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Designation: A500/A500M − 21

Standard Specification for

Cold-Formed Welded and Seamless Carbon Steel Structural
Tubing in Rounds and Shapes1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A500/A500M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 This specification covers cold-formed welded and seam- 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
less carbon steel round, square, rectangular, or special struc- A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
tural tubular shapes for welded, riveted, or bolted construction of Steel Products
of bridges and buildings, and for general structural purposes. A700 Guide for Packaging, Marking, and Loading Methods
for Steel Products for Shipment
1.2 This tubing is produced in both welded and seamless A751 Test Methods and Practices for Chemical Analysis of
sizes with a periphery of 88 in. [2235 mm] or less, and a Steel Products
specified wall thickness of 1.000 in. [25.4 mm] or less. Grade A941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related
D requires heat treatment. Alloys, and Ferroalloys
NOTE 1—Products manufactured to this specification may not be 2.2 Military Standards:
suitable for those applications such as dynamically loaded elements in MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage3
welded structures, etc., where low-temperature notch-toughness MIL-STD-163 Steel Mill Products, Preparation for Ship-
properties, which are typically measured by Charpy Impact testing, may ment and Storage3
be important. There are other ASTM standards that do have CVN
requirements and may be more suitable for those applications. 2.3 Federal Standards:
Fed. Std. No. 123 Marking for Shipment3
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units Fed. Std. No. 183 Continuous Identification Marking of Iron
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the and Steel Products3
SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each
2.4 AIAG Standard:
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system
B-1 Bar Code Symbology Standard4
shall be used independently of the other. Combining values
from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the 3. Terminology
standard. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M”
designation of this specification is specified in the order. 3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this
specification, refer to Terminology A941.
1.4 The text of this specification contains notes and foot-
notes that provide explanatory material. Such notes and 4. Ordering Information
footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, do not contain 4.1 Orders for material under this specification shall contain
any mandatory requirements. information concerning as many of the following items as are
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor- required to describe the desired material adequately:
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- 4.1.1 Quantity (feet [metres] or number of lengths),
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the 4.1.2 Name of material (cold-formed tubing),
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- 4.1.3 Method of manufacture (seamless or welded),
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical 4.1.4 Grade (B, C, or D),
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee the ASTM website.
3
A01.09 on Carbon Steel Tubular Products. Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2021. Published January 2021. Originally Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
4
approved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as A500/A500M – 20. Available from Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG), 26200 Lahser Rd.,
DOI: 10.1520/A0500_A0500M-21. Suite 200, Southfield, MI 48033, http://www.aiag.org.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

