ST.

ANTHONY'
SBOYS'
SECSCHOOL
CLASS10
SCI
ENCE
Chapt
er13-Magneti
ceffect
sofel
ect
ri
c
cur
rent

→ Magnetisanysubst
ancet
hatat
tract
sir
onori
ron-
li
ke
subst
ances.
→ Anel
ect
ri
ccur
rent
-car
ryi
ngwi
rebehav
esl
i
keamagnet
.
→ El
ect
romagnetsandelect
ri
cmot orsi
nvol
vethe
magnet
iceff
ectofel
ectr
iccurr
ent,andel
ect
ri
cgener
ator
s
i
nvol
vetheel
ectr
iceff
ectofmov i
ngmagnets.
→ Compassneedl
egetdefl
ectedonpassi
nganel
ect
ri
c
cur
rentt
hroughamet
all
icconduct
or.
•Pr
oper
ti
esofMagnet
(
i)Ev
erymagnethast
wopol
esi
.e.Nor
thandSout
h.

(
ii
)Li
kepol
esr
epel
eachot
her
.
(
ii
i)Unl
i
kepol
esat
tracteachot
her
.
(i
v)Af r
eel
ysuspendedbarmagnetal
ignsitsel
finnearl
y
nort
h-sout
hdir
ecti
on,wit
hit
snorthpoletowardsnorth
di
recti
on.

•Char
act
eri
sti
csofFi
eldLi
nes
→ Fi
eldl
inesar
isef
rom Nor
thpol
eandendi
ntoSout
h
pol
eofthemagnet.
→ Fi
eldl
i
nesar
ecl
osedcur
ves.
→ Fi
eldl
i
nesar
ecl
oseri
nst
rongermagnet
icf
iel
d.
→ Fieldl
inesneveri
nter
secteachot
herasfortwoli
nesto
i
ntersect
,ther
emustbet wonor t
hdi
rect
ionsatapoi
nt,
whichisnotpossibl
e.
→ Dir
ect
ionoff
iel
dli
nesi
nsi
deamagneti
sfr
om Sout
hto
Nort
h.
→ Ther
elat
ivest
rengt
hofmagneti
cfi
eldi
sshownby
degr
eeofcl
osenessoffi
eldl
i
nes.

•Magnet
icFi
eldofaBarMagnet
→ H.C.Oerst
edwasthefi
rstper
sont
ost
atet
hatel
ect
ri
c
cur
renthasmagnet
icf
iel
d.

•Ri
ghtHandThumbRul
e
→I magineyouarehol
dingacurr
entcarryi
ngstr
aight
conductori
nyourri
ghthandsuchthatthethumbis
point
ingtowar
dsthedir
ecti
onofcurrent.
→ Thenthefi
nger
swr appedaroundt
heconduct
orgi
ve
t
hedirect
ionofmagneti
cfiel
d.

•Magneti
cFi
eldduet
oCur
rentt
hroughaSt
rai
ght
Conduct
or
→Itcanberepresent
edbyconcent
ri
cci
rcl
esatev
ery
poi
ntonconductor
.
→ Di
recti
oncanbegi
venbyr
ighthandt
humbr
uleor
compass.
→ Ci
rcl
esar
ecl
oserneart
heconduct
or.
→ Magnet
icf
iel
d∝St
rengt
hofcur
rent
.
→ Magnet
icf
iel
d∝1/
Dist
ancef
rom conduct
or
•Magnet
icFi
eldduet
oCur
rentt
hroughaCi
rcul
arLoop
→I
tcanber
epr
esent
edbyconcent
ri
cci
rcl
eatev
erypoi
nt.
→ Ci
rcl
esbecomel
argerandl
argeraswemov
eaway
.
→ Ever
ypointonwirecar
ryi
ngcurrentwoul
dgiver
iseto
magneti
cfi
eldappeari
ngasstr
aightli
neatcent
reofthe
l
oop.
→ Thedi
rect
ionofmagnet
icf
iel
dinsi
det
hel
oopi
ssame.

•Fact
orsaf
fecti
ngmagnet
icf
iel
dofaci
rcul
arcur
rent
car
ryi
ngconductor
→ Magnet
icf
iel
d∝Cur
rentpassi
ngt
hrought
heconduct
or
→ Magnet
ic∝1/
Dist
ancef
rom conduct
or
→ Magnet
icf
iel
d∝No.oft
urnsi
nthecoi
l

→ Magneti
cfiel
disaddi
ti
veinnaturei.
e.,
magneti
cfiel
dof
oneloopaddsuptomagneti
cf i
eldofanotherl
oop.Thi
sis
becauset
hecurrenti
neachcir
culartur
nhassome
di
recti
on.

