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    Polymerisation

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    Mustafa Muaz
    Polymerisation is a process where small molecules called monomers join together into large polymers. There are two main types of polymerisation: addition and condensation. [Addition polymerisation involves the direct addition of alkene monomers and produces polymers like polyethene and PVC. Condensation polymerisation occurs through the elimination of a small molecule like water, producing polymers such as nylon and proteins.] The document discusses addition polymerisation of ethene, sources of monomers like crude oil, and advantages and disadvantages of plastics. It also covers condensation polymerisation examples like proteins and carbohydrates.

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    Polymerisation

    Uploaded by

    Mustafa Muaz
    27 views36 pages
    Polymerisation is a process where small molecules called monomers join together into large polymers. There are two main types of polymerisation: addition and condensation. [Addition polymerisation involves the direct addition of alkene monomers and produces polymers like polyethene and PVC. Condensation polymerisation occurs through the elimination of a small molecule like water, producing polymers such as nylon and proteins.] The document discusses addition polymerisation of ethene, sources of monomers like crude oil, and advantages and disadvantages of plastics. It also covers condensation polymerisation examples like proteins and carbohydrates.

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    Polymerisation is a process where small molecules called monomers join together into large polymers. There are two main types of polymerisation: addition and condensation. [Addition polymerisation involves the direct addition of alkene monomers and produces polymers like polyethene and PVC. Condensation polymerisation occurs through the elimination of a small molecule like water, producing polymers such as nylon and proteins.] The document discusses addition polymerisation of ethene, sources of monomers like crude oil, and advantages and disadvantages of plastics. It also covers condensation polymerisation examples like proteins and carbohydrates.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    27 views36 pages

    Polymerisation

    Uploaded by

    Mustafa Muaz
    Polymerisation is a process where small molecules called monomers join together into large polymers. There are two main types of polymerisation: addition and condensation. [Addition polymerisation involves the direct addition of alkene monomers and produces polymers like polyethene and PVC. Condensation polymerisation occurs through the elimination of a small molecule like water, producing polymers such as nylon and proteins.] The document discusses addition polymerisation of ethene, sources of monomers like crude oil, and advantages and disadvantages of plastics. It also covers condensation polymerisation examples like proteins and carbohydrates.

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    AL-MAJD INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

    PRESENTATION
    TOPIC-ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    POLYMERISATION

    DONE BY
    Jomy Joy
    POLYMERS
    POLYMERS
    CONTENTS

    • What is polymerisation?
    • Types of polymerisation
    • Addition polymerisation of ethene
    • Other polymerisation examples
    • Sources of monomers
    • Disposal of polymers
    • Questions
    POLYMERISATION

    A process in which many small molecules called monomers join


    together into large molecules consisting of repeating units(polymer).

    Polymerisation is done at high temperature , high pressure and


    presence of a catalyst.

    Monomer- A small molecule which can be polymerised.

    Polymer-A macromolecule made by polymerisation.


    Types of Polymers

    There are two types of polymers.


    • Natural polymers
    Examples-cotton ,silk , protein ,fat etc.

    • Synthetic polymers
    Examples-Nylon , plastic , PVC , Terylene
    There are two basic types of polymerisation
    1. ADDITION POLYMERISATION-It is obtained by the direct addition of
    same monomers. This process of forming polymers is called addition
    polymerisation.

    The monomer should be unsaturated(double bond)


    ALKENES UNDERGO ADDITION POLYMERISATION

    examples: poly(ethene), polystyrene, pvc etc.

    2.CONDENSATION POLYMERISATION- It occurs when a small


    molecule of water is eliminated when the monomer units join
    together.

    examples: Natural- Cotton , Protein , Starch


    Synthetic- Nylon , Terylene
    ADDITION POLYMERISATION

    • during polymerisation, alkenes undergo an addition reaction


    • all the atoms in the original alkenes are used to form the polymer
    • long hydrocarbon chains are formed

    • the diagram shows… the original monomer and


    the repeating unit in the polymer

    ethene poly(ethene)

    MONOMER POLYMER
    the number of
    repeating units is
    n represents a ethene the same as the
    poly(ethene)
    large number number of original
    MONOMER molecules
    POLYMER
    OTHER POLYMERISATION REACTIONS

    ETHENE
    POLY(ETHENE) - plastic bags , plastic sheets

    PROPENE POLY(PROPENE)- plastic sheets , bottles,


    electrical
    insulators

    CHLOROETHENE POLY(CHLOROETHENE) – floor tiles , rain coat


    plastic
    bottles POLYVINYLCHLORIDE PVC

    TETRAFLUOROETHENE
    POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHENE)
    PTFE “Teflon”- Non-stick coating in frying pan
    SOURCES OF MONOMERS

    FROM CRUDE OIL

    CRUDE OIL IS FRACTIONALLY DISTILLED

    HEAVIER HYDROCARBON FRACTIONS ARE LESS USEFUL

    THEIR MOLECULES ARE BROKEN DOWN INTO SMALLER ONES

    THIS PROCESS IS KNOWN AS CRACKING

    ETHENE
    (an alkene)

    ALKENES ARE AN IMPORTANT PRODUCT OF CRACKING

    ETHENE (C2H4) IS THE MOST IMPORTANT ALKENE


    Advantages & disadvantages of plastics

    Advantages

    1. It is cheap and easily made.


    2. Lighter than metals and easy to handle.
    3. They are unreactive. They don’t corrode.
    4. They are not effected by acid or alkali.
    5. Can be moulded in to shapes and can be coloured.

