AAE 3104 CH 7 Design Features of UAV

AAE 3104 Aircraft Design

Chapter 7
Design Features of UAV
By TG Pai
1
Some Successful Aircraft Designs

Military Fighter Aircraft
Bombers/Multi- Role Combat Aircraft/Stealth Aircraft
Special Aircraft
Supersonic Transport - Concord
Large Freighters - AN 224 /B747 LCF
Virgin Atlantic Global Flyer
Virgin Galactic Space Ship and VSS Enterprise
Solar Powered Aircraft
Transport Aircraft
Long Range, Medium Range and Regionals
Unmanned Air Vehicle UAV
Medium Altitude Long Endurance MALE
High Altitude Long Endurance HALE
2
Roles of UAV – Military and Civil

Target and decoy – for ground and aerial gunnery simulating
an enemy aircraft or missile
Reconnaissance - providing battlefield intelligence
Combat - attack capability for high-risk missions
Logistics - designed for cargo and logistics operation
Research and development - used to further develop UAV

technologies
Civil and Commercial UAVs

3
UAV Missions – Civil Applications
Maritime Patrol
Remote High Value Facility Protection
Civil Disorder, Police Surveillance, Traffic Intelligence,

Border Control, Drug Law Enforcement etc
Environmental Protection
Disaster Management
4
UAV Capability – Altitude/Range/Endurance

Handheld - 600 m altitude and range upto 2 km
Close - 1,500 m altitude and range < 10 km
NATO type - 3,000 m altitude and range < 50 km
Tactical - 5,500 m altitude and range < 160 km
MALE (medium altitude long endurance) up to 9,000 m
altitude and range > 200 km
HALE (high altitude, long endurance) altitude above 9000 m
and “indefinite” range
5
Some Successful UAV Designs

RQ 7 Shadow
Heron TP (MALE)
MQ 1 Predator (MALE)
Altus II (HALE)
RQ 4 Global Hawk (HALE)
Boeing X 45 A – UCAV
Special Purpose UAVs

6
Evolution of Successful UAV Designs

Eagle Eye
Tilt Rotor
Length/Height: 5.56 m/1.88m

Wing span/ Main rotor dia : 7.37 m/3.05 m
Pay Load: 91 KG
Take Off Weight: ?
Max speed/Endurance : 360 km/h/6 hours
Service ceiling: 6,096 m P&W Turboshaft, 478 kW each
Bell Helicopter completed testing in 2002 for US Coast Guard 8
RQ 7 Shadow - Tactical Reconnaissance UAV (1/2)
High Wing
Single Engine Pusher Type
Twin Tail Boom Empennage Inverted V Tail with Ele Rudder
Fixed Tricycle Type Landing Gear
Launcher assisted Take Off : Attains 111.2 km/h in 4.57 m
Hook Recovery: Aircraft brought to rest in 51.8 m 9
RQ 7 Shadow - Tactical Reconnaissance UAV (2/2)
Length/Wing Span/Height : 3.41 m /4.3 m/1 m

Max Weight:170 kg Pay Load 91 kg
Cruise/Max speed: 130/204 km/h Service ceiling: 4600 m
Range 109 km Endurance: 6 hours
Wankel Engine 741, 28.5 kW Introduced in 2002
AAI Corporation delivered 500+
10
MQ 1 Predator (MALE) (1/3)
11
MQ1 Predator - Multi Role UAV (2/3)

Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE)
AR =19
Length/Wing Span: 8.22 m/14.8 m Wing area: 11.5 m²

Empty weight: 512 kg Max Take Off Weight: 1,020 kg
Range : 1100 km Service Ceiling: 7,620 m (25000’)
Max /Cruise /Stall Speed : 217 /130–165 / 100 km/h
Powerplant: Rotax 914 F Turbocharged 4 cyl engine, 86 kW
2 Hard Points to carry Armament Introduced 1995
General Atomics Aero Systems built 360 units
12
MQ 1 Predator – Two Hellfire Missile below Wing (3/3)
Low Wing,
Inverted V Tail
Pusher
Two Hard Points below Wing for
Missiles AGM 114 Hellfire Missile
on Wing Pylon of Predator
13
Eitan MALE UAV (1/2)
Length: 14 m Wing Span: 26 m

Max Take Off Weight 5400 kg Payload: 2700 kg
Max Speed 253 km/h Service Ceiling: 14 km
Range: 7400 km Endurance: 30+ hours
Engine PW PT6-67A, 900 kW
Introduced in 2007 by IAI, Israel
14
Heron TP / Eitan – MALE UAV (2/2)
15
Altus II HALE UAV

Length 7.2 m
Wingspan 16.5 m
Wing Area 12.2 m2
Wing ARadapted
NASA also 22.31existing operational UAV technology for the ERAST program,
TO Weight
obtaining 725
a General kg Altus UAV. The Altus was based on and looked much like
Atomics
the Gnat 750 UAV but had a different fuselage and a longer wingspan. The Altus was
Pay Load150 kg
7.2 meters (23 feet 7 inches) long, had a wingspan of 16.9 meters (55 feet 4 inches),
and a takeoff weight of 725 kilograms (1,600 pounds). It could carry 150 kilograms
Altitude
(330 pounds)20to km
13.7 kilometers (45,000 feet) with an endurance of 24 hours. The
engine was originally a Rotax 912 with a single stage of turbocharging.
Endurance of 24 hours
Range 741 km
Engine Rotax 912 with a single stage of turbo charging
General Atomics developed around existing Gnat 750 UAV

for ERAST programme of NASA
16
RQ 4 Global Hawk – Surveillance HALE UAV (1/3)

