You’re

Not
the Boss
of
Me!
Understanding
the Six/Seven-Year-Old
Transformation

Ruth Ker, Editor

 Editor: Ruth Ker
Cover and Interior Illustrations: Barbara Klocek
Graphic Design: Sheila Harrington
Managing Editor: Lory Widmer
Editorial Support: Lydia Roberson
Administrative Support: Melissa Lyons

© Waldorf Early Childhood Association of North America

First English Edition, 2007
Published in the United States by the
Waldorf Early Childhood Association of North America
285 Hungry Hollow Road
Spring Valley, NY 10977

This publication is made possible through a grant from the Waldorf Curriculum Fund.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

978-0-9722238-8-1

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced

without the written permission of the publisher,
except for brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and articles.
Contents
Foreword, Susan Howard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Introduction, Ruth Ker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Section One
Pictures of the Six/Seven-Year Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Observations of the Six/Seven-Year Change, Ruth Ker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
The Birth of the Etheric, Nancy Blanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Dentition—A Mirror of the Child’s Development, Helge Ruof, MD
and Jorg Ruof, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Seeing the Wholeness of the Child, Nancy Blanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Is Our Educational System Contributing to Attentional
and Learning Difficulties in Our Children?, Dr. Susan Johnson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

Section Two
Meeting the Challenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
Old Man Trouble, Tim Bennett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
Our Role in Meeting the Children, Barbara Klocek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
Soul Milk, Ruth Ker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Essential Oil Baths, Louise deForest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67
Extract from Work and Play in Early Childhood, Freya Jaffke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77

Section Three
Building the Social Fabric of a Mixed-aged Kindergarten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
You Can’t Play With Me, Barbara Klocek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
The Six-Year-Old in a Mixed-Aged Kindergarten, Laurie Clark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
The Raft, Louise deForest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
The Little Ones in the Classroom, Barbara Klocek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
Girls and Boys/Feminine and Masculine, Louise deForest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
Beer and Lollipops, Melissa Borden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

i
 Section Four
Meeting the Child’s Needs—Suggestions for Working
in the Classroom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
A Working Kindergarten, Louise deForest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
Creating A Flow in Time, Barbara Klocek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131
Sailing Our Ship In Fair or Stormy Weather, Tim Bennett. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
The Daily Blessing of the Older Child in the Kindergarten, Ruth Ker . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
Movement Journeys: Enticing the Older Child
to Intentional Movement, Nancy Blanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
The Role of Handwork, Barbara Klocek. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
Little Redcap: The Overcoming of Heredity and the Birth
of the Individual, Louise deForest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173

Section Five
Activities and Resources for the Classroom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181
Mother Goose Movement Journey, Nancy Blanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183
Through the Snow: A Winter Movement Journey, Nancy Blanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191
Briar Rose Circle, Janet Kellman, after the Brothers Grimm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197
The Gnomes, Janet Kellman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Star Money, Elisabeth Moore-Haas, adapted by Ruth Ker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
The Magic Lake at the End of the World, adapted by Barbara Klocek . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211
The Pumpkin Child, submitted by Ruth Ker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215
The Legend of Babouschka, adapted by Ruth Ker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219
Activity Ideas For the Older Children in the Kindergarten, compiled
by Nancy Blanning and Ruth Ker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Transitional Games, Verses, and Songs, compiled by Barbara Klocek
and Ruth Ker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Jump Rope Rhymes, compiled by Barbara Klocek and Ruth Ker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

ii
Section Six
Parents As Partners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241
Waldorf Education for the Child and the Parent, Devon Brownsey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Working with Parents: Ideas for Parent Meetings,
Ruth Ker and Nancy Blanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247
A Bouquet of Wishes, Tim Bennett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Meetings with Parents on the Topic of Discipline, Louise deForest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Working with the Will of the Young Child, Nancy Blanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
How to Get a Young Child to Do What You Want Without Talking
Yourselves to Death, Nancy Blanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270
Handouts for Parents, Dr. Susan Johnson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
The Importance of Warmth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .275
The Importance of Breakfast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
The Importance of Sleep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
The Meaning of Illness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Fever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
The Earache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Parenting a Young Child—What My Formal Education Never Taught Me . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Confronting Our Shadow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Product vs. Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

Notes on the Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

iii
Foreword

W hen we are able as Waldorf early childhood educators to share our experiences and
heartfelt questions with our colleagues, wonderful things begin to happen. Carried
and nurtured by a larger group, our questions deepen and grow. We receive new
intuitions and insights for our work with the children, parents and colleagues. And if we are
able to share these questions with one another over time, a mood of research develops,
and the fruits of this research become visible and can be shared with others. This book
represents the harvest of such collaborative research, carried over the past seven years.

It all began with a question carried in the heart of Ruth Ker from the Sunrise School in
Duncan, British Columbia. It was Ruth who in 2001 first expressed to the WECAN Board
her concerns about the older children in our kindergartens: were we truly meeting their
needs? She noticed that she herself struggled in her encounters with the older children, and
that the children themselves seemed to be asking for something more than she was able
to provide. With support from WECAN, Ruth surveyed kindergarten teachers throughout
North America to see how they viewed their work and then embarked upon a journey,
visiting kindergartens throughout North America to experience how the older children and
their teachers were faring. During her travels, she encountered others who carried similar
questions, all working in very different ways to meet the older children they worked with.

These colleagues joined Ruth in 2003 to form a WECAN Working Group on the Older Child:
Barbara Klocek from the Sacramento Waldorf School, Tim Bennett from the Seattle Waldorf
School, Louise deForest from the Green Meadow Waldorf School in Chestnut Ridge, New
York, and Nancy Blanning from the Denver Waldorf School. Through the generous support
of the Norton Foundation, this WECAN Task Force was able to meet in retreats each year for
three years, sharing and deepening their questions. Other educators, medical doctors, and

v
 parents were invited to join them in their efforts, and the initial intent to share their thoughts
in a small Gateways collection grew into this major resource on the older child in the
kindergarten, You’re Not the Boss of Me! The fruits of the Working Group’s activity have grown
beyond what could be encompassed in one volume: a second volume on school readiness is
planned for the coming year.

The activity of the WECAN Working Group has also grown beyond our North American
borders; the International Association for Steiner/Waldorf Early Childhood Education has
recently formed a Working Group on the Six-Year-Old Child, so that these questions can
be pursued and deepened on a worldwide basis. As educational reforms in Europe and
throughout the world bring pressures on Waldorf Schools to lower school entrance age and
introduce school experiences to kindergarten-aged children, the need to understand and
advocate for the needs of six-year-olds becomes ever more urgent. We are pleased that our
WECAN Working Group is able to make a contribution to this growing need.

And it all began with a question carried in Ruth Ker’s heart! We thank her for her loyal pursuit
of the question, her deep capacity for listening with respect to the perspectives and different
approaches of others, her willingness to develop new capacities in order to serve the work,
and her midwifery skills in bringing this publication to birth. Many thanks also to the
Working Group members and their colleagues for their excellent contributions to this shared
research project, and especially to Barbara Klocek for her artistry, visible on the cover and in
the illustrations.

The Waldorf Early Childhood Association is very pleased to publish this collection. We hope
that it will offer insights into the growing child, practical support for teaching and parenting,
and a stimulus for development.

Susan Howard
WECAN Coordinator

vi
Introduction

Ruth Ker

T his is not a book that will tell you the way things ought to be done in a Waldorf
kindergarten. Rather, it’s a collection of articles written by people who are currently
teachers, doctors and parents of kindergarten children. These people, who offer their
thoughts in the hopes of strengthening and broadening our understanding for the older
child in the kindergarten, carry daily questions themselves. This book is also addressed to
parents, and works with the intention of strengthening the bonds between the parent and
the teacher. I hope that you will find ideas within the covers of this book that will connect
to your own personal endeavors and reinforce your own unique artistry. Maybe a few new
inspirations will creep in as you read through the pages as well.

In the 1980s there were a variety of conferences featuring master teachers who were
speaking about how they addressed certain early childhood issues. As audiences listened
to these colleagues from Europe, Scandinavia and North America, it became obvious that
there were many approaches to this blessed work we have undertaken. Once one got over
the shock that “there is no manual,” comfort could be taken in the fact that there is room for
flexibility and personal artistry within the basic tenets of Waldorf early childhood education.

Time and again, Rudolf Steiner speaks about the teacher as an artist. And, it certainly was
artistry I encountered when I began my search on behalf of the WECAN Board to find others
who could work with me on the Older Child in the Kindergarten project.

The goal of this search was to find teachers who were accomplished and comfortable in their
work with the older kindergarten children, and to select a variety of teachers with different
approaches so that understanding of this stage of child development could be deepened

vii
 and expanded. I was excited to make these journeys to Massachusetts, Maine, New York,
Washington State and California, but I wasn’t prepared for the powerful effect these people
would have on my own classroom. As I write this, I feel such gratitude for what these
colleagues have taught me and for how the children in my own kindergarten have benefited.

It’s important to note why this research group was born in the first place. It arose initially out
of a continued perception on the part of our North American kindergarten mentor teachers
that many teachers were struggling with the older children in the kindergarten.
In 2002, the Waldorf Early Childhood Association of North America responded to these
queries by sending out and later publishing the results from a survey on this topic. WECAN
wanted to know if the teachers themselves were experiencing frustrations about the work
with the older children. What were their struggles? What was going well and what were their
burning questions? A copy of this still-pertinent survey can be acquired through WECAN
Publications and it contains many astute observations and suggestions from colleagues all
across North America.

When it became obvious that it would be of benefit to explore this topic more, advice was
sought from the survey respondents and from WECAN Board members about who could be
helpful partners to assist in this work. Then funds were sought to make it possible for me to
travel to the classrooms of these teachers and search out members to participate with me on
a WECAN Older Child in the Kindergarten Project Group. This group was often referred to as
the Working Group on the Six-year-old.

The first classroom I visited was that of Barbara Klocek in Fair Oaks, California. There I
encountered a balanced indoor/outdoor program with strong routines and lively children
who were held with firm, loving limits. Drama, puppetry and creative play, interspersed
with work activities. flowed throughout the morning program, intermingled with musical
interludes. Here I also witnessed older girls and boys tenderly and creatively playing with
their “little ones.” (You can read more about the little ones in section three). Barbara had
many older boys and girls in her class who were meaningfully engaged throughout the
whole session. The presence of the healing forces of love and joy in this kindergarten were
palpable.

Visiting Louise deForest in Spring Valley, New York was an opportunity to experience an
inter-generational program. Not only did I spend a kindergarten morning with her but,
after the session, I went for a meal at the Fellowship Community (a home for the elderly)
situated close by her kindergarten. The meal was a delicious main course followed by the
apple cobbler that Louise and her kindergarten children had prepared that morning. In

viii
 Louise’s morning kindergarten program, after some play, circle songs and indoor snack
preparation, the rest of the morning was spent outside doing meaningful work for the
Fellowship Community. It was delightful to accompany Louise and her students through the
fields and blossoming apple orchards to the farm where the kindergarten children do farm
maintenance chores each day. I helped as the children picked up rocks on the fields, planted
some seeds, cleaned stalls, and fed the cows, horses, and sheep. (You can read more about
this program in Section Four.) Louise’s work is permeated with great warmth and meaningful
work activities.

Tim Bennett’s program in Seattle, Washington is located in an enchanting garden oasis

situated close by a busy intersection. The morning session began with an outdoor circle
that included the parents. Then I marvelled as he and the children confidently crossed this
intersection where five roads meet and meandered their way through a vast city park. The
park had many movement and play experiences for the children — large
This is a placeholder climbing hills; cement bunkers for balancing upon; tall trees with overhanging
for the callout that branches on which to swing; rabbit warrens where the bunnies popped out
will eventually appear when the children climbed onto the surrounding rocks; green meadows with
tiny flowers; and trees with canopies that enabled the children to hide out
somewhere on this or build little spaces within their embracing branches. Along the walk there
spread, once it has were stopping places and the children launched into activity whenever this
been selected. happened. Tim whittled quietly or responded to the children in a matter-
of-fact, patient, and firm way. We walked back to the classroom, once again
crossed the intersection and played in the outdoor play yard while snack was prepared. The
play yard also had challenging movement experiences for the older children. Here I saw a
child skipping with a chicken in her arms and also two children experimenting with raising
and lowering each other up and down with a thick rope hoisted over the limb of a large tree.
Tim’s presence was quietly capable and the environment inspired the children to meet their
needs for challenging movement activities.

Nancy Blanning’s developmental movement circles captivated me when I experienced them

in a curative training course where I was her student. In her school in Denver, Colorado,
where she is a part-time remedial teacher, she is able to visit the kindergarten and share
some of her circles. This helps her to work with individual children and the whole group, and
to assist the kindergarten teachers with their first-grade-readiness assessments. Nancy’s work
as a remedial teacher has deepened her insights into child development and the movement
needs of the young child, and has heightened her observation skills. She has been a valuable
asset to our project group.

Above, I alluded to the changes that developed in my own approach after visiting these
colleagues. These adaptations unfolded over time throughout the program that I operate
of balanced indoor and outdoor activities. How could I avoid taking along a big rope on our

ix
 morning walks just in case there was a tree limb close by? How could I resist finding a way
to bring the “little ones” to the children; or adapting a much needed quiet rest time to my
daily routine; or using movement journeys at circle time; or looking around my environment
to discover how we could better serve the community through meaningful work activities?
Old Man Trouble (see Section Two) has also been a valuable disciplinary tool for some of my
frisky older kindergarten children.

After visiting these colleagues and asking for their interested participation in this working
group, grants were applied for and received. Then, we began to gather together once
yearly for three years to study Rudolf Steiner’s lectures on the nature of early childhood
and more specifically, on the change of teeth and the birth of the etheric. Phone and email
conversations happened in between, and also research with other colleagues
This is a placeholder throughout North America and Europe. Consultations with anthroposophical
for the callout that doctors helped us to orient to other reference books and the medical
will eventually appear perspectives surrounding this important transition time of the six-year change.
somewhere on this
This time of change, which basically reflects the transition time beginning
spread, once it has somewhere around five and extending to the time when the child is ready for
been selected. first grade, has been called many things. In this book you will see it called the
six/seven-year transformation, the six-year-old change, the crisis of will and
imagination, the birth of the etheric, the seven-year crisis, the six-year crisis, the change of
teeth and so on. Part of our retreat time was caught up with reflecting upon the many ways
of explaining and naming this potent time of transformation. When the change happens,
and the mysteries surrounding what the older child in the kindergarten undergoes, were
explored on many different levels.

These concentrated times of retreat and study served to potentize each one of our individual
classroom practices. The results of our observations during the year away from one another,
along with the fruits of our continuing research, added to our next Working Group retreats.

Living meditatively into the words and indications of Rudolf Steiner made all of our work
together come alive in a way that I have never experienced when studying as an individual
on my own. What the children were doing in the classroom had even more meaning for me
and led me to penetrate the topic of our study even more. We all sampled first hand what
Freya Jaffke expresses in On the Play of the Child: “Every teacher who lives intensively with
the various indications given by Rudolf Steiner (also meditatively with certain passages)
will notice a growing sense of responsibility towards the children.”1 It is safe to say, in this
case, that this “responsibility towards the children” expanded to include a genuine desire to
share the fruits of our labor with parents and teachers. We concluded that to write a book

1 Freya Jaffke, ed. On the Play of the Child: Indications by Rudolf Steiner for Working with Young Children, (Spring
Valley, NY: WECAN Publications, 2004), 3.

x
together was the perfect way to serve beyond our individual classrooms and bring a more
compassionate understanding for the older children in the kindergarten to others.

As we assembled all of the various contributions for this book, it became apparent that two
separate volumes were being formed. You’re Not the Boss of Me! is the first volume. The
second volume, which is scheduled to be published in 2008, will be a collection of articles on
the topics of school readiness and the transition into the grade school.

I have never edited nor written a book before and this has been a steep learning curve for
me. Many people have put their confidence in my fledgling skills and many people have
helped this book to happen, particularly the Working Group; my dear husband, Michael Ker;
Susan Howard; and the managing editors of this volume, Lydia Roberson and Lory Widmer. A
big heartfelt thank-you to all of these people.

The result of all of this effort is the book that you hold in your hands. We all hope that it will
aid you in your work.

May your work be blessed with the life and spirit that serves as a wellspring for the children
who carry our future.

—Ruth Ker, June, 2007

xi
 Section One

Pictures
of the
Six/Seven-Year
Change
W hen at the change of teeth the etheric body is loosened and stands
alone, then the building up of the memory is separated off from
the physical, and remains almost entirely in the element of soul, and
this fact can really put the teachers on the right track. For before
this change, the soul and spirit formed a unity with the physical and
etheric. After this, the physical, which formerly worked together
with the soul, is expressed in the form of the second teeth, and what
collaborated with the physical in this process is separated off and
is revealed as an increase in the power of forming ideas, and in the
formation and reliability of the memory.

Rudolf Steiner
The Roots of Education

1
Observations
of the
Six-Year-Old
Change
Ruth Ker

M uch has been said in the Waldorf movement about the nine-year change. But what
about the six-year change? This transition time, often called “first puberty” or “first
adolescence” is a time when children go through an abundance of transformations.
These can bring symptoms of chaotic behavior manifesting in even the most well-adjusted
children. In many years of working in early childhood classrooms, I have had much to learn
from the “sometimes mystifying and formidable” older children in the kindergarten. These
experiences have been both humbling and informative.

It is obvious that sometime around the age of six, children begin to undergo many changes.
As kindergarten teachers we would do well to awaken to the beckoning needs of the
children for our conscious support through this very overwhelming and profound period—
the six-year-old change. Rudolf Steiner in The Essentials of Education says, “I know that there
is a certain amount of awareness these days concerning the changes that occur in the body
and soul of children at this stage of life. Nevertheless, it is not sufficient to enable perception
of all that happens in the human being at this tender age; we must come to understand this
in order to become educators. The appearance of teeth … is merely the most obvious sign
of a complete transformation of the whole organism. Much more is happening within the
organism, though not as perceptible outwardly.”1

It would appear that the first challenge we have as teachers is to investigate in more depth
the nature of the six-year change. Our colleagues and the children’s parents benefit from
us doing this research. The change of teeth can be a difficult time for all of us who are
accompanying the child on his/her journey, so building understandings of the dynamics of
this change and then sharing them with others can be a tremendous support for all.
1 Rudolf Steiner, The Essentials of Education, 16.

3
 Joan Almon, in her article “First Grade Readiness,”2 likens this change to that of the
“caterpillar spinning a cocoon and emerging as quite a new creature, a butterfly.” She points
out that the child at this time of the six-year change does not simply experience a linear
growth cycle happening on a continuum but, rather, the child goes through a transformation
on many different levels.

This realization alone can enable us to empathize with the child and to respond with the
empathic inner attitude of “I see you are undergoing transformations. I love you and these
new changes and I will help you to find your way.” Of course, this would never be spoken to
the children directly. However, if we as caregivers can be prepared inwardly to see and meet
the new behaviors of the children, then the children and their parents are more at ease in our
presence. The children can then have a safe place to test out their newfound need to push
for boundaries, we are braced to meet them and the parents can have trust that we truly
understand their children. Our role, as teachers, of bringing information to the parents about
the six-year transformation cannot be overestimated and is discussed later in this article. We
can also encourage parents to do their own research and hone their observation skills. After
all, they have the closest contact with their child and they can do much to help us round out
the picture of what their child is experiencing.

Sometime between the age of five-and-one-half to seven we begin to see that the children
are asking for something more from us in addition to our continued working out of imitation.
Let’s look at some of the developments that naturally occur at this time and discern what it
is as caregivers that we can do to meet these children. These new developments lie behind
the changes that we see in the child’s responses to his/her world. Taking interest in what’s
happening for the child will help us to know what is the best way to respond. This care-filled
attention will also help us, through time, to develop our own organs of perception enabling
us to accumulate a wealth of insights into the nature of the change.

There are two helpful diagrams that I share with my colleagues and the parents. The first is
the flow line showing the three-year ego incarnation times.

