DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL

LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY
SYLLABUS (DMLT)
Revised in 2022

Government of Odisha
Health & Family Welfare Department
Revised vide DMET-LT/RT-Board-13063 Dt. 20.09.2019
 Syllabus
DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL
LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY
SYLLABUS (DMLT)

2022

Health & Family Welfare Department

Govt. of Odisha
 DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY
(DMLT) COURSE CURRICULUM

GENERAL INFORMATION
1. The Duration of Diploma Course of Medical Laboratory Technology (DMLT) is two
years.
2. The minimum educational qualification for selection of trainees for the Diploma
Course of Medical Laboratory Technology is +2 Science with Biology as one of the
subject.
3. A total mark of the DMLT Course is 1000.
4. Minimum pass mark of the trainees is 40% in Theory, 50% in Oral & Practical and
50% in Aggregate.
5. 1st Class mark is 60% in Theory, Practical & Oral in aggregate respectively.
6. Less than 40% either in Theory or in Practical or in Oral in any paper will be treated
as unsuccessful (Fail).

Examination schedule: There will be two Regular Examinations one at the end of
each year

Part-1: Annual: In First year

Part-2: Annual: In Second year
There will be a supplementary examination within six weeks of annual result
publication.
 1st Year
Subjects Mark distribution Hours

Total Mark 50
20hrs +
Section-A (Anatomy) Theory 35
Paper-I 10hrs
Practical & Oral 15

Total Mark 50
20hrs +
Section-B (Physiology) Theory 35
10hrs
Practical & Oral 15

Section-A (Community Medicine & statistics) Total Mark 100

20hrs+
Paper-II SPM -35, Statistics- 5
10hrs
Section-B (Computer) Computer-20

Section-C (Pharmacology) Theory 40 20hrs

Paper-III Total Mark-100

Pathology- Laboratory, Lab wares, instruments,
Theory- 60 40hrs
safety & Clinical Hematology
Oral-20, Practical-20
Paper-IV Total Mark-100
Microbiology- General Bacteriology, Systemic
Theory- 60 40hrs
Bacteriology, Clinical Microbiology
Oral-20, Practical-20
Paper-V Bio-Chemistry-.
1.Chemistry of Carbohydrates, proteins, fat
2. Water & Fat soluble Vitamin, Plasma proteins Total Mark-100
3. Enzymes Theory- 60
4. Buffers, Molarily, indicators, Radioisotopes, 40hrs
Oral- 20, Practical-20
Radiation hazard, RA.
5. Overview of Iron, Calcium, Iodine, Flourine.
6. Overview of Nucleic Acids & Uric Acid.
 2nd Year
Papers Subjects Mark distribution Hours

(Pathology)
Paper-I Immunohematology & Blood Total Mark-200 60 hours
Banking, Histo- Theory 100
Technique,Cytology, Museum Practical 50
Technique, Autopsy Technique. Oral 50
(Microbiology)
Immunology& Serology, Total Mark-200 60 hours
Paper-II Parasitology, Virology, Animal Theory 100
care, Mycology Practical 50
Oral 50

Biochemistry TotalMark-100
Glucose Homeostasis, overview of Theory - 60 60 hours
Paper-III DM, HbA1c, Organ function tests, Practical - 20
Water & Electrolyte Balance. Oral - 20
 FIRST YEAR

PAPER-I
Section-A (Anatomy)

1. Introduction to the subject - Anatomical position, common planes & Anatomical

terms. -Different branches of Anatomy.
2. Histology -Typical animal cell (Structure & Function) -4 primary tissues (Classification
& function)
3. Skeletal System - Axial and appendicular bones -Joints &movements
4. Skin, Fascia and Muscles & Tendons
5. Circulatory System –Heart & blood vessels
6. R.E.System - Spleen, Thymus & Tonsils
7. Respiratory System- Nose, Pharynx, Bronchi, Lungs and
Pleura
8. Digestive System- Alimentary canal (different parts)-Liver, Gall Bladder, Pancreases
9. Urogenital System- Different parts of urinary system -Different parts of Male & Female
genital -System (Internal & External Genitalia)
10. Special Senses& General Sensibilities- Eye & Vision-Ears, Hearing & Equilibrium, -
Taste.
11. Central & Peripheral nervous system- Brain & Spinal Cord. - Cranial & Spinal
Nervous.- Autonomic Nervous System.
12. Regional Anatomy (Only Demonstration) – Extremities, Head & Neck, Thorax,
Abdomen & Pelvis.