Air Bus A 380 at Take Off Attitude
Length/Height: : 14.5 m/ 4.7 m Wing Span: 39.9 m

Gross Weight/Pay Load: 14,628 kg /1362 kg
Max/Cruise Speed: 629 / 575 km/h
Service ceiling: 18 km Range/Endurance: 14,154 km/32+ hrs
Engine: RR F137-RR-100 Turbofan 34 kN thrust
Northrop Grumman RQ 4 for USAF/Navy/German AF
No of UAV built 42
17
Mid Wing
V Tail with Ele Rudder
Top Mounted Engine on Aft Fuselage
Deployable Landing Gears
18
Wings, Fuselage,
Fairings, Nacelle and
V Tail built up of high
strength to weight
ratio Composites
19
Air Dragon
Bus A 380Fly
at Take Off(1/2)
Tango Attitude
UAV for Aerial Photography

Bungee launching system is used for launching DF Tango UAV
Can reach a distance upto 60 miles
Fully customized package available including DF Tango
Airframe, Flight Systems, Launch System and Camera System
20
Dragon Fly Tango (2/2)
21
Boeing X- 45 Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV)

Length: 8.08 m
Wingspan: 10.3 m
Height: 2.14 m
Empty weight: 3,630 kg

Gross weight: 5,528 kg
Cruise speed: 919 kmph
Range: 2405 km
Combat Radius 600 km
Service ceiling: 13,200m
Stealth Configuration
Top mounted Air Intake
22
Boeing X- 45A UCAV (2/3)
First Flight 2002

Development Flight Testing
Continued till 2009
23
Boeing X- 45A UCAV (3/3)
Internal Weapons
Weapon Bay Doors
deployed on lower
side
24
Helios Solar Powered Flying Wing (1/4)
Aircraft Length 3.6 m

Height 2 m (with prop blade horizontal)
Span 75.3 m
Wing Area 186.6 sq m
Aspect Ratio 30.9
Max TO Mass 930 Kg
Pay Load 300 Kg
25

Engine 14 x 1.5 KW
Max Alt 29523 m
Speed 30 to 40 kmph
AeroVironment and NASA
Aug 2001 – June 2003
26
Trailing edge device used as

longitudinal controls and
differential Engine Thrust
used as directional control
Outboard engine and inboard

engine have thrust lines in
different planes. Pitch control
also attempted by over speeding
outer engine
27
Increased flight speed, structural deflection of out board wing

and excessive dihedral led to aircraft instability resulting in
failure of Helios
28
Odysseus – Solar Powered VULTURE(1/2)

(Very-high altitude, Ultra-endurance, Loitering Theatre Unmanned Reconnaissance Element)
Requirements
Pay Load 1000lbs
Power 5 kW
5 Years
Aurora Flight Sciences design of UAV Odysseus for DARPA’s

VULTURE Program is expected to fly at altitude > 60000 ft for
five years on solar energy
The over all configuration is built by suitably docking three
individual constituent aircrafts arranged in a unique Z wing
configuration optimizing solar collection during the day
29
Odysseus – Solar Powered VULTURE (2/2)
3 units docked in
Straight
configuration
3 units docked in
Z configuration
Z configuration built with three units straightening during

some part of the day
30
31

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AAE 3104 Aircraft Design

AAE 3104 Aircraft Design

Some Successful Aircraft Designs

Roles of UAV – Military and Civil

Reconnaissance - providing battlefield intelligence

Combat - attack capability for high-risk missions

Logistics - designed for cargo and logistics operation

Research and development - used to further develop UAV

Civil and Commercial UAVs

UAV Missions – Civil Applications

Remote High Value Facility Protection

Civil Disorder, Police Surveillance, Traffic Intelligence,

UAV Capability – Altitude/Range/Endurance

Some Successful UAV Designs

Special Purpose UAVs

Evolution of Successful UAV Designs

Length/Height: 5.56 m/1.88m

RQ 7 Shadow - Tactical Reconnaissance UAV (1/2)

RQ 7 Shadow - Tactical Reconnaissance UAV (2/2)

Length/Wing Span/Height : 3.41 m /4.3 m/1 m

MQ 1 Predator (MALE) (1/3)

MQ1 Predator - Multi Role UAV (2/3)

Length/Wing Span: 8.22 m/14.8 m Wing area: 11.5 m²

MQ 1 Predator – Two Hellfire Missile below Wing (3/3)

Eitan MALE UAV (1/2)

Length: 14 m Wing Span: 26 m

Heron TP / Eitan – MALE UAV (2/2)

Altus II HALE UAV

General Atomics developed around existing Gnat 750 UAV

RQ 4 Global Hawk – Surveillance HALE UAV (1/3)

Length/Height: : 14.5 m/ 4.7 m Wing Span: 39.9 m

RQ 4 Global Hawk – Surveillance HALE UAV (2/3)

RQ 4 Global Hawk – Surveillance HALE UAV (3/3)

UAV for Aerial Photography

Dragon Fly Tango (2/2)

Boeing X- 45 Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV)

Empty weight: 3,630 kg

Boeing X- 45A UCAV (2/3)

First Flight 2002

Boeing X- 45A UCAV (3/3)

Helios Solar Powered Flying Wing (1/4)

Aircraft Length 3.6 m

Helios Solar Powered Flying Wing (2/4)

Helios Solar Powered Flying Wing (3/4)

Trailing edge device used as

Outboard engine and inboard

Helios Solar Powered Flying Wing (4/4)

Increased flight speed, structural deflection of out board wing

Odysseus – Solar Powered VULTURE(1/2)

Aurora Flight Sciences design of UAV Odysseus for DARPA’s

Odysseus – Solar Powered VULTURE (2/2)

Z configuration built with three units straightening during

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