We know that each of these ego incarnation cycles is accompanied by varying degrees of
separation on the part of the child. This new state of being can even resemble antipathy,
especially as the child grows beyond the nine-year change. For the younger child, we
can witness a growing ability to stand apart from activities. This reaction can manifest

2 Joan Almon, “First Grade Readiness,” 119.

4
 with the parent, teacher, or with anyone implementing well-known rules. It is a necessary
development because it helps the child to separate more and meet the world on his/her
own. As well, the six-year cycle marks the time when the etheric of the child begins to
separate more from the parent. This is a time when the kindergarten teacher must realize
that the parents and the children will be feeling this “pulling apart” whether it is at a
conscious or unconscious level. Sometimes parents suddenly want to homeschool as they
feel their children separating from them. Sometimes the children react by not wanting to
come to school, or they may one day cling to the parents’ legs and another day tell their
parents that they want to come into the school by themselves. “Please stay in
Our role, asteachers, the car, Mommy. I want to go to the gate by myself today.”
of bringing information
I’m reminded of the morning that Sally came to school carried in her dad’s
to the parents
arms. Sally was a child who had very creative and imaginative play and her
about the six-year love for the kindergarten was obvious. We had begun to see the change in
transformation cannot her outwardly for a couple of weeks because her usual calm and elaborately
be overestimated. costumed dress-up play had been replaced by a frenzied need for movement.
We were pretty sure that she was experiencing some aspects of the change
because her limbs and torso were also stretching and growing. But we were not prepared for
her appearance one morning in our play yard with her head buried in her dad’s shoulders. “I
don’t want to go to school. Everyone is so mean to me,” she said.

At that point, Daddy was prepared to withdraw Sally from school. I winked at him, sent Sally off
to pick flowers with a friend and we talked some more about what we both were experiencing
with Sally’s behaviors. The next time we looked, Sally was playing happily with her many
friends, and father went home grateful for the realization that Sally was showing him how she
was experiencing some of the new kinds of feelings that were awakening in her as she felt the
change coming. It is not uncommon that children will experience a regression before they
launch into their new independence. A few days later, I overheard Sally saying to some friends,
“You know what? I just pushed my dad away today! I said, Daddy you get out of here.”

I want to mention that I begin to talk to the parents about the six-year change at the
beginning of every school year. I tell them to expect great changes in their children and
I explain this in detail. It is very helpful to have already developed this rapport with the
parents before their children begin to show behavior and body changes. I tell them that,
although there are many usual body and consciousness changes to look for, each child
tends to have his own unique way to display this. It’s important to open up the channels of
communication with the parents so that both teacher and parent can take comfort in shared
observations. In this way, a sense of partnership prevails with the parent. When the children
have passed through the change, especially if they have been met with loving firmness,
there is the possibility that they can re-enter their surroundings transformed and in a more
peaceful state. The children need their teachers to develop this rapport with their parents so
that consistent support systems are provided at home and at school.

5
 What children like Sally teach us is that the change happens on many different levels. It is
certainly a very profound physical phenomenon, but the effects also ripple into all aspects of
the child’s development. Another graph that helps us to see this follows.

We know that in each of the seven-year cycles there is a period of more developmental
emphasis on willing, feeling and thinking. Within these cycles there are also times where little
seeds of willing, feeling and thinking are cultured and developed for future developmental
phases. We could create a line graph to show this.

Running the risk of oversimplifying a complex topic, this can help us to see a number of
things. If you look at the graph at the place around the period of five-and-a-half to seven,
you will see that the child is experiencing a great deal at this time. We see the will of the
feeling phase coming from the future (often depicted as chimneys with smoke coming out
of them in children’s drawings). And we see the awakening of ideas, pictures and burgeoning
imaginations is shown by the thinking/willing aspect at the end of the first seven-year
cycle. For the first time since birth, thinking and feeling are strong presences in the child’s
biography at the same time as willing. Of course the nature of these capacities does not
yet resemble that of the adults and older siblings in her life. Few of us understand what the
young child faces in his experience at this time. It appears that willing, feeling and thinking
are operative all at the same time with a double dose of will!

Again, please note that the thinking, feeling and willing capacities do not manifest in the
child as we experience them in the adult. There can be the temptation as adults to see these
seed forces emerging in the young child and to assume that it is now time to launch in to
more complicated responses.

Dr. Michaela Glöckler counsels us, “We can give children a beautiful security of dream
consciousness and gently guide them towards awakeness. We need not push them out too
quickly, but guide them out. If they have not fully experienced the dream consciousness
of early childhood, then as adults they can turn back and seek this lost paradise. They seek
the dream experience through drugs, for instance. We all had something similar to drug
experience in childhood when colors, pictures, etcetera, were so vivid, and we could fully live
within them.”3

3 Michaela Glöckler, “Forces of Growth and Forces of Fantasy,” 82.

6
Working with the Imagination
A s mentioned, many adults are tempted to approach the child using intellectual reasoning,
especially at the time of the six-year change, but, instead, what the child really needs is
for us to attach to his lively imaginations. In fact, Rudolf Steiner in The Kingdom of Childhood
goes so far as to say we can “ruin” a child if we speak to him in intellectual ways instead of in
pictures at this time.4 In The Roots of Education, Steiner also says, “We are often particularly
gratified if we can teach a child something that he can reproduce in the same form several
years later. But this is just as though we were to have a pair of shoes made for a child of three
and expect him to wear them when he is ten. In reality our task is to give the child living
flexible ideas which can grow in his soul… We must ourselves partake in the inward activities
of the child’s soul, and we must count it a joy to give him something that is inwardly flexible
and elastic; and just as he grows with his physical limbs so he can grow up with these ideas,
feelings and impulses, and in a short time he himself can make something else out of what
we have given him.” 5

Also in The Kingdom of Childhood, Steiner advises us that children at the change of teeth need
“soul milk” from us now and that we “must take the keenest interest in what is awakening at
the change of teeth… You must allow the child’s inner nature to decide what you ought to
be doing with him.” 6 I have reflected on this term “soul milk” for a number of years now and
some of my thoughts about the teacher’s role in providing soul milk for the older children in
the kindergarten are shared in another article in Section Two of this book.

One six-year-old expressed what Steiner refers to as “the awakening at the change of teeth”
in this way to her parent, “Mom, everything is different. You and Daddy are different. The
trees look different. Even Harlequin, the cat, is different now. And Mom, it’s just like I don’t
even know how to play anymore.” Another child expressed, “Everything is boring. It’s
boring at home. School is boring. I’m going to run away to the Fairy Mother’s house.” These
two expressions show different aspects of what Freya Jaffke calls “the crisis of will and
imagination.” If we are lucky enough to hear children express themselves in ways like those
mentioned above, we can know that the time is at hand when they need extra attentiveness
and support. Freya Jaffke explains further by saying, “an obvious crisis can be observed in
many children, particularly in those who are actively creative. Further changes occur in the
children’s development because the formative forces actively structuring the body from
within are increasingly freeing themselves from the metabolic and limb system. The will has
to re-orientate itself to unite with the ideas which are gradually awakening in children of this
age. This takes a while. For a time children will not have so many imaginative ideas, their will
appears to be paralyzed and they ask, ‘What shall I do?’ or say: ‘I’m bored.’ ” 7

This can be a confusing and very serious time for children and they certainly don’t feel in
control. Their body is changing, their consciousness is changing and their connection to their
world is changing. Let’s look more closely at some of these changes.

4 Rudolf Steiner, The Kingdom of Childhood, 35.

5 Rudolf Steiner, The Roots of Education, 27-28.
6 Rudolf Steiner, The Kingdom of Childhood, 30-31.
7 Freya Jaffke, Work and Play in Early Childhood, 65.

7
 Physical Changes
P hysically, we know that the etheric body is actively working to penetrate and fashion the
child’s body. The child is trying to make his body his own and to break away from the ties
of heredity. When the etheric has penetrated the hardest substance in the body, the bones,
then it is free to move on to its new work. Although in the past educators have paid much
attention to the release of the milk teeth and second dentition as a signal for this readiness,
now we are being advised to pay more attention to the appearance of the six-year-old
molars as a sign that readiness is on its way.

The activity of the etheric also shows itself outwardly in the movement of the children. They
tend to have more frenzied gestures, race around, and steadfastly seek out movements.
We could say that they are doing their best to assist the etheric in its work. As teachers we
need to meet these changes with warmth and the attitude that “this too shall pass” and then
provide opportunities for the movement expression to happen. For this we must hone our
powers of observation and draw on our reserves of patience. The children are like bubbling
pots. A child who, from the beginning of the school year, has shown calm
We have a and careful eating habits at the snack table all of a sudden is not able to sit
responsibility to help still at the meal, and we begin to wonder if she is going to fall off the bench.
the children to find We also notice that the child’s limbs begin to stretch and her waistline, wrists,
and neck become more apparent. Baby fat begins to disappear and, along
worthy channels for
with that, dimples on the hands and face. The older children love to challenge
their activities while themselves with obstacle courses, long adventure walks, skipping, working
their etheric completes with real tools, purposeful work activities, and running games. I have found
its task of penetrating traditional games to be an ideal tool at this time for helping the children
their bodies. socially and to support their need for organized movement. Doing things for
others—helping the farmer to clean out stalls, feeding his chickens, herding
the lambs; picking up scraps of litter on Mother Earth on morning walks; taking apart the
grain grinder to clean it; cleaning and oiling outdoor tools; building paths, firepits, gardens—
all of these things can help to channel the will that we have carefully nourished throughout
the early years so that now purposeful moral activity can manifest, not frenzied, erratic
behaviors.

I have found it effective to have one or two children every day be the “kings” and lead our
morning walk. I begin this practice when the class understands about being “all-together” on
our walks. If the leaders run on ahead and leave the others far behind, then I beckon them
back to the group with my bell and they wait for another day to lead us on our walk. Giving
the children opportunities to work with impulse control when it is obvious that there are
repercussions if they “forget” is one way to help them find ways to bring control over their
own gestures. At the present time, our morning walks take us through the playground where
the older grade school children play. Lately we have undertaken some meaningful work here
and the children in my class are spreading “soil that the worms made in our compost pile” on
the playground for the lower grades’ children. After this, we will cast seeds to help the grass
to grow on this playground. “The big children are going to be so glad that we’re doing this,”
is something that the children say over and over again every day. As teachers and parents, we

8
have a responsibility to help the children to find worthy channels for their activities and ways
that we can assist them while their etheric completes its task of penetrating their bodies.

As their bodies stretch and grow and their appetites increase, they begin to give us clues in
their play that the change is upon them. They often try to build furniture up to the ceiling or,
outdoors, they want to climb onto the roof of the shed. A child is fortunate indeed to have
an environment where she can be helped to find ways to meet this need to stretch upward
while at the same time maintaining healthy boundaries. In one school setting I visited,
the children were provided with a sturdy rope which the teacher threw over a strong tree
branch. The children played at raising and lowering each other up and down out of the tree
while the teacher attentively watched.

We can see this stretching experience in other ways too. In the children’s drawings, we can
see ladders and zigzag lines. The children are showing us their experience of the change
of teeth and the stretching of their torso and limbs. Of course, along with this time come
complaints of tummy aches and joint pains. This time of stretching has many accompanying
physical sensations which, for the children, can be unconscious. They often don’t know that
their irritability is associated with these sensations, but we can know this is a possibility and
respond more empathically to the children.

At a more invisible level, the children are also working to establish their dominant side and to
be able to comfortably cross over the vertical and horizontal midlines. Clapping games like
“Hot Cross Buns,” “Pease Porridge Hot,” “A Sailor Went to Sea Sea Sea,” or bringing crossover
gestures into circle time can assist the children. Skipping can assist the children rhythmically
to bring balance and regularity to their movement as well. A list of skipping verses is
provided in Section Five.

Symmetry and balance begin to appear more in the children’s drawings as their rhythmic
system is more stabilized. The figures in their drawings are also often constructed standing
on the earth and there is a well defined difference between the sky and the earth.
Sometimes we can see evidence of the beginning of the symmetry that they practice in first
grade when they do their form drawings.

One day I watched unnoticed as a child, in a very concentrated way, colored a whole page
with bold red color. That evening her mom said she ran a temperature of 104. There seemed
to be no illness attached to this fever, but she came back to class a few days later a very
different child. Soon thereafter her limbs began to stretch and she had a vivid dream about
first grade. Fevers can often accompany the six-year transformation time. There is more
information about dealing with fevers in Section Six of this book.

9
 Emotional and Social Changes
P robably the most individual differences are seen in the emotional and social changes that
children undergo at this age. Some children respond with more bravado and some inwardly
ferment their six-year-old brew.

One of the most common responses I’ve witnessed is the need of the children to be the boss.
Parents, teachers and their peers are no longer safe from being corrected at every mistake.
This, coupled with the arrival of a sense of time (before, after, and so on), can show itself
at circle time when the child speeds up the verse to be finished before the others or on the
morning walk when the child slows down her walking so that she can arrive way behind the
others. Going along with what everybody else is doing is no longer an unconscious priority.
Some children love to play at being different.

With their friends they have long conversations about who is “first boss.” We hear the
children say over and over again, “But I want to be the boss!” “I know. You be first boss, you
be second boss, you be third boss. I’ll be fourth boss and I get to say what we do!” And often
their playmates and those who stand as authorities in their life will hear, “You’re not the boss
of me!” A matter-of-fact response is needed then. “Teacher knows the rules of the land,” or,
as I have said to my own children, “That is my job. Your angel asked me to be your helper.”
Children benefit immensely by being met directly at this time, and a neutral, informing tone
of voice can reassure them that the boundaries are still in place even though their whole
being is in upheaval. What a relief this is for them!

Another aspect of this time of transformation is that the children’s consciousness changes
from a state where they unite with the objects of their play to a state where they have an
imaginative idea about the play and they want to implement it. Freya Jaffke explains this
by saying, “the stimulus for play no longer comes so much from external objects, but it
comes now more and more from inside. This means that now the child has an inner picture,
a picture from her imagination of past events, and she can bring these up in her play
independent of place, time or people.”8 As mentioned above, this can be a frustration to the
children, and they may become listless or watchers in the play for a while until they can find
their way with this new capacity.

This is not necessarily a bad thing. It can be a graceful transition time if the children do
not become too anxious. However, if the teacher feels that it has gone on long enough,
then bringing the children (hopefully one at a time) to help with the teacher’s work can
be enough of a jumpstart to propel the child back into the play. From that perspective
of helping the teacher and watching other’s play, the children can often see something
interesting that they want to join. It’s often the play of the younger children that encourages
the older children to re-enter the play. Sometimes the older children like to help set up the
creative activities and arrange props for dramas or puppet plays. They can also be valuable
in assisting the younger children—tying shoes, holding hands on walks, threading needles,

8 Freya Jaffke, “Stages of Development in Early Childhood,” 11.

10
 helping with handwork projects, etc. It’s also a thrill when the older children can get to the
point in the course of the year where they can make the bread, prepare the soup, or clean
the kindergarten all by themselves.

Tying the fingerknitted ropes into all sorts of lines, cobwebs, or telephone wires is often a
signal of the presence of this new “thinking.” The arrival of these picture imaginations in
their consciousness propels the children into a real need to have the experience of their idea
being played out. We need to assist these children to develop useful social skills so that this
need can be fulfilled.

As I write this, Samuel comes to mind. Samuel was a capable, hardy, and fiery boy. He had
a passion for leading the play but was very able to play co-operatively as well. Somewhere
around six-and-three-quarters, he began to grow quite bossy with the
Children benefit children. Daily he would try to organize the whole class into his play. Most of
immensely by being the time the children would ignore his bossy ways, but this did not deter him. I
watched him one week desperately trying to herd, cajole, and manipulate the
met directly at this
class into his game. Monday to Friday I observed Samuel diligently struggle to
time. be “first boss.” Then, on Friday, with great satisfaction, he constructed a corral
with a fence that raised and lowered and, one by one, he captured the interest
of his peers and he was able to herd the ponies, donkeys, pigs, and cows into his corral. The
look of conquest on his face was palpable.

Sometimes, children can become stuck in their play as this new capacity for picture
imaginations floods in. They love to play the same game over and over again or take most of
the play session to set up scenarios. It warrants careful observation to see when the child is
served by the imagination or when it could be helpful to move it on by a simple introduction
of a complementary idea. Freya Jaffke explains this very well in an example she gives in her
book, Work and Play in Early Childhood,9 where she describes helping the stagnating play of
a group of six-year-olds by suggesting that now the animals in the circus need to eat. It took
only one sentence well-placed by an observant teacher to transform a stuck play situation
into one that could move on with endless possibilities.

Some other common things that we may encounter in the child’s play at this time that is
often called “first puberty” or “first adolescence” are the tendencies to wrap presents and
give them to others; playing at getting married or getting drunk; whispering to others to
do naughty things; making up teasing rhymes about others; giggling; being silly; playing
at being a “teeeeeenager”; playing dogs on leashes (master and servant); making money;
theme play like restaurant, store, hospital, airport; informing their friends about who they
hate today; a multitude of bathroom words; and much more. There is also a tendency for
the children to want to pair off and choose a special friend. Playing at exclusion becomes a
pastime. Of course, it is important to meet all of these behaviors and themes with the matter-

9 Freya Jaffke, Work and Play in Early Childhood, 68.

11
 of-fact attitude that the right-way-of-the-world will be upheld. “We’ll still be remembering
our kindergarten ways.” “The teachers in the grade school say that the children need to know
their kindergarten ways before they come to first grade.” Even though the child has these
experiences and impulses flooding into him, he still needs to rest in the security that the
world is a safe and moral place and there are others that will help him to make it so. Again
and again, I have experienced the gratitude of the children when I have met their pushing of
the boundaries with loving firmness. Often they will come and sit on my lap, take my hand
or hug me. They want to press up against this comforting boundary and, on some level,
they are grateful for its consistency and availability while they are trying out their newfound,
confusing state of consciousness.

Awakening Ideas
Sooner or later during the school year the children begin to have conversations about God
and infinity. What a privilege it is to overhear these precious communications. If only we
could keep alive the power of these wonderings! The most recent conversation I overheard
about infinity happened when two children were discussing it around our snack table.
“Infinity means 1068!” said one child. “No,” said another, “it just means keep on going.”

We can begin to see that the children are no longer so bound to the present and they begin
to experience the future coming to them. Some children are able to relate their dreams. One
mother told me about her daughter’s dream. “Valerie dreamed that the kindergarten door
opened and everyone in the class, even the teachers, got wings! Then she saw everyone
flying down the hallway together, opening up the doors of the grade school and looking
around to see what was inside the classrooms.”

The past also becomes more retrievable in their memories. They begin to tell their parents
the stories they have heard in kindergarten; we see them looking out and away as they
imagine the stories at story time or as they imagine what their bedroom looks like when
we ask them about it. One child said to her mother, “I don’t need to go to Grandma’s house
anymore. I can see Grandma whenever I want to.” Some children can express the arrival of
this ability to see things in the “mind’s eye.” Others find it overwhelming and, as it floods
in and initially overwhelms other capacities, they may express, “I’m bored.” Another way
of interpreting “I’m bored” is “There’s something new happening and I don’t know how to
relate to it yet.”

However, once the children begin to take hold of this change in consciousness, one gets the
impression that they delight in stretching their capacities in many ways. They tend to play
with this just like they play out other areas of their experience. They love to play with some of
their favorite games and circle verses by going through the motions silently. It exercises their
developing capacity of hearing the words inwardly and letting the pictures dominate. Here is
a game centered around the verse “Little Brown Bulb.”

12
 A little brown bulb went to sleep in the ground
In his little brown nightie he slept very sound
King Winter he raged and he roared overhead
But that little brown baby stayed snug in its bed
But when Lady Spring came tip-toeing over the lee
With fingers to lips as quiet as could be
That little brown bulb peeked up its head
Threw off its nightie and jumped out of bed. 10

The children delight in circling around two or three other children covered up in a blanket
that represents Mother Earth. We mouth the words to the verse silently, going through the
gestures of King Winter roaring and Lady Spring tiptoeing and then we see if our friends
hidden under the blanket can “peek up their heads, throw off their nighties and jump out of
bed” at the appropriate time. Of course, playing this game many times and saying the verse
out loud precedes the time when we can finally say it silently.

