the study and interpretation.
2. What are the three types of data presentation and how do they differ from each other?
 Data can be presented in tabular form, graphical form, and textual presentation of data.
3. Why do we need to document all our citations from other personalities?
 Documentation is very important in order not to plagiarize the work or idea of other
person.

MODULE 7: BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ITS MEANING

Summary of Learning Chunk 1

Carter and Baker (2010) describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline. It is an
organized listing of books and systematic description of books as physical objects. A
bibliography gives a reviewer an idea of how much and what quality of background research you
did for your project. The task of compiling an annotated bibliography will help the researcher
think about the relevance and quality of the material on a topic. In writing the bibliography it
follows certain standards and rules in order to present in systematically.
Footnote and bibliography are both part of referencing. Footnotes are what you need
when you cite a quote or some information that you have gotten from other source while a
bibliography is a summary of all your references in an alphabetical list (surnames first)

Study Guide:
1. What is a bibliography and how it differs from a footnote?
 Carter and Baker (2010) describe bibliography as a twofold scholarly discipline. It is an
organized listing of books and systematic description of books as physical objects.
In the bibliography:
  Author’s name appears with the last name first followed by a comma, then the first name
followed by a period.
 The second line is indented.
 There are NO parentheses.
 There are NO page numbers.
 The entire bibliography appears on a separate page at the end of the paper. It should be
the last page of your paper.
 The bibliography is arranged in alphabetical order by the author’s last name.
 The bibliography is NOT numbered.
 Single space WITHIN an entry.
 Double space BETWEEN entries.
2. What is the purpose of making a bibliography in your research?
 A bibliography gives a reviewer an idea of how much and what quality of background
research you did for your project.

Summary of Learning Chunk 2

A “quotation” is the exact word or words that a person speaks. Quoting the word of other
persons is not an easy task: it should follow a certain format or style. The first line of each entry
in your list should be on the left margin. Subsequent lines should be intended five spaces from
the margin. All references should be doubled-spaces. Capitalize only the first word of a title or
subtitle of a work. Italicize titles of books and journals. Each entry is separate from the next by a
double space. Author’s names are inverted (last name first). The reference list should be
alphabetized by author’s last names.
Quotations can be cited in different ways such as in-text quotations, short quotations, and
long quotations. The reference list or bibliography should appear at the end of the essay or thesis.
It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the
essay. Each source you cite in the essay must appear in your reference list: likewise, each entry
in the reference list must be cited in your text. It is good to understand the difference between a
direct quotation and an indirect one. A direct quotation is the words you hear from someone
speaking, and an indirect quotation, which are the words that someone uses to describe another
speaker.

Study Guide:
1. What do you mean by quotation?
 A “quotation” is the exact word or words that a person speaks. Quoting the word of other
persons is not an easy task: it should follow a certain format or style.
2. What are the rules in handling quotations?
 The first line of each entry in your list should be on the left margin. Subsequent lines
should be intended five spaces from the margin. All references should be doubled-spaces.
Capitalize only the first word of a title or subtitle of a work. Italicize titles of books and
journals. Each entry is separate from the next by a double space. Author’s names are
inverted (last name first). The reference list should be alphabetized by author’s last names.
3. When do we usually place the reference list in your essay or research report?
 The reference list or bibliography should appear at the end of the essay or thesis.
4. What is the importance of indicating the reference list in your paper?
  It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you
cite in the essay.
5. What is the difference between direct quotations to an indirect one?
 A direct quotation is the words you hear from someone speaking, and an indirect
quotation, which are the words that someone uses to describe another speaker.

Summary of Learning Chunk 3

A good researcher should possess good values in order to have a successful work. That is,
a good researcher should possess the right and desirable qualities in order to succeed in his
researches. It cannot be denied that a researcher must be intelligent enough. The basic qualities
of a researcher are intelligence, honesty, curiosity and initiative, enough knowledge, and good in
oral and written communication
In evaluating the research report, a good researcher should consider many factors in
writing the different parts of the research report. There are guidelines or checklist to be
considered in evaluating a thesis or dissertation. In writing the title, it should be clear and
concise, while the statement of the problem, it should be clearly stated, properly defined,
significant questions should be recognized, specific questions should be raised and the
hypotheses should be clearly stated. On the other hand, the review of related literature and
studies, all the related literature and studies should be adequately covered, all the important
findings should be noted, the literature cited should be well-organized and there should be an
effective summary of all the related literature and study. In the methodology, the research design
should be described in detail, it should be adequate, samples should be described and relevant
variables should be recognized. The data-gathering instrument should be appropriate to the type
of research being studied. The validity and reliability should be established and statistical
treatment should be appropriate also. The results or data analysis should use appropriate tables
and figures. The textual discussion should be clear and concise, also the analysis of data
relationships should be logical and perceptive, and finally, the statistical analysis should be
accurately interpreted. Lastly, the summary and conclusions, in this part, the problem should be
restated and the procedures and findings should be concisely presented. The analysis should be
objective and most especially the findings and conclusions must be justified by the data
presented and analysis.

Study Guide:
1. What are the qualities of a good researcher?
 The basic qualities of a researcher are intelligence, honesty, curiosity and initiative,
enough knowledge, and good in oral and written communication.

MODULE 8: WRITING THE REPORT

Summary of Learning Chunk 1

After the researcher is through with his investigation, the research work is presented most
usually in the form of a thesis or a dissertation. The main purpose of the research report is to
communicate to interested sectors the problem investigated, the methods used, the findings
generated, the interpretation of results, and the integration with the theory. The researcher report
is a scientific presentation of what the investigator studied, why he did it, and what his results
are, what conclusions have been drawn at the end, and how the new findings relate o past
research.
The first part of the research report is the introduction and the problem. In this part, the
introduction should go directly into what the problem is investigating. This part may include
some previous researches which can strengthen the reason for the investigation.

Summary of Learning Chunk 2

The third part of the research report is the research methodology. In this chapter, the
researcher writes the approach used such as whether the study is descriptive, historical,
experimental and participatory. Here, you explain why you employ such approach. This chapter
includes the research instrument, the statistical treatment of data, the sampling procedure used
and respondents of the study.
The fourth part of the research report is the presentation and interpretation of findings.
This portion and research report presents the findings and discussions concerning the research
report. The thesis is expected to discuss why such results came out. In this part, you can compare
your findings with those of previous researches. In this case, the present findings may confirm or
reject at the end of the previous chapter. Data should be presented either in tabular form,
graphical or textual presentation. In this manner, tables, graphs, and other graphic devices
maximize the lucidity of the presentation. In most research reports, the presentation of data and
analysis are integrated with the interpretation and discussion.
The last chapter of the research report is the summary, conclusions, and
recommendations. In most research, the summary puts together the highlights of the important
findings of the investigation. The conclusions have been judged by all researchers as one of the
most difficult to write. After having finished your study and after having written the research
report up to the summary, still you find drawing the conclusions far from being written. The
conclusion is an abstraction drawn from the summary of findings and it is tied to the questions
being investigated. The recommendation and implications on the other hand, allows the
researcher for free thinking for the reason that as long as there is logical link between the data,
conclusions, and the recommendations, you are to write down what you wish to recommend.
Suggestions for further research end this chapter.

Study Guide:
1. What are the things that you need to write or include in the research methodology?
 In this chapter, the researcher writes the approach used such as whether the study is
descriptive, historical, experimental and participatory.
2. What are the different devices that you may use to maximize the lucidity of the presentation
of data and findings?
 In this manner, tables, graphs, and other graphic devices maximize the lucidity of the
presentation.