Section-B (Physiology)
1. Blood- Composition and general function of blood. Description of blood cells - normal
counts & function. Steps of coagulation, Anticoagulants. Cerebrospinal Fluid, Formation,
Composition & Function. Importance of blood groups composition & function of lymph.
2. Reparatory System -Name of structures involved in respirations and their function.
External and internal respiration. How inspiration, expiration are brought about
Transport of O2 and CO2 in the blood. Definition of respiratory rate, Tidal volume, vital
capacity, Hypoxia.
3. Excretory System-Functions of Kidney, Nephron - Functions of Glomerulus and
tubules, compositions of Urine, normal& abnormal. Skin- Function of Skin.
4. Digestive System-Composition and functions of saliva, mastication and deglutition.
Functions of stomach, composition of gastric juice. Pancreatic Juice, Bile and Digestion
of food by different Enzymes, Absorption and Defecation.

5. Endocrine-glands-Definition of endocrine gland, Names of the endocrine gland and the

hormone secreted by them.Major actions of such Hormones.
6. Reproductive System-Name of primary and accessory organs in male and female.
Name of secondary sexual characters in male and female. Function of ovary-formation of
 ova, actions of ovarian hormone, menstrual cycle. Functions of Testes-Spermatogenesis
and secretions of testosterone. Fertilization Vasectomy and tubectomy.

PAPER-II
Section-A (Community Medicine & Statistics)

Environment & Health

a. Water- Sanitary sources of water ,water borne diseases
Purification of water
Physical, Chemical & Bacteriological standards of drinking water quality &
Tests for assessing bacteriological quality of water
b. Health hazards of Air, Water, Noise, Radiation pollution
c. Sanitation in public health
d. Identification and Public Health Importance of arthropods (Entomology):e.
Mosquitoes, Lice, Fleas, Tick, Mite
e. Insecticides
f. Diseases transmitted by Rodents
Food and Nutrition:
a. Common sources of various nutrients and special nutritional requirement according
to age, sex, activity, physiological action
b. Assessment of Nutritional status.
c. Food-borne diseases of Public Health importance
d. Food fortification , additives & adulteration , Food hygiene
Biomedical Waste Management
a. Define, Classify, Sources, Health Hazards & Treatment of Biomedical Waste
b. Laws related to Hospital Waste Management

STATISTICS-GENERAL Mark-05
TABULATIONS : Simple Tables, Frequency Distribution Tables
DIAGRAMS : Bar Diagrams, Histogram, Line Diagram
Pie Diagram
STATISTICAL AVERAGES : Mean, Median, Mode
MEASURES OF DISPESION : Normal Curve, Range,
Standard Deviation
Standard Error.
TESTS OF SIGNIFICANCE : 't' Test.

Section-B (COMPUTER)
1. Computer Basics:
Importance, History, Computer Generation, Types of Computer, Anatomy of Computer,
Input –output Devices, Processing Units and outline of Data Processing, Computer memory,
external storage devices, Hardware, Software
Basic functioning of Computers.
2. Computer and Communication, Networking, Internet
3. Use of computer in Radio-diagnosis / Pathology Laboratory

Section-C (Pharmacology)

General Pharmacology:-
1. Drug, Drug nomenclature, Route of administration, concept of Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmaco-dynamics and Adverse during action.
2. Drugs for the diseases of fundamental Systems
GI System, Respiratory System, Cardiovascular System, Blood, Blood Coagulation,
Thrombosis, different types of anti-coagula (Special emphasis).Drugs affecting the Urine
and renal functions, excretion of drugs in stool, bile and other body fluids (Special
emphasis).

3. Drugs for diseases of integrating systems of body

Central Nervous System. Autonomic Nervous System, Endocrine System and autacoids.

4. Chemotherapeutic Agents
Anti-Viral including AIDs, Hepatitis, Anti-Bacterial Drugs, Anti-Fungal Drugs, Anti-
Protozoan Drugs, Anthelmintics, Anti-Cancer Drugs.
5. Antiseptic, disinfectants.
6. Drugs interfering in different Pathological tests.
7. Measurement of Drug levels in different body fluids and significance.