One day as we were playing this game, I forgot one of the lines. One little boy looked at me
ponderously and said, “That wisdom must be coming up your legs and making your head
so big that you can’t find those words.” I thought, “Does this sound like what we would
expect to hear from a six-year-old? Is he describing my condition or his own?” Edmond
Schoorel, in his book The First Seven Years: Physiology of Childhood, describes very well the
process of maturation and how it moves from below upwards. He says, “The process of
maturation begins in the lower pole, which is dynamic and prone to change, and ends in the
tranquilizing and crystallizing activity of the head.”11 We can learn so much from the children
if we develop a relationship with them so that they know that we are interested in what they
have to say.

In closing, I’d like to acknowledge again the grandness of this change which happens for
the children somewhere between five-and-a-half and seven. It’s a time when the child’s
organism undergoes physical, emotional, social and consciousness transformations. And
again I would encourage parents and teachers to truly listen to the children and to cultivate
the eyes to see what is happening for them. Please make your own observations and take
deep interest in the older children in the kindergarten or at home. As teachers in mixed-
age kindergartens we are a bridge for the children when they are passing through this truly
amazing transformation. We are a bridge from the age of imitation to the time when the
children have a growing need to see the world through the eyes of a beloved authority. If
we are able to respond to their activity at the time of “first puberty” with healing deeds
and imaginations, then this is one way that we can fulfill our task as educators to work with
what Steiner called moral imagination. We can be instruments to help guide the children in

10 Wynstones Press, Spring, 20.

11 Edmond Schoorel. The First Seven Years: Physiology of Childhood, 113, 123.

13
 building a moral foundation. We must accompany them in such a way that the powerful will
that we have nurtured in them throughout early childhood has a proper vessel in which to
germinate and grow. It is an honor always and a trial sometimes.

If we can do this, then the interest that we take in the children enables us to connect to
their imaginations and their developmental processes. These deeds of deep, loving interest
then endorse the children’s attempts to stretch into these new horizons. Taking up and
embellishing their questions, interests and perceived needs are perhaps the most powerful
tools we have. We are doing a great service when we can take the courage to be lovingly
present at this threshold for these older children in the kindergarten. ✦

References
Almon, Joan. “First Grade Readiness,” in The Developing Child: The First Seven Years, edited by
Susan Howard. Spring Valley, NY: WECAN, 2004.
Bates Ames, Louise and Frances Ilg. Your Six-Year-Old. New York: Delacorte Press, 1981.
Glöckler, Michaela. “Forces of Growth and Forces of Fantasy: Understanding the Dream
Consciousness of the Young Child,” in The Developing Child: The First Seven Years, edited by
Susan Howard. Spring Valley, NY: WECAN, 2004.
Jaffke, Freya. “Stages of Development in Early Childhood: Tasks and Goals for Parents and
Educators,” in The Developing Child: The First Seven Years, edited by Susan Howard. Spring
Valley, NY: WECAN, 2004.
Jaffke, Freya. Work and Play in Early Childhood. Edinburgh: Floris Books, 1996.
Schoorel, Edmond. The First Seven Years: Physiology of Childhood. Fair Oaks, CA: Rudolf Steiner
College Press, 2004.
Steiner, Rudolf. The Essentials of Education. Great Barrington, MA: Anthroposophic Press, 1997.
___. The Kingdom of Childhood. Great Barrington, MA: Anthroposophic Press, 1995.
___. The Roots of Education. Great Barrington, MA: Anthroposophic Press, 1997.
Wynstones Press. Spring. Stourbridge, England: Wynstones Press, 1999.
Additional information gathered through consultation with Dorothy Olsen, Dr. Johanna
Steegmans, and Dr. Claudia McKeen.

14
The Birth
of the Etheric
Notes from an Interview
with Johanna Steegmans, MD

Nancy Blanning

D r. Johanna Steegmans, anthroposophical physician and special friend to parents, early

childhood educators and young children, met with the Older Child in the Kindergarten
working group in February, 2006, when they were preparing for this book. Although
the questions and responses were oriented to the work of the kindergarten teacher, there is
much in this chapter that pertains to the influences that the parent can have on the child in
the first seven years of his life.

The working group came with two fundamental questions. The first was “How does the birth
of the etheric body affect the six-to-seven-year-old child in life experience and behavior?” A
second question was “How can educators hone their observation skills so that they can see
the manifestations of this birth and recognize first grade readiness?”

Dr. Steegmans began by describing the nature of the etheric body in general. She explained
that, until just a few days before physical birth, the higher members of the human being
still live in the sheaths and have not connected with the physical body yet. “The etheric
body lives in the hands of the hierarchies.” Its task is to work on the physical body after
birth, to penetrate it, and then be freed, at the time of the birth of the etheric—somewhere
around six to seven years of age—for other tasks appropriate to the grade school years. It
is important to remember that the etheric body is not an undifferentiated substance but
a fine filament composed out of the four ethers, each of which has different qualities. The
individual ethers were characterized as follows:

The highest of the ethers is the Life ether, which is connected with the earth element. Its
task is to solidify, making things firm, and it mainly manifests in our skeleton and our skull. It
may seem a paradox that this ether, which is the highest, is also the most resistant as it works
in the density of the bony system. Yet within the bone is the bone marrow that also brings

15
 life. In very young children there is still some bone marrow in the skull. This eventually dies
away, as the head should not have life as such within it in that way. If the marrow actively
remains, disease and illness will result.

The next is the Chemical or Tone ether. This ether’s gesture is to combine and separate.
It is also called the musical ether when referring to the tones. Connected to the physical
element of water, in the upper pole the chemical ether creates the spinal fluid. In the lower
pole, it creates muscles; muscles are energetically “fluid” in their nature. When we begin to
move, it is like a melody. Chemistry provides a picture for us of the muscles in movement
—a symphony of motion in which our body goes through a process of attracting and then
distancing or repelling.

The Light ether has its affinity to the earthly element of air. It brings about the brain in its
gray and white matter. It has to do with our thinking. We need nerves and the physical brain
to enable us to think. While the chemical ether brings muscles, the light ether brings about
the brain and nerves to give us a physical foundation for thinking in the upper pole. In the
lower pole, the nervous system is the manifestation of the light ether.

Nearest to us of the ethers is that of the Warmth ether. We experience warmth both
as an ether and as an element. The warmth of the metabolism in the lower body is the
manifestation of the warmth ether. In the upper pole this ether manifests as the warmth of
the ego when truly meeting one another.
The task of the first
seven years of life is to As a child prepares for incarnation and birth, he passes last through the
planetary sphere of the Moon. Here the qualities of the four different ethers
overcome the inherited
are collected to compose the individualized etheric body each child will carry
etheric body and make into life. It is as though the incarnating child is a magnet creating his own
it one’s own. unique etheric body composed out of these four realms. When we speak of
the birth of the etheric body, we have to remember that different qualities
are being born out of the individual child’s etheric weaving because her own unique fabric
is woven out of her particular combination of the four ethers. The ether body we attract
around us in the Moon sphere will be the blueprint for the ether body we create in the
embryo.

When an individual incarnates, two streams come together. One is one’s own karmic stream
brought from pre-earthly existence and the other is the inherited etheric stream that comes
from the parents. The task of the first seven years of life is to overcome the inherited etheric
body and make it one’s own.

Then Dr. Steegmans continued to explain more about the journey of the human being after
birth. For each of the four bodies—physical, etheric, astral, and ego—there is both an inner
and an outer birth. The inner birth of the physical body is at conception, even though it is

16
not yet visible. The outer birth occurs when the child is physically born. When this physical
birth occurs, then the inner birth of the etheric body happens. The etheric is not visible but
unfolds through the next seven years. It lives in functions. These first seven years allow the
maturation of a germ and prepare the emancipation of the ether body itself, which occurs in
three steps.

Each part of our physical body emancipates part of the ethers. Etheric forces are freed from
the region of the head at 2 1/3 years. Then, when the child becomes social and is able to
play, this signals the second birth from the trunk. This occurs at around 4 1⁄2 when the
etheric is freed in the social/rhythmic sphere. At this age the teacher acts as a social model
and provides nourishment for the child by supplying warmth and reverence. When the
limbs are taken hold of by the actively working etheric, then the birth is complete. The
ability to jump rope shows this emancipation of the limbs. While we can look to these as
generalized markers of the birth-steps of the etheric, we must remember that this process
is individualized with each child; there are delays and accelerations. As we observe the
children, we will want to see if they have gone through these three steps of setting the
etheric free.

When this birthing occurs, according to the temperament of the child, different individuals
take the ethers and use them differently. Childhood is by nature a sanguine time and, as well,
all the ethers are operative as they intermingle. We do not usually look to temperament in
a young child, but sometimes it is so apparent in some children that it would be foolish to
ignore what we see. The choleric will use the warmth ether to be where the ego can live.
The sanguine temperament will live in the light ether because it is connected to the element
of air. The phlegmatic has the element of water and the chemical ether most active. The
melancholic lives more in the life ether, mostly in matter, the earth element.

Rather than regarding temperament, it can be more helpful for early childhood educators
to look at which system is dominant—nerve/sense, metabolic, or rhythmic. The child with
the nerve/sense system dominant tends to manifest melancholic tendencies. When the
metabolic system dominates, the individual tends to become phlegmatic. Either a sanguine
or choleric temperament may later manifest when the rhythmical system is strongest. As we
look at these tendencies, we may recognize an inclination but should just observe it and not
respond to it as we would with a first grader. It is a karmic issue as to which of the ethers the
individual chooses. We may see the birth of one or two etheric tendencies dominating with
the other balancing ethers missing. This is good information to share with parents, especially
if the child has a strong inclination toward one temperament or the other.

These ethers are streaming in two directions as well. The light and warmth ethers stream
from above downward. The chemical and life ethers stream from below upward. (We can
deepen our understanding of this picture by studying Balance in Teaching, by Rudolf Steiner.)
After the baby is born, the maturing forces have to stream upward from below to the head
in order to wake up the consciousness, so the child at age seven can overcome gravity

17
 with a new ego intention. To overcome gravity (as demonstrated with jumping rope), the
ego needs to have taken hold of the body all the way through, having developed from the
head, down through the rhythmic trunk, and finally into the limbs. A child who jumps rope
earlier than seven may be accelerating too quickly. The rhythmic area in the middle/trunk
section may not have been fully developed before taking this new step. If the lower pole
is developed too fast, then the rhythmical part of the human being, where lightness and
darkness meet, will be weakened.

Dr. Steegmans quoted Christof Wiechert when he described that with this etheric birth
around six or seven the light and warmth ethers are liberated to become free for learning
and thinking. In the outward behavior of the child, we may see the mightiness of the light
ether releasing demonstrated by the children when they fall off chairs and race around
madly.

As we continue to look at the inner and outer births of the other bodies, we see that the
inner birth of the astral body happens around age three. The child says “I” and has the
realization of separation from her surroundings. She also experiences that she makes an
impact on those around her. These mark the first stage of the birth of the astral body, which
lives in sympathy and antipathy. The astral rhythm is exemplified in the three-, six-, and
nine-year-old awakenings. The inner birth of the ego is at age ten, but the ego is always there
behind the veil from the beginning. When unfortunate circumstances prevail for children
who have had a terrible shock or live in horrible circumstances, the ego is pulled into the
organism much earlier and has to birth prematurely.

An interesting observation Dr. Steegmans shared was from the work of pediatrician Kaspar
Appenzeller. In his work, he listened to the heart tones of thousands and thousands of
children. He detected three metric patterns that appear within the heartbeat. In the embryo,
the rhythm is the spondee—two long beats. This is the meter of the will. The developing
child in utero is pure will, pure spirit. The spondee lasts through the first two years of life.
When the rhythmical part of the child begins to mature, the iambic meter takes over—short,
long. This is the meter for most of our life and has to do with feelings. Once the head forces
awaken, the rhythm changes to trochee—long, short. Rudolf Steiner identified this as
the rhythm of thinking; it is also a hardening rhythm. Then the iambic reasserts itself. The
hardening trochee rhythm returns during adolescence and then disappears again. The
trochee is also apparent whenever there is a tumor. With cancer patients who have died, in
the days before death the heartbeat returned from the trochee to the iambic. If there is a
hardening around six or seven, there is a trochee rhythm, which then disappears again. While
these rhythms are not something the teacher can easily witness, it is astounding to realize
that even the organ of the heart is affected by the 6/7-year-old transformation. The changes
seen physically and rhythmically in the child confirm that transformation is occurring in the
physical and etheric life of the child through the birthing stages of the different bodies.

18
 With the background of this developmental picture, Dr. Steegmans then made us aware of
important considerations regarding the role of the kindergarten teacher working with the
older children in the kindergarten. Of course the parents in the children’s lives can benefit
from this information too. As all of these momentous changes are occurring, the 6/7-year-
old child seems to beg for authority and boundaries. The older children are crossing the
bridge from the age of imitation to a time when imitation and authority are important for
their progress. They begin to resist imitation in the kindergarten (though they will happily
imitate again the next year when they are held by the authority of the first grade teacher.) All
teachers have experienced how unruly and challenging the older children can become. This
behavior corresponds to the final release of the etheric body. The first release
The children respond came from the head with the emergence of thinking, the second from the
rightly to the authority rhythmic system when the child became able to be social, and finally the last
of the adult who shows through the will in overcoming gravity. This play between gravity and levity, as
mentioned before, can manifest as swinging between silliness and opposition.
that he or she is
competent with his or So when the children are craving boundaries, how can the teacher meet their
her will in living will with the right kind of authority? It is not a disciplinarian authority that they
earthly life. are seeking. Rather, the children respond rightly to the authority of the adult
who shows that he or she is competent with his or her will in living earthly life.
Authority is demonstrated through knowing how to do something. This is what the little
children look for in the older students in the class. The older children look to the adult for
this same competence. In a pictorial way, it was suggested that the children are searching for
“the straight line” in the teacher rather than “the curve,” which is the archetypal kindergarten
gesture of embrace and protection. Now the proper gesture exemplifies the ability to direct
the will into the world and a capability with practical life. Greeting the will of the child with
this type of authority is the healthy response to this last stage of the birth of the etheric.

Related to this came another question—Rudolf Steiner said that when the children are
going through the change of teeth, they need “soul milk.” What does this actually mean? Dr.
Steegmans said she thinks the children want true pictures of life. The “soul milk” they need is
authenticity. In this last stage of the kindergarten years, the children need to have confirmed
what they unconsciously remember from pre-earthly life. This confirmation happens when
they meet living examples in practical life from the adults in their surroundings. They are
longing for form while they are in the midst of demanding freedom—a state of being not
unlike that of adolescence. The form they need in early childhood is supplied by seeing
practical tasks done in an orderly way with competence, skill, and devoted concentration on
the part of the adult.

Manners, which provide forms for behaving in social settings in consideration of and for
others, are another means for supplying form and boundaries for the children. Dr. Steegmans
observed that this is a most relevant concern now, as there is such a lack of manners in our
society. It is also the educator’s responsibility to impart manners to the children before they
leave the kindergarten. This includes all the obvious social situations where appropriate

19
 manners are necessary. This can also extend into the realm of sexual curiosity, which typically
awakens with the birth of the etheric. This is a normal development for the child. Etheric
forces create awareness in the child of the sexual organs. This awakening diminishes and
goes to sleep again. However, if proper boundaries are not provided, allowing this interest
to go beyond its normal time frame, then this awakening can be prolonged and hardened
into the consciousness of the young child. A combination of manners and authority is the
vehicle for communicating what is acceptable, what is not, and delineating the boundaries
of privacy for conduct for ourselves and for others. One of the teachers present said as an
example that in her kindergarten they have a rule that is spoken matter-of-factly: “Pants up
and skirts down in the kindergarten.”

In the mixed-age class, the older children are still expected to be within the usual responses
of the general group of the kindergarten, but they do need to be given extra direction to
transform the disruptive behavior arising from their new etheric reorganization. To be direct
is a proper response from the ego of the adult to the child’s etheric birth. However, the group
of younger and older children, as a whole, must still be held in imitation. Yet the older child
needs to be met as an individual as well with a loving, matter-of-fact authority that says “You
may not do that” or “You may do this.” Responding to the child in this way acknowledges
his individuality and provides a reassuring, discerning authority that guides the child out of
premature individualization back to merging into the social fabric of the kindergarten again.

The kindergarten realm is entrusted with nurturing and protecting the etheric of the
children, so healthy forces are generally present as the final aspects of the etheric are birthed
at six or seven. The health of the etheric and the impact of sensory experience coming
toward the children are related. We see children in the kindergarten who come to us with an
inability to hold attention and who are overwhelmed by their sensory experiences. Although
the sense organs are part of the physical body, what is taken in through the senses goes into
the etheric body. Sense impressions make an imprint on the etheric and are
Putting one’s ego then stored. These imprints create the foundation for mental picturing. When
consciousness into the etheric body is prematurely occupied with activities that should come
whatever one is doing later, such as early intellectualization, it becomes depleted, “tattered.” With a
tattered etheric, the child cannot hold calmness in the ether body; the senses
is therapeutic for the are chaotic and cannot mature properly. If the quality, intensity, and speed
child. of sensory impressions overwhelm the child, then the etheric cannot sustain
its healthy development. Depleting and even destructive forces can invade
the ether space through inappropriate sensory experiences. Soul senses and bodily senses
are not able to separate and achieve a much-needed independence. For example, senses
will cluster, such as vision and movement together, resulting in compulsive behaviors. The
effective therapeutic “sensory integration” activities that we have in the Waldorf curriculum
for such children are eurythmy and circle work. It is helpful when the adult is doing the

20
movements alongside the child. To heal, the adult has to be using her/his will to participate
with the child in companionship and partnership. One teacher present said that she used the
imagination of having angel wings, with which she reached out and surrounded the child
and then she would imagine bringing the child along with her while she did the movements
of the circle.

As we look for ways to support and promote etheric health, we must be careful to keep
connection with the child, rather than separating ourselves, becoming observers and judges.
Dr. Steegmans emphasized that the young child must always be surrounded with our inner
picturing affirmations of the human being’s archetypal perfection. Every child is striving
toward this. What are the “therapies” we can provide? We clearly know the importance
and powerful influence of adequate, healthy sleep; good quality food; and consistent,
predictable rhythms in the child’s daily experience. Spending time in nature is also most
important and healing for the child—with the quality and quantity of time to explore, so that
the child can soak in quiet impressions from the natural environment without being rushed.

Additionally and most importantly, the teacher, through the gesture and quality of speech,
thought, and movement provides therapy. Putting one’s ego consciousness into whatever
one is doing is therapeutic for the child. The ether body is a time body. When one is present
in the etheric body, one creates time. Present-mindedness is the key. This is what/when
the children are drawn to imitate. If the teacher loves something, the children will love it
as well. Truly experiencing love for what one is doing, being immersed in the moment and
portraying joy in the activity of doing it are probably the most important healing qualities
that one can offer to the children. Taking the time to devote sincere interest toward what one
is doing creates health in the etheric body and inspires the interest and devoted imitation of
the children.

With the older child in the kindergarten, the educator is striving to observe signs of the
etheric birth so first grade readiness can be confirmed. Dr. Steegmans described that
the most crucial physical demonstration of liberation of the etheric—which is never fully
complete—is the eruption of the six-year-old molars, not necessarily the change of teeth.
The molars are new creations confirming that the etheric birth for school readiness has
been achieved. The child also gives clues to us by the examples of his behavior through this
birthing process. For instance, the ability to jump rope signals the overcoming of gravity
associated with the final birthing step for the etheric in the limbs. As we have already
mentioned, silliness and opposition are other signs.

As the older child challenges social rules and expectations, he or she is also asking for
form and boundaries to help bring order into the new etheric configuration. As already
mentioned, the kindergarten teacher has to take the step from working primarily out of
imitation to guiding the older child through authority. How can one operate out of both
at the same time? Present-mindedness is again the key. The teacher has to observe what is
needed in the present moment with these children, breathing in an alternation between

21
 point and periphery as each situation demands. Standing on the periphery, the teacher
creates an etheric bubble that holds the children. But the older child needs to be led
individually toward establishing his own relationship with the world etheric, not relying too
much upon nor being held too tightly in this realm that the teacher has created. The teacher
then steps into the point with the child, using appropriate authority to guide the child’s
emerging individuality toward its own healthy independence and appropriate relationship
with the world. To go from imitation to authority is to pass between periphery and point.
This passage from one to the other is warmed by the teacher as it passes through the realm
of the heart—the great balancer, strengthener, and mediator.

