Quarter 1 – Module 5

Settings, Processes, Methods

and Tools in Counseling
 Quarter 1 – Module 5
Settings, Processes, Methods
and Tools in Counseling
Discipline and Ideas in Applied Social Sciences
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 5: Settings, Processes, Methods and Tools in Counseling
First Edition, 2020

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 INTRODUCTORY MESSAGE

Module Name: Settings, Processes, Methods and tools in Counseling

This module on “Settings, Processes, Methods and tools in Counseling” deals

with activities that could help the learners analyze the different work settings,
processes and methods involved in counseling.

To the Teacher:
In this part of the lesson, the teacher presented the stages of work settings
of counseling as well as the processes, methods and tools in counseling. The
primary goal of this module is to help learners engaged in some interesting and
practical activities in order to deeply understand how the methods and processes of
counseling applied in individuals, groups, organizations and communities

To the Learners:
The objectives of this module are best achieved if the learners fully
understand the important functions of social and political organizations as part in
the process of socialization. Additionally, learners are required to:

1. Read and understand the instructions properly;

2. Write the answers in your notebook.
3. Answer the pretest prior to the lesson proper;
4. Take note of the terminologies (mark and labeled as bold) cited relevant to
the study of Social Sciences;
5. Self–check and compare your answers against the key answer found at the
end of this module;
6. Perform critically the activities instructed in this module; and
7. Answer the given assessment test after thorough study of the lessons.

The Authors
Lesson
COUNSELLING AND ITS WORK SETTINGS
4 (HUMSS_DIASS12-Id-14)/ (HUMSS_DIASS12-Id-15)

Every part of this module contains activities that will help you in developing
your cognitive, affective and psychomotor skills.

In this module, you are expected to:

1. Illustrate the different processes and methods involved in counseling
(HUMSS_DIASS12-Id-14)

2. Distinguish the needs of individuals, groups, organizations and

communities (HUMSS_DIASS12-Id-15)

In previous chapter you learned the relevance of counseling needs of the

clientele that the clientele and audiences of the counseling profession come from
different settings with a mixture of people with different concerns and issues. How
these needs can be effectively addressed through different processes and methods
is the salient point in this part of the lesson.

Activity 1: PICTURESQUE SETTING ANALYSIS

Directions: Explain each work setting of counselors represented by picture below.
https://www.slideshare.net/JahnissiGALAROSA1/the-setting-processes-methods-and-tools-in-counseling
Explanations

Counseling and Its Work settings

1. Counselors in Schools – has grown rapidly. According to Gibson and Mitchell
(2003), counselors are recognized especially in the preventive interventions
and developmental stage. There are elementary school counselors, junior high
school counselors, secondary school counselors, counselors in vocational
schools, counselors in higher education, and counselors in community and
junior colleges. The counseling service in the schools is usually located under
the student affairs program. It is under the supervision of the Dean of
Students Affairs.

2. Counselors in the Community Setting – refers to employment in

community, agency, and other non-school professional situations. Counselors
can be found in community and mental health agencies, employment and
rehabilitation agencies, correctional settings, and marriage and family
practice. (Gibson and Mitchell , 2003)

3. Counselors in the Private Sector – refers to counselors who decided to do

full time work as private practitioners or engage in part – time private practice
 while employed by community agencies. This is feasible if the counselors
expertise and specialization matches or relevant to an adequate client
population in the geographic area. (Gibson and Mitchell , 2003)

4. Counselors in the Government - counselors are also present in various

agencies of government or institutions supported by the government that are
into social welfare, health, and education. Relevant agencies or institutions
include public schools, public social welfare agencies such as that for the
youth, children, and the aging.

ACTIVITY 2!
Directions: Explain what is ask and reflected in the matrix below. Write the
answers in your notebook.

1. Describe one of a work setting of 2. What would be the surroundings of

a counsellor the counselor work place?

3. How can you describe the work 4. What will be your expectations of a
setting of a counselor? work setting of a counsellor?

https://pxhere.com/en/photo/1447403

ACTIVITY 3! Processed Questions:

Directions: Critically respond to the questions pertaining to the general concept of
processes and methods of counseling.
1. Enumerate the different work settings of counseling.
2. Why is it relevant to know the processes and methods of counseling?
3. In your point of view what is the most significant stage of counseling and
why?
4. As a student what is the importance of studying the processes of counseling
and how can you apply it?
 Good Job!
You have finished another task! Are you excited to start a new one?
Let us proceed now to the next activity. Good luck and enjoy.

Great job! This time, it’s your turn to work on your own.