PAPER-III
PATHOLOGY
1. Chapter 1: Laboratory [3 classes]
 General overview, Organization of the laboratory, Structure of medical
laboratory service, Role of medical laboratory services, Role of the medical
laboratory technologist , Lab. rules, ethics and, professional code of conduct,
Laboratory policies, Solutions used in medical Laboratory, Expressing
concentration of solutions
2. Chapter 2: Laboratory wares [1 class]
 Laboratory glasswares , Plastic wares
3. Chapter 3: Laboratory instruments[2 class]
 Balances , Centrifuges, Refrigerators, Ovens, Water bath, Incubators,
Colorimeter (photometer), Desiccators, Instruments and materials used for
pH determination, Instrument for purifying water , Microscope, Instruments
and materials used for advanced laboratory techniques
4. Chapter 4: Laboratory accidents and safety [1 class]
 Laboratory hazards and accidents, Factors contributing to laboratory
hazards, First aid for laboratory hazards, Safe use and storage of chemicals
and reagents, Planning for safety, General precautions for the avoidance of
laboratory accidents
5. Chapter 5: Quality assurance [1 class]
 Types and Causes of errors in medical laboratories
6. Chapter 6: Clinical Hematology [22 classes]
 Blood - Formation [Hemopoiesis] ,Composition, Morphology of blood cells,
Function

 Blood collection- Safety precautions, Sites of blood collection, Steps for

prevention of hemolysis,
Capillary blood collection-Sites, Materials required, Procedure,
Advantages and disadvantages,
Venous blood collection-Sites, Materials required, Procedure,
Advantages and disadvantages,
Arterial blood collection- Indications, Sites, Benefits of use of
vacutainer.
 Anticoagulants- What are anticoagulants? Classification. Mechanism of
action, dosage and uses of: Heparin, EDTA, Citrate, Double oxalate, Sodium
fluoride, Standard color codes of anticoagulant vials.
 Peripheral blood smear: Importance, Types of blood smear, their advantages,
 Staining of blood smears: Romanowsky stains (Leishman’s stain, MGG
stain, Diff Quick stain, Wright’s stain, JSB stain, Giemsa stain).
Composition of different Romanowsky stains specially Leishman’s stain-
Procedure of Leishman stain, pitfalls and remedies.
 Differential leukocyte count [DLC] –Indications, how to perform a DLC,
Interpretations.
 Hemoglobin- Different types, Composition, different methods of estimating
hemoglobin value –
Sahali’s Acid hematin method, Cyanomet- hemoglobin method- Principles,
Advantages & Disadvantages.
  Hematocrit/Packed Cell Volume (PCV)- Clinical significance of PCV,
Methods of determining the PCV. Wintrobe’s tube – identification,
procedure, other uses.
 Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), Clinical significance, Different
methods, Westergren’s method, Westergren’s tube, Sample required.
Procedure, Do’s and Don’ts. Interpretation.
 Blood Cell Counts- RBC count – Methods, Requirements, Result. WBC
count – Methods, Requirements, Result. Total Platelet count – Methods,
Requirements, Result, Reticulocyte count.
 RBC Indices: MCV, MCH, MCHC, their significance, how to determine
them.
 Automation in hematology: Complete Blood Count (CBC) - Principles,
Advantages and Disadvantages,
 Qualitative Assessment of G6PD Deficiency
 Sickling test:- Principle, Procedure, Interpretation
 Hemoglobin and Protein electrophoresis- Principle, Requirements,
Procedure, Results.
 HPLC- Principle, Procedure, Results
 Examination of Fetal Hemoglobin
 LE cell phenomenon- Principle, Procedure, Interpretation, Indications
 Quality Control in Hematology
 Bone marrow examination- Indications, Sites, Requirements, Procedure,
Preparation of smears,
Staining- Leishman stain,
MPO / SBB stain – Principle and procedure
PAS stain – Principle and procedure
Perl’s stain – Principle and procedure