As a concluding picture, Dr. Steegmans described the birth of the etheric body as a process
of clothing oneself for life. We can picture this by seeing the child poking her head through
a sweater and then gradually pulling the rest of the garment down to her feet. First the head
forces are addressed, then the trunk and finally the limbs. When the birth of the etheric is
complete, the sweater will have slipped down until it fits comfortably over the length of the
whole body. But if the dressing is rushed or if the child is made to go out before everything
is properly pulled down and tucked in, the child may be clothed in a shirt that is too short
or is haphazard. Giving the etheric enough time to have a healthy and complete birth is one
of the greatest gifts we can give a child. The parent’s and teacher’s attention, observations,
and appropriate responses to the birthing moments will assure that the child’s wardrobe is
functional and complete. ✦

Reference Note
Extensive discussion and further explanation of the birth of the etheric as described in this
article is the content of The First Seven Years, by Dr. Edmond Schoorel, published by Rudolf
Steiner College Press, Fair Oaks, CA, 2004.

22
Dentition:
A Mirror
of the
Child’s Development
Helge Ruof, MD and Jörg Ruof, MD
with thanks to David Sloan for his editing support

Introduction

T eeth are the only part of the body where the skeletal system becomes visible and
accessible from the outside. They guard the entrance to the digestive system and, in
addition to serving as a speech organ, a key function of the teeth is to take nutrition
apart and thus start the digestion process. In animals teeth are powerful weapons—a
snarling dog usually shows its teeth, and predators use the teeth to kill their prey.1 In
poisonous snakes, the teeth (fangs) have a venomous channel with an aperture close to the
tip of the teeth, so that the venom can pass through. So, in one respect, teeth are closely
related to death; on the other hand, dental tissue—in particular the visible part of the teeth,
the enamel—is the most durable and the hardest tissue in the human body.
In Waldorf education, the commencement of the permanent dentition is usually considered
a sign of school readiness. In that time period the child undergoes important physical
changes including: lengthening of the limbs; disappearance of the round belly; development
of the typical S-shaped vertebrae and others. The start of the second dentition, therefore,
characterizes the transition to the second seven-year cycle of child development that goes
until puberty. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the threefold anatomy of
the teeth, the developmental dynamic of dentition, and the soul activities in relation to
dentition. We end with a discussion of recent changes in patterns of dentition and suggest
some daily observations that might be useful for kindergarten teachers.

Each individual tooth is composed of three parts (Fig 1). The visible part is the enamel, the
hardest tissue in the human body. It consists of 96% inorganic mineral and like a crown

1 Birds of prey don’t have teeth and usually kill their prey using their “tooth-like” claws.

23
 covers the next layer—the dentin. Dentin, like bone, is composed of a mix of organic
collagen fibers (20%), the same inorganic mineral (hydroxyapatite) that occurs in enamel
(70%), and water (10%). Dentin has the capability to regenerate to some degree and is
sensitive to external stimuli such as heat or cold. In adults, when the periodontal structures
and the gingiva gradually withdraw, the dentin directly accesses the oral cavity, which often
causes temporary hypersensitivity to temperature or sweetness. The central part of each
tooth consists of the dental pulp, a soft organic connective tissue containing thin-walled
blood vessels, nerves, and nerve endings enclosed with dentin. Root channel procedures
in dentistry usually include cleaning and sealing the pulp cavity (i.e., a tooth is considered
dead after the root canal procedure occurs). While enamel represents the dead, inorganic
part of each tooth, the intact pulp cavity represents the part that is alive and sensitive. Dentin
contains characteristics of both—the enamel and the pulp cavity.

Figure 1: Threefold Anatomy of Teeth

24
In addition to the three parts that each individual tooth is composed of, three different
types of teeth may be differentiated: the incisors, the canines, and the molars. The four
front teeth in the upper and lower jaw are considered incisors, which are characterized by
a sharp surface and a single root. Next to the incisors are the canines, one on each side of
the upper and lower jaw. Finally the premolars and molars are located next to the canines.
Molars are characterized by multiple roots (usually between two and three) and a horizontal
surface. A key difference between the primary and the permanent dentition is the number of
teeth, twenty in the primary (eight incisors, four canines, eight molars), and thirty-two in the
permanent (eight incisors, four canines, twenty premolars and molars).

As pointed out by Husemann,2 comparative anatomy might be helpful to characterize

the three types of teeth—and their relation to the whole body.3 Specifically an intimate
relationship can be identified: of the incisors to the central nervous system, of the canines to
the middle system, and of the molars to the metabolic/ limb system.

In rodents, incisors are the most prominent type of teeth to the extent that in many of
the rodents, such as mice or rabbits, the incisors never stop growing. Rodents’ behavioral
patterns show a high level of nerve activity. Usually rodents are rather small in size and have
fast movements that occur as immediate reactions to environmental stimuli.

A cow in a green meadow gives a perfect idea of an animal with a highly developed
digestive system. Most of the day it is ruminating. Incisors and canines are missing in the
upper jaw. Instead the molars are dominant. Usually ruminators are large in body size. As
Craig Holdrege has pointed out, the lower jaw canines in the giraffe have two lobes which
make them more “molar like,” 4 and in elephants molar tooth formation continues into old
age, which indicates ongoing vitality.5

The predators combine characteristics of both rodents and ruminants. When hunting, they
can be as alert and attentive as the rodents, but they have a stronger digestive and limb
system than rodents. In addition, they are mid-sized compared to the two other groups. The
canines are most prominently developed in predators. For example, in dogs, the strongest
and most developed teeth are the canines. Often it can be observed that even the molars
become canine-like. They don’t possess the horizontal surface that is typical for the molars.
Instead, they have sharp cusps.

In humans, the distribution of nerve endings in the oral cavity is greatest in the lips and the
front part of the mouth and least in the more posterior regions of the oral cavity. This further
underlines the dominance of the nervous system and the related soul activity of tasting in

2 A.J. Husemann, Der Zahnwechsel des Kindes.

3 In holistic medicine multiple relationships between teeth and the body organs are stated, for example, in
acupuncture. A discussion of these concepts is beyond the scope of this article.
4 Craig Holdrege, “The Giraffe’s Long Neck.”
5 Craig Holdrege, “The Flexible Giant.”

25
 the front part of the mouth. In the back part of the oral cavity where the molars are located,
the soul is in a kind of a “sleep-mode” which occurs all throughout the digestive system.

Developmental Dynamic of Dentition

I n embryology it is a well-known fact that during the early phase (e.g. sixth week) of the
intra-uterine period, the central nervous system is way ahead of the development of the
other organs; over time the other systems catch up. Around the twelfth week, we clearly find
the rib cage area growing rapidly. In the final intrauterine weeks, the abdominal organs and
the limbs develop and grow. Karl König repeatedly refers to this developmental pattern: “Just
as in birth the head is the first part of the body to emerge and is gradually followed by the
rest of the body…”6 A similar dynamic can be found when reviewing the facial development.
Bath-Balog, et al.7 discriminate three centers of facial growth: “The growth of the upper
face is initially the most rapid, in keeping with its association with the developing brain. The
forehead then ceases to grow significantly after age twelve. In contrast, the middle and lower
portions of the face grow more slowly over a prolonged period of time and finally cease to
grow late in puberty.”

The pattern of both primary and permanent dentition follows the same scheme: the incisors,
so closely related to the nervous system, are leading, then, step by step, the canines and
the molars are developed, with the eruption of the permanent third molars occurring at
approximately seventeen to twenty-one years of age. While both the overall embryological
and facial development are initially focused on the central nervous system and then steadily
move to the middle and lower parts of the respective body systems, the dynamic during
primary and permanent dentition starts with the incisors in the front part of the upper and
lower jaw and then steadily moves backwards. The back part of the jaw keeps active life and
growth forces longer and is therefore able to develop new teeth in a later phase of the child
development.

A similar pattern can be found in the development of each individual tooth. Figure 2 shows
the “mixed dentition period” which is the time a child has both primary and permanent
teeth. A couple of key characteristics of dentition may be explained with this illustration:

● The enamel crown is the first part of the permanent tooth that is being developed.
● The dentin and the dental pulp of the permanent teeth are still developing while the
enamel crown is already visible in the oral cavity, i.e. they keep their formative forces
longer than the enamel crown.
● Active reabsorption of the primary root dentin is going on while the permanent tooth
is developing; while dentin and dental pulp can be re-integrated in the general life
processes of the body, the enamel cannot. Together with the upper part of the dentin, it

6 Karl König, The First Three Years of the Child.

7 M. Bath-Balogh and M. J. Fehrenbach, Dental Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy.

26
 becomes the wiggling tooth. (If you have a chance to observe a tooth that has just been
shed focus on the root—and you may see that the lower part of the root is missing, i.e., it
underwent active reabsorption.)

Figure 2: X-ray of a child during the mixed dentition period

Soul Activities in Relation to Dentition

T he commencement of permanent dentition is usually characterized by major changes in
the child’s approach to the environment. Up to this age the child was sitting in the parent’s
boat, living their rhythms and being part of the immediate family surroundings. Now the
social circle widens and the child is exposed to a host of new challenges. The emotional
upheaval during this time is considerable and can express itself in various ways.8 Our own
child was eagerly waiting for the change of teeth and almost celebrated the first shed
tooth. It gave us the impression that she was relieved from a kind of “damming up” and an
enormous satisfaction and excitement of having a visible sign of growing up and moving on.

Primary dentition usually is a very painful procedure for both children and parents. Almost
all parents can describe the sleepless nights that the eruption of the first incisor in the lower
jaw causes when the child was six to eight months old. The appearance of permanent teeth
is experienced differently. Usually no pain is involved and the child appreciates the loss of
the primary teeth. This difference already indicates the increased level of freedom the soul
has achieved in its relationship to the body. Pain can be described as increased presence of
the soul (i.e. consciousness) in a certain bodily area. While in primary dentition the soul is

8 M. Kiel-Hinrichsen and R. Kviske, Wackeln die Zähne—Wackelt die Seele.

27
 deeply involved with that process (which is experienced as pain), the consciousness during
the secondary dentition is not as involved in the physical body. Steiner describes how, up
to the change of teeth, through first learning to speak, the child dreamily follows all that is
to become fundamental for its later life, and how only after the second dentition the child
wakes up.9 Waking up may be described as availability of “free consciousness,” soul activity
that is not involved in and attached to the body process. It has to be noted, though, that
permanent dentition is a process that goes on for many years; therefore the mentioned
“waking up” is a gradual and not a sudden process.

Steiner further points out that the availability of memory function is a key soul activity that
is activated with the change of teeth. He indicates that “when taking in the spoken word, a
refined inner habit is formed in the child, who absorbs everything by way of imitation. Out of
this earlier specially developed habit—which is still of a more physical nature—a soul habit
is formed when the child begins the second dentition. It is this habit, formed in the realm of
the soul, which is called memory.” Observations with our own children might help to better
understand what is meant. No doubt, even our three-year-old child already has some kind of
memory. He recognizes names, locations, and much more. However, typically this memory
is attached to the environment; it imitates the environment. When we pick our older child
up from school and pass by her previous kindergarten the three-year-old child always says:
“Here is the kindergarten.” His memory therefore is mostly triggered by environmental
stimuli and not by internal activity of the soul. A very different kind of memory occurs in the
seven-year-old child. The memory function comes from inside; and events are recalled that
are not stimulated by the immediate environment.

Trends and Suggested Practical Observations

A n increasing body of scientific evidence suggests that dental development in children has
been accelerating.10 In addition, epidemic diseases such as childhood obesity are linked
to further acceleration of dental development.11 Furthermore, the pattern of permanent
dentition changes; the canines reveal a significant advancement relative to the formation
of the first molars.12 Considering the threefold body structure, this acceleration might result
from the prevailing cultural trend that places the nervous system under high stress already
in early childhood. This is in sharp contrast to what Verhulst describes as the principle of
retardation. He refers to it as a key developmental dynamic in humans.13 In particular he
mentions that the human teeth permanently retain the generalized developmental patterns;
i.e., all three types of teeth (incisors, canines, molars) are homogeneously (under-)developed.
No single type is dominating and developed to its extreme. In addition the dental arch (i.e.
the size of the lower jaw) in humans is considerably shorter relative to the length of the skull

9 Rudolf Steiner, The Child’s Changing Consciousness and Waldorf Education.

10 Holtgrave, Kretschmer, and Muller, “Acceleration in Dental Development: Fact or Fiction.”
11 Hilgers, Akridge, Scheetz, and Kinane, “Childhood Obesity and Dental Development.”
12 Liversidge and Speechly, “Growth of Permanent Mandibular Teeth of British Children aged 4 to 9 Years.”
13 J. Verhulst, Developmental Dynamics in Humans and Other Primates.

28
 than it is in other primates. However, from a practical point of view, the most important
aspect of retardation is the late onset of permanent dentition in humans. Most primates lose
their primary teeth very early in their lives.

A key task of Waldorf education in that context is to focus on a balanced development of

all three parts of the body system and provide a platform for a healthy development of
bodily movements as well as rhythmical activities. The risk of the current trend towards
“fast development” is that it may cause an intense but short-termed development and will
diminish the long-term capability to maintain a steady and active development throughout
one’s whole lifetime. Fast development might be compared to a fruit that is injected with a
substance promoting early ripeness. While ripeness is a desirable condition, it should not be
achieved prematurely. Otherwise, important long-term developmental opportunities are
lost.

A couple of suggested observations might provide the kindergarten teacher with a better
understanding of the children and their environment:

● An initial observation a kindergarten teacher might find useful is the oral hygiene and
appropriate dental care that a child and their parents practice. Lack of oral hygiene may
have a variety of reasons. However, in line with the Buddhist saying, “The body is the temple
of the soul,” appropriate body care should be a key element of child care. Any indicator of
inappropriate body care should always be followed through and an understanding should
be developed of what is going on.

● The onset and the pattern of the permanent dentition as well as the shape of the
permanent teeth is another area worthy of observation. This might give some insights
about whether a child tends towards early or late development, and whether all three
systems (central nervous system/rhythmical system/metabolic-limb system) are equally
developed or one system is dominating. Observation of the teeth in that context is only part
of a more comprehensive approach and should be complemented by observations of the
child’s movements and others. If a major tooth malformation or pathological positioning of
teeth is observed, the teacher should reach out to the parents in order to refer the child to
professional care.

● There are two typical movements of the jaws : the incisor-like vertical, top-down movement
that is used to bite and separate, e.g., a piece of an apple from the whole apple, and the
horizontal movement, that is used to further break down the food and extract nutrients.
While the first movement is “rodent-like” (and dominated by the front part of the mouth
and the incisors), the latter one is “ruminator-like” (and dominated by the molars). In
animals, a ruminating cow demonstrates the horizontal jaw movement to an extreme. For
a kindergarten teacher, it might be interesting to observe what kind of jaw movement
dominates in a child and how long the nutrition stays in the mouth before the child swallows
it. Multiple patterns exist: some children ruminate, keep their nutrition in the mouth for a

29
 long time, and almost fall asleep while eating. Others are eating fast, biting and swallowing
without any real profound interaction with the food. Based on those observations a teacher
might start to develop behavioral scenarios to balance the extremes in a child.

● Finally, the teacher should carefully observe the transition of the memory function in a
child. The two different types of memories (imitation triggered by environmental stimuli
versus internalized memory function as habit of the soul) should be identified. While the
first type of memory requires a “leading-by-example” type of approach, teaching should
more and more focus on “leading by images” as soon as the internalized memory function
becomes available.

Summary
A mong other indicators, the commencement of permanent dentition is an important sign
of school readiness. We reviewed the threefold structure of each tooth, as well as the three
types of teeth and their relationship to the whole body (incisors—central nervous system,
canines—rhythmical system, molars—metabolic and limb system). The developmental
dynamic in human beings usually starts with the nervous system and then gradually moves
down through the other parts of the body. Similarly, the incisors lead the permanent
dentition followed by the canines and the molars. The involvement of the soul in primary
and secondary dentition differs. In addition, a new, internal quality of memory occurs at
about the time when permanent dentition starts. The current trend of accelerated dental
development and the need to provide balanced education that covers all three body
systems has been discussed. Four observations that might provide the kindergarten teacher
with additional insight were suggested (oral hygiene; pattern of permanent dentition; jaw
movement and eating habits; and the transition of memory function). ✦

References
Bath-Balogh, M, Fehrenbach, M. J. Dental Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy. St. Louis,
Missouri: Elsevier Saunders, 2006.
Hilgers, K. K., Akridge, M., Scheetz, J. P., Kinane, D. E. “Childhood Obesity and Dental
Development.” AAPD Journal 28 (2006), 18-22.
Holdrege, Craig. “The Giraffe’s Long Neck: From Evolutionary Fable to Whole Organism.”
Nature Institute Perspectives 4 (2005).
Holdrege, Craig. “The Flexible Giant: Seeing the Elephant Whole.” Nature Institute Perspectives
4 (2005).
Holtgrave, E. A., Kretschmer, R., Muller, R. “Acceleration in Dental Development: Fact or
Fiction.” European Journal of Orthodontics 19 (1997), 703-10.
Husemann, A.J. Der Zahnwechsel des Kindes: Ein Spiegel seiner seelischen Entwicklung. Stuttgart:
Verlag Freies Geistesleben, 1996.

30
Kiel-Hinrichsen, M., Kviske, R. Wackeln die Zähne—Wackelt die Seele. Der Zahnwechsel. Ein
Handbuch für Eltern und Erziehende. Stuttgart: Urachhaus, 2002.
König, Karl. The First Three Years of the Child. New York: Anthroposophic Press, 1969.
Liversidge, H. M., Speechly, T. “Growth of Permanent Mandibular Teeth of British Children
aged 4 to 9 Years.” Annals of Human Biology 28 (2001), 256-62.
Steiner, Rudolf. Lecture of April 17, 1923, in The Child’s Changing Consciousness and Waldorf
Education. Hudson, New York: Anthroposophic Press, 1988.
Verhulst, J. Developmental Dynamics in Humans and Other Primates. Ghent, New York: Adonis
Press, 2003.

31
Seeing the
Wholeness
of the
Child
Nancy Blanning

K nock, knock, knock. May I come in? Is there room in the mitten for me?

In the story of “The Mitten,” a mitten lost in the forest is discovered by one small animal
after another. First comes the mouse, then the hare, each seeking shelter in the mitten from
the outside winter blasts. One by one, more animals move in together, each getting larger
than the previous one. Will there be room in the mitten for the fox, for the bear as well?
How far can the mitten stretch to hold them all? Can the nature of the fox or the bear be
understood/trusted/embraced so that they can be admitted into the company and live in
harmony with the others?

Our Waldorf kindergartens have always tried to be very big “mittens” and stand as a haven
for children. The education strives to honor and respect each individual with his or her
differences. We trust in the developmental process, noting that children have different
timetables for their maturation. We decline to follow the cultural panic of forcing early
developmental expectations and academic tasks upon the children. We know that early
childhood has unique tasks to complete that can be accomplished only in the first seven or
so years of life. When the child is allowed to grow a strong physical body and strengthen
the foundational senses, the tasks of the grade school years will be accomplished more
successfully. The kindergarten supports this growth through rhythm, seasonal celebrations,
play, work, child-like exploration, and protection from inappropriate and excessive sensory
stimulation.

But the children knocking to enter this haven today are often difficult to understand and
not easy to embrace. More “foxes,” “bears,” and even “squawking crows” are asking for
acceptance into the mitten. Many are mysteries to us. There is the nervous, pale, anxious
child who can be either excessively meek or wild and hysterical in reacting to whatever

33
 comes toward him. There is the clumsy child who constantly bumps into others, falls over her
own feet, drops things, dribbles food all about as she falls off her chair at the snack table .
There is the loud child who vocalizes at the quietest moments, disrupting the mood that the
teacher has tried so hard to create. There is the distracting and inattentive child who does
not imitate or become engaged in the story. There are children who cannot tolerate being
touched and those who hang on everyone, especially the teacher.

