Pumps

Controlling Pump Performance
Changing the amount for friction loss or "Throttling the Pump"

will change the pump's performance
pumps
Water pumps are devices designed to convert
mechanical energy to hydraulic energy.
They are used to move water from lower
points to higher points with a required
discharge and pressure head.
This chapter will deal with the basic hydraulic
concepts of water pumps
Pump Classification
Turbo-hydraulic (kinetic) pumps
Centrifugal pumps (radial-flow pumps)
Propeller pumps (axial-flow pumps)
Jet pumps (mixed-flow pumps)
Positive-displacement pumps
Screw pumps
Reciprocating pumps
Impellers
Screw pumps.
In the screw pump a revolving shaft fitted with
blades rotates in an inclined trough and pushes the
water up the trough.

Reciprocating pumps.
In the reciprocating pump a piston sucks the
fluid into a cylinder then pushes it up
causing the water to rise.

This machine consists of an IMPELLER rotating
within a case (diffuser)

Liquid directed into the
center of the rotating
impeller is picked up by
the impellers vanes and
accelerated to a higher velocity by the rotation
of the impeller and discharged by centrifugal
force into the case (diffuser).
Centrifugal Pumps
Centrifugal Pump
Electric Motor
Centrifugal Pumps
Impeller
Vanes
Casing
Suction Eye Impeller
Discharge
Flow Expansion
Broad range of applicable flows and heads
Higher heads can be achieved by increasing the diameter or
the rotational speed of the impeller
Centrifugal Pump:
Centrifugal pumps (radial-flow pumps) are the most
used pumps for hydraulic purposes. For this reason,
their hydraulics will be studied in the following
sections.
Main Parts of Centrifugal Pumps
which is the rotating part of
the centrifugal pump.
It consists of a series of
backwards curved vanes
(blades).
The impeller is driven by a
shaft which is connected to the
shaft of an electric motor.

1. Impeller:
Main Parts of Centrifugal Pumps
Which is an air-tight
passage surrounding the
impeller
designed to direct the
liquid to the impeller
and lead it away
Volute casing. It is of
spiral type in which the
area of the flow
increases gradually.

2. Casing
3. Suction Pipe.
4. Delivery Pipe.
5. The Shaft: which is the bar by which the
power is transmitted from the motor drive to
the impeller.
6. The driving motor: which is responsible for
rotating the shaft. It can be mounted directly
on the pump, above it, or adjacent to it.

Note that a centrifugal pump can be
either submersible (wet) or dry.
The following terms can be defined
h
s
(static suction head): it is the difference in
elevation between the suction liquid level and the
centerline of the pump impeller.
h
d
(static discharge head): it is the difference in
elevation between the discharge liquid level and
the centerline of the pump impeller.
H
stat
(static head): it is the difference (or sum) in
elevation between the static discharge and the
static suction heads:
H h h
stat d s
=
Cavitation of Pumps and NPSH
In general, cavitation occurs when the liquid pressure
at a given location is reduced to the vapor pressure of
the liquid.
For a piping system that includes a pump, cavitation
occurs when the absolute pressure at the inlet falls
below the vapor pressure of the water.
This phenomenon may occur at the inlet to a pump and
on the impeller blades, particularly if the pump is
mounted above the level in the suction reservoir.
Under this condition, vapor bubbles form (water
starts to boil) at the impeller inlet and when these
bubbles are carried into a zone of higher pressure,
they collapse abruptly and hit the vanes of the
impeller (near the tips of the impeller vanes). causing:

Damage to the pump (pump impeller)
Violet vibrations (and noise).
Reduce pump capacity.
Reduce pump efficiency

To avoid cavitation, the pressure head at the inlet should not fall
below a certain minimum which is influenced by the further
reduction in pressure within the pump impeller.
To accomplish this, we use the difference between the total head
at the inlet , and the water vapor pressure head
g
V P
s s
2
2
+
vapor
P
How we avoid Cavitation ??
Where we take the datum through the centerline of the pump
impeller inlet (eye). This difference is called the Net Positive
Suction Head (NPSH), so that
NPSH
P V
g
P
s s
vapor
= +

2
2
There are two values of NPSH of interest. The first is the required NPSH,
denoted (NPSH)
R
, that must be maintained or exceeded so that cavitation
will not occur and usually determined experimentally and provided by the
manufacturer.
The second value for NPSH of concern is the available NPSH, denoted
(NPSH)
A
, which represents the head that actually occurs for the particular
piping system. This value can be determined experimentally, or calculated if
the system parameters are known.
How we avoid Cavitation ??
For proper pump operation (no cavitation) :

(NPSH)
A
> (NPSH)
R

Pump Characteristic Curves
Pump manufacturers provide information on the performance
of their pumps in the form of curves, commonly called pump
characteristic curves (or simply pump curves).