•Sol
enoi
d
→ Acoi
lofmanycircul
artur
nsofi
nsul
atedcopperwi
re
wr
appedclosel
yinacyl
indri
cal
for
m.
→ Magnet
icf
iel
dofasol
enoi
dissi
mil
art
othatofabar
magnet
.
→ Magneti
cfi
eldi
sunif
orminsi
dethesol
enoi
dand
r
epresent
edbypar
all
elfi
eldl
i
nes.

•Di
rect
ionofmagnet
icf
iel
d

(
i)Out
sidet
hesol
enoi
d:Nor
tht
oSout
h
(
ii
)Insi
det
hesol
enoi
d:Sout
htoNor
th

→ Sol
enoidcanbeusedt
omagnet
iseamagnet
icmat
eri
al
l
i
kesoftir
on.
•El
ect
romagnet
→Itisatemporar
ymagnet
,so,
canbeeasi
l
y
demagnet
ised.
→ St
rengt
hcanbev
ari
ed.
→ Pol
ari
tycanber
ever
sed.
→ Gener
all
yst
rongmagnet
.

•Per
manentMagnet
→ Cannotbeeasi
l
ydemagnet
ised.
→ St
rengt
hisf
ixed.
→ Pol
ari
tycannotber
ever
sed.
→ Gener
all
yweakmagnet
.

•For
ceonaCur
rentcar
ryi
ngConduct
ori
naMagnet
ic
Fi
eld
AndreMari
eAmperesuggestedthatt
hemagnetal
so
exer
tsanequal
andopposit
ef or
ceonacurr
entcar
ryi
ng
conduct
or.
→ Thedispl
acementi
ntheconductoristhemaxi
mum
whenthedir
ecti
onofcur
r enti
satr
ightanglet
othe
di
rect
ionofmagneti
cfi
eld.
→ Dir
ecti
onoff
orcei
srev
ersedonr
ever
singt
hedi
rect
ion
ofcur
rent
.

•Fl
emi
ng’
sLef
tHandRul
e
→ Str
etchthet
humb, f
orefi
ngerandmiddl
efi
ngerofy
our
l
efthandsuchthatt
heyaremutuall
yper
pendi
cul
ar.
→I ff
orefingerpoint
si nt
hedi r
ect
ionofmagnet
icf
iel
d,
middl
efingerinthedirect
ionofcurrentt
hent
humbwill
poi
ntinthedirect
ionofmot ionorforce.
•Galv
anometer
:Inst
rumentt
hatcandetectt
hepresence
ofcurr
enti
nacircui
t.I
tal
sodet
ectsthedir
ecti
onof
cur
rent.

•El
ect
ri
cmot
or
→ Anel
ectri
cmotori
sarotatingdevi
cethatconv
ert
s
el
ect
ri
calenergyt
omechanicalener
gy.
→ Anelectr
icmotorconsistsofarect
angul
arcoi
l ABCDof
i
nsulat
edcopperwire.Thecoili
splacedbet
weent hetwo
pol
esofamagnet i
cf i
eldsuchthatthear
m ABandCDar e
per
pendicul
artot
hedi r
ectionofthemagnet
icfi
eld.
→ Theendsoft
hecoilareconnect
edtothetwohalv
esP
andQofaspli
tri
ng.Theinnersi
desofthesehal
vesare
i
nsul
atedandat
tachedtoanaxle.
→ Theexter
nalconduct
ingedgesofPandQt ouchtwo
conduct
ingst
ati
onarybrushesXandY,r
especti
vel
y.
→ Curr
entinthecoi
lABCDenter
sfrom t
hesour
cebatt
ery
t
hroughconducti
ngbrushXandfl
owsbacktothebat
tery
t
hroughbrushY.
→ Thefor
ceacti
ngonarm ABpushesitdownwar
dswhi
l
e
t
heforceact
ingonar
m CDpushesitupwards.
→ Thust
hecoi
landt
heaxl
eO,
mount
edf
reet
otur
nabout
anaxi
s,r
otat
eant
i-
clockwi
se.
→ Athalfrot
ati
on,Qmakescontactwit
hthebr
ushXand
PwithbrushY.Therefor
ethecur
renti
nthecoi
lget
s
r
eversedandf l
owsalongthepat
hDCBA.
→ Thespli
tri
ngactsasacommut at
orwhichrever
set
he
dir
ect
ionofcurr
entandal
sorev
ersesthedir
ecti
onof
for
ceacti
ngont het
woarmsABandCD.
→ Thusthear
m ABofthecoi
lthatwasearl
i
erpushed
downisnowpushedupandthearm CDprevi
ousl
ypushed
upisnowpusheddown.
→ Theref
orethecoilandtheaxlerot
atehal
fatur
nmor ein
t
hesamedi rect
ion.Thereversi
ngofthecur
renti
s
r
epeatedateachhalfrotat
ion,gi
vi
ngriset
oacontinuous
r
otat
ionofthecoilandtotheaxle.