While we might wish for less challenging, less complicated children, the fact is that these
are the children of our modern age. Whether they are termed “millennial children,” “star
children,” “Christopher children,” learning disabled, autistic, sensory integration challenged,
or whatever, they are the children who stand before us. And their numbers increase each
year in schools everywhere. They present us with a dual challenge. We need to train our
observation to see from where the difficulties arise, to recognize indicators that point to
sensory disturbance or immaturity that can explain some behaviors. Yet as we develop this
“diagnostic” vision, we must also see the strengths the child carries to be celebrated and
built upon. We also need to school ourselves in remembering what is typical for each age
group; the six- or seven-year-old can confuse our observation because some developmental
progress seems to fall apart at this time. We want to keep alive and healthy our Waldorf
commitment to seeing and honoring the wholeness of the child within his age context,
without ignoring or denying challenges.

This article will give some indications to help us develop a mode of looking at this vast
subject.

Looking at the twelve senses, as described by Rudolf Steiner, can be a gateway into
understanding what we are seeing with the children. Of these twelve—touch, life or well-
being, self-movement, balance, smell, taste, sight, warmth, hearing,
While we might wish word, thought, and sensing the ego of the other—the first four are deeply
for less challenging, related to the young child. Steiner identified touch, life/well-being, self-
less complicated movement, and balance as the foundational senses the young child works
to strengthen during the first seven years of life. These are also characterized
children, the fact is
as the “will” senses through which the human being has inner experience of
that these are him/herself. The next group includes the more familiar senses of smell, taste,
the children of our sight, and warmth (the ability to sense temperature being something different
modern age. from touch). These are often denoted as the “feeling” senses which lead us
into experience of the world around us. The final group Steiner sometimes
called the “social” or “spiritualized” senses of hearing, word, thought, and sense for the
ego of the other human being. Through these last four we have the possibility to interact
with our fellow human beings and to move into realms of thought and ideas that reach
beyond our strictly personal experiences. These first senses build the foundation to support
development of the higher ones. How well the child may be able to encounter and enjoy
other human beings and creatively participate in social life has its seeds planted in the first
seven years of life.

34
When we look at a young child, we can see how absorbed the child is in strengthening and
utilizing these senses. Babies love to be touched and held. They gradually gain regulation
of their body rhythms for sleeping and eating, becoming increasingly comfortable in the
metabolic and organic life of the physical body. They are soothed by movement, liking to
be rocked, bounced about, and carried. They work ceaselessly to gain control of the limbs
and bring them into intentional, coordinated movement. They struggle into uprightness
and maintain balance for standing. Ultimately, they put all these together to take their first
steps into the world. When uprightness and walking are achieved, the highest senses of
word, thought, and sensing the other ego can begin to birth themselves. The child can now
continue to strengthen and mature these senses. They run, spin, jump, climb, push, pull,
swing, and dance through their first years. Through doing so, they explore and interact with
the world environment and the words, thoughts, and presence of other human beings.

The challenging behaviors we see in young children often arise from problems with these
foundational senses. We can understand why these problems are increasing if we look at our
life style. Western societies have changed so much with modern conveniences that there
is less opportunity for the senses to easily develop. Possibilities for free exploration and
unrestricted movement are limited. Practical chores and work tasks common in the past are
no longer required of us. The culture is increasingly entertainment-based with the children
passively watching or interacting with movement only with the eyes and hands. Children
are wisely protected in car seats but with the consequence that they may be held immobile
for significant parts of their day. And premature and stressful birth experiences add to the
strain on sensory development. Each of these factors can limit healthy development and
result in inaccurate perception of and response to the world around us. This is often what is
happening with the perplexing and mystifying things we see children do.

In mainstream diagnosis and therapy, sensory integration work emerged in the 1960’s
through the pioneering work of A. Jean Ayres, a researcher and occupational therapist. She
identified that there were dysfunctions in sensory experiencing of the world. She brought
forth clinical, mainstream observation of the foundational senses Rudolf Steiner had already
described in the early 1900’s. If we inform and humanize these observations through the
anthroposophical understanding of the human being, they can become a useful tool for us.
We can use these perspectives in understanding some of the mysteries we encounter in the
children.

The first is touch or the tactile sense, as the mainstream defines it. Our skin is the organ for
touch. Steiner described that it is through touch that we experience boundary. Touch tells us
where we stop and where the world begins. Difficulties with touch have long been observed.
Our language describes someone as “touchy,” by which we mean too sensitive, over-reacting
to what most people tolerate as acceptable or normal. When we have a touch-sensitive
child, we may see refusal to hold hands; distaste for getting hands dirty or sticky, such as

35
 with kneading bread; fussiness about clothing, tags, sock seams; over-reaction to another
child coming too near or brushing by; extreme reaction to pain or injury; picky eating and
strong reactions to food textures, and so on. On the other extreme is the child who is under-
responsive to touch. He may seem uncaring that his hands are dirty, perhaps even crusted
with mud or snow; be undeterred or unresponsive to an injury that should cause painful
response; wear shoes on the wrong feet; be undisturbed that clothes and socks are twisted;
physically touch or bump other children and innocently deny that it has happened; eat
sloppily; need to feel and touch whatever is in the environment, almost compulsively. These
children often exhibit social difficulties as well. Their sense of boundary perception is either
too sharp or too diffuse. Others cannot get close enough to them to develop relationship
or the child is too intrusive into the domain of others. Without a healthy sense of touch, it is
difficult to have trust in the world or to be trusted by others.

The sense of life is the second in this group. This refers to our organic life and how well our
metabolic and rhythmic life is functioning. When things are going well, we are unconscious
of this sense. When we become tired or hungry, ill, or if our rhythmic life in breathing,
sleeping, or digestion is disordered, then the life sense rises to consciousness. The health of
the life sense is visible to us in the children’s vitality. Often the children are pale, sluggish,
under-rested, and may have dark circles under their eyes. They may be fussy eaters, wanting
mostly foods easy to digest (pasta being a favorite). They may have allergies and food
sensitivities as well. When this sense is healthy, one has the experience of inner comfort and
well-being. When it is disordered, there is a tension, an inability to relax.

Self-movement is known in mainstream terminology as proprioception. Steiner described

that through this sense we experience the body as a whole. Through self-movement, we
know where the limbs are in relation to each other and the rest of the body. Because of self-
movement, we can know when we move and coordinate and control what we intend. Each
joint has small sensors, called proprioceptors, that register movement, position, and tension
in the limb, telling us where each body part is. The experience of body geography is possible
because of self-movement. The child with inefficient self-movement or proprioception often
appears clumsy, is a “crasher and basher” with other children; likes to be on the bottom
of a pile of children; slaps feet on the floor when walking; pushes against other children
or objects; chews on objects, shirt sleeves, or collars; has difficulty with self-help skills of
dressing, putting on shoes; needs to see what he is doing rather than feeling where the
body should go; knocks over or spills things; has difficulty with rhythmic movement; applies
too much or too little tension to muscles to direct and control movement. With healthy
self-movement or proprioception, Steiner describes that one can experience freedom of
soul. Without it, one stumbles around in the body, following wherever it goes rather than
directing it.

36
 The last of this group is balance or the vestibular sense. We know where our bodies are,
particularly our uprightness, in relation to the earth and its gravity through balance. The
vestibular sensory organ is composed of the three semi-circular canals of the inner ear.
Set at right angles to each other, they correspond to the directions of the three planes of
space—right/left, front/back, and above/below. Tiny calcium carbonate crystals floating
in viscous fluid within the canals move to stimulate sensation of position
The chance for in these planes. If we experience disequilibrium in position, we can adjust
experiencing wholeness our posture to feel secure again. One’s sense of security and stability, both
of oneself depends physically and emotionally, depend on correctly functioning balance. This
system is particularly threatened by childhood ear infections, which can cause
upon the integration damage to the balance mechanism and/or hearing. Infections can also affect
and mutual support of speech development, as well as processing and understanding of the spoken
these senses. word (known as auditory and language processing.) Children with vestibular
immaturity or damage are often ones who seek constant motion. They wiggle
in their chairs, rock, bounce, have difficulty sitting still. They may love to spin and seldom
or never feel dizzy. They may be nimble as cats when moving quickly but have challenge
balancing on one foot or holding balance when walking a beam slowly. These children have
under-responsive vestibular systems that need a constant inflow of stimulus to give balance
information. On the other extreme are those children whose vestibular system is so sensitive
that they avoid movement. They will likely stay away from anything to do with swinging or
spinning. They avoid heights, cannot learn to ride a bike. Such a child may stake out a quiet
and secure corner of the classroom, content to stay there all morning during free play time.
The vestibular system does not only perform its own task. Many other sensory experiences
are processed through it—vision, posture, muscle tone, and spatial orientation, to name a
few. The foundational health of this system is critically important because so many things
depend upon it. In the soul realm, balance also allows us to develop equilibrium and, says
Steiner, a feeling of inner rest.

The healthy development of these four senses creates the foundation for a firm and secure
footing in the world—physically, quite literally, and also emotionally and socially as well. The
chance for experiencing wholeness of oneself depends upon the integration and mutual
support of these senses one to another. It is essential that the guardian adults caring for
and guiding the children be able to observe healthy or challenged sensory development.
Looking to the “symptoms” noted above is a starting place. As we educate ourselves toward
what kinds of movements and sensory experiences that will help to strengthen a weak
system, we can guide the children toward these healing activities.

Yet determining when something calls for special attention depends on context—the
child’s age and developmental history. A mixed-age classroom setting offers an advantage.
When a teacher and child have been together for two or three years, the teacher has seen
the degree of progress over time. She or he can observe whether balance, for instance, has
been a challenge consistently, whether the child has always been “wiggly” or “touchy,” and
so on. Having this context will be especially important when looking at the six- or seven-

37
 year-olds when many things seem to fall apart. Children at this age often display behaviors
that could be perceived as sensory problems. Your Six-Year-Old, by Louise Bates Ames and
Frances Ilg of the Gesell Institute of Human Development, gives a very helpful summary of
common six-year-old behaviors. In the social realm, the six-year-old can be both verbally and
physically aggressive, even belligerent, quarrelsome, boisterous, argumentative, excitable,
and emotional. He can too often be rough in play and sometimes mean to younger children.
Are these signs of a diagnosable “syndrome” or of being six?

In the physical/movement realm, the six-year old may eat sloppily, stuffing his mouth and
dribble food. She may knock over milk and grab for food, which could suggest tactile and
proprioceptive difficulty. The six-year-old may wriggle and kick her legs, rock and tip her
chair, bite or tear at fingernails, scratch, grimace, grind teeth, chew on hair or pencils. He may
be restless when sitting, kicking the chair, even falling off onto the floor. Hands are always
busy, especially around the face. Facial grimaces are frequent, seeming almost
More and more tic-like in nature. Irritating throaty noises or throat clearing are common as well.
children are seeking The child may be clumsy, “falling over a piece of string.” In the touch realm, the
child may express extra sensitivity, disliking hair combing. Physically the child
haven in the Waldorf
may be full of complaints. These can be indicators of long-term difficulty with
kindergarten “mitten.” the senses of touch, self-movement/proprioception, or balance/vestibular or
may be short-term expressions of the disequilibrium that the six-year-old is
passing through. We must ask whether what is being seen has been typical for the child over
time or is a recent phenomenon coinciding with this transitional age.

Several dangers can present themselves here. One is that we are tempted to jump to
conclusions about what we are seeing, forming a diagnosis rather than participating in a
process. Even when we have watched long and observed well, accurately seeing a sensory
difficulty, there is the temptation to define the child as a “vestibular problem” or the child
with “proprioceptive difficulty” or the “tactile sensitive” one. We can lose the archetypal
image of the wholeness of the child in the fragmented details. The more we can observe
the child with warm interest and let the picture stand open by asking questions rather than
forming answers, the more teachers can become servants of healing. We can inwardly carry
the intention about the child, “The picture of who you can become is still being filled in. As
your teacher, I will hold the wholeness of who you truly are as my guide.”

More and more children are seeking haven in the Waldorf kindergarten “mitten.” Their
challenges are increasingly complex and the behaviors they bring to us challenging to
meet. More “foxes” and “bears” are knocking. To make room for them, we need to develop
new tools of observation and understanding of the burdens and gifts these children
carry. We need to expand our picturing of what the children need to achieve health, with
extra awareness of foundational sensory development. Even if we do not know what to

38
 do, appreciating what the child is struggling with opens up our sympathetic tolerance
to difficulties. Educating ourselves to know what is developmentally typical of different
ages, especially the six-year-old, is also essential to have the right context for what we see.
The children’s needs are calling upon us to develop this type of looking. This means both
learning to look carefully and to hold the picture of wholeness the child is struggling to fulfill.
The archetypal wholeness already exists. It is our task to perceive it permeating and radiating
from each child. To see this wholeness is perhaps the most healing deed we can perform. ✦

References and Suggested Reading

Ayres, A. Jean. Sensory Integration and the Child. Los Angeles: Western Psychological
Services, 1979.
Bates Ames, Louise and Frances Ilg. Your Six-Year-Old. New York: Delacorte Press, 1981.
Bluestone, Judith. Workshop training handouts. Seattle: The HANDLE Institute Int., 2003.
Goddard-Blythe, Sally. The Well-Balanced Child. Stroud, UK: Hawthorn Press, 2004.
Kranowitz, Carol. The Out-of-Sync Child. New York: Penguin, 1998.
Steiner, Rudolf. Anthroposophy, A Fragment. New York: Anthroposophic Press, 1996.
Steiner, Rudolf. “Man’s Twelve Senses in Their Relation to Imagination, Inspiration, Intuition.”
Lecture given in Dornach, August 8, 1920.
Steiner, Rudolf. The Study of Man. London: Rudolf Steiner Press, 1966.
Steiner, Rudolf. A Psychology of Body, Soul, and Spirit. New York: Anthroposophic Press, 1999.

39
Is OurEducational System
Contributing to
Attentional and
Learning Difficulties
in Our Children?
Susan R. Johnson, MD

I have great concerns about teaching preschool and kindergarten children to read
and write. Developmentally and neurologically it doesn’t make sense. There is a
developmental progression of sensory-motor skills that a young child needs to master
in the first seven years of life. Despite what we think, learning is not “all from our head.” It is
the movements of our body in utero, through infancy and childhood, and even adulthood
that form the neural pathways in our mind that we later use to read, write, spell, do math,
and think in an imaginative and creative way. I see countless numbers of children in my
practice who have been diagnosed with “ADD” or “learning disabilities” who miraculously
improve when they are taken out of an “academic” kindergarten or given an extra year in
a developmental kindergarten that emphasizes movement and the integration of their
sensory-motor systems.

My seventeen years of experience as a developmental and behavioral pediatrician have

shown me that children who have difficulties reading and writing usually have a poorly
developed sense of balance, have difficulty making eye contact, have difficulty tracking or
following with their eyes, can’t easily distinguish the right side of the body from the left,
have difficulty sitting still in a chair and locating their body in space. Many of these children
who have difficulties reading and writing also have poor muscle tone exemplified by a
slumped posture, a tense or fisted pencil grip, and “flat feet” (collapsed arches). Sometimes
these children are overly sensitive to touch and have difficulties in their peer relationships
because they are using their minds and eyes to help their bodies navigate in space and thus
miss the social, non-verbal cues from their playmates. These children also have an overactive
sympathetic nervous system (“fight or flight” reaction) and are therefore very sensitive to
the stimulant effects of sugar, chocolate, lack of sleep, changes in routines, television, and
playing video and computer games.

41
 Children who are ready to read and write should be able to pay attention and sit still in a
chair for at least twenty minutes (without needing to wiggle or sit on their feet or wrap
their feet around the legs of the chair as a way to locate their bodies in space by muscle
movement or activation of pressure receptors). They need to be able to balance on one foot,
without their knees touching, and in stillness, with both arms extended out to their sides
while they count backwards without losing their balance. They need to be able to stand on
one foot, with arms stretched out in front of them (palms facing up) with both eyes closed
for ten seconds without falling. They need to be able to reproduce patterns of abstract lines
and curves (e.g., various geometric shapes, numbers, or letters) on a piece of paper with a
pencil when someone else draws these shapes, numbers or letters on their backs. Finally,
a child needs to be able to walk slowly on a balance beam, skip and jump rope before
attempting to teach that child to read and write.

If children can’t do these tasks easily, then they haven’t integrated their vestibular and
proprioceptive (sensory-motor) systems, and they will have difficulty sitting still, listening,
focusing their eyes, focusing their attention, and remembering numbers
I have great concerns and letters in the classroom. Children integrate their sensory-motor system
about teaching through body movements and not through flash cards or playing electronic
games. Physical movements such as skipping, hopping, rolling down hills,
preschool and
playing catch with a ball, jumping rope, running, walking, clapping games
kindergarten children and circle games, as well as doing lots of fine motor activities with their
to read and write. fingers—cutting with scissors, digging in the garden, kneading bread dough,
pulling weeds, painting, beading, drawing, sewing, finger knitting—build and
strengthen neural pathways. In contrast, watching television or videos and playing computer
games are extremely poor sources of stimulation for their sensory-motor development and
actually prevent the integration of their nervous systems by keeping children in a state of
stress, activating their sympathetic nervous systems of “fight or flight.”

Finally, the ability to print and match a particular sound to a specific letter (phonics) in
children is predominately a left-sided (analytic) brain activity. Developmentally, the left
side of the brain doesn’t fully start to develop or myelinate until ages seven to nine years
(especially true for boys). When we teach children to read or write at an earlier age, we
stress their minds and their bodies and force them to use only the right side of their brains
for reading (sight memory). The right brain is more intuitive and looks at the whole picture
rather than at details, so the child usually looks at only the first and last letter and the length
of the word and then makes a guess at what the word could be without being able to sound
it out. Some children can easily switch from the right hemisphere to the left as they get
older, but many children (especially the ones who can’t skip) haven’t developed the pathway
(corpus callosum) to quickly travel from the right side of the brain to the left side and thus
end up being stuck trying to read and spell with the right hemisphere. These children often

42
write letters backwards, can’t spell, and can’t seem to remember what sounds go with which
letters. The effort required to write is also tremendous.

In addition to our American diet which is high in simple sugars, high in partially
hydrogenated (“bad”) fats and so low in omega-3 fatty acids, I wonder if much of our current
epidemic in attentional and learning problems comes from our children watching too much
television, playing too many video games, spending too much time in front of a computer
screen, and being pushed to read and write too early. We need to surround the young child
with what I call the “Buddha” state. This is regulated by the nervous system referred to as the
parasympathetic, which is supported by adequate sleep, predictable rhythms and routines,
wholesome nutrition, warmth, harmonious non-competitive rhythmic movements, and most
importantly, our love. Children’s brains develop and integrate when they are in the “Buddha”
state. Their brains can’t fully integrate or develop when they are in a state of stress or survival
mode, i.e. “fight or flight.”

Therefore, I support preschools and kindergartens that emphasize healthy movements,

promote daily living skills (e.g., sweeping, stirring), as well as encourage creative “pretend”
play. If preschools and kindergartens, and the governmental laws that set the standards for
education, can support these healthy movement activities and stop trying to teach our very
young children to read and write, then I believe we will start seeing healthier eight- and nine-
year-olds who can listen, focus, sit still, write, read, pay attention, and learn with ease. ✦

43
 Section Two

Meeting
the
Challenge

Our being, as adults, enters a child’s being just as the candlelight

enters the eye. Whatever we are around a child spreads its influence
so that the child’s blood circulates differently in the sense organs
and in the nerves; since these operate differently in the muscles and
vascular liquids that nourish them, the entire being of the child is
transformed according to the external sense impressions received.
One can notice the effect that the moral and religious environment
of childhood has had on an old person, including the physical
constitution. A child’s future condition of health and illness depends
on our ability to realize deeply enough that everything in the
child’s environment is mirrored in the child. The physical and moral
elements are reflected and affect a person’s health or illness later.