1. Chapter 7: Bleeding disorders [5 classes]

 Hemostasis- Vascular phase, Platelet phase, Coagulation phase,
Fibrinolytic phase
 Bleeding disorders-
Screening tests for bleeding disorders
i. Bleeding time [BT]: Principles, Requirements, Procedure, Interpretation.
 ii. Clotting time [CT]: Principles, Requirements, Procedure, Interpretation.
iii. Prothrombin time [PT test]: Principles, Requirements, Procedure,
Interpretation, PT INR.
iv. Activated partial thromboplastin time [aPTT]: Principles, Requirements,
Procedure, Interpretation.
v. Thrombin time: Principles, Requirements, Procedure, Interpretation.
vi. Clot retraction test: Methods, Requirements, Result.
 Confirmatory tests- Factor assays, Inhibitor study, Platelet function study.
2. Chapter 8: Examination of urine [3 classes]
 Physical Examination of Urine -Collection of urine specimens, Types of
urine specimen, Preservation of urine specimens, Examination of urine
specimens , Appearance, Testing for the presence of blood , Measuring
the specific gravity
 Chemical Examination of Urine -Measuring the pH , Detection of
glucose, Detection and estimation of protein, Detection of ketone bodies,
Detection of abnormal elements,
 Microscopic Examination of Urine- Urinary sediment, Automation in
urine analysis
3. Chapter 9: Examination of CSF [2 class]
 Collection of CSF specimens: Site, Procedure, Precautions.
Examination of CSF specimens-Direct examination, Microscopic
examination, Determination of glucose & protein concentration
4. Chapter 10: Examination of Seminal Fluid[2 class]
 Methods of sample collection, Sample Preparation
Physical Examination- Volume, Color, Odor, Viscosity, pH, Liquefaction
time
 Chemical Examination- Fructose, Acid phosphatase
 Microscopy: Total count, Motility, Viability Assessment
 Immunological study.
PRACTICALS: [25 classes]
5. Urine: [9 classes]

a. Test for Glucose – Benedict’s method, Dipstick [GOD POD] method

b. Test for Protein – Heat & Acetic acid method, Dipstick method
 c. Test for Bile salt – Hay’s test
d. Test for Bile pigment – Fouchet’s method, Dipstick method
e. Test for Ketone bodies – Rothera’s method, Dipstick method
f. Test for Urobilinogen – Erlich’s aldehyde method, Dipstick method
g. Test for Hematuria / Hemoglobinuria – Benzidine test
h. Test for 24 hour Urine protein estimation – Esbach’s method
i. Specific gravity measurement – Urinometer, Dipstick method

6. Hematology: [16 classes]

a. Preparation of peripheral blood smear, staining with Leishman’s stain and

perform a DLC.
b. ESR estimation.
c. Hemoglobin estimation – Sahli’s method, Cyanomet-hemoglobin / SLS method
d. PCV determination by Wintrobe’s tube.
e. Determination of TLC.
f. Stain a smear for reticulocyte and do a Reticulocyte count from it.
g. Sickling test – preparation and observation.
h. Osmotic fragility test.
i. PT INR

PAPER-IV
MICROBIOLOGY
GENERAL BACTERIOLOGY

 History of Microbiology, Microbes and their classification , Study of different ,

microscopes, Morphology of bacteria, Motional requirements of bacteria, Preparation
and uses of culture media, Culture methods and identification of bacteria
Sterilization and Disinfection

 Physical Chemical, Mechanical methods, Sterilization of media, syringe, glassware’s

etc., Safe disposal of contaminated media etc.
Common Laboratory equipments and uses

 Different microscope, incubator, BOD incubator, Refrigerator, Deep Freeze,

 Hot air oven, Autoclave, Inspissator, Bacterial Filters, Water bath, VDRI rotation
Centrifuge machine, Vacuum pump, media pouring chamber EUSA reader,etc
 Anaerobic culture, Inoculation techniques, subculture and maintenance of stock
culture.Isolation and identification of bacteria (Cultural characters biochemical
reaction) serotyping etc. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests

SYSTEMIC BACTERIOLOGY

 More importance should be given to culture methods and identification of bacteria that
other properties like Pathogenesis etc.
 Cocci - Staphylococci, streptococci,Pneumococci, Gonococci, Meniogococci.
 Bacilli – Corynebacterium, Bacillus, Clostridium, Nonsporing anaerobes, Enterobacteriaceae,
E.Coll,Klebsiella, Salmonella, Shiegella, Proteus, Vibrio
 Pseudomonas, Mycobacterium (M. tuberculosis, M. Leprae), Basic idea on
 Actinocycetes,Ricketsiaeae, - Spirochetes