•Commut ator:Adev
icethatrev
er sest
hedi
recti
onoff
low
ofcur
rentthroughacir
cuiti
scalledacommut at
or.

•Armatur
e:Thesof
tir
oncore,onwhichthecoili
swound
i
ncludi
ngthecoi
lsi
scall
edarmatur
e.Itenhancesthe
powerofthemotor
.
•Commer
cial
useofmot
ors
(
i)anel
ect
romagneti
npl
aceofper
manentmagnet
(i
i)l
argenumberoftur
nsoft
heconduct
ingwi
rei
nthe
curr
ent-
carr
yingcoi
l
(
ii
i)asof
tir
oncor
eonwhi
cht
hecoi
li
swound.

•El
ect
roMagnet
icI
nduct
ion
→ Whenaconductori
splacedinachangi
ngmagnet
ic
f
iel
d,somecur
rentisi
nducedinit
.
→ Suchcurr
entiscall
edinducedcur
rentandthe
phenomenoniscall
edelectr
omagneti
cinduct
ion.

-Act
ivi
tyNo.1
(
i)Magnetmovedintothecoi
l
:Moment
arydef
lect
ioni
nG
i
ndi
cati
ngpresenceofcurr
ent
.
(
ii
)Magnetkeptst
ati
onar
yinsi
det
hecoi
l
:Nodef
lect
ion.
(i
i
i)Magneti
swi t
hdr
awn: Momentar
ydef
lect
ioni
nGbuti
n
opposi
tedi
rect
ionoffi
rstcase.

-Act
ivi
tyNo.2

(
i)Swi
tchedon:
Moment
arydef
lect
ioni
nG.
(
ii
)St
eadycur
rent
:Nodef
lect
ion.
(i
i
i)Swi
tchedoff:
Moment
arydefl
ect
ioni
nGbuti
n
opposi
tedir
ect
ionoft
hef
ir
stcase.
•Fl
emi
ng’
sRi
ghtHandRul
e

→ Holdthethumb, t
hefor
efi
ngerandt
hemi
ddl
efi
ngerof
r
ighthandatrightangl
est
oeachother
.
→I fthef
orefi
ngerisinthedi
recti
onofmagneti
cfi
eldand
t
het humbpointsi
nthedi r
ect
ionofmoti
onofconductor
,
t
hent hedi
rect
ionofinducedcurr
enti
sindi
cat
edbymi ddl
e
f
inger.

•Wor
kingpr
inci
pleofel
ect
ri
cgener
ator
.
•Usedt
ofi
nddi
rect
ionofi
nducedcur
rent
.
•El
ect
ri
cGener
ator
→ Anelectr
icgener
ator
,mechani
calener
gyisusedt
o
rotat
eaconductori
namagneticfi
eldtopr
oduce
elect
ri
cit
y.

→ Anelect
ri
cgenerat
orconsi
stsofar
otat
ingr
ectangul
ar
coi
lABCDplacedbetweenthet
wopolesofapermanent
magnet
.
→ Thetwoendsofthiscoil
areconnectedtot
hetwor
ings
R1andR2.Theinnersideoftheser
ingsaremade
i
nsul
ated.
→ Thei nnersi
deoftheseri
ngsaremadeinsul
ated.The
twoconduct i
ngstati
onar
ybrushesB1andB2arekept
pressedseparatel
yontheri
ngsR1andR2, r
especti
vel
y.
→ Thetwori
ngsR1andR2areint
ernall
yattachedtoan
axl
e.Theaxl
emaybemechanical
l
yr ot
atedfrom outsi
de
tor
otatet
hecoi
li
nsi
dethemagneticfi
eld.
→ Outerendsofthet
wobrushesar
econnect
edtothe
gal
vanomet ert
oshowthef
lowofcurr
enti
nthegi
ven
ext
ernalci
rcuit
.
→ Whentheaxl
eattachedtothetwor i
ngsisrot
atedsuch
t
hatthear
m ABmov esup( andthearm CDmov esdown)
i
nthemagneti
cfi
eldproducedbyt hepermanentmagnet.
→ Afterhal
farot
ati
on,arm CDstart
smov ingupandAB
movingdown.Asar esul
t,t
hedi
recti
onsoft hei
nduced
cur
rentsinbotht
hearmschange, gi
vingr
isetothenet
i
nducedcurrenti
nthedir
ecti
onDCBA.
→ Thecurrentintheext
ernalcir
cuitnowfl
owsfr
om B1to
B2.Thusaftereveryhal
frot
ationthepolar
it
yoft
hecur
rent
i
ntherespectiv
ear mschanges.