Rudolf Steiner
Waldorf Education and Anthroposophy 2

45
Old Man
Trouble

Tim Bennett

A friend of mine once said to me, “The bigger you are, the harder you fall,” and I think
that there is some truth to this, especially with the older child in the kindergarten. We
all fall down sometime or hurt another; that is part of human nature. The six-year-olds
are the big ones of the kindergarten and most definitely take the hard falls.

Thornton Burgess, the great children’s writer, has a character in his books who always
comes around when things go from bad to worse. His name is Old Man Trouble, and he likes
nothing more than to have a good fight or a good laugh at someone else’s misfortune. So
over the years, I have made Old Man Trouble a part of my kindergarten. He has become a
faithful companion, especially when mischief, mayhem and any form of trouble arise.

How does this work? Well, picture two boys having a great time outside, using sticks to
swordfight. One child gets a little carried away and the other child gets hurt. Then I usually
hear a call for help. When I get there, I make sure everyone is okay. Then we sit down, and
the first words I speak are, “Looks like Old Man Trouble’s been around these parts.” At the
beginning of the year, the children look around to see where he is. Usually, he has already
gone by the time I show up. We talk about being careful with our sticks and then the boys go
off, usually merry and with smiles on there faces.

What I find is that Old Man Trouble helps the children to breathe and slow down. It gives the
situation at hand a name, i.e. “trouble.” The children see that when I come into the situation,
Old Man Trouble disappears. After a few weeks, all the children know or have heard me
speak about Old Man Trouble. When a situation arises where the children can sense that
things are not as they should be, some child often comes to me and says, “I think that Old
Man Trouble is over there, Tim. You better come look.” I find that some children actually

47
 “see” Old Man Trouble and I am again reminded that what I build up as an image in my own
thoughts is taken up in the thought life and fantasy of the children.

I also use Old Man Trouble when working with verbal conflict. It truly frees up the children
when they are not directly blamed. Old Man Trouble is the one who takes the blame, if he
has whispered in your ear, telling you to do some unkind deed. This helps to resolve most
conflicts in a much simpler manner. Usually humor can come in and brighten the situation,
so the conflict can be seen in a more objective and flexible perspective. The conflict doesn’t
need to be seen as personal and fixed when dealing with six-year-olds. Everyone can feel
honored and heard. You are part of the drama, but other forces are at work too, as we
grownups know all too well.

So, as a ninety-one-year-old farmer friend recently told me, “It is best to get up early before
the devil puts his shirt on.” Now, getting up early may help you to stay ahead of the devil,
but if you are anything like me, Old Man Trouble will still find his way into the kindergarten.
So when you next find trouble arising in your classroom, why not bring the children the
wonderful image of my friend, Old Man Trouble?

Now, what makes Old Man Trouble disappear? Love, respect and understanding. As the
social climate of your class ebbs and flows, so can the presence of Old Man Trouble. When
those six-year-olds fall hard, Old Man Trouble can be there to help them get up. ✦

48
Our Role
in
Meeting
the Children

Barbara Klocek

H ow can we meet the different children in the kindergarten? Some children are
four years old, some are six, and what a difference that makes! As well, even at this
young age, they bring their home environments, their incarnating bodies and their
individualities. We multiply that times the number of children in the class and it can indeed
be a challenging task for the teacher.

Early in the year, the challenge lies in getting to know the children. As one little girl entered
in with a firm step and a social smile, I thought, here is a strong, solid girl. This was confirmed
a few days later when I saw her pinch the child next to her. Firmly I said her name. She looked
at me, surprised, and burst into tears. I had spoken too firmly to her, for there was another
very sensitive side that I had not yet seen. I had jumped too quickly to the conclusion of
who I thought she was. I have taken that event into each school year as it starts and try to
keep my thoughts of the child as open as possible. I also have a page for each child in my
yearly notebook in which I write observations starting with the first day. I try to write in it
at least every few weeks. It is amazing to see what I had observed the first week and then a
few months later, for the picture deepens and reveals many layers as the year progresses. I
have also found it invaluable in parent conferences to bring up specific incidents that might
otherwise disappear in my memory. I find the ebb and flow of time in the kindergarten
and the dreamy consciousness of the children create a mood that is not conducive to
observation. The recording of my observations over time awakens me to my perceptions as
well as to who the child is becoming.

What about meeting the different ages? This is a whole dance in itself. How gently and
tenderly we need to meet the younger children. We are like a wave to them, and sometimes
we can be so overpowering. Often before they know us, even our looking at them is

49
 perceived as painful. I have come to see how sensitive they are even to my mood, which I
had thought was only being experienced in my inner landscape. Several little boys were
becoming more and more rambunctious in the classroom, and I felt my irritation growing.
As I began to move towards them, the sensitive children began to draw back. Not all children
are so sensitive, for at the other end of the spectrum, some of them are surrounded by a
kind of dream aura, unaware of my movement and my mood. This has led me to being more
active outwardly when I sense something is not going well so that I do not get to the point
of becoming irritated, disturbing everyone’s inner landscape. This has also led me inwardly
to strive to be very peaceful and calm in the classroom so that I am perceived by the sensitive
children as a safe and easy energy to be around.

What a joy it is to have a child for a second year. The foundation of trust and understanding
has already begun. They return with joy to the rhythm of the kindergarten and help the new
children find their way through the day. With these children, there is an opportunity to go
deeper in the relationship. A group of three boys comes to mind concerning this. The first
year, they came in already knowing each other, and paying attention to the teacher was not a
skill that was in place. They initially would not let any other new children play with them and
rudely turned them away. I tried drawing out one of the group by helping me with a task but
met with little long-term success because the call of the pack was so strong. I suggested to
the parents to have play dates with the new children, which was nice, but did not change the
dynamic when the three were together in the class. They all had summer birthdays and were
five years old before starting their first year. I finally decided that they needed a vacation
from each other for a while. They remained in my class but were told gently that they needed
to have a vacation so that they could make new friends. At first, they were at a loss for what
to do, but before long they each began to find new friends. A new lightness came into each
of the boys. After about a month, they asked if they could play together. I said they could if
they included the other children. What a difference it made to the whole class dynamic, for
they became much more joyful and inclusive. When they returned for their second year, they
welcomed the new children, both older and younger, and the mood of inclusiveness and
acceptance carried through the year. I have also used the vacation with social relationships
where I thought the children could not resolve the issues on their own. I had two very strong,
choleric girls who were drawn together and had wonderful times. However, sometimes
they would get in a pattern when they were only able to quarrel with each other. With a
vacation time, they both could relax, relate to other children and come back to each other
in a different gesture. I see the vacation as an opportunity for the child to be allowed time
away from a difficult or unhealthy relationship. This allows a breathing in relationships that
sometimes I have found that children are not able to create on their own.

As the child becomes six years old, a new dynamic can appear. Instead of the adult (parent or
teacher) being the center of his world, which is a lovely characteristic of the five-year-old, the
child becomes the center of his world. New capacities of inner awareness in imaginations,
memory and feelings are developing. Out of this, play becomes more planned. Often they
don’t even need to play but would rather sit and talk. This time is often referred to as the

50
 adolescence of childhood, for the teenager also often considers himself the center of the
world and has a strong inner life. With this shift, there can begin a challenging of the teacher
in subtle ways. Indeed, this is the beginning of the consciousness change when, instead of
learning through imitation, the child learns through the loving authority of the teacher. This
is usually a tumultuous time at home as well, and the phrase, “You’re not the boss of me!”
echoes around them. We need to meet them with a different gesture. The same child who,
a year earlier, was an eager helper now doesn’t want to help at all. This is the time for loving
firmness and the gentle but firm words: “You may help.”

The child at six is much more awakened to his or her feelings and identifies with them in a
new way. Sympathy and antipathy become more pronounced. I have found one of the tasks
with these children is to help them begin to do things that they do not want to do. We all
have this as part of our life task that returns again and again to us. It has shown itself earlier
in the child at two, but at that point is more related to the will. We can help them overcome
their antipathy with our warmth and enthusiasm. As we enter into the activity, from washing
dishes or cleaning up the outside toys, we bring joy into our mood and movements. Often
this is enough to help them, for they are still under the mantle of imitation as well.

Perhaps they need some one-on-one time to help them enter into activity. Our love and
attention is healing. This time, one-on-one, may also reveal a challenge that they are having
with an activity. One six-year-old girl was not drawn into our enthusiastic activity of jumping
rope outside. For a while, I let it be, but then, one day, said, “All the six-year-olds get to
practice now.” How self-consciously she tried, for it was not easy for her to get
Kindergarten teaching off the ground even though she was tiny. What a wonderful teaching moment
it was as we all watched her try, and I consistently told her how well she was
requires a great doing. There was an unkind comment from one of the skilled children, and
mobility of soul. another teaching opportunity presented itself as I reminded everyone how
hard it was when they were first learning, and how we have to help each other
as we practice. The tiny six-year-old took it to heart and every day wanted to practice. We all
happily followed her progress.

I was once asked by a new teacher if our gesture should be Michaelic (a straight line) or
Gabrielic (a curved line) in the kindergarten. What a wonderful question. I have found I need
to be both depending on the child and his or her age. Often there comes a point in the year
where we are called to be a clear straight line as an older child challenges us. Sometimes the
young children need the safe enclosure of the curved line of our arms around them.

Kindergarten teaching requires a great mobility of soul. With the children, as we turn our
attention on them, we need to change our inner tone or landscape. One child needs to sense
a quiet valley for his soul. Another child needs a warming fire to be near. Another child longs
for a clear fence that holds her boundless energy. It is through deepening our understanding
of child development and by practicing both our outer observation and our inner calm that
we can sense what each child needs and reflect it. ✦

51
Soul Milk

Ruth Ker

T o prepare for this book, five North American colleagues gathered once a year over
a period of three years to study, do research and discuss the nature of the six-year-
old change. As I write this, our work is still ongoing with further outreach involving
anthroposophical doctors and conversations with international colleagues who are doing
similar research. During our retreats we studied many of Rudolf Steiner’s lectures. Rudolf
Steiner had much to say about this time that he called the change of teeth and this article is
punctuated with many of his wise words.

During one of our studies together an indication of Steiner’s affected me so deeply that I
have been carrying a question about it since that time. In the book The Kingdom of Childhood,
Rudolf Steiner, while explaining what teachers need to draw upon within themselves to meet
the children at the transformation time of the change of teeth, says that this time in their
development is often heralded by many questions from the children. Steiner goes on to say
“The child is curious but not with an intellectual curiosity… The child has fantasy, and this
fantasy is what we must engage. It is really a question of developing the concept of a kind
of ‘milk of the soul.’ For you see, after birth, the child must be given bodily milk… And when
children come to school at the age of the changing of teeth it is again milk that you must
give them, but now, milk for the soul… all that the children receive must be unity; after the
change of teeth children must have ‘soul milk.’ ” 1

“Soul milk? What did Steiner mean by soul milk?” For years now this question has
accompanied me. And, a subsequent question has arisen out of this pondering. “What
is it that I need to do in the kindergarten and within my own self development that will

1 Rudolf Steiner, The Kingdom of Childhood, 14.

53
 enable me to meet the children at the change of teeth with “soul milk”? Needless to say, this
contemplation has given rise to many conversations and, with gratitude to all who have been
willing to take the time to focus on this with me, I’d love to share some thoughts with you.

As early childhood educators, we are familiar with the idea that we work as priests/
priestesses and strive to be worthy models so that children have proper gestures, speech
and attitudes to imitate. Joan Almon, in her article “The Healing Power of Play,” comments
on this role of the priest/priestess. She writes, “Normally the priest is at the altar, looking
up to the spiritual world and guiding the congregation toward the divine. Young children,
however, have just left the world of the divine and are finding their way to the earth. Our task
is to help them find their way while recognizing that the divine world works strongly into the
earthly. We stand not at the usual altar, but at the work table, baking the bread of life, sewing,
gardening and much more.” She goes on to say “There is a difference for the children in
whether we experience the earth merely in its most external materialistic way or whether
we recognize the hand of the divine in the creation of all that is earthly.”2 I think, for instance,
of the many times that a child has brought me a freshly-picked flower. What is wanted from
me in that moment? Can I be so present with the child that I can see the hidden heart in the
snowdrop or the star in the primrose? Can I also be conscious enough in that moment so
that some elements of the child’s experience become available to me?

Rudolf Steiner said, “We must learn to listen to the remarks of those who are in some way
inferior to us, suppressing every feeling of superiority or knowing better. Listening to
children in this way is especially useful, and even the wisest of us can learn a great deal from
them.”3 Surely this kind of attentiveness is a prerequisite for understanding the children’s life
of fantasy and how we can meet their experiences with soul milk.

In addition to taking up this role of the priest/priestess in the kindergarten classroom, we also
hear that the class teacher’s role is that of an artist working out of benevolent authority. This
artist eventually passes the children on to the high school teacher, a true scientist who works
to meet the adolescent’s quest for truth. For each of these periods Steiner says the students
progress through a need, first, for bodily milk, then soul milk, and finally, spiritual milk.4 Of
course, the parent’s daily close contacts with their children provide many opportunities to
nourish their children with these substances of physical, soul and spiritual milk.

As teachers in a mixed-age kindergarten we accompany the children to the threshold of

their entrance into the grade school. Often, however, the children go through their change
of teeth and the consolidation time after the birth of the etheric while they are still in the
kindergarten. This puts us in the position of being a bridge for these children at a time
when they need to be met by both imitation and authority. We walk the dual path of being

2 Joan Almon, “The Healing Power of Play,” 14.

3 Rudolf Steiner, How to Know Higher Worlds, 47.
4 Rudolf Steiner, The Essentials of Education, Lecture five.

54
 the priest/priestess and the artist/beloved authority. Not only are the older children in
the kindergarten requiring us to live in these two worlds, but also we can experience the
disparity between the needs of the imitative youngest children and those older ones who
are reaching out for direct and firm boundaries. At this time it is our task to be the priestly
role model anchoring the purposeful, meaningful work for the older children, and also to
be the loving, interested bridge-maker who cares enough to say “Yes” to their new changes
while responding with reassuring boundaries. The children need to feel acceptance from us
about these changes bubbling up in them, not alarm, and they need to experience that we
know how to meet them with strength. Also, the younger children in the mixed-age group
are visibly relieved when the teacher can set firm limits with their older peers who seem to
be disturbing the peace and order of the kindergarten.

What are the boundaries, rules and limits that we carry for the children during the six-
year transformation when they show us that they are overcome with changes in their
consciousness, physical body, emotional stability and social capabilities? Can we adults who
earlier inspired them with our gestures and attitude toward life and real work now re-inspire
the same children with proper responses to their testing of the world?

This summer, at a teacher’s conference entitled “The Joys and Challenges of Working with
the Older Child in the Kindergarten,” many kindergarten teachers expressed the difficulties
they were experiencing with the older children in their kindergarten classes. There was
a visible sigh of relief when the teachers present heard that it is all right to relate to these
older children with firm, clear expectations. Some teachers expressed that
The children need to they received lots of permission in their early childhood trainings to work out
feel acceptance from us of imitation with the older children but they felt guilty that they might not
be pedagogically correct if they addressed the older ones directly with firm
about these changes
limits. As we practised ways of bringing form directly and lovingly to the older
bubbling up in them, children through clear statements and picture ideas, it became obvious how
not alarm. these clear directives could be freeing for the older children and their teachers
too. It’s better for the children to have the “right way-of-the-world” affirmed
to them at this six-year-old transition time than it is to allow them to become entangled in
constantly testing-out boundaries. I often remind parents and colleagues that the limits that
we bring to the children now provide the inner voices that they will hear inside themselves
later on. We want them to have these wellsprings inside themselves during adolescence
when we hope that they will be able to say “No” to even stronger temptations. The six-year-
old change, often called first puberty, can be a foreshadowing of things to come. Let us take
part in the child’s biography now in such a way that we provide strength for their future.

So, in the face of encountering these changes in the children, how can we provide the soul
milk that Steiner talks about?

55
 I began pondering this question by reflecting on the word “soul” and realizing that in many
places Rudolf Steiner speaks about the three different aspects of the soul—the thinking, the
feeling and the willing. And then I looked at what I could do in my gestures and inner work
to transform these three different qualities of the soul.

When I first began to teach, focusing on working out of imitation, I realized how many of my
gestures needed transformation. I remember a master teacher coming to observe one of my
circles. She later encouraged me to study and practice some of the archetypal gestures—
planting seeds, scything, sewing etc. For a while I became hyper-aware of how I was moving
and speaking and it took painstaking and patient practice to let go of some of my previous
habits. However, when I began to experience the children’s quickened interest in me, I
realized that my striving was paying off in more focus from them during circles, handwork
and work activities. The children are truly inspired by real work. One example of this is the
daily work we do in our kindergarten garden. One of our oldest boys approached me the
other day, swinging his shovel and whistling. “So,” he said, “we have a lot of work to do in
this garden. We’d better get going!” A quiet peace settled over this usually frisky boy as he
turned the soil and talked about “helping the worms” and “being careful not to step into the
garden in case he might squish the bugs.” His sense of well-being became visibly heightened
when he was allowed to work on his own in one area of the garden.

Giving extra responsibility to these older children who are capable of carrying more is
another way to meet their need for stretching boundaries. We can step in and respond to
their need to play with the limits by honoring them as capable helpers in the land who can
do appropriate other tasks. We can ask the older children to help the younger ones with
knot tying, dressing, threading needles, fingerknitting and finding things. Margret Meyerkort
tells an anecdote about asking an older child to sort out a small dispute in the class when
one child had taken something from another. The older child went to the perpetrator and
firmly said, “Give that back!” The child immediately gave the toy back and the play went
on undisturbed. Of course, one would have to be assured that the child chosen to do the
task is able to set the right example. Sending the older children on missions away from
the kindergarten room also creates valuable forays for them where they can stretch a
boundary—perhaps a note needs to go to the office, a tool be procured from the tool shed,
some laundry delivered to the other kindergarten class, etc. These are all ways that we can
show the children that there are appropriate ways to flex their newfound strengths.

Let’s assume that, through our presence and appropriate outer and inner responses to the
children we are indeed dispensing soul milk. If so, then, since the soul has three different
components, what does it mean to nurture the child with soul milk from our own willing,
feeling and thinking capacities? Let’s explore these questions a little further.

56
Willing
S o much happens to young children when they go through this change. Please refer to
Section One for further explanations of these changes. We are witnesses to a time in the
children’s development when their bodies seem out of control, their limbs are flailing out,
often accidentally hitting other people or items. Sometimes we see them racing around
the playground, stumbling and accidentally bumping into people and things or, if we’re
inside, we see them toppling over benches or losing balance easily. Often they will blurt
out true but hurtful things—“Look at that fat lady’s hat.” “She can’t even tie her own shoes.”
Of course, it’s important to set a limit (with a picture, of course) when we see the child in
these experiences. For instance, “Let’s remember the speed limit” (when a child is racing
out of control), or “Momma Bird helps her friends to do things when they don’t know how.
She even helps them build a nest” (when the children are ridiculing another because he or
she doesn’t know how to do something), or “Can you show me where the switch is to turn
down that loud siren” (when the sounds get too noisy). It is much more effective to bring a
boundary to the children by connecting to their play and then providing a suggestion which
carries them into a next step in their play scenario. The older children can become stuck in
their play and their insistence on playing the same scenario every day with themselves in the
position of the “first boss” can be limiting for everyone. The teacher or parent must take the
initiative to step into the play, connect to it and help it move forward in a fair and equitable
way. Sometimes this requires only a sentence, or sometimes it requires being present for a
while so that cooperative play can once again prevail.

But, is there something else that we can do to shepherd the actions of the older child in the
kindergarten and dispense the much needed soul milk of which Steiner speaks? A hint came
to me in another shared study.

