Worksheet 4 - Body's Control System

LAB WORKSHEET 5
Objectives:
1. Identify the members of body organs that serve as control systems.
2. Describe and enumerate the function of each part.
I. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus
gland
Adrenal
gland
Pancreas
Ovary
Testes
List down the members of the human endocrine system (according to number in the illustration
above) and their corresponding description and functions in the space below:
Name of Description and Function

Gland
Hypothalamu  This gland is located in our brain and controls your endocrine
s system.
 It uses information from your nervous system to determine when
to tell other glands, including the pituitary gland, to produce
hormones.
 The hypothalamus controls many processes in our body,
including your mood, hunger and thirst, sleep patterns and
sexual function.
Pituitary  The pituitary gland is in charge of many different functions,
gland including how our body grows.
 It makes hormones that control several other glands such as the
thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries and testicles.
Thyroid gland  It’s responsible for our metabolism (how our body uses energy).
Parathyroid  It controls the level of calcium in our body, so that our heart,
gland kidneys, bones and nervous system can work properly.
Thymus gland  Responsible for producing and maturing lymphocytes, or
immune cells. These include T cells, a type of white blood cell
that defends the body from infections.
Adrenal gland  We have two adrenal glands, one on top of each kidney. They
control our metabolism, blood pressure.
Pancreas  It makes a hormone called insulin that controls the level of sugar
in our blood.
Ovary  In women, the ovaries release sex hormones called estrogen,
progesterone
Purkinje cells participate and testosterone.
in the processes of
 These hormones play an important role in female traits, such as
motor control and learning. They are the only
breast development, cellsshape, and body hair.
body
Testes that emit signalsfrom
In the
men,cerebellar cortex
the testes (testicles) make sperm and release the
hormone testosterone
that is the outer layer of the cerebellum,
 The testes (or testicles) are a pair of sperm-producing organs
though they can receive
that input from hundreds
maintain the health of the male reproductive system.
of thousands of cells.
II. Nervous Tissue
a. Draw the three types of neuron (according to structure - unipolar, bipolar and
multipolar), label and give the function of each part.
Unipolar Bipolar Multipolar

Function: Function: Function:
Conducts action potentials A bipolar neuron, or Multipolar neurons can
from the dendrites to the bipolar cell, is a type of transfer the most
cell body, where they pass neuron that has two information between cells,
directly to the central extensions. Many bipolar and they are the most
process. They then move cells are specialized sensory common form of neuron in
away from the cell body neurons for the the human nervous system.
and enter the central transmission of sense. As
nervous system (CNS). such, they are part of the
sensory pathways for smell,
sight, taste, hearing, touch,
balance and proprioception.
b. Draw the Purkinje cell of the cerebellar cortex. What is its purpose?
c. Draw the different types of neurons

according to function.
Sensory Motor Interneuron
Function/s: Function/s: Function/s:
A sensory neuron carries These neurons transmit As the name suggests,
impulses from the receptor impulses from the spinal interneurons are the ones in
to the CNS (brain or spinal cord to skeletal and smooth between - they connect
cord). muscles (such as those in spinal motor and sensory
your stomach), and so neurons. As well as
directly control all of our transferring signals between
muscle movements. sensory and motor neurons,
interneurons can also
communicate with each
other, forming circuits of
various complexity.
d. What are glial cells? What are its function in the nervous system? Are they
important in the maintenance of the nervous system? Justify. Complete the
table below:
GLIAL CELLS FUNCTION/S SPECIFIC LOCATION
Astrocytes the levels of neurotransmitters Astrocytes are star-shaped
surrounding the synapses. These cells cells, restricted to the brain
have the ability to sense the levels of and spinal cord which
neurotransmitter in synapses and can makes up the CNS.
then respond by releasing molecules that
directly influence the neuronal activity.
Oligodendrocytes Oligodendrocytes are specialized glial Found only in the central
cells that wrap themselves around nervous system, which
neurons present in the CNS. comprises the brain and
Oligodendrocytes are primarily spinal cord.
responsible for maintenance and
generation of the myelin sheath that
surrounds axons. They also participate
in axonal regulation and the sculpting of
higher order neuronal circuits
Ependymal cells They play a critical role in cerebrospinal Ependymal cells are simple
fluid (CSF) homeostasis, brain cuboidal cells that line the
metabolism, and the clearance of waste ventricles in the brain and
from the brain. the central canal in the
spinal cord
Microglia Microglia are resident cells of the brain Microglia are a type of
that regulate brain development, neuroglia (glial cell)
maintenance of neuronal networks, and located throughout the
injury repair. brain and spinal cord.
Satellite cells Satellite cells are myogenic stem cells Located between the
responsible for muscle regeneration sarcolemma and basement
throughout the lifespan. Given their membrane of terminally-
capacity to expand, differentiate, and differentiated muscle
provide a new source of nuclei to fibres.
growing myofibres, their role in muscle
adaptation to exercise was inferred.
Schwann cells Schwann cells (SCs) are a type of glial Schwann cells are found in
cell that surrounds neurons, keeping close contact with axons in
them alive and sometimes covering the peripheral nerves.
them with a myelin sheath, and are the
major glial cell type in the peripheral
nervous system. They play essential
roles in the development, maintenance,
function, and regeneration of peripheral
nerves.
Answer the following questions:
1. How are neurons connected to neuroglia?

- The neuroglia support and protect neurons ang help them to function properly. Neurons
generate and propagate electrical and chemical signals, whereas glial cells function
mainly to modulate neuron function and signaling.
2. State the process on how hormones are produced in the body.

- Our endocrine system is made up of several organs called glands. These glands, located
all over our body, can create and secrete (release) hormones.

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LAB WORKSHEET 5

I. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:

Name of Description and Function

Unipolar Bipolar Multipolar

c. Draw the different types of neurons

Answer the following questions:

1. How are neurons connected to neuroglia?

2. State the process on how hormones are produced in the body.

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