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY

 Normal microbial flora of human body, Collection and transport of specimen

 BacterimiaPyaemia, Septicemia, Pyrexia of unknown origin (P.U.O)
 Meningitis, Food Poisoning , Respiratory Infection (Sore throat pneumonic, pulmonary
Tuberculosis), Nosocomial Infections, Opportunistic Infection

PRACTICAL & ORAL

 General Introduction- Safety measures in the laboratory, First Aid in Laboratory

accidents and general precaution- any measures. ,Handling and care of microscopes.,
Operation and maintenance of laboratory equipments, Anaerobic jor and other methods
of anaerobic culture, Care and cleaning of all glassware (test tubes, slides petridishes
pipettes, beakers, Rashes, funnels, syingesetc), Collection & transport of clinical
specimens (Blood CSF Urine, Stool, Bone marrow, Sputum, Swabs, Aspiration fluid
etc)., Receipts, Labeling, recording and dispatching clinical specimens., Keeping records
after final computerization., Conversant with S.I. unit system for reporting. , Conversant
with Fundamental Chemistry, I.e. use of indicators, strength of a solution, percent
solution, part-dilution, molar solution, normal solutions etc.

 Various staining technique:- Simple stain, Gram’s stain, Z.N. stain, Albert’s stain,
Negative stain, Spore stain, Neisser’s stain, Lactophenol cotton blue staining for fungi,
Leishman stain, Geimsa stain, Other special stain,

 Wet preparations like Hanging drop preparation, KoH preparation for fungi, Vaginal
fluid examination, -Isolation of bacteria in pure culture and Antibiotic sensitivity., -
Identification of common bacteria by studying their morphology, cultural character,
Biochemical reactions, slide agglutination and other tests., Maintenance and preservation
of stock culture. , Study of fungi by wet preparation, staining, culture etc.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY:-
  Approach to various clinical syndromes

Collection transport and processing of various clinical specimens , i.e. blood,

CSF urine swabs faeces, etc. For microbiological diagnosis.,Investigation of
various common epidemics , Gastroenteritis, Cholera, Food poisoning, Meningitis
, Encephalitis, P.U.O., Study of nosocomial infection.

PAPER-V

BIOCHEMISTRY (Theory): -

1. Chemistry of Carbohydrates including proctiglycon, Fat, Protein & Amino acid

2. Water & Fat soluble Vitamin.
3. Enzymes (Classification, factors regulating, inhibitors 2 clinical application)
4. Buffers, Molarily, indicators, Radioisotopes, Radiation hazard, RA.
5. Overview of Iron, Calcium, Iodine, Flourine.
6. Overview of Nucleic Acids & Uric Acid.

PRACTICAL

Tests for Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Normal Urine ( Biochemical Tests), Blood &
Urine ( Sample collection & Preservation).

PART-II (2nd Year)

PAPER–I
PATHOLOGY

IMMUNO-HEMATOLOGY &BLOOD BANKING TECHNIQUE [12 classes]

1. Chapter 1: Introduction To Immunohematology [2 classes]
Historical Overview of Immunohematology , Blood Group Genetics , The Role of
H-Gene in the Expression of ABO Genes , Secretors and Non Secretors
2. Chapter 2: Principles Of Antigens And Antibodies [1 class]
Antigens , Antibodies
3. Chapter 3: The ABO Blood Group system [2 classes]
The Discovery of ABO Blood Group, Inheritance of The ABO Groups , The ABO
Blood Group, Antiserum, Manifestations and Interpretation of Ag-Ab reactions
-Techniques of ABO grouping:
Preparation of 5% RBC cell wash suspension, Forward grouping, Reverse
grouping, Slide method, Tube method, Gel-card method, Microplate method
4. Chapter 4: The Rh Blood Group system [1 class]
 Historical Background of Rh Blood Grouping, Nomenclature & Genetic Theories,
The Antigens of the Rh Blood Group System , Variants of Rh Antigen, Rhesus
Antibodies
The Rh Blood Grouping Technique
5. Chapter 5: The Anti-globulin test [The Coomb’s test] [1 class]
The Direct Anti- Globulin Test (DAT)
Principle, Procedure, Interpretation
The Indirect Anti- Globulin Test (IAT)
Principle, Procedure, Interpretation
6. Chapter 6: The Cross-matching [The Compatibility testing] [1 class]
Purpose of Cross-Match, Types of Cross-Match , Selection of Blood for Cross-
Match
-Procedure for Cross-Match
Saline method, Protein, AHG method, Enzyme method
7. Chapter 7: Transfusion reactions [1 class]
What is transfusion reaction, Types, Investigation of a transfusion reaction, samples
to be collected
8. Chapter 8: Blood Banking techniques [2 classes]
Donor selection-Criteria, Screening
Blood collection-Pre-requisites, Procedure of venipuncture
Anticoagulants
Blood components
What are blood components?
Advantages of using blood components.
Preparation, storage and usage
9. Chapter 9: Basic Quality Assurance in Blood Banking [1 class]