In Lecture Five of The Essentials of Education, Steiner is speaking again of this transition time
at the change of teeth. He talks about the child at this time developing a new relationship
to the teacher. Now it becomes important who the teacher is as well as what the teacher
does. He says the child will model the teacher because he loves her/him and if the teacher
loves something, then the child will also love this thing. Rudolf Steiner speaks of the “hidden
forces between the child’s heart and that of the teacher” and the need of the teacher to “plan
education so that the (child’s) natural need to take pleasure in goodness can develop.” He
says, “Children do not ask (questions) intellectually with words, but deep in their hearts.” 5 He
goes on to say, “We get close to children during this stage of life only by placing them in the
context of natural authority. Children see what lives in the teacher’s gestures, and they hear
something revealed in how the teacher’s words are spoken.”6

Reading this made me realize what an impact we could have on the children if we, as parents
or Early Childhood teachers, could strongly model the healing deed. So I began to work even
more steadfastly at repairing the outcomes of the children’s reckless deeds. The following
examples are some of the ways that we uphold the healing deed in our classroom. When
5 Rudolf Steiner, The Essentials of Education, 71.
6 Ibid., 70.

57
 someone gets hurt, it is the (often unaware) perpetrator who runs to get the healing basket
and administers the bump cream. When things get broken the six-year-old who broke them
sits with me while we repair them with loving gestures. When things are spilled the child
tidies them or wipes them clean. When the children criticize another child, I ask the child
who is being criticized, “Do you want to play that way?” The same question is asked when
the sometimes robust six- and seven-year-olds are infringing on the younger
Now it becomes children in a mixed-age group. The answer on the part of those who are the
important who the offended is often “No.” I then say, matter-of-factly and decisively, “They don’t
want to play that way.” This can be quickly followed by “Let’s… ” and then
teacher is as well as a redirection for the game can follow. Some other ideas are: when a child is
what the teacher does. “budging” in line, we take her aside and have her watch how the other children
are doing it; when something gets ripped, if it’s a simple repair then the child
sews it himself; if something is used inappropriately, then the child who “forgot” remedies
this by fixing, replacing or undoing the gesture in some way. For instance, sand is shovelled
back into the sandbox when it has been tossed outside of it.

This winter in our region we have had a particularly wet and muddy environment. I asked the
parents permission to allow the children to “mine” the clay on our clay hill because I knew
it would result in some muddy outdoor clothes going home each day. They all agreed and,
needless to say, many of the children delved into this exploration wholeheartedly. We had
many days of blissful and productive “mining” and many mud balls adorned the entranceway
to our kindergarten room. However, one day, some of the older boys and girls decided to
smear the clay on themselves instead of just getting inadvertently muddy in the process of
focused play. When I spoke with my colleague about this new turn of events, we both agreed
that the children weren’t much dirtier when they purposefully spread the clay on themselves
then when they unconsciously played solely with the elements. However, the gesture and
the inappropriateness of their motive were very different when they were purposefully
smearing themselves.

We decided on a consequence that was not intended to be a punishment. When we arrived

back at the classroom after our morning outdoor playtime, we had the children who had
been smearing themselves leave their outdoor clothes outside. Then when indoor playtime
started, these children, one by one, washed their outdoor clothes. This took quite a bit of
time out of their own personal indoor playtime and they were alone while they did this
chore. I thought this solitary activity, when the children would probably be wanting to enter
free play instead, would bring an organic lesson to them and an end to the clay smearing
play. However, I wasn’t quite prepared for the results. At first the children responded with
pure delight. Water play! Yeah! Some of the children were even singing and joyful as they
individually washed their clothes. After three days of summoning my strength to bring this
extra task into our normal routine (it required extra work from me as well as maintaining our
regular program—filling tubs with warm water which quickly became muddy and had to be

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dumped and filled again, then wringing clothes etc. etc. etc.), I was exhausted and ready to
give up this idea of providing a natural consequence. Then, on the fourth day, I heard one
of the older girls say, “ I’m not going to put it on my clothes today. I want to build a house
at play time.” Then, one by one, over the course of the next few days, similar responses
happened. The consequence had worked (not without an inordinate amount of willpower
on my part)! Now we could legitimately abandon the clothes washing. Every day now, the
children still are captivated by the play at the mud hill but the clay that gets on their clothes
now happens accidentally during the course of healthy play.

It is always good to remember that when the older children are going through the six-year
change many of them respond to the encroaching chaos in the same way that they have
become accustomed to approaching life…they play at it indefatigably! The will that it takes
on the part of the parent or teacher to meet each one of these moments of “playing with the
boundaries” is tantamount to pushing a huge boulder up a hill. However, if the adult is able
to kindly and matter-of-factly meet each situation with strength, then peace often settles
upon the scene.

The older children often express their gratitude after a limit has been set by bestowing
their respect and affection upon the adult. As one of the children in my class said last
week, “The teachers and the office are the boss of the whole world.” What a relief for a
young child to feel that someone is in charge! This same child embraced me as he went
home that day. What precipitated this statement and this hug? That day, one of the older
kindergarten children, his friend, had told him while we all sat around the snack table that
the kindergarten teachers “are just in kindergarten. They have stupid rules. They’re not the
boss of me. They don’t know anything about the big school.” My kind but firm response was
“ Oh yes, I AM the boss of this land. The angels and your Mom and Dad asked me to be your
helper too while you are in this land.”

Each year, one or more of the older children display the tendency to lag behind when we go
on our walks to and from the garden. This often happens around the same time that I begin
to hear the same children expressing causal thinking (if I do X, then Y will happen). When
these incidents happen, I shepherd the rest of the group, as I always have done, in the proper
direction without stopping. At first the child who is staying behind is often horrified that we
are leaving without her. Then when she catches up with us, this is often one of those times
that I receive a big hug. To me, this seems like an affirmation and an indication that the child
is relieved that there is regularity and reliability in her world.

To be in the life of a child going through the six-year-old change is an honor. It is also a
time when the teacher/parent must be prepared for unpredictability in the behavior of the

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 children, challenges to authority and upsets in routines. It takes strength of will to stand as a
loving authority at this time. Balance and nurturing in our own personal routines of self-care,
study and health-giving play can support us to be present with strength for these children.

Feeling
O ften, children’s drawings at this time show houses with chimneys that have smoke curling
out of them. Audrey McAllen out of her wealth of research and practice says that “When
there is no smoke emerging from the chimney, [there is a possibility] that the will is not
sufficiently active: there is apathy in the will forces.”7 Another way that these active will
forces work is in the awakening of stronger forces of feeling. Indeed, the children do seem
to display many more criticisms and disparaging remarks and tend to be more sensitive to
the actions and words of others. Whereas the younger child in the kindergarten tends to
be resilient in fending off rejections, the older child can harbor grudges and have lingering
reactions. Often the whispering that the older children love to do is accompanied by
pointing at other children or, in the case of many of the girls, outright playing at excluding
others. Some boys also play this exclusion game. It is when these inner fires are awakening
that the adults in the children’s lives may become more challenged by their behavior. Many
adults are still dealing with their own wounds caused by similar past events. These kinds of
anti-social feeling reactions that the older children in the kindergarten are trying out have
left us speechless and wounded too in the past. Of course, we run into trouble if we assume
that these events are being absorbed by the children in the same way that they impacted
us. Generally our wounds come from a period of time that is much later in life in our own
personal biographies. Most older children in the kindergarten are involved in a preliminary
developmental phase.

These new inwardly-impelled ways that the older kindergarten children are testing, if
properly addressed, can be opportunities for reminders to them that there are rules of
respect and order in this world. Of course these reminders are best delivered if they can be in
picture images. “Mama bird helps the little baby birds to remember not to peck each other.”
Most older children will easily transition out of their misguided way of relating if we are able
to guide them in a matter-of-fact, calm and appropriate way. The children need repetitive
reminders to use their kind ways at this time. For after all, “we have to know all about our
kind ways in the kindergarten and then we can go into first grade.” Dr. Johanna Steegmans
states that “one of the most important things that the children learn in the kindergarten
is manners.” Recently I was present at a lecture by Jack Petrash where he spoke about
delivering these reminders with brightness and warmth. These inner, non-judgmental, sunny
attitudes on the part of the teachers assure that the children are able to openly receive them.

In the same way that we work actively with the children’s tendencies to exclude one another,
we must also work with other anti-social behaviors—taunting, pushing, hitting, racing to

7 Audrey E. McAllen, 36.

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 get things first, bossiness, stubborn insistence on getting their own way and many more.
Regression is one of the symptoms that six-year-olds can demonstrate. Behaviors that were
overcome as younger children can resurface again. Matter-of-fact reminders can go a long
way to remind them. “You may join us now.” “We’ll be helping our friend.” “You weren’t
interrupting, were you?” “Is it better to say ‘GIVE THAT TO ME RIGHT NOW’ or ‘Please may I
have it when you’re finished?’ ” It can be a great comfort to the older children that there is a
reliable someone present who is taking care of the order of things even though the children’s
own organisms are in upheaval.

To assist us in this work, as teachers and parents, we have to take care of our own inner
life. To work well with the willing aspect of our soul we had to practise new gestures, gain
strength and ignite the impulse to do the healing deed, but now we are called upon to
look inside and figure out how to respond to these feeling impulses that are coming from
the children. Barbara Klocek, in her article “You Can’t Play with Me” in Section Three, talks
about working with the excluding behaviors of the older child, but how do we deal with the
disparaging and critical behaviors that the children are showing?

In How to Know Higher Worlds, Rudolf Steiner talks about the importance of adults “bringing
devotion into our thought life.” He says, “Each moment that we spend becoming aware
of whatever derogatory, judgmental, and critical opinions are still remaining in our
consciousness brings us closer to higher knowledge. We advance even more
It can be a great quickly if, in such moments we fill our consciousness with admiration, respect
comfort to the older and reverence for the world and life.”8 He goes on to say, “At first glance it is not
children that there easy to believe that feelings of reverence and respect are in any way connected
with knowledge. This is because we tend to see cognition as an isolated faculty
is a reliable someone
that has no connection whatsoever with anything else going on in our souls.
present who is taking Thus we forget that it is the soul that cognizes. What food is to the body,
care of the order of feelings are to the soul. If we feed the body stones instead of bread, it will
things. cease to function. It is the same with the soul. We nourish it with reverence,
respect and devotion. These make the soul healthy and strong, particularly
for the activity of knowing. Disrespect, antipathy, and disparaging admirable things, on the
other hand, paralyze and slay our cognitive activities.”9 What more needs to be said about
the tremendous service we can do for the children if the adults in their lives are able to
model ways of transforming criticism into respect and admiration? We provide them with
worthy examples that may be wellsprings for their present and future soul development.
Stories where the hero/heroine is able to meet criticism or menacing forces and transform
the situation can be food for the child’s soul as well. In Section Five, “The Magic Lake at the
End of the World” is such a story.

8 Rudolf Steiner, How to Know Higher Worlds, 20.

9 Ibid., 21.

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 What do the six- and seven-year-olds want more than to believe that the adults in their lives
are genuine, authentic and really know what they’re talking about? The children often say,
“Is that true or real?” It is such a disappointment to them if we show them what they must
do and then we ourselves are not able to do this. They begin to separate themselves from us
and look on with a penetrating and sometimes sceptical glance. They try out new ways of
responding to us to see if they can stretch the classroom boundaries or they try to catch us
out in a limit that we can’t uphold. How delightful it is for them when they are able to correct
the teacher about a word in the story or say, “That’s not true, yesterday you said… ” It is a
time when we need to stand in front of them with strength as well as reverence, respect and
devotion.

Steiner goes on to say, if we read further in this chapter of How to Know Higher Worlds, that
the “soul that learns feelings of devotion and reverence changes its aura. Certain spiritual
yellow-red or brown-red colors disappear and are replaced by tones of blue-red.”10 This
brings to mind the painting of the Sistine Madonna by Raphael. This painting portrays a
picture of a child coming to birth carried by a figure dressed in red and blue. In our work of
assisting the child’s etheric and sharing our own etheric forces during the developmental
period that Steiner called the change of teeth, are we not standing, as teachers and parents
of the six-year-old, at another threshold where we are delivering the child through another
birth? As midwives for the birth of the etheric we would do well to don our blue and red
gowns. Working actively with the natural antipathies that the child displays during the 6/7-
year transformation is a tremendous opportunity for all of us to grow.

Joan Almon writes, “For the young child, our inner mood and gesture speak much louder
than our words. If we hold the divine in our heart and if our own inner practices are directed
toward the spiritual, then the children feel at home on the earth in a way that they never can
if they are surrounded by a purely materialistic view.” 11

Thinking
I n all that has been said it becomes obvious how willing, feeling and thinking are qualities of
our soul life that are interwoven and inseparable from one another. A healthy soul/spiritual
life is the basis for a healthy society, a healthy kindergarten and a healthy child. The ability to
monitor our inner dialogue and to work with positivity and inspired pictures requires hard
work on our part but it has a direct impact on the child and the kindergarten environment.

One cannot aspire to providing pictures for the children without understanding that this
deed requires the will to create within us, the feeling sense of what is appropriate and the
thinking ability to form an appropriate image. In the article “Observations of the Six-Year-
Old Change” in Section One of this book, there is a graph that shows the interplay of willing,

10 Rudolf Steiner, “How to Know Higher Worlds,” 22.

11 Joan Almon, “The Healing Power of Play,” 14.

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feeling and thinking in the first seven years. The end of the first seven-year cycle is a time,
especially, when seed forces for the later thinking processes are established. Hopefully these
forces will be given the opportunity to sleep in the child’s being until they can later awaken
in full strength manifesting as the quest for truth in adolescence.

As stated in the quotation at the beginning of this article, Steiner stresses that the enlivening
of thinking at the change of teeth is not indicative of intellectual curiosity but rather of forces
of fantasy. Steiner encourages us to engage these forces of fantasy. In another lecture, Steiner
says, “In reality our task is to give the child living flexible ideas which can grow in his soul.”12
He goes on to say that “we must ourselves partake in the inward activities of the child’s soul,
and we must count it a joy to give him something that is flexible and elastic; and, just as he
grows with his physical limbs so he can grow up with these ideas, feelings and impulses…
and can make something else out of what we have given him.”

I find that providing these picture-ideas, these wellsprings for the child’s soul, takes practice.
It is not something that comes easily or naturally for me. Even though I know it is not healthy
for the child, I recognize that it is easier for me to just intellectually state what and why we
must do something. However, it becomes very evident in the unfolding of the kindergarten
day just how effective these imaginative, “flexible and elastic images” are. “Come little
squirrels and gather up all the nuts” is much more effective then “Now we’ll tidy up.” Or “Let’s
hear brother Robin’s voice instead of the squawking parrot” is met with compliance much
more easily than “Please use a softer voice.”

In order to assist myself in building a repertoire of these images for the children, I spend time
collecting material—songs, stories, circles and picture-images that are appropriate for the
mixed-age kindergarten. Duplicating them sometimes and filing them in ways that make
sense to me helps me to retrieve them during different seasons of the year. Then, when I am
“in the moment” with a child, I can listen deeply to his or her offerings and connect to them
as best I can with pictures. Then, later I can do my research and find tried-and-true images
that have served other children in the past. Perhaps it’s a story or circle that deals with the
theme or a picture-image recorded and used in the past that can again serve at this moment
with a different child. As I repeat these steps each year, my repertoire builds and I begin to
retain more. The result is that I can become more fluid and capable in the present to connect
to the children’s questions, imaginings and play scenarios. Therefore the ability to dispense
soul milk in the form of picture-ideas can develop and grow through time.

As mentioned above, sometimes children just need to hear, “You’re not managing so I have a
job for you,” or a similar clear directive. This delivery of the clear expectation also has its place
when we have already tried connecting imaginatively to the child’s play and the older child is
not responding to an image provided. It’s important that we always follow through with the
limit that we have set even if we think “I wish I hadn’t said that.” It’s also important that we

12 Rudolf Steiner, The Roots of Education, 27-28.

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 involve the parents. We might say lightly at the end of the day in the presence of the child,
“We have had a good day and tomorrow I will be happy to see Andrew again. I’m sure it will
be a lovely day too” (not “a better day”). It’s important that the child knows that his parents
and his teachers are working together.

The art of finding the right story for a group of children cannot be overestimated. Sometimes
children who have been in the kindergarten for more than one year will inform us about
what story needs to come next. “When do we get to hear about the rooster with the golden
comb?” When telling a story, if we can see the inner pictures ourselves, then the children
are deeply nourished. The children are also able to absorb the meaning of the story more
deeply if the teller has penetrated the true meaning of the story. This is true soul milk! Some
teachers consider it their meditative path to read or ponder a particular story for months or
years. This can be a very fruitful path and this practice can also stimulate the forming of rich
inner pictures that become useful in our daily work in the classroom.

I experimented with this idea with a group of teacher-trainees during a course on fairy
tales. Each day we made stand-up puppets for “Mother Holle” and we sampled the story
in several forms—as a story, as a puppet play and as a play. Then each night before sleep
for two weeks we read the story to ourselves. Never once during class did we
When telling a story, discuss the meaning of the images. Then, on the last day of class, we talked
if we can see the inner about what had been revealed to us when we took the story into our sleep and
pictures ourselves, then pondered the images during the day. On the day when we finally got to share
the results, I had come to class prepared with the research gleaned from others
the children are deeply and myself about the deeper meaning of the Mother Holle story. It was all
nourished. unnecessary. The students, through their own spiritual research, were able to
take us through the story and share the deeper meaning of the images. Since
this first attempt to penetrate the story in this way I have used this technique repeatedly with
student teachers and we have been rewarded with many fruitful results.

Circle themes with strong images also speak to the children and, because they are able to
take these images into their movement then the pictures and lessons can sink more deeply
into them. The Briar Rose (mood of the fifth) circle in Section Five is such a circle.

Thinking ahead and making daily, weekly and yearly plans can also help us to provide
what Steiner refers to when he says, “all that the children receive must be unity.” How can
we orchestrate our days so that they flow together like a well-woven tapestry and are not
segmented or stilted? It is possible to think through the day ahead, having listened well
to the children beforehand, and create a story, work activity and a circle theme that blend
together as part of this tapestry. As an example, the story of “The Queen Bee” relates well
to a circle about adventuring and encountering the creatures on dear old Mother Earth. On
morning walks, this theme of respect for all the creatures can be taken up into our gestures.

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 Later a puppet play of “The Queen Bee” can be shared and then the puppets can be made
available at playtime. In this way the children can be held in a unity that results in many days
of focused play, activity and adventure.

The children grow and change over the two or three years that they are with us in the mixed-
age kindergarten and we must grow with them. It needn’t be seen as a burden for the
priest/priestess to become an artist/benevolent authority when the children reach the six-
year-old transformation time. It can be an adventure that takes us to new landscapes within
ourselves. If we are really able to meet the older children, something wonderful happens.
Our relationship to them changes. It becomes a mixture of companionship tempered with
respect and clear understandings. An easy authority arises where both parties accept who is
the boss. We can incorporate their newfound capacities and their desire to expand into our
kindergarten day. They really do have the capability of helping to run the kindergarten and
they take pride in this. Enlisting their enthusiasm will fortify them for their next steps into first
grade.

Here are a few suggestions that I would like to underline:

● Stand uprightly and firmly in the presence of the older child. Uncertainty on the part of the
teacher easily loses the respect of the older child.

● Carry the inner attitude that you know what’s going on (even if you are stumped). The child
is going through so many confusing changes that he needs a reliable boundary against
which he can safely push.

● If you ask a child to do something then you must make sure that the child follows through
with your request. Consequently, be conscious that what you ask for must be achievable by
the child.

● Try first to connect to the child’s images in his play if you are trying to transform a play
scenario.

● If the child is playing imaginatively and constructively then do not disturb her. If not, it’s
time to work! After the children have done some purposeful work, they are often able to go
back into play with fresh forces to play imaginatively and constructively. Their will has been
engaged in their work and it flows on into the play. Here is a list of some possible six-year-old
activities: helping the teacher with handwork, cooking, cleaning, washing out the cubbies,
dusting shelves (everything off shelves, dust and then put it all back on again), digging,
sawing, sewing, setting the table, setting up for drawing or painting time, carding, washing
wool, sanding wooden toys, oiling toys, dumping the compost, sweeping, fetching supplies

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 for the teacher and running errands, washing napkins and doll clothes, polishing, delivering
messages, scrubbing pots, picking herbs for the soup, washing benches and chairs, repairing
toys. If the child re-enters the play after his work is complete and he is still not able to play,
then bring him back to work. This needs to be done in the gesture of “I need your help now,”
not the punitive gesture of “You can’t play.” If the child says, “But I want to play now,” we can
respond, “Oh yes, you will when you are ready to play well.”

