Schedule of Pipe

• Schedule denotes thickness of pipe.

• Schedule 40 denotes thickness of 0.154 for a 2 inch nominal pipe
• Schedule 80 denotes thickness of 0.218 inches.
• Higher the schedule, more the thickness of pipe.
 Types of Pressure
1) Atmospheric Pressure:
The pressure exerted by the atmosphere is called atmospheric
pressure. The atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1 atm or 14.7 psi.

2) Gauge Pressure:
The pressure measured with respect to atmospheric pressure is called
Gauge Pressure. i.e atmospheric pressure is considered 0 or is
considered a reference line.
Gauge Pressure meter.
Types of Pressure
3) Absolute Pressure
Absolute Pressure is the sum of Gauge Pressure and atmospheric
pressure.

That is if you are filling tires with 30 psi gauge pressure gas, then in
terms of absolute pressure it means the total pressure is
30 psi+14.7 psi= 44.7 psi where 14.7 psi is the atmospheric pressure)
4) Vaccuum:
• The pressure below atmospheric pressure or negative gauge pressure
is called as vacuum.
1 atm or
14.7 psi
What are Pumps
Pumps are devices that add mechanical energy to the system

There are two functions of pumps:

• To elevate fluid from lower to higher position.

• For continuous circulation of the fluid in any system. For e.g. to
maintain temperature in some jacketed wall.
Pump
• There are two sides of pump
• Suction side (From where the fluid is sucked). Inlet side.
• Discharge side (where the fluid is discharged). Outlet side.
Suction side

Discharge side
Head:
• It is defined as energy per unit weight of the fluid.
• Its unit is m.
• Head= E/mg
Types of Heads
• Suction Head
• Discharge Head.
Suction Head
• If we sum up all energies per unit weight on suction side of the pump,
it is called suction head.
Hs=Kinetic energy head + potential energy head + Pressure head
Discharge Head
• If we sum all energies per unit weight on discharge side of the pump
then it is called discharge head.
• Hd=Kinetic energy head + potential energy head + Pressure energy head
Pressure and heads are interconvertible
•Example: Convert 0.49 bar pressure into head.
•1bar= 1x 105 N/m2
•0.49 bar= 49000 N/m2
•P=ℓgh
•49000 =(998.2)(9.8)(h)
•H=5.0 m
How to convert head into Pressure
•Convert 5m head into pressure
•P=ℓgh
•P=(998.2)(9.8)(5)
•P=48.91x103 N/m2
•1bar= 1x 105 N/m2
•P=0.49 bar
Suction and Discharge Pressures
in a Pump under different
conditions (4 cases)
Total head
• Total head of pump= discharge head – suction head
Case 1
• First assumption there is no
head loss.
• 5m level of fluid in suction tank
creates suction pressure of 0.49
bar.
• Similarly, on discharge side level
of fluid in tank is 10m which
when converted into pressure
gives value of 0.98 bar.
• Total head=10-5=5m
• (Refer to slide 16 for conversion)
Case 2
• Here due to frictional loss the
pressure gauge is showing 0.39
bar on suction side instead of
0.49 bar.
• There is loss of 0.10 bar which is
equivalent to 1.02m head.
• This loss is due to movement of
fluid through pipes and fittings
into the suction side of the
pump.
Case 3
• Here, suction tank is below the
pump centerline.
• Such that the level of fluid top
layer is 7m below the pump
center line.
• Total head=10-(-7)=17m
• This condition is called suction
lift when suction tank is below
the pump centerline.
Case 4:
• Here the suction side pressure
gauge is showing pressure of
0.79 bar.
• Because, suction tank is not
open but covered under
pressure of 0.39 bar. So total
pressure due to height 5m (0.49
bar+0.30 bar)=0.70 bar.
Static Suction head
• It is difference from pump centerline to the level of fluid in suction
tank.
Static Discharge Head
• It is the difference from the pump centerline to the level of fluid in
discharge tank.
Static head of system
• It is defined as the difference between level of fluid in discharge and
suction tank.
• It is the level to which the fluid is to be pumped.
Friction Head
• This is due to the resistance to flow due to straight portion of pipe,
fittings, material of the pipe, roughness, flow rate (velocity), sudden
contractions and expansions.
• If the flow rate is doubled the frictional head increases square of it as
• h=(velocity) 2
• h=(1) 2 =1
• h=(3) 2 =9
Relation between static head and flow rate

Head (m)

Volumetric
flow rate
 Which has higher static head
a) b)

Head (m) Head (m)

Volumetric flow rate Volumetric flow rate

A same system can have minimum and maximum
static heads as the suction tank gets emptied

Max static head

Head

Minimum static head

Volumetric flow rate

Relationship between flowrate and friction
head
Frictional head (m)

Frictional head increases with the square of velocity. Plz refer to terms of minor and
major head losses.
Square of velocity is common for both major
and minor head losses
System Curve
• The sum of static head and frictional head for any system is called
system curve.
System curve.
The shape of system curve and frictional head curve is same. However,
system curve does not pass through origin as static head value is added
to frictional head.

The system curve shows that as the flowrate increases the head of the system or energy per unit weight of the system also increases
Pump Selection
Two things required
• System curve
• Pump Performance Curve.
 Pump Performance Curve
• This is supplied by Pump Manufacturers:

It shows how much a pump can deliver

Head (ft)
against a corresponding head.

Gallon per minute (volumetric flow rate)

Pump Performance Curve
• The higher the head of the system, lower would be the capacity of
the pump to discharge.
Capacity of pump
How to select a Pump using System and Pump
Performance Curves

Flow rate
Significance of Operating Point.
• The efficiency of pump is maximum at the operating point.
• Below operating point, the capability of the pump to discharge fluid is
lower.
• However, above operating point, the pump cannot work as the pump
cannot overcome the existing system head requiremnts of the plant.
i.e is pump is less powerful.(The total energy per unit weight of pump is even less than that of system)
• To discharge a fluid at a particular flow rate, the pump must first
overcome the existing head of any system.
Pump Selection
• For any plant, system curve is fixed .
• Similarly for any pump, performance curve is fixed.
• Capacity or flow rate required is decided based on process
requirements.
• Therefore, a pump with performance curve that will intersect the
system curve close to the required flow rate will be selected.
 If 9gpm flow rate is
required for any system
then we will select
Pump 4 Pump2

Pump 3
OP4
Pump 2
OP3

Pump 1 OP2

OP1

7 9 10 12
Some more graphs
The capability of pump to
discharge fluid will reduce with
increasing frictional losses due
to different setting of valves.
The friction increases if the
valve is not fully open.
The capability of pump to
discharge fluid decreases with
the increase in static head of
system.
Derivation of Efficiency of Pump:
Derivation of Efficiency of Pump:
• Here, it is important to understand that we will calculate head of
pump not of system.
• The velocity at suction side is given by:

• The velocity at pump discharge side is given by:

Efficiency of Pump
Efficiency of Pump
Efficiency of Pump
Efficiency of Pump

= Mfr x Ep
Efficiency of Pump
Efficiency of Pump
Numerical 2.3
Data

Density=
Calculating head of pump
Calculating fluid power