PRACTICALS:
1. Blood banking and Immunohematology: [3 classes]

Preparation of 2 / 5% RBC suspension.

Determination of ABO group and Rh (D) typing from a supplied sample.

Slide method, Tube method, Reverse grouing

HISTOLOGY, CYTOLOGY & ADVANCED TECHNIQUES [30 classes]
Part I Basic Laboratory Techniques in Histology Laboratory

1. Fixation of Histology Samples: Principles, Methods and Types of Fixatives. [3 classes]

Introduction, Aims of Fixation, Ideal Fixative,Tissue Changes in Fixation, Types of

Fixatives, Essential Precautions for Fixation in General, Mechanism of Fixation, Factors
Affecting Fixation
Commonly Used Fixatives in the Laboratory
Formaldehyde, Preparation of Different Formalin Solution,
Glutaraldehyde, Osmium Tetroxide, Methyl and Ethyl Alcohol, Acetone
Bouin’s Fixative
Mercury Salt-Containing Fixatives-
Zenker’s Fluid, Helly’s Fluid , B5 Fixatives
Fixatives of Choice
Fixation Artefact

2. Processing of Tissue in Histopathology Laboratory [2 classes]

Factors that Influence Tissue Processing,
Dehydration -Individual Dehydrating Agents- Alcohol, Dehydrating Agents Other than
Alcohol
Clearing- Individual Clearing Agent, Other Clear Agents
Infiltration and Embedding: Different Impregnating Medium
Tissue Processing Methods
Overall Precautions of Tissue Processing
Time Schedule for Overnight Processing
Manual Tissue Processor, Microwave Processing
3. Embedding of Tissue in Histopathology [1 class]
Embedding Medium, Different Types of Mould Used for Block, Tissue Embedding
Method, Tissue Orientation and Embedding, Tissue Marking
4. Decalcification of Bony and Hard Tissue for Histopathology Processing [1 class]
Introduction, Factors Controlling the Rate of Decalcification, The Methods of
Decalcification, Chelating Agents, Other Procedures of Decalcification, Surface
Decalcification, End Point Determination of Decalcification
5. Tissue Microtomy: Principle and Procedure [2 classes]
Introduction
Microtomes
Microtome Knife, Disposable Knife, Materials Used in Knife, Angles of Knife
Microtome Knife Sharpening
Manual Method , Factors Involved in Cutting
Steps of Tissue Sectioning
6. Frozen Section: Principle and Procedure [1 class]
Introduction , Indications, Principle, Cryostat Sectioning , Staining : H&E Staining,
Factors Affecting the Good-Quality Section
7. Staining Principle and General Procedure of Staining of the Tissue [2 classes]
Introduction
Dyes Used for Staining, Types of Dye,
Types of Dye Based on Chemical Structures Chromophore Groups
Mechanisms and Theory of Staining
Factors Influencing Staining: Nomenclature Used Regarding Dye
Metachromasia - Metachromatic Dyes, Progressive and Regressive Staining , Mordant,
Accentuators, Staining Procedure, Preparation of Buffer Solutions
8. Haematoxylin and Eosin Stain of the Tissue Section [2 class]
Introduction, Haematoxylin, Bluing
Preparation of Different Haematoxylins and Their Properties
Mayer’s Haematoxylin, Ehrlich’s Haematoxylin, Cole’s Haematoxylin
Counterstain by Eosin
Routine Haematoxylin and Eosin Stain
Iron Haematoxylin
Heidenhain’s Iron Haematoxylin, Verhoeff’s Iron Haematoxylin,
Tungsten Haematoxylin
Clearing of the Smear
Mounting, Coverslipping
9. Special Stains for the Carbohydrate, Protein, Lipid, Nucleic Acid and Pigments [3
classes]
Introduction
Staining of Different Carbohydrates- Glycogen, Combined PAS-Alcian Blue Staining
 Lipids Stains- Oil Red O,Sudan Black B, Ferric Haematoxylin for Phospholipid
10. Connective Tissue Stain: Principle and Procedure [2 classes]
Fibrous Part of Connective Tissue-Collagen, Reticulin Fibres, Elastic Fibres, Basement
Membrane
Stains: Masson Trichrome, Van Gieson Stain , Reticulin Stain, Gordon and Sweet’s
Method for Reticulin Stain
Elastic Fibres- Verhoeff’s Stain for Collagen , Weigert’s Resorcin-Fuchsin Stain ,
Orcein for Elastic Fibres, Phosphotungstic Acid Haematoxylin (PTAH)
Amyloid Staining-
Stains for Amyloid-Alkaline Congo Red Stain, Congo Red Stain by Highman,
Thioflavine T Stain

