CHAPTER 4

PUMPS
AND
PUMPING STATIONS DBU, Institute of Technology
College of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Abraham Atnafu
 Pumping

 The operation of lifting water or any fluid is

called pumping.
 A Pump is a device, which converts mechanical

energy into hydraulic energy. It lifts water from a

lower to a higher level and delivers it at high
pressure. Pumps are employed in water supply
projects at various stages for following purposes.
DBU Chapter Four: Pumps and Pumping Stations
 Purposes of Pumping
 To lift raw water from wells.
 To deliver treated water to the consumer at desired pressure.

 To supply pressured water for fire hydrants.

 To increase the water pressure at certain points in the

distribution system.
 To fill elevated overhead water tanks.

 To backwash filters.

 To pump chemical solutions, needed for water treatment.

DBU Chapter Four: Pumps and Pumping Stations

 Types of pumps

Most pumping machinery used in public water supply systems may

be broadly divided into three general classes,resprocating,rotary,and
centrifugal.
Classification of pumps
Based on principle of operation, pumps may be classified as follows;
(i) Displacement pumps( reciprocating, rotary)
(ii) Velocity of pumps(Centrifugal, turbine and jet pumps)
(iii) Buoyancy pumps(Air lift pumps)
(iv) Impulse pumps(hydraulic rams)
DBU Chapter Four: Pumps and Pumping Stations
 Selection of pump

 Economical selection requires that attention be given to:

 the normal pumping rate and the minimum and maximum
rates that the pump will ever be called on to deliver;
 the total head capacity to meet flow requirements;

 suction head, or lift;

 pump characteristics, including speed, number of pumps,

power source, and other spatial and environmental

requirements; and
 the nature of the liquid to be pumped.
 Centrifugal pumps

 Are Rotodynamic pumps which convert Mechanical energy

into Hydraulic energy by centripetal force on the liquid.

DBU Chapter Four: Pumps and Pumping Stations

 Pumping terms
Head: The term head is the elevation of a free surface of water
above or below a reference datum. The reference datum for a
vertical flow centrifugal pump is the inlet to the impeller.


Head =

RPM  D
peripheral impeller velocity  v 
Where H = Total head developed in meter. 60
v = Velocity at periphery of impeller in meter per sec. g= 9.81 m/Sec2 a
D = Impeller diameter in meter v = Velocity in m/sec

DBU Chapter Four: Pumps and Pumping Stations

 Pumping terms…

 SUCTION LIFT exists when the

source of supply is below the
center line of the pump.
 STATIC SUCTION LIFT is the
vertical distance in meter from
the centerline of the pump to
the free level of the liquid to
be pumped.

DBU Chapter Four: Pumps and Pumping Stations

 Pumping terms…

 STATIC DISCHARGE HEAD is the

vertical distance between the
pump centerline and the point of
free discharge
 TOTAL STATIC HEAD is the
vertical distance between the free
level of the source of supply and
the point of free discharge or the
free surface of the discharge
liquid.
DBU Chapter Four: Pumps and Pumping Stations
 Pumping terms…

 The total dynamic head(TDH) of a pump is the sum of the static

suction lift, the static discharge head,and the velocity head. In
many water and waste water applications the last is negligible.
The sum of the static suction lift and static discharge head is
called the total static head. If the pump inlet is submerged,i.e.,if a
positive head upon the intake, the static suction lift negative and
reduces the total static head.
 The friction head consists of the loss in the pipes plus the energy

loss produced by flow through fittings.

DBU Chapter Four: Pumps and Pumping Stations

 Pumping terms…

 Before selecting a pump it is necessary to evaluate the response

of the piping system to variations in flow. The headloss in the
system is a function of pipe diameter,length,material,and
condition, and the number and type of fittings.

DBU Chapter Four: Pumps and Pumping Stations

 Power and Efficiency
 The useful work done by a pump is the product of the weight of
liquid pumped and the head developed by the pump. The power,
or work/time, required is the water horsepower (WHP). Thus
WHP =  x Q x H
where Q = pump discharge, H = total head, and w = specific
weight.
The brake horsepower (BHP) is the total power required to drive a
pump. The pump efficiency η is the ratio of the water horsepower
to the brake horsepower, or

DBU Chapter Four: Pumps and Pumping Stations

 Example 1
Population of a city is 120,000 and rate of water supply per head
per day is 200 liters. Calculate the BHP of motor to raise the
water to an overhead tank 50 m high. Length and diameter of
the rising main is 200 m and 40 cm, respectively. Assume motor
efficiency 90 % and the of the pump 60 %. Take f = 0.01 and
peak hourly demand as 1.5 times the average demand.

DBU Chapter Four: Pumps and Pumping Stations

 Solution of example 1
 Average demand = 120,000 x 200
= 24 x 106 L/day
= 24000 m3/day (0.28 m3/sec)
 Peak hr demand = 1.5 x 0.28 m3/sec = 0.42 m3/sec
 Weight of liquid delivered by the pump
=9810 kg/m3 x 0.42 m3/sec = 4120.2 N/sec
 Total static head = 50 m

DBU Chapter Four: Pumps and Pumping Stations

 EXAMPLE:
Determine the water power, pump power, and motor load for a
pump system designed to deliver 0.0315m3/sec against a total
system head of 50m.Assume the efficiency of both pump and
motor is 80 percent.
Pw=9810*0.0315*50=15450.75W
Pp=15450.75/0.8=19313.44W
Pm=19313.44/0.8=24141.8W
Thus a total power demand of 24.15kW would be experienced in
pumping this flow.
The efficiency of pumps ranges from as little as 40 percent to as much
as 90 percent depending upon the pump design, the fluid pumped and
the nicety with which pump and application are matched
DBU Chapter Four: Pumps and Pumping Stations
 System-head curve
System Head Curve: the
relationship between flow and
hydraulic losses in a system.