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 A500/A500M − 21
4.1.5 Size (outside diameter and wall thickness for round 8. Product Analysis
tubing, and outside dimensions and wall thickness for square 8.1 The tubing shall be capable of conforming to the
and rectangular tubing), requirements specified in Table 1 for product analysis.
4.1.6 Copper-containing steel (see Table 1), if applicable,
4.1.7 Length (random, multiple, specific; see 11.3), 8.2 If product analyses are made, they shall be made using
4.1.8 End condition (see 16.3), test specimens taken from two lengths of tubing from each lot
4.1.9 Burr removal (see 16.3), of 500 lengths, or fraction thereof, or two pieces of flat-rolled
4.1.10 Certification (see Section 18), stock from each lot of a corresponding quantity of flat-rolled
4.1.11 ASTM specification designation and year of issue, stock. Methods and practices relating to chemical analysis shall
4.1.12 End use, be in accordance with Test Methods, Practices, and Terminol-
4.1.13 Special requirements, and ogy A751. Such product analyses shall conform to the require-
4.1.14 Bar coding (see 19.3). ments specified in Table 1 for product analysis.
8.3 If both product analyses representing a lot fail to
5. Process
conform to the specified requirements, the lot shall be rejected.
5.1 The steel shall be made by one or more of the following
8.4 If only one product analysis representing a lot fails to
processes: basic-oxygen or electric-furnace.
conform to the specified requirements, product analyses shall
5.2 When steels of different grades are sequentially strand be made using two additional test specimens taken from the lot.
cast, the steel producer shall identify the resultant transition Both additional product analyses shall conform to the specified
material and remove it using an established procedure that requirements or the lot shall be rejected.
positively separates the grades.
9. Tensile Requirements
6. Manufacture
9.1 The material, as represented by the test specimen, shall
6.1 The tubing shall be made by a seamless or welding conform to the requirements as to tensile properties prescribed
process. in Table 2.
6.2 Welded tubing shall be made from flat-rolled steel by
the electric-resistance-welding process. The longitudinal butt 10. Flattening Test
joint of welded tubing shall be welded across its thickness in 10.1 The flattening test shall be made on round structural
such a manner that the structural design strength of the tubing tubing. A flattening test is not required for shaped structural
section is assured. tubing.
6.3 The weld shall not be located within the radius of the 10.2 For welded round structural tubing, a test specimen at
corners of any tubular shapes unless specified by the purchaser. least 4 in. [100 mm] in length shall be flattened cold between
parallel plates in three steps, with the weld located 90° from the
NOTE 2—Welded tubing is normally furnished without removal of the
inside flash. line of direction of force. During the first step, which is a test
for ductility of the weld, no cracks or breaks on the inside or
6.4 Except as required by 6.5, it shall be permissible for the
outside surfaces of the test specimen shall be present until the
tubing to be stress relieved or annealed.
distance between the plates is less than two-thirds of the
6.5 Grade D tubing shall be heat treated at a temperature of specified outside diameter of the tubing. For the second step,
at least 1100 °F [590 °C] for one hour per inch [25 mm] of no cracks or breaks on the inside or outside parent metal
thickness. surfaces of the test specimen, except as provided for in 10.5,
shall be present until the distance between the plates is less
7. Heat Analysis
than one-half of the specified outside diameter of the tubing.
7.1 Each heat analysis shall conform to the requirements
specified in Table 1 for heat analysis. TABLE 2 Tensile Requirements

TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements Round, Square, Rectangular, and Special Tubular Shapes
Grade B Grade C Grade D
Composition, % Tensile strength, min, 58 000 62 000 58 000
Grades B and D Grade C psi [MPa] [400] [425] [400]
Element Yield strength, min, psi 46 000 50 000 36 000
Heat Product Heat Product [MPa] [315] [345] [250]
Analysis Analysis Analysis Analysis Elongation in 2 in. [50 A B
23 21 23A
mm], min, %C
Carbon, maxA 0.26 0.30 0.23 0.27 A
Applies to specified wall thicknesses (t ) equal to or greater than 0.180 in. [4.57
Manganese, maxA 1.35 1.40 1.35 1.40
mm]. For lighter specified wall thicknesses, the minimum elongation values shall
Phosphorus, max 0.035 0.045 0.035 0.045
be calculated by the formula: percent elongation in 2 in. [50 mm] = 61t + 12,
Sulfur, max 0.035 0.045 0.035 0.045
rounded to the nearest percent. For A500M use the following formula: 2.4t + 12,
Copper, minB 0.20 0.18 0.20 0.18
rounded to the nearest percent.
A B
For each reduction of 0.01 percentage point below the specified maximum for Applies to specified wall thicknesses (t ) equal to or greater than 0.120 in. [3.05
carbon, an increase of 0.06 percentage point above the specified maximum for mm]. For lighter specified wall thicknesses, the minimum elongation values shall
manganese is permitted, up to a maximum of 1.50 % by heat analysis and 1.60 % be by agreement with the manufacturer.
C
by product analysis. The minimum elongation values specified apply only to tests performed prior to
B
If copper-containing steel is specified in the purchase order. shipment of the tubing.