11. Stains for the Microbial Organisms [1 class]

Bacteria- Gram’s Stain, Ziehl-Neelsen Stain, Fite Acid-Fast Stain for Leprosy
Fungal Infection: Grocott’s Methenamine Silver
Spirochaetes : Warthin and Starry Technique ,
Viral Inclusions: Phloxine-Tartrazine Stain
12. Museum techniques: [2 classes]
Importance.
Kaiserling’s solution: Composition. Principle, Preparation
Requirements for the museum
Procedure of mounting the specimens
13. Autopsy techniques: [1 class]
Purpose, Indications, Pre-requisities, Collection and storage of organs removed
Part II Basic Laboratory Techniques in Cytology Laboratory
14. Cytology Sample Procurement, Fixation and Processing [2 classes]
Introduction
Sample Collection
Fine Needle Aspiration Procedure, FNAC of Deep-Seated Lesions, USG-Guided
FNAC, CT-Guided FNAC, Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided FNAC (EUS-FNAC)
Cervical Cytology
Respiratory Samples
Fixation,Special Fixatives,
 Processing of Laboratory Samples-
Processing of Sputum ,
Processing of Fluid: Urine, Body Fluids and Lavage , Millipore Filtration,
Processing of Haemorrhagic Fluid
Cell Block
15. Routine Staining in Cytology Laboratory [2 class]
Papanicolaou’s Stain
Dyes Used in Papanicolaou’s Staining, Principle of Basic Steps
Papanicolaou’s Staining Steps, Bluing Solution
Precautions to Be Taken in Papanicolaou’s Staining
May Grunwald Giemsa Stain, Principle. Procedure
Diff-Quick stain- Principle, Procedure
16. Liquid-Based Cytology: [1 class]

Introduction, Advantages of LBC over conventional smears, Limitations.

Two methods – Thin Prep & Sure Path, Comparison of the two
Part III Advanced Techniques in Histology and Cytology Laboratories [2 classes]

17. Immunohistochemistry / Immunocytochemistry

Introduction, Basic principles, Procedure
18. Flow Cytometry:
Introduction, Basic principles, Procedure
19. Polymerase Chain Reaction:
Introduction, Basic principles, Procedure
20. Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization
Introduction, Basic principles, Procedure

PRACTICALS:
The Practicals in Histopathology, Cytopathology and Museum techniques should be on
hands on basis during their postings in the different Laboratories. The following are to be
given importance:

Histopathology: [50 hours]

Fixation: Preparation of 10% NBF, Preparation of B-5 fixative, Preparation of Zenker’s fluid.
Dehydration: Preparation of different grades of alcohol.
 Tissue processing

Section cutting

Preparation of some common stains: Hematoxylin, Eosin, Reticulin, Masson Trichrome stain,
PAS stain, Alcian blue stains, Oil Red O, Van Gieson’s test, GMS stain,Von kossa test

Mounting and cover-slipping

Preparation of Kaiserling’s solution 1, 2 & 3.

Cytology: [25 hours]

Preparation of the cytological fixatives.

Preparation of some common cytological stains:

Diff Quick stain, MGG stain, PAP stain, H & E stain

Preparation of different body fluids for analysis:

Ascitic fluid, Pleural fluid, Synovial fluid, Seminal fluid

Staining of smears with- PAP stain. H & E stain. Diff Quick stain

PAPER–II
MICROBIOLOGY (THEORY):-
1. IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY

Emphasis on principal and uses/application ,Immunity –Basic principles and

classification, Antigen, Antibody (Immunoglobulin’s), Complement system, Antigen –
Antibody reactions, Hypersensitivity- classification & different skin tests used for
diagnosis., Immunodeficiency diseases including AIDS –in brief, Autoimmunity – Basic
concept, Immuno-prophylaxis & Immunization schedule, Vaccines-classification & uses.