ACTIVITY 4!
Directions: Create a poster advertisement that shows the work setting counseling
in your locality. In your notebook, share personal experiences (if any) or your
personal thoughts about how did these counseling workplace yields contribution to
an individual, a specific group or the whole in your locality. (The examples of Work
setting in counseling is given below)

COUNSELORS IN SCHOOLS (Guidance Counselor )

COUNSELORS IN THE COMMUNITY SETTING (Mental Health Counselor in

rehabilitation centers)

COUNSELORS IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR (Psycho Analyst on Mental Health)

COUNSELORS IN THE GOVERNMENT (Social Councilor of DSWD)

Directions: Fill in the table below according to the work settings of counselors. The
choices are cited below to identify the needs of individual, groups, organizations
and community. Answers should be written in your notebook.

Counselors in Counselors in the Counselors in the Counselors in the

Schools Community Setting Private Sector Government

THE CHOICES
1. Marital issues
2. Abused woman
3. Abandoned children and elderly
4. Bullied students
5. Mental health counseling on veterans
6. Counseling services of non-government organizations
7. Mental and foster homes
8. Rehabilitation centers
9. Guidance counseling for student’s at risks
10. Social welfare counseling services of DSWD
11. Stress debriefing council for victims of calamities
12. Private Psycho-counseling services for drug addicts & other related
delinquencies
13. Rendering counseling program for victims of Woman’s violence
14. Counseling programs welfare for Out of school youth
15.Counseling services in Bureau of Corrections

Directions: State your responses on the table by giving your views on the value
and importance of the different setting of counseling in your locality:
Work Settings of Counseling The value and importance:
COUNSELORS IN SCHOOLS

Guidance Councilor

COUNSELORS IN THE
COMMUNITY SETTING

Mental Health Councilor in

Rehabilitation Centers

COUNSELORS IN THE PRIVATE

SECTOR

Psycho Analyst on Mental Health

COUNSELORS IN THE
GOVERNMENT

Social Councilor of DSWD

GREAT!
You have successfully completed the previous lesson and indeed you
have understood the various settings and processes in counseling.

By this time, you will explore the methods and tools in counseling. What
do you think are these perspectives and how important they are with
anthropology, sociology and political science? Now let’s find out in this
lesson.

Lesson COUNSELLING ITS PROCESSES,

METHODS AND TOOLS
5 (HUMSS_DIASS12-Id-14)/ (HUMSS_DIASS12-Id-15)

Every part of this module contains activities that will help you in developing
your cognitive, affective and psychomotor skills.

In this module, you are expected to:

1. Illustrate the different processes and methods involved in counseling
(HUMSS_DIASS12-Id-14)
 2. Distinguish the needs of individuals, groups, organizations and
communities (HUMSS_DIASS12-Id-15)

In previous chapter you had learned the work settings in counseling such as
counselors in school, counselors in community setting, counselors in private
institutions and counselors in the government. These counseling workplaces used
and apply processes, methods and tools to cater the needs and service of
counseling to individuals, groups, organizations and the community. In this part of
the lesson these counseling methods and techniques is discussed and illustrated
for our learners to engage in learning how counseling addressed the needs of the
clientele in the society.

Activity 1. Arrow Organizer

Directions: Fill out the diagram below with your perspective of counseling its
processes, methods and tools

A. Processes of Counseling

Research Termination Intervention

and and Follow- and Problem
Evaluation Up Solving

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________.

Formulation
Assesment
Relationship and
and
Building Counselling
Diagnosis
Goals
B. Methods and Tools of Counseling:

Classic ______________________________________
Method

Experiential ______________________________________
Method

Cognitive- ______________________________________
Behavioral

Process questions:
1. How do you find the activity?
2. Why you need to know the different processes, methods and tools in
Counseling?

There are six stages of the counseling process, namely, relationship building,
assessment and diagnosis, formulation of the counseling goals, intervention and
problem solving, termination and follow –up, and research and evaluation.

1. Stage One: Relationship Building

 This is the heart of counselling process because it provides the force and
foundation for the counselling to succeed.
 This stage involves establishing rapport,
 promote acceptance of the client as a person with worth,
 establishing genuine interaction,
 promote direct mutual communication
 helping clients understand themselves,
 helping client focus and
 Slowly promote counselling relevant communication, from the client.

2. Stage Two: Assessment and Diagnosis

 One of the most crucial stages.
 This serves as the window for the counsellor to have a thorough
appreciation of the client’s condition.
  It entails analysis of the root causes of problems.
 The data that will be gathered in diagnosis will be utilized in the
formulation of goals.