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 A500/A500M − 21
During the third step, which is a test for soundness, the TABLE 3 Permissible Variations in Outside Flat Dimensions for
flattening shall be continued until the test specimen breaks or Square and Rectangular Structural Tubing
the opposite walls of the test specimen meet. Evidence of Specified Outside Large Flat Dimension, Permissible Variations
in. [mm] Over and Under Specified
laminated or unsound material or of incomplete weld that is Outside Flat Dimensions,A
revealed during the entire flattening test shall be cause for in. [mm]
rejection.
21⁄2 [65] or under 0.020 [0.5]
10.3 For seamless round structural tubing 23⁄8 in. [60 mm] Over 21⁄2 to 31⁄2 [65 to 90], incl 0.025 [0.6]
specified outside diameter and larger, a specimen not less than Over 31⁄2 to 51⁄2 [90 to 140], incl 0.030 [0.8]
Over 51⁄2 [140] 0.01 times large flat
21⁄2 in. [65 mm] in length shall be flattened cold between dimension
parallel plates in two steps. During the first step, which is a test A
The permissible variations include allowances for convexity and concavity. For
for ductility, no cracks or breaks on the inside or outside rectangular tubing having a ratio of outside large to small flat dimension less than
surfaces, except as provided for in 10.5, shall occur until the 1.5, and for square tubing, the permissible variations in small flat dimension shall
be identical to the permissible variations in large flat dimension. For rectangular
distance between the plates is less than the value of “H” tubing having a ratio of outside large to small flat dimension in the range of 1.5 to
calculated by the following equation: 3.0 inclusive, the permissible variations in small flat dimension shall be 1.5 times
the permissible variations in large flat dimension. For rectangular tubing having a
H 5 ~ 11e ! t/ ~ e1t/D ! (1) ratio of outside large to small flat dimension greater than 3.0, the permissible
variations in small flat dimension shall be 2.0 times the permissible variations in
where: large flat dimension.
H = distance between flattening plates, in. [mm],
e = deformation per unit length (constant for a given grade
of steel, 0.09 for Grade A, 0.07 for Grade B, and 0.06 the specified wall thickness. If the welded tubing is supplied
for Grade C), with the inside flash removed, then the weld seam shall be
t = specified wall thickness of tubing, in. [mm], and included in the wall thickness measurement and shall be not
D = specified outside diameter of tubing, in. [mm].
more than 10 % less than the specified wall thickness. The
During the second step, which is a test for soundness, the maximum wall thickness, excluding the weld seam of welded
flattening shall be continued until the specimen breaks or the tubing, shall be not more than 10 % greater than the specified
opposite walls of the specimen meet. Evidence of laminated or wall thickness. For square and rectangular tubing, the wall
unsound material that is revealed during the entire flattening thickness requirements shall apply only to the centers of the
test shall be cause for rejection. flats.
10.4 Surface imperfections not found in the test specimen 11.3 Length—Structural tubing is normally produced in
before flattening, but revealed during the first step of the random lengths 5 ft [1.5 m] and over, in multiple lengths, and
flattening test, shall be judged in accordance with Section 15. in specific lengths. Refer to Section 4. When specific lengths
10.5 When low D-to-t ratio tubulars are tested, because the are ordered, the length tolerance shall be in accordance with
strain imposed due to geometry is unreasonably high on the Table 4.
inside surface at the 6 and 12 o’clock locations, cracks at these 11.4 Straightness—The permissible variation for straight-
locations shall not be cause for rejection if the D-to-t ratio is ness of structural tubing shall be 1⁄8 in. times the number of feet
less than 10. [10 mm times the number of metres] of total length divided by
5.
11. Permissible Variations in Dimensions
11.5 Squareness of Sides—For square and rectangular struc-
11.1 Outside Dimensions: tural tubing, adjacent sides shall be square (90°), with a
11.1.1 Round Structural Tubing—The outside diameter shall permissible variation of 62° max.
not vary more than 60.5 %, rounded to the nearest 0.005 in.
11.6 Radius of Corners—For square and rectangular struc-
[0.1 mm], from the specified outside diameter for specified
tural tubing, the radius of each outside corner of the section
outside diameters 1.900 in. [48 mm] and smaller, and
shall not exceed three times the specified wall thickness.
6 0.75 %, rounded to the nearest 0.005 in. [0.1 mm], from the
specified outside diameter for specified outside diameters 2.00 11.7 Twist—For square and rectangular structural tubing,
in. [5 cm] and larger. The outside diameter measurements shall the permissible variations in twist shall be as given in Table 5.
be made at positions at least 2 in. [5 cm] from the ends of the Twist shall be determined by holding one end of the tubing
tubing. down on a flat surface plate, measuring the height that each
11.1.2 Square and Rectangular Structural Tubing—The out- corner on the bottom side of the tubing extends above the
side dimensions, measured across the flats at positions at least
2 in. [5 cm] from the ends of the tubing, shall not vary from the TABLE 4 Length Tolerances for Specific Lengths of Structural
specified outside dimensions by more than the applicable Tubing
amount given in Table 3, which includes an allowance for 22 ft [6.5 m] Over 22
convexity or concavity. and Under ft [6.5 m]
Over Under Over Under
11.2 Wall Thickness—The minimum wall thickness exclud-
Length tolerance for specific ⁄
12 ⁄
14 ⁄
34 1 ⁄4
ing the weld seam of welded tubing if supplied with the inside lengths, in. [mm] [13] [6] [19] [6]
flash not being removed shall be not more than 10 % less than