2. PARASITOLOGY

- Introduction & classification of medically important parasites, Intestinal & Tissue

protozoa (Entamoeba histolytica ), Giardia Primary Amoebic meningo-encephalitis)
- Malaria parasite, Leishmanial parasites, Tapeworms, Flukes of liver and , Intestine,
Intestinal nematodes, Filarial worms and other tissue nematodes
3. VIROLOGY

- General Characters of viruses, Classification in brief and name of the diseases they
produce., Hepatitis viruses, HIV, (Polio, Rabies, Rata, Measles, Dengue)
- Oncogenic viruses in brief, Collection and transport of virological specimens
 - Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections (various methods of virus culture, serology
etc.)
4. ANIMAL CARE

- Care of sheep and procedure to draw blood from sheep.,Handling, feeding and
Breeding of laboratory animals.
5. MYCOLOGY

- Classification of pathogenic Fungi, Morphology of Fungi, Laboratory diagnosis of

Fungi (KOH prepn. Culture media and methods, LCB mount, etc.)
- Brief idea on Dermatophytes, Candida, Aspergillums, Cryptococcus and
Opportunistic Fungi.

PRACTICAL & ORAL (Serology + Parasitology + Virology + Animal Care)

1. Parasitology
Collection, transportation, preservation of fecal materials or examination of parasites.

a) Saline and lodine preparation of faeces for identification of Ova Cysts, RBC, Pus
cells, Macrophage bacterial and fungal study
b) Concentration techniques for examination of faeces.
Blood smear examination for malaria parasite L.D. bodies, micro filarial etc.

2. Virology

a) (All theory discussion), Embryonated egg inoculation, Tissue culture techniques

b) Serological tests for diagnosis of common viral diseases, HIV surveillance lab and
EUSA / Rapid tests.

3. Serology

a) Widal test and preparation of Salmonella antigens, VDRI Test, Latest

agglutination tests for (RA, CRP, ASO, Pregnancy Test, Australia Antigen,
Toxoplasmosis)

b) ELISA test RIA Test, Get diffusion techniques and ,Immuno electro phoresis,
Detection of Antigen / Antibody for Malarial (ICT), Optimal Test, Assay of
immunoglobulins

4. Diagnostic skin tests

Tuberculin test (Mantoux test), Lepromin test, Casoni’s test, Other tests.

PAPER–III
BIOCHEMISTRY
1. Glucose Homeostasis, overview DM, HbAIc.
2. Lipoprotein & Hyper Lipoprotein.
3. Liver function test.
4. Renal function test.
5. Thyroid function test.
6. Alimentary function test.
7. Water & Electrolytic Balance.
ORGAN FUNCTION TESTS
1. Thyroid Function Tests
2. Renal FunctionTests (24 hr collection, preservation, Physical characteristics, clearance
tests)
3. Liver function tests
4. Gastric Function Tests
5. Pancreatic Function Tests (Serum Amylase, Serum Trypsin, Serum Lipase)
6. Biochemical tests of CSF.
7. Instrumentation (Instrument maintenance)
8. Quality control, Laboratory errors & Preventions
ORAL AND PRACTICAL

List of Practical’s in Clinical Bio-chemistry

1. Principals of colorimetry & overview of semi analyzer.

2. Determination of Glucose in Blood/Serum, Glucose Tolerance Tests
3. Quantitation of Urea
4. Quantitation of Creatinine
5. Quantitation of Uric Acid
6. Cholesterol, Triglycerides, HDL Cholesterol, Lipid Profile (Demonstration Only)
7. Total serum protein and albumin
8. T3, T4, TSH (Data Interpretation Only)
9. Demonstrations of Electrophoresis & chromatogram

Model question papers in theory examination:

* Short notes and Brief notes - 40%
* True or false/fill in the blanks-40%
*Long questions- 20%

N.B- The mark allotment per question will be according to full mark for each subject.

 Time for Theory Paper

 50 Marks----------2hrs
 60-100marks-----3hrs

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