In pump curves the following information may be given:
the discharge on the x-axis,
the head on the left y-axis,
the pump power input on the right y-axis,
the pump efficiency as a percentage,
the speed of the pump (rpm = revolutions/min).
the NPSH of the pump.
N
P
S
H

-

m
Q (m /hr)
20
10
0 100 200
H

(
m
)
70
60
50
40
30
Pump Curve
NPSH
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
300
3
400
6
70%
60%
50%
40%
4
2
0
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
%
80%
This machine consists of an IMPELLER rotating
within a case (diffuser)

Liquid directed into the
center of the rotating
impeller is picked up by
the impellers vanes and
accelerated to a higher velocity by the rotation
of the impeller and discharged by centrifugal
force into the case (diffuser).
Centrifugal Pumps
Diameter of
the Impeller
Thickness
of the impeller
Centrifugal Impellers
Thicker the Impeller- More Water
Larger the DIAMETER - More Pressure
Increase the Speed - More Water and Pressure
Impeller
Vanes
Eye of the
Impeller
Water
Entrance
Two Impellers in Series
Direction of Flow
Twice the pressure
Same amount of water
Multiple Impellers in Series
Placing impellers in series increases the amount of head
produced
The head produced = # of impellers x head of one impeller
Direction of Flow Direction of Flow
Head is a term for expressing feet of water column
Head can also be converted to pressure
"Head"
100 feet
43.3 PSI
Reservoir of
Fluid
Pressure
Gauge
Conversion Factors Between Head and
Pressure
Head (feet of liquid) =Pressure in PSI x 2.31 / Sp. Gr.
Pressure in PSI = Head (in feet) x Sp. Gr. / 2.31
PSI is Pounds per Square Inch
Sp. Gr. is Specific Gravity which for water is equal to 1
For a fluid more dense than water, Sp. Gr. is greater than
1
For a fluid less dense than water, Sp. Gr. is less than 1
Pump Performance Curve
A mapping or graphing of the pump's ability to produce head and flow
Step #1, Horizontal Axis
The pump's flow rate is plotted on the horizontal axis
( X axis)
Usually expressed in Gallons per Minute
Pump Flow Rate
Step #2, Vertical Axis
Pump Flow Rate
The head the pump produces is plotted on the vertical axis (Y axis)
Usually express in Feet of Water
H
e
a
d

Step #3, Mapping the Flow and the Head
Pump Flow Rate
Most pump
performance
curves slope
from left to
right
Performance Curve
H
e
a
d

Important Points
Pump Flow Rate
H
e
a
d

Maximum Flow
Maximum Flow is the
largest flow the pump can
produce
No Head is produced
System Performance Curve
Step #3, Curve Mapping
The friction loss is mapped onto the graph
The amount of friction loss varies with flow through the
system
H
e
a
d

Pump Flow Rate
Friction Loss
H
e
a
d

Pump Flow Rate
PUMP SELECTION
Valve Open
Valve Partially Open
Valve Barely Open
Friction Loss Factors for Fittings
Fitting K
Standard 90
o
Elbow 30f
T
Standard 45
o
Elbow 16f
T
Standard Tee
20f
T
Run
60 f
T
Branch
Pipe Entrance 0.78

Pipe Exit 1.0
Friction Loss Factors for Valves
Valve K
Gate valve 8f
T
Globe Valve 340f
T

Swing Check Valve 100f
T
Lift Check Valve 600f
T
Ball Valve 3f
T
2
2
29.9
V
V
d
K
C
C Valve Coefficient
=
=
Fanning Diagram
f =16/Re

1
f
= 4.0 * log
D
c
+ 2.28

1
f
= 4.0*log
D
c
+ 2.28 4.0* log 4.67
D/c
Re f
+1

(

(
Centrifugal Pump

Electric
Motor

Centrifugal Pump
Converts
kinetic
energy to
pressure
energy
Impellers
Pump Head
The head of a pump can be expressed in metric units
as:
head = (p
2
- p
1
)/(g) + (v
2
2
- v
1
2
)/(2g) + (z
2
-z
1
)
where
h = total head developed (m)
p
2
= pressure at outlet (N/m
2
)
p
1
= pressure at inlet (N/m
2
)
= density of liquid (kg/m3)
g = acceleration of gravity (9.81) m/s
2
v
2
= velocity at the outlet (m/s)

Net Positive Suction Head-NPSH

Pumps can not pump vapors!
The satisfactory operation of a pump requires
that vaporization of the liquid being pumped
does not occur at any condition of operation.
Net Positive Suction Head Required, NPSH
R
As the liquid passes from the pump suction to the eye of the impeller, the velocity
increases and the pressure decreases. There are also pressure losses due to shock and
turbulence as the liquid strikes the impeller. The centrifugal force of the impeller vanes
further increases the velocity and decreases the pressure of the liquid. The NPSH required
is the positive head (absolute pressure) required at the pump suction to overcome these
pressure drops in the pump and maintain the liquid above its vapor pressure.
Positive Displacement Compressor
http://www.city-compressors.co.uk/
Centrifugal Compressors
Rotors
Stators

Jet
Engine
Design
Piston Compressor
Fans and Blowers
Types
Centrifugal (10
3
-10
5
acfm, P=1-40 in H
2
O)
Backward Curved
Straight radial
Vane Axial
Tube Axial
Cost of Fans and Blowers
Size factor = Volumetric Flow Rate
Motor
Producing Vacuum
Steam Ejector

Ejector
Produces Vacuum
Provides Low Pressures for Distillation
Columns
Fluid (P P
sat
)
Steam
for suction pressure below 100 mbar
absolute, more than one ejector will be
used, with condensors between the
ejector stages
Air
Water
Collects Particles in Gas Stream
Venturi Scrubber

CAVITATION

Pumps

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pumps

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pumps

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Controlling Pump Performance

Changing the amount for friction loss or "Throttling the Pump"

You might also like