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 A500/A500M − 21
TABLE 5 Permissible Variations in Twist for Square and specimens shall have all burrs removed. Tension test specimens
Rectangular Structural Tubing shall not contain surface imperfections that would interfere
Maximum Permissible with proper determination of the tensile properties.
Variations in Twist
Specified Outside Large
Flat Dimension, in. [mm]
per 3 ft of Length 15.3 The yield strength corresponding to an offset of 0.2 %
[Twist per Metre of Length]
of the gage length or to a total extension under load of 0.5 %
in. [mm]
of the gage length shall be determined.
11⁄2 [40] and under 0.050 [1.3]
Over 11⁄2 to 21⁄2 [40 to 65], incl 0.062 [1.6] 16. Inspection
Over 21⁄2 to 4 [65 to 100], incl 0.075 [1.9]
Over 4 to 6 [100 to 150], incl 0.087 [2.2] 16.1 All tubing shall be inspected at the place of manufac-
Over 6 to 8 [150 to 200], incl 0.100 [2.5] ture to ensure conformance to the requirements of this speci-
Over 8 [200] 0.112 [2.8]
fication.
16.2 All tubing shall be free from defects and shall have a
workmanlike finish.
surface plate near the opposite ends of the tubing, and 16.2.1 Surface imperfections shall be classed as defects
calculating the twist (the difference in heights of such corners), when their depth reduces the remaining wall thickness to less
except that for heavier sections it shall be permissible to use a than 90 % of the specified wall thickness. It shall be permis-
suitable measuring device to determine twist. Twist measure- sible for defects having a depth not in excess of 331⁄3 % of the
ments shall not be taken within 2 in. [5 cm] of the ends of the specified wall thickness to be repaired by welding, subject to
tubing. the following conditions:
12. Special Structural Tubular Shapes 16.2.1.1 The defect shall be completely removed by chip-
ping or grinding to sound metal,
12.1 The availability, dimensions, and tolerances of special 16.2.1.2 The repair weld shall be made using a low-
structural tubular shapes shall be subject to inquiry and hydrogen welding process, and
negotiation with the manufacturer. 16.2.1.3 The projecting weld metal shall be removed to
13. Number of Tests produce a workmanlike finish.
16.2.2 Surface imperfections such as handling marks, light
13.1 One tension test as specified in Section 15 shall be die or roll marks, or shallow pits are not considered defects
made from a length of tubing representing each lot. provided that the imperfections are removable within the
13.2 The flattening test, as specified in Section 10, shall be specified limits on wall thickness. The removal of such surface
made on one length of round tubing from each lot. imperfections is not required. Welded tubing shall be free of
13.3 The term “lot” shall apply to all tubes of the same protruding metal on the outside surface of the weld seam.
specified size that are produced from the same heat of steel. 16.3 Unless otherwise specified in the purchase order,
structural tubing shall be furnished with square cut ends, with
14. Retests the burr held to a minimum. When so specified in the purchase
14.1 If the results of the mechanical tests representing any order, the burr shall be removed on the outside diameter, inside
lot fail to conform to the applicable requirements specified in diameter, or both.
Sections 9 and 10, the lot shall be rejected or retested using
additional tubing of double the original number from the lot. 17. Rejection
The lot shall be acceptable if the results of all such retests 17.1 It shall be permissible for the purchaser to inspect
representing the lot conform to the specified requirements. tubing received from the manufacturer and reject any tubing
14.2 If one or both of the retests specified in 14.1 fail to that does not meet the requirements of this specification, based
conform to the applicable requirements specified in Sections 9 upon the inspection and test methods outlined herein. The
and 10, the lot shall be rejected or, subsequent to the manu- purchaser shall notify the manufacturer of any tubing that has
facturer heat treating, reworking, or otherwise eliminating the been rejected, and the disposition of such tubing shall be
condition responsible for the failure, the lot shall be treated as subject to agreement between the manufacturer and the pur-
a new lot and tested accordingly. chaser.
15. Test Methods 17.2 It shall be permissible for the purchaser to set aside any
tubing that is found in fabrication or installation within the
15.1 Tension test specimens shall conform to the applicable scope of this specification to be unsuitable for the intended end
requirements of Test Methods and Definitions A370, Annex use, based on the requirements of this specification. The
A2. purchaser shall notify the manufacturer of any tubing that has
15.2 Tension test specimens shall be full–size longitudinal been set aside. Such tubing shall be subject to mutual investi-
test specimens or longitudinal strip test specimens. For welded gation as to the nature and severity of the deficiency and the
tubing, any longitudinal strip test specimens shall be taken forming or installation, or both, conditions involved. The
from a location at least 90° from the weld and shall be prepared disposition of such tubing shall be subject to agreement
without flattening in the gage length. Longitudinal strip test between the manufacturer and the purchaser.