    Disadvantages

    1. They are difficult to dispose off. Plastic bags and sheets are non-
    biodegradable. So they pollute the environment.
    2. If they are just discarded they add to the landfill problem.
    3. When the plastics are burned they often produces harmful gases.
    eg: When PVC is burned it produces harmful gases like HCl gas.
    POLYMERISATION OF ALKENES
    CAN YOU SPOT THE ORIGINAL ALKENE MONOMER?
    POLYMERISATION OF ALKENES
    CAN YOU SPOT THE ORIGINAL ALKENE MONOMER?
    CONDENSATION POLYMERISATION-
    It occurs when a small molecule of water is eliminated when the
    monomer units join together.
    Examples:
    Natural- FAT , Protein , CARBOHYDRATE
    Synthetic- Nylon , Terylene
    CARBOHYDRATE

    • Proteins & Carbohydrates


    • These are two of the main and most important components
    of food
    • Carbohydrates provide energy which is released
    during cellular respiration
    • Proteins are the building blocks of cells and are essential
    for growth and all of the enzyme catalysts in the body are
    proteins
    Carbohydrates

    •Carbohydrates are compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen with the general formula:
    Cx(H2O)y
    Hydrolysis of carbohydrates
     The complex carbohydrates also undergo hydrolysis and produce the simple sugar monomers from which
    they were made
     This can be done by refluxing with more moderately concentrated HCl
    Fermentation of simple sugars
     Simple sugars can be fermented to produce alcohol
     They are dissolved in water and yeast is added to be fermented between 15 and 35°C in the absence of
    oxygen for a few days
     If the temperature is too low the reaction rate will be too slow and if it is too high the enzymes will become
    denatured
     Yeast contains zymase enzymes (biological catalysts) that break down starch or sugar to glucose
     The yeast respires anaerobically using the glucose to form ethanol and carbon dioxide:

    C6H12O6 + Enzymes → 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH


    Chromatography
     The identification of the products of the hydrolysis of carbohydrates and proteins can be done
    using chromatography
     Originally used for separating coloured substances, chromatography can be used to identify
    colourless compounds using locating agents
     Both carbohydrate and protein monomers are colourless so locating agents must be used
     A technique called 2-Dimensional paper chromatography is used as some simple sugars and amino
    acids have the same Rf value
     In this technique a run is carried out in one direction, then the paper is rotated by 90º and performed
    again using a different solvent
     This further separates sample spots that may not have separated in the first run
     The resulting chromatogram is dried and sprayed with a locating agent
     The Rf value of each solvent used is characteristic for each sugar or amino acid

    Diagram showing the procedure for performing 2-Dimensional paper chromatography


    Proteins as Polymers
     Proteins are condensation polymers which are formed from amino acid monomers joined
    together by peptide bonds, similar to the structure in Nylon
     The units in proteins are different however, consisting of amino acids
     Amino acids are small molecules containing NH2 and COOH functional groups
     Most proteins contain at least 20 different amino acids
     These are the monomers which polymerise to form the protein

    Hydrolysis of proteins
    Proteins can be hydrolysed by the addition of water in acidic or alkaline conditions
    Heat and concentrated acid (usually 6 mol/dm3 HCl) are used with a reflux condenser to prevent the
    acidic vapours from escaping the reaction vessel
    Aqueous ammonia is added after completion to neutralise the excess acid
    Enzymes can also be used to hydrolyse some proteins at room temperature, mimicking natural bodily
    processes
    Constituent of food Linkage Product of hydrolysis

    Protein Peptide/amide amino acid

    Fat Ester carboxylic acid & alcohol

    Complex carbohydrate Glycosidic glucose


    Synthetic polymer
    • Nylon(Poly peptide)
    Addition Polymerization Condensation Polymerization

    Monomers must have either a double bond or triple Monomers must have two similar or different
    bond functional groups

    Produces no by-products By-products such as ammonia, water and HCl are


    produced

    Addition of monomers results in polymers Condensation of monomers result in polymers

    Common examples of addition polymerization are Common examples of condensation polymerization


    PVC, polyethene, Teflon etc. are nylon,terylene,protein,carbohydrate etc.

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