STAT 101: Statistical Analysis with Software Application

LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

TYPES OF VARIABLE
STATISTICS a. Qualitative Variable – names or categories,
 a branch of science and applied mathematics non-numeric values
which deals with COLLECTION, ORGANIZATION, b. Quantitative Variable – has numeric values
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, and  DISCRETE - countable
INTERPRETATION of data  CONTINUOUS - measurable

MAJOR AREAS/FIELDS OF STATISTICS OTHER TYPES OF VARIABLE

1. Descriptive Statistics a. Dependent Variable - variable whose value is
 Methods concerned with the collection, being predicted.
description, and analysis of a set of data b. Independent Variable - the predictor, to predict
without drawing conclusions or inferences the value of the variable.
about a larger set EXAMPLE: A researcher wants to predict the amount of
EXAMPLES: sunlight needed for the growth of a certain plant.
 measures of location (mean, median, mode, • Dependent: growth of the plant
quartiles, deciles, percentiles) • Independent: amount of sunlight
 measures of variability (range, variance,
standard deviation, coefficient of variability) DATA
 measures of tendencies (skewness and kurtosis)  facts and figures that are collected, presented
and analyzed; can be numeric or non-numeric.
2. Inferential Statistics TYPES OF DATA
 Methods concerned with making predictions or a. PRIMARY – data which were acquired directly
inferences about a larger set of data using only from the source, which is first-hand in nature.
the information gathered from a subset of this b. SECONDARY – data which were not acquired
larger set directly from the source, information was
EXAMPLES: collected from published or unpublished
 normal distribution (area under the curve) sources like books, newspapers, and thesis.
 sampling distribution (sample size, standard
scores) LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
 probability distribution (binomial, bernoulli, 1. Nominal scale – assigns names or labels to
geometric, hypergeometric) observation in purely arbitrary sequence.
 hypothesis testing (z-test, t-test, chi-square, EXAMPLES: nationality, religion, gender
anova) 2. Ordinal scale – assigns number or labels to
POPULATION observations with implied ordering.
 groups of people, objects, events or things in EXAMPLES: year-level
any form; the totality of samples. 3. Interval scale – assigns real numbers to
PARAMETER observations to reflect distance between rank
 a numerical measurement describing some positions; has no true zero point.
characteristic of a population. EXAMPLES: temperature, test scores
SAMPLE 4. Ratio scale – assigns numbers to observations
 subset of the population in the universe. to reflect the existence of true absolute zero
STATISTIC point as its origin.
 a numerical measurement describing some
characteristic of a sample. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
VARIABLE 1. OBJECTIVE METHOD
 a characteristic or attribute of a person or  Collects data either by measurement, counting
object which can assume different values or or by observation.
labels for different persons or objects under  Requires the use of a measuring or counting
consideration instrument.

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 STAT 101: Statistical Analysis with Software Application

d. Classes – categories which describes the data

2. SUBJECTIVE METHOD usually found at the left-hand side of the table.
• The information is provided by identified
respondents. 3. Graphical Presentation
• The instrument used to gather data may take • Provides the need to easily visualize the
from a questionnaire. distributional properties of data.
3. UTILIZING THE EXISTING RECORD/SECONDARY • Most efficient way of presenting trends.
DATA
• Uses data which have been previously collected COMMON TYPES OF GRAPHS
by another person or institution for some other a. Line Graph – graphical presentation of data
purposes. especially useful for showing trends over a
4. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD period of time.
• Gathers data through experiments. b. Pie Graph – a circular graph that is useful in
5. REGISTRATION METHOD showing how a total quality is distributed
• Gathers data through registrations. among a group of categories. The pieces of the
pie represent the proportions of the total that
METHODS OF DATA PRESENTATION fall into each category.
1. Textual Presentation c. Bar Graph – consists of a series of rectangular
• A narrative form describing the characteristics bars.
of the universe or population based on the data d. Pictograph – each symbol represents a definite
collected and organized by giving highlights. and uniform value.
• Applicable only when presenting few
information.
EXAMPLE: the total number of senior citizens (60 years
old and over) based on the 2010 Census of Population
and Housing was 4.6 million, accounting for 5.97
percent of the 2010 Philippine population.
2. Tabular Method
• Data are organized into classes or categories by

rows and/or columns and appropriate pieces of

information are found in the cells of the table.

PARTS OF A STATISTICAL TABLE

a. Table Heading – includes the table number and
title.
b. Caption – designates the information contained
in the columns.
c. Body – main part of the table containing the
information or figures presented.
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 STAT 101: Statistical Analysis with Software Application

LESSON 2: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS x n +x n

( ) ( +1)
Md= 2 2 (if n is even)
THE SUMMATION NOTATION 2
• Very often statistical formulae require the 3. Mode
addition of many variables. Fortunately, there is MO = most frequent data
a convenient notation for expressing
summation. Example: These are the scores of 15 students in a quiz:
• Suppose that 𝑥 is the variable of interest, and 22, 19, 25, 23, 23, 29, 16, 30, 23, 27, 18, 19, 22, 12, 15.
that 𝑛 measurements are taken. The notation Find the (a) mean (b) median (c) mode.
n
𝑥1, 𝑥2, …, 𝑥𝑛 will be used to represent the 𝑛
observations. Let the Greek letter Σ indicates a.
∑ xi
x 1+ x2 + x 3 +…+ x 15
i=1
the “summation of”, thus we can write the sum x= =
n n
of the 𝑛 observations as:
22+19+ 25+23+23+29+16 +30+23+¿ 27+18+ 19+
n ¿
∑ xi=x1 + x 2 + x3 + ⋯+ x n 15
i=1 323
¿
15
Given: x 1=3 , x2 =−4 , x 3=−1 = 21.53
3 2
find ( a ) ∑ x i ( b ) ∑ x i2 ( c ) ¿ Md=x
i=1 i =1 b. (
n+1
)
2

3 ¿x 15+1
( )
a. ∑ x i=x 1 + x 2+ x 3 ¿x
2
=x 8
i=1 16
( )
= 3 + (-4) + (-1) 2

= -2 x 8= 22

2 c. MO = 23 unimodal
b. ∑ x i2=x 12+ x22
i=1
MEASURES OF LOCATION (UNGROUPED)
= 32 + (-4)2 1. Quartile
= 9 + 16
k ( n+1)
= 25 Qk (rank )=
c. ¿ 4
= [3 + (-4)]2
2. Decile
= (-1)2
=1 k (n+1)
Dk (rank )=
10
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY (UNGROUPED)
1. Mean
N

∑ xi (population)
i=1
μ=
N
n

∑ xi (sample)
i=1
x=
n
2. Median
Md=x n+1 (if n is odd)
( )
2

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 STAT 101: Statistical Analysis with Software Application

3. Percentile
k (n+1)
Pk (rank )=
100

Measures of Dispersion (Ungrouped)

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 STAT 101: Statistical Analysis with Software Application

LESSON 3: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR GROUPED

DATA

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE (FDT)

 A method of grouping large mass of data into
different categories and determine the number
of observations falling in each class.

TYPES OF FDT
1. Qualitative or Categorical FDT – data are
grouped according to some qualitative
characteristics

2. Quantitative FDT – data are grouped according

to some numerical characteristics
a. Ungrouped Quantitative FDT – used when
there are only few numbers to be presented

b. Grouped Quantitative FDT – used when

grouping a large set of numerical data

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