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18. Certification 19.2 For structural tubing having a specified outside diam-
18.1 When specified in the purchase order or contract, the eter or large flat dimension of 4 in. [10 cm] or less, it shall be
manufacturer shall furnish to the purchaser a certificate of permissible for the information listed in 19.1 to be marked on
compliance stating that the product was manufactured, a tag securely attached to each bundle.
sampled, tested, and inspected in accordance with this speci- 19.3 Bar Coding—In addition to the requirements in 19.1
fication and any other requirements designated in the purchase and 19.2, the manufacturer shall have the option of using bar
order or contract, and was found to meet all such requirements. coding as a supplementary identification method. When a
Certificates of compliance shall include the specification num- specific bar coding system is specified in the purchase order,
ber and year of issue. that system shall be used.
18.2 When specified in the purchase order or contract, the
NOTE 3—In the absence of another bar coding system being specified in
manufacturer shall furnish to the purchaser test reports for the the purchase order, it is recommended that bar coding be consistent with
product shipped that contain the heat analyses and the results of AIAG Standard B-1.
the tension tests required by this specification and the purchase
order or contract. Test reports shall include the specification 20. Packing, Marking, and Loading
number and year of issue.
20.1 When specified in the purchase order, packaging,
18.3 A signature or notarization is not required on certifi- marking, and loading shall be in accordance with Practices
cates of compliance or test reports; however, the documents A700.
shall clearly identify the organization submitting them. Not-
withstanding the absence of a signature, the organization 21. Government Procurement
submitting the document is responsible for its content.
21.1 When specified in the contract, material shall be
18.4 A certificate of compliance or test report printed from,
preserved, packaged and packed in accordance with the re-
or used in electronic form from, an electronic data interchange
quirements of MIL-STD-163, with applicable levels being
(EDI) shall be regarded as having the same validity as a
specified in the contract. Marking for shipment of such
counterpart printed in the certifying organization’s facility. The
materials shall be in accordance with Federal Std. No. 123 for
content of the EDI transmitted document shall conform to any
civil agencies and MIL-STD-129 or Federal Std. No. 183 if
existing EDI agreement between the purchaser and the manu-
continuous marking is required.
facturer.
21.2 Inspection—Unless otherwise specified in the contract,
19. Product Marking the manufacturer shall be responsible for the performance of all
19.1 Except as noted in 19.2, each length of structural applicable inspection and test requirements specified herein.
tubing shall be legibly marked to show the following informa- Except as otherwise specified in the contract, the manufacturer
tion: manufacturer’s name, brand, or trademark; the specifica- shall use its own or any other suitable facilities for the
tion designation (year of issue not required); and grade letter. performance of such inspections and tests.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(A500/A500M – 20) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Jan. 1, 2021.)

(1) Revised 1.1, 4.1.4, Table 1, 6.3, Table 2, and Section 12. (2) Revised Note 1.

Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this specification since the last issue
(A500/A500M – 18) that may impact the use of this specification. (Approved May 15, 2020.)

(1) Changed wall thickness dimensions in 1.2.

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 A500/A500M − 21
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