DBU Chapter Four: Pumps and Pumping Stations

  The system head curve is the TDH curve formed over the range
of design flow rates (that is, the minimum, average, maximum).
The TDH will vary with the flow rate and will be approximately
proportional to the square of the flow through the system
because of the change in the velocity head term. In addition, the
TDH will vary as the static head changes because of drawdown
in the wet well and changes in the surface elevation of the lake
or river. A system head curve is then obtained by adding the
total static head to the system head loss curve. Appropriate
pumps and pump valve systems must be selected to operate in
the range of the system head curve.
DBU Chapter Four: Pumps and Pumping Stations
 Example

Develop the system head curves for the low-

lift pump station to the water treatment
plant pumping system shown in the sketch
below. The minimum flow rate is 9500m /d.3

The average flow rate is 19,000 m3/d. The

maximum flow rate is 38,000 m3/d.

DBU Chapter Four: Pumps and Pumping Stations

DBU Chapter Four: Pumps and Pumping Stations
 Pumps operating in parallel

 For a purpose of increasing the total discharge.

 Pumps should deliver the same head.

 The total system flow rate is equal to the sum of the flow

rates of contributions from each pump.

DBU Chapter Four: Pumps and Pumping Stations

 Pumps operating in series
o for a purpose of increasing the total head.
o the pumps connected should deliver the same discharge.
o The total system head is equal to the sum of the
contributions from each pump.

DBU Chapter Four: Pumps and Pumping Stations

 Cavitation
 Cavitation is a phenomenon of cavity formation or the formation and
collapse of cavities.
 Cavities develop when the absolute pressure in a liquid reaches the vapor
pressure related to the liquid temperature.
 When the net positive suction head (NPSH) is reduced  NPSHmin 
detrimental cavitation
 The minimum static lift is given as

Where pa is atmospheric pressure, pv is vapor pressure of fluid and hls head loss in
the suction pipe
NPSH is obtained from manufactures

DBU Chapter Four: Pumps and Pumping Stations

 Cavitation
The net positive suction head (NPSH) available should be greater than
NPSH required  NPSHmin
 NSPH is given as

Where pa is atmospheric pressure, pv is vapor pressure of fluid and hls head loss in
the suction pipe
NPSH is obtained from manufactures

DBU Chapter Four: Pumps and Pumping Stations

 Suction Lift

 Net positive suction head(NPSH) is a function of the system

design, that is, the pipe sizes, suction lift,flow,etc.Physically,NPSH
is the force available to drive the flow into the pump.
 The required NPSH is a function of the pump design and varies
with flow,speed,and pump details.
 Available NPSH is the sum of the barometric pressure and the
static head on the pump inlet, less the losses in the pipe and
fittings and the vapor pressure of the water. In calculating NPSH
values, minimum anticipated barometric, and maximum
anticipated vapor pressure should be used.
DBU Chapter Four: Pumps and Pumping Stations
 Barometric pressure vs. Altitude

DBU Chapter Four: Pumps and Pumping Stations

 Vapor pressure of water vs. temperature

DBU Chapter Four: Pumps and Pumping Stations

 Example 2
The pump shown in the figure below has a head
characteristics that can be expressed by
H = 100 – 6000Q1.85
Where H = pump head in meters and
Q = discharge in m3/s.
640 m Elev.
a. Calculate the head and discharge of the pump.
b. Check the potential for cavitation if the
anticipated maximum vapor pressure and 1500 m length
minimum absolute barometric pressure are 0.40 200 mm diameter
m and 9.70 m, respectively. NPSH required for the C = 100
pump is 3.0 m. Neglect minor head losses.
603 m Elev.
P
600 m

50 m length
250 mm diameter
C = 100
DBU Chapter Four: Pumps and Pumping Stations
 Solution of Example 2
Values of C In Hazen-Williams Formula
 First calculate the TDH The Hazen–Williams equation is an empirical formula
 TDH = Hs + hld+ hls which relates the flow of water in a pipe with the
physical properties of the pipe and the pressure drop
 Hs = 640 – 600 = 40 m caused by friction.
h 
0.54

Q  0.278CD 2.63  f 
 L

 After inserting D and L we get

TDH = 40 +8067.66 Q1.85
 Since the TDH and the head delivered by the pump has to be the same we have:
100-6000 Q1.85 = 40 +8067.66 Q1.85
Q = 0.0523 m3/sec and H = 74.45 m

DBU Chapter Four: Pumps and Pumping Stations

 Solution of Example 2
 Habs = 9.70 m, Hvap = 0.40 m and NPSH = 3.0 m
 NPSH = Habs – (Hvap + hls + suction lift)
 Suction lift = 603-600 =3 m

 NPSH = 9.7 – (0.4 + 0.3824 + 3)

= 5.92 > 3  no cavitation

DBU Chapter Four: Pumps and Pumping Stations

 EXERCISE
 A pump intake is located 0.5 m below the water surface in a
wet well located at an elevation of 1,500 m above sea level. The
water temperature is 5°C. The pump intake friction headlosses
amount to 0.015m.The selected pump requires a NPSH of 1.0m.
Does the design of the wet well provide NPSHR ?
Ans:NPSHA=9.0561 or 9.06m
NPSHA >NPSHA. Therefore, this design is acceptable.

DBU Chapter Four: Pumps and Pumping Stations

 By:Abraham
Atnafu
END of
chapter 4
DBU Chapter Four: Pumps and Pumping Stations