3. Stage Three: Formulation of Counseling Goals

 Goals are important as it sets the direction of the counselling process.
 It shall serve as the parameter of work and the client-counsellor
relationship.
 Counselling goals may be treated as a process goal or outcome goal.
 The client and counsellor must agree on the counselling goals.

4. Stage Four: Intervention and Problem Solving Guidelines:

A. The counselor has to provide a mapping of the different approaches
offered.
B. Describe the role of the counselor and client for each procedure.
C. Identify possible risks and benefits that may come.
D. Estimate the time and cost of each procedure.

Kafner and Busemeyer identified the six-stage model for problem solving
 Problem detection
 Problem definition
 Identification of alternative solutions
 Decision-making
 Execution
 Verification

5. Stage Five: Termination and Follow –up

The essential goal in counselling is to witness a client progress on
his/her own without the assistance of the counselor.

There are four components of termination which were identified by

Quintan and Holahan:
1. Discussion of the end of counselling
2. Review of the course of counselling
3. Closure of the counsellor-client relationship
4. Discussion of the client’s future and post-counselling plan

6. Stage Six: Research and Evaluation

 This stage can be undertaken at any point in the counselling stage.
 Research and evaluation are fundamental part of the evaluation.
 Results of the research provide a scientific appreciation of the counselling
situation.

Methods in Counseling
1. CLASSIC THEORIES - The psychological theories developed by Sigmund
Freud, Alfred Adler, and Carl Jung are considered as the classic schools for
the reason that they primed the underpinning of clinical practice.
a. FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY - The approach of Freud in
counselling and psychotherapy is popularly known as psychoanalysis
which is an analysis of the mind. Its objective is to restructure the
personality by resolution of intrapsychic conflict, which focuses in the
internal forces such as unconscious processes .It focuses on personal
adjustment through reorganization of internal forces within the person to
help him/her become aware of the unconscious aspect of his/her
personality. It focuses on personal adjustment through reorganization of
internal forces within the person to help him/her become aware of the
unconscious aspect of his/her personality.

Psychoanalysis has three goals:

1. To help clients gain insights about themselves
2. To help clients work unstuck issues
3. To help clients cope with the stresses of the society.

The following techniques may be used:

 FREE ASSOCIATION - a method to encourage the patient to
discuss whatever comes to his mind in order to release
suppressed emotions.
 DREAM ANALYSIS - a method to explore unconscious process
using dreams.
 CONFRONTATION AND CLARIFICATION - a form of feedback
procedure for patients to become aware of what is happening to
him/her and to determine areas for further analysis.
 INTERPRETATION - a process of giving insights to patients
about their inner conflicts which can be reflected in resistance,
transference, and other processes.

b. ADLER’S INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY - The approach of Adler in

counseling and psychotherapy focuses on the role of cognition is
psychological functioning. Its objective is to gain an understanding of
the clients and assess why clients behave and think in certain ways.

Adlerian counselling focuses on four goals:

 Establishment and maintenance of egalitarian relationship
 Analysis of client’s lifestyle
 Interpretation of client’s lifestyle in a way that promotes insight
 Reorientation and re-education of the client with accompanying
behavior change.

Adlerian techniques can be explained in four phases of Adlerian

Psychotherapy.

First Phase: ESTABLISHING THE RELATIONSHIP

 Use of listening skills
  Winning respect and offering hope
 Encouragement

Second Phase: PERFORMING ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT

 Lifestyle Analysis
 Dream analysis may be used to conduct lifestyle analysis

Third Phase: PROMOTING INSIGHT

 Insight Process

Fourth Phase: REORIENTATION

 Spitting in the Client’s Soup
 The push-button techniques
 Catching oneself
 Acting as-if
 Task setting and commitment

c. JUNG’S ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY - The counselling and psychology

approach of Jung is referred to as psychotherapy. Jung’s approach
highlights the task of the unconscious processes in “psychological
functioning”. The approach applies dreams and other procedures to
determine the unconscious processes to utilize the result to boost the
functioning of personality and to enhance mental health and wellness.

2. EXPERIENTIAL THEORIES
It falls under the affective theories which are concerned about generating
impact on the emotions of clients to effect change. The well-known
experiential theorists include Rogers and Perls

a. Roger’s Person-Centered Counselling - It has been described as the

“if-then” approach. The following conditions were formulated by
Rogers:
 Counsellor Congruence
 Empathic Understanding
 Unconditional Positive Regard

b. Pearl’s Gestalt Therapy - It focuses on the here and now. It refers to

the dialogue between the therapist and the client wherein the client
experiences from the inside what the therapist observes from the
outside. The goal of the approach is awareness on the environment,
of responsibility for choices, of self, and self-acceptance. Gestalt’s
technique include the following:
 ASSUMING RESPONSIBILITY - rephrase the statement and add
“I take responsibility for it”.
 USING PERSONAL PRONOUNS - take personal responsibility by
saying “I or me “instead of “us or us”
  NOW I AM AWARE - assists the clients to get in touch with
himself/herself.
 THE EMPTY CHAIR TECHNIQUE - helps client work through
conflicting parts of personality.

3. COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES
a. ELLIS RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY - REBT highlights
the role of cognitions on emotions with assertion that persons can be
best appreciated in terms of internal cognitive dialogue or self-talk. REBT
views the emotional disorder is associated with cognitive processes that
are not rational.

REBT TECHNIQUES:
 COGNITIVE - reforming ideas that are reasonable and irrational.
Focus on “defeating cognitions”.
 EMOTIVE TECHNIQUES - focus on the client’s “affective or emotional
domain”

BEHAVIOURAL TECHNIQUES - Focus on the full array of behavioural

methods such as assertiveness training, relaxation therapy, self-
management, self-monitoring, and homework assignments.

b. BECK’S COGNITIVE THERAPY

TECHNIQUES:
 DECATASTROPHIZING - referred to as “what if”.
 REDEFINING - rearticulating an obstacle to something that may be
useful.
 DECENTERING - This will help the client apprehend that they are not
the “center of attention”.
 BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES – this method applies a broad selection of
methods to assist clients obtaining ‘essential skills, relaxing preparing
for difficult situations, and exposing them to feared, preparing for
difficult situations, and exposing them to feared situations”.

c. BERNE’S TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS - Refers to examining and

dissecting transactions between people. It includes evaluating the “three
ego state of parent, adult, and child of each person”. The fundamental
goal is for the client to be “autonomous, self-aware, spontaneous and
have the capacity for intimacy.”

TECHNIQUES:
 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS - assists clients to be conscious of their
“three ego”.
 TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS - assists clients to “learn to communicate
with complementary transactions.”
  SCRIPT ANALYSIS - looks into the “type of life script the client has
developed and how it can be re-written.”
 ANALYSIS OF GAMES - comprise of determining “what games the
clients play and how the games interfere with interpersonal
functioning.”

Activity 3. Representing content and details:

Directions: Enumerate the processes, methods and tools in Counseling Then, give
its goals and guidelines on how they are being applied and used in individuals,
groups, organizations and society. Write your answers in your activity notebook.

A. The six stages of the Counseling Process

Stages of the Counseling
Goals Guidelines
Process
1. Stage One: Relationship
Building

2. Stage Two: Assessment

and Diagnosis

3. Stage Three: Formulation

of Counseling Goals

4. Stage Four: Intervention

and Problem Solving

5. Stage Five: Termination

and Follow –up

6. Stage Six: Research and

Evaluation

B. Methods and Tools in Counseling

Methods in Counseling Perspective Techniques
1. CLASSIC THEORIES
a. Freud’s Psychoanalytic
Theory
b. Adler’s Individual
Psychology
c. Jung’s Analytic
Psychology
2. EXPERIENTIAL
 THEORIES
a. Roger’s Person-
Centred Counselling
b. Pearl’s Gestalt Therapy
3. COGNITIVE-
BEHAVIORAL THEORIES
a. Ellis Rational Emotive
Behaviour Therapy
b. Beck’s Cognitive
Therapy
c. Berne’s Transactional
Analysis

Activity 4: Reflective Essay:

Directions: Answer the following series of questions to test you if you had
transpired in the lesson.
1. What is the importance of studying the methods of counselling?
2. How did you apply one of the processes of counselling in your personal life?
Is it effective and beneficial why or why not?
3. Can you state at least three important contributions of methods and tools of
counselling in individual, groups and in a society as a whole?
4. For you what is the most important stage of counseling and why?
5. As a student what is the significance of studying the processes of counseling
and how can you apply it?

Activity 5: Let Us Apply Gestalt’s Technique!

A Gestalt Play Therapy:

Directions: This is a Mind-set exercise, set your mind on how would you like to
change your perspective in life.

What Can I Say To Myself?

Instead of… Try Thinking…
e.g. I made a mistake… e.g. Mistakes help me to learn better

I’m not good at this…

I give Up…

This is too hard…

I can’t make this any better…

I just can’t do Math…

She’s so smart. I will never be that

smart…

I have so many regrets in life…

I’m not a wise decision maker…

I’m hesitant to try again…