•Togetadir
ectcurr
ent(DC) ,
aspli
t-
ri
ngt ypecommut at
or
mustbeused.Withthi
sarrangement,onebrushisatall
ti
mesincontactwi
ththearm mov i
ngupi nthefi
eld,
while
theot
heri
sincontactwit
ht hearm movingdown.
•Thedir
ectcur
rentalwaysf
lowsinonedirect
ion,wher
eas
theal
ter
nati
ngcurrentr
ever
sesit
sdirect
ionperiodi
cal
l
y.

•Al
ter
nat
eCur
rent(
A.C.
)
→ Thecur
rentwhi
chr
ever
sesi
tsdi
rect
ionper
iodi
cal
l
y.
→I nIndi
a,A.C.r
ever
sesi
tsdi
rect
ioni
nev
ery1/
100
second.
Ti
meper
iod=1/
100+1/
100=1/
50s
Fr
equency=1/
ti
meper
iod=1/
50=50Hz

-Adv
ant
agesofA.
C.
→ A.C.canbetransmit
tedov
erl
ongdi
stancewi
thout
muchlossofenergy.

-Di
sadv
ant
ageofA.
C.
→ A.C.cannotbest
ored.

•Di
rectCur
rent(
D.C.
)
→ Thecur
rentwhi
chdoesnotr
ever
sei
tsdi
rect
ion.
→ D.C.canbest
ored.
→ Lossofener
gydur
ingt
ransmi
ssi
onov
erl
ongdi
stance
i
shigh.
→ Sour
cesofD.C.
:Cel
l
,Bat
ter
y,St
oragecel
l
s.

•Domest
icEl
ect
ri
cCi
rcui
ts
→ Ther
ear
ethr
eeki
ndsofwi
resused:
(
i)Li
vewi
re(
posi
ti
ve)wi
thr
edi
nsul
ati
oncov
er.
(
ii
)Neut
ral
wir
e(negat
ive)wi
thbl
acki
nsul
ati
oncov
er.
(
ii
i)
Ear
thwi
rewi
thgr
eeni
nsul
ati
oncov
er.

→ Thepot
ent
ial
dif
fer
encebet
weenl
i
veandneut
ral
wir
ein
I
ndiai
s220V.

→ Pole⇒ Mainsuppl
y⇒ Fuse⇒ Elect
ri
cit
ymet
er⇒
Di
str
ibut
ionbox⇒ Toseparat
eci
rcuit
s
•Eart
hWi re:
Protectsusf r
om el
ectri
cshockincaseof
l
eakageofcur r
entespeciall
yinmetall
icbodyappl
iances.
I
tprovidesalowr esi
stancepathforcurr
enti
ncaseof
l
eakageofcur r
ent.

•ShortCi
rcui
t:Whenliv
ewi r
ecomesi ndir
ectcont
actwi
th
neutr
alwi
reaccident
all
y.Theresi
stanceofci
rcui
t
becomeslowwhi chcanresul
tinoverl
oadi
ng.

•Over
loadi
ng:Whencurr
entdr
awnismorethancurr
ent
car
ryi
ngcapaci
tyofaconduct
or,
itr
esul
tsi
noverl
oading.
-Causesofov
erl
oadi
ng
(
i)Acci
dent
alhi
kei
nvol
tagesuppl
y.
(
ii
)Useofmor
ethanoneappl
i
ancei
nasi
ngl
esocket
.

•Saf
etydev
ices
(
i)El
ect
ri
cfuse
(
ii
)Ear
thwi
re
(
ii
i)MCB(
Mini
atur
eCi
rcui
tBr
eaker
)