Appeal to the older children to be helpers of the younger ones. “Pretend you are tidying up
and help little Sally.” “Let’s use our quiet ways when we eat to show our younger friends (in
my classroom we call them the “sun children”) how we give our mouths and ears a rest.” “We
can help the sun children to know what we do here” (when an older child may be noticing
that a younger one is not knowing how to do something).

Celebrate the older children. They need to take their place in the group, be recognized and
respected. Take joy in their newfound skills and capacities. Give them privileges and extra
responsibilities. The younger children can aspire to this when they get older.

In conclusion, here is one last quotation from Rudolf Steiner: “Our task, therefore, is to work
around children—to the degree that we control our very thoughts and feelings—so that
children may become beings who imitate goodness, truth, beauty and wisdom.”13 Taking up
the responsibility of being purveyors of “soul milk” may seem like an onerous task but this
challenge can also be a joyful journey. Not only will it provide blessed wellsprings for the
child’s future development, but it is also a path of development for ourselves. ✦

References
Almon, Joan. “The Healing Power of Play.” WECAN Gateways (Fall/Winter 2006).
McAllen, Audrey. Reading Children’s Drawings. Fair Oaks, CA: Rudolf Steiner College Press,
2004.
Steiner, Rudolf. The Essentials of Education. New York: Anthroposophic Press, 1997.
______ . How to Know Higher Worlds. New York: Anthroposophic Press, 1994.
______ . The Kingdom of Childhood. New York: Anthroposophic Press, 1995.
______ . The Roots of Education. New York: Anthroposophic Press, 1997.

13 Rudolf Steiner, The Essentials of Education (Anthroposophic Press, 1997), 69

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Essential
Oil Baths

Louise deForest

I first heard about oil dispersion baths more than a decade ago in a workshop offered
for caregivers. I found it interesting, but since no one in my family was suffering from
any chronic illness, I didn’t see that I would ever be using it and put the information
aside. Several years later, while I was taking part in a three-year course for remedial teachers,
I was again introduced to oil baths and this time the healing potential of these baths really
caught my attention.

I hasten to add that the baths I recommend and use cannot be called oil dispersion
baths. Oil dispersion baths are unique anthroposophical therapeutic tools, making use of
predetermined essential oils to promote the strengthening of ego activity in the individual
receiving the bath. Doctors (anthroposophical, naturopathic, hydrotherapists), after a
thorough examination of the patient, prescribe the specific oil to be used in the bath, based
on their profound knowledge of the character of each oil and the nature of the human being
before them. A true oil dispersion bath is used to overcome illness and is always prepared
using the specifically designed glass apparatus (created by Werner Jung and his wife in
1937) that dispenses the oil into the bath as micro-droplets that remain suspended in the
bath water. This potentizes the oil and allows it to work directly into the individual’s warmth
organization and circulatory system. The baths I recommend could be called Essential Oil
Baths, instead of Oil Dispersion baths, because their function is not to cure but to promote
well-being and balance in the whole organism. It’s a bit like the difference between hygienic
or pedagogical eurythmy, done once a week with our children in Waldorf Schools, and
the far deeper therapeutic eurythmy, which uses specific movements designed to address
specific, individual difficulties and is done with a specially trained therapeutic eurythmist.

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 Over the years I became aware that, as a kindergarten teacher, teaching was only one of the
many things I was called to do with the children and parents in my classroom. All of us who
work as teachers know that we are also called upon to be marriage counselors, therapists,
movement specialists, godmothers and godfathers, nurses, confidants and mediators.
Indeed, it seems that today the borders between professions, especially in the realm of
human care and development, are overlapping. We are called upon to educate ourselves,
collaborate with others, and stretch our skill level. Repeatedly, at the end of a difficult
morning in the classroom, after reviewing the breathing of the morning, my interactions
with the children, the play and the activities offered, I would ask myself what more could I
offer to a particular child. Could I really help him or her overcome the obstacles that seemed
to be impeding the fullness of his/her healthy development? “What does this child need?” I
wondered, and it seemed that the longer I taught, the more I felt I had to learn.

Beginning my exploration of essential oil baths was a step forward on my journey to

understanding more about what I could do to help. I can’t remember now when I gave the
first few baths; perhaps they were to two of my own boys or to one of my godchildren or a
friend, but I do remember hearing from those who had the baths about how refreshed they
felt and how well they slept afterwards. And I remember how much I, myself, benefited from
preparing the bath for someone else.

Holding the clear intention of serving someone else, I would clean the bathroom and
prepare a space in the bedroom where they could rest. Then I would draw the bath, light
a candle and fill the room with calm, loving thoughts, all the while trusting in this process.
While this is what we all strive to do in our classrooms, I was delighted to find another way
(outside of the classroom) to physically and spiritually offer a healing balm to someone in
need.

About six or seven years ago, I began to recommend these baths for some of the children in
my class. These were suggested not as therapeutic interventions, for I am not a doctor, but
more in the spirit of hoping to offer a balm to the senses of the child. I knew
I knew the physical the physical caring gesture of these baths would also strengthen the bond
caring gesture of between parent and child. While I think everyone can benefit from occasional
these baths would also oil baths, in the following descriptions, I will share some of the situations that
have summoned the recommendation for an essential oil bath.
strengthen the bond
between parent and Carmen, the oldest of two children, is an extremely bright, perhaps even
child. gifted, verbal five-year-old, who has been in our early childhood programs
since nursery. She is a large-headed child, a deep sleeper and is slow to wake
up. She often comes into the classroom pale and grumpy, only to gain color and interest after
our morning tea has been served. She is an imaginative and active player who is slow and
clumsy in her movements and often on her tiptoes. The rhythms of our morning, week and
year live so strongly in her that I have no doubt that, should the need ever arise, she could
lead the class and carry circle, story time and puppetry without me. She is the child of two

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very loving, young parents who are struggling to establish themselves in their professions
while carrying a mortgage and a private school tuition. Family life is chaotic and fast paced
each morning while everyone scatters to jobs, daycare and school. Even when Carmen is sick,
her parents cannot stay home from their jobs to care for her, so she is given a few Tylenol and
sent to school (where she quietly rests in a cozy spot that has become known as “Carmen’s
bed”). She is rushed as soon as she awakes, forced to eat a breakfast for which she does not
have the appetite, hurried into the car and eventually dropped off at school in a whirlwind
of conversation, impatience, and breathless sighs by her mother. As a result, Carmen often
throws huge tantrums at home and is known to be very moody and deeply sensitive to any
comment that could be perceived by her as a slight.

I suggested to the parents that this child should receive essential oil baths, both to soothe
and protect this child who has been pushed way beyond her tolerance level and to help
establish scheduled quality time where the parents can actively nurture their child. Both the
child and the parents needed to have non-rushed time together where the mother/father
could quietly observe the child and where the child could bask in this loving attention. She
received the baths and looked noticeably more relaxed the next day. The mother also said
that giving the baths helped her make the shift from job to home in a relaxed, timeless way
and allowed her to have the opportunity to pay undistracted attention to her oldest child.

Doug is an intense, forceful six-year-old in his second year of kindergarten. He is an only child
and his parents express frustration and confusion about his aggressive and unpredictable
behavior. He is a charming and charismatic boy but his social skills are poor and, coupled
with his erratic mood swings, this makes life with him in the classroom full of seemingly
never-ending conflicts. He is well loved by the other children in spite of his often-belligerent
attitudes. The children seem to recognize that Doug is different and that life is harder for
him. Before Doug can play, he often has adorned himself with a cloth around his waist and
then he asks for a cape to put around his shoulders. His play usually consists of building
a kind of fortress around himself and playing within its confines, occasionally making
plundering forays into the classroom to “rob” toys or push over someone else’s house. He is
surprisingly gentle and loving towards animals. My dog, who used to spend each day with
us in the kindergarten, is his best friend. Doug’s behavior indicates to me sensory integration
issues, especially with his tactile sense. When I see him lashing out at others I know he’s
feeling vulnerable and assaulted by the closeness and movements of others. It must be
terribly frustrating and frightening when he is unable to trust the information streaming into
him from his senses. When I ponder this, his outbursts take on a deeper meaning for me.

With Doug, too, I suggested regular essential oil baths, again with the hope of accomplishing
several things at once. The oil, I believed, would provide this deeply sensitive child with an
extra layer of skin so he could feel more protected, safer and held. The bath preparation
and quiet time during and after the bath could provide Doug and his parents with a time
together lacking in frustration, tension and punishment. I hoped this precious time together
could support the building of understanding, rapport and sympathy for his ongoing

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 difficulties. The morning after his first bath, Doug came into the classroom with rosy cheeks
and bright eyes and he ran straight to me to give me a hug. Although we were devoted to
each other this is something that he did not often do. His parents reassured me that they
had not said anything to him about my bath recommendation, but we all know that when
we carry the well-being of a child deeply within us, whether we are doing a child study,
preparing for a parent-teacher conference or in our meditative practice, on some level the
child always knows and is grateful for our efforts.

The last example I want to share is of little Oscar, an intelligent, precociously awake six-
year-old who was in his first year of kindergarten. Although Oscar had a younger sister,
he was very innocent and naive about all childhood activities. This was a child who
resided exclusively in his thoughts and ideas, full of questions and facts, very logical in all
his responses and very ill at ease with all the give-and-take needed for successful social
relationships with his peers. He tired easily on our walks, had little upper-body strength, did
not imitate and did not know how to play. Not only did he not have a clue as to how to play,
he also couldn’t figure out why anyone would want to play. Instead, he stayed by my side,
full of questions and comments, often curious as he watched me sew or knit, all the while
shunning any child who tried to engage him in play.

He, too, received a series of essential oil baths to help soften the sclerotic physical body he
was already forming and to provide his parents with an activity where they could silently
accompany him in a healing process. So often parents keep company with their children by
using a running monologue or they shower their children with questions. With this bath I
hoped Oscar’s parents could provide him with quiet, attentive companionship, and that the
bath would also help him sleep so that he was not burdened by the usual hours of time that
it took him each night to digest his day.

Much to the credit of all of these parents, they embarked on an unknown journey,
proceeding only with my suggestions. They faithfully and rhythmically gave their children
these baths and shared with me their experience. All of the parents found it to be relaxing for
themselves. They remarked with gratitude that their children fell into a deep, relaxed sleep
immediately after the first bath. Many parents experienced the value of being with their child
in a no-stress, no-hurry and no-agenda environment, some of them for the first time. All of
the parents expressed gratitude for the opportunity to practically and effectively (not to
mention easily) help their child.

When I first suggest oil baths, I speak to the parents about what I see in their child and how
I think he or she might benefit (protection, loosening and softening, etc.) and then I speak
about my own experience with these baths, both as a teacher and on a more personal level.
I then give them the handout1 which I received (and altered) when I was a student in the

1 This handout is reproduced following this article, as well as a description of another kind of therapeutic bath, the
nutritional bath.

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Gradalis therapeutic training program. I describe to the parents how to prepare the bath,
how important a quiet and healing inner state is to the process and also how to mix the oils.
I cannot prescribe, nor would I know how to ascertain, what is the exact oil for each child, as
a doctor would with an oil dispersion bath. Instead, I suggest they use what is likely to be on
hand: olive oil for the fatty oil and a rose or lavender essence for the essential oil. I choose
olive oil because most people have it on hand and because it has a long history of service to
humanity. The rose or lavender essences are often used for protection and warmth: just what
children need today. I also tell parents that I am willing to prepare the bath and the bedroom
for the child for the first bath, if they feel hesitant to do so themselves. I have assisted
several parents initially to get started with this process but I never stay for the bath and, for
subsequent baths, the parents do it themselves.

In Chapter 15 of his book, Spiritual Science and Medicine, Rudolf Steiner states that in the
future it is essential that we bring the oil forming processes of plants into a relationship with
the human ego or I. We are seeing today what Steiner refers to as a “cooling of the soul,”2
when the ego forces can no longer maintain the warmth organism. One of the main reasons
we give any type of oil bath is to engage the warmth organism. In the past, most illnesses
were inflammatory in nature, illnesses having to do with warmth, while today, ninety
percent of all illnesses are sclerotic in nature. Even our body temperatures are slightly lower
than in the past. We see this cooling in many other ways too—children in nurseries and
kindergartens are thin, pale, talkative and anxious. Their lower senses are underdeveloped
while their upper senses seem to predominate with cold logic and little social understanding.
The physical body is often listless or chaotic, there is little stamina and the will-to-do has not
yet been developed. Engaging in play and imitation are increasingly difficult for the child
and one is struck by the lack of enthusiasm and the difficulty that children are having in
connecting with the world around them.

Also, among adults, we have all witnessed and been guilty of lack of interest. How many
times in our conversations and meetings do we busy ourselves formulating our answers or
arguments instead of listening to the other person? How many times do we refuse to see the
other? I commute long hours every week and am always a bit shocked to see people walking
around or sitting on the train, living in their own little worlds while plugged into their iPods
or talking on their cell phones. And we know the impact that modern technology has had on
our ability to engender warmth in our relationships.

I remember a conversation I had many years ago with my next-door neighbor in Vermont.
He had been a dairy farmer all his life and at the time of our conversation he was 89 years
old. I asked him what major changes he had witnessed in the world during his lifetime so far.
His answer was sad and sobering. “The biggest difference I can see,” he said, “is that people
are less human than they used to be.” My friend lived in the times when people, while giving
each other tremendous independence—this was New England, after all—were also keenly

2 Rudolf Steiner, Spiritual Science and Medicine.

71
 aware of how each family was managing. Wordlessly, they would show up during haying
season, once my friend was in his late sixties, to lend a hand. Burned-down barns were raised
in a weekend by the whole community and sick neighbors were watched over by all. While
these acts of kindness are still found in all of our communities, Harold, for that was his name,
felt that people are too hurried today to really listen, and that when they speak they do not
take the time to pass the words through their souls, as he would put it. Faces are harder and
there is less interest in people’s eyes when they look at you, if indeed they make the effort
to do so. He felt that people are so busy today trying to keep up that we have forgotten how
to live and he saw little joy or gratitude in our modern lives, two attributes that for him were
truly human.

Oil baths work directly on the ego organization, or, better said, challenge the I to work
through the warmth organism. Oils are basically created in the plant kingdom through the
plant’s leaves interaction with the warmth and light of the sun forces. Only ten percent of all
plants produce ethereal oils. During the day, the sun, through heat and light,
There is no limit to the lightly touches matter (the plant), and, through the interaction of these two
benefits of these baths. substances, an oil is produced. Essential oils are formed by the combination
People of any age can of carbon (an earthly substance) and hydrogen (connected to the sun) and
are formed during the daytime. In the evening these oils travel to other parts
benefit from them,
of the plant, especially the seed, though some of the oil stays in the leaves.
including the early Astral forces, always present when there are excretory processes, such as seed
childhood teacher formation, change these oils into essential oils. If one asks oneself, “Where is
the soul in the plant?” any biodynamic farmer would tell you that it is hovering
above the plant and is active in the seed formation of the plant. Indeed, Novalis asks, “Can
we not say the essential oil of the plant is the soul?”3

It is interesting to note that, while essential oils are formed by the interaction of carbon and
hydrogen, the fatty oils have a chemical relationship to oxygen, which makes them more
earthly in nature. The plants that grow closest to the equator have more of a relationship to
oxygen than those grown further north; coconut oil is more earthy than, say, safflower oil.
Olive oil has the least relationship to oxygen, making it the fatty oil most closely connected
to essential oils. Another interesting aspect of olive oil is that its melting temperature is 98.6
degrees Fahrenheit, so that one could say this oil also has a very close relationship to the
human being.

There is no limit to the benefits of these baths. People of any age can benefit from them,
including the early childhood teacher him- or herself. The baths can be given once a week,
though I often suggest a pause in the baths after six to seven weeks to reassess and allow the
body to actively carry the impulse of the baths. Only one essential oil is used at a time but
the oil can be changed for each bath. Rhythm, as a support for our life forces, is extremely
important. The baths should happen at the same time of day and the same day of the week.

3 Quoted in Gerhard Schmidt, “Oil Forming Process,” 16.

72
 This then has the added effect of bringing the will into the healing impulse of the bath. It is
important to have a rest lasting at least one hour afterwards. I recommend that parents give
this bath just before bedtime, so that their child can enjoy a deep, healing sleep after the
bath. I also encourage parents not to dry their child after the bath, thereby rubbing the oils
off the skin, but, rather to swaddle the child and tuck him or her into a warm bed. Pajamas
can be put on once the child is asleep and dry.

My experience has been that preparing these baths for the friends, family and children in
my care has given many blessings—especially the gift of being truly present in the moment.
Letting go of everyday distractions and concerns in order to wholeheartedly enter into a
purposeful relationship with earthly and cosmic elements/forces has many healing effects.
Just as a doctor-and-patient relationship has the potential of elevating and deepening both
doctor and patient, so, too, these baths are healing for both the receiver and the giver. It is in
the act of true service to the other that our souls become warmed and that we can say and
experience, “Not I, but the Christ in me.”

References
Schmidt, Gerhard. “The Oil-Forming Process: The Basis in Nature for Oil-Dispersion Bath
Therapy.” Spring Valley, NY: Mercury Press, 1983.
Steiner, Rudolf. Spiritual Science and Medicine. London: Rudolf Steiner Press, 1948. Recently
republished as Introducing Anthroposophical Medicine. Hudson, NY: Anthroposophic Press,
1999.

Essential Oil Bath Recipe

Supplies:
1. Prescribed bath oil (usually a ten or twenty percent mixture of essential oil in a fatty oil):
one part essential oil (gives a sense picture to the skin) to nine parts fatty oil (provides a
sheath).
2. A jar with a cap.
3. Warm towels and/or nightclothes.

Procedure:
Prepare bed, warm room and close all windows to avoid a draft.

The temperature of the bath should be measured by suspending a thermometer in the tub.
For cardiovascular and nervous disorders, temperatures should be from 89.6–93° F (32–34°
C). For metabolic problems, the temperature should be higher. The person should be

73
 comfortable, neither shivering nor perspiring. Do not change the bath temperature in the
middle of the bath. You may need to begin the treatments with the bath temperature closer
to body temperature and to work it down to the prescribed level in subsequent baths.

Draw the bath. Maintain a quiet, healing mood in the room, lighting a candle or saying a
quiet prayer. Do not have your child with you as you do this.

While you are drawing the bath, put the prescribed oil in a mason jar one-quarter to one-
third full of warm water. Shake the jar with the water and oil for ten to fifteen minutes to
suspend the oil in the water. While you are shaking it, you may change hands but do not
stop shaking the jar. “Lighten” the bath water by moving it slowly in a lemniscate; the water
must be moving for the oil to disperse properly. Without ceasing to shake the jar, pour the
oil/water mixture into the bath. Do not touch the water after adding the oil. Have person lie
in the bath, covered to the neck if possible. She should lie very still. If you are giving this to
a young child, perhaps you could tell or read her a story. With a pure oil bath, there should
be as little movement as possible and no rubbing or washing. After the bath, wrap person in
a warm towel, do not dry, and have her rest quietly. Quiet rest leads to a particularly strong
effect. Touching or rubbing the body causes the effect of the oil to diminish. Give the person
a hot water bottle for the feet, if needed for warmth. She should not perspire.

The initial bath should not exceed seven minutes and may often be as short as three to five
minutes. With subsequent baths, one may build up to fifteen to twenty minutes.

Give the bath twice a week for six to seven weeks, always on the same day and at the same
time. Rhythm is extremely important.

I have found this bath to be useful for children with sensory-integration difficulties, especially
tactile defensiveness and for children who are anxious and nervous. This bath is extremely
helpful in consolidating the warmth organism.

Nutritional Bath Recipe

Many children in our time have added stresses in their lifestyle. They travel long distances,
have irregular rhythms and routines, suffer from poor nutrition and lack of sleep, are
inundated with input to their senses and nervous systems and are susceptible to other
interruptions that our accelerated times present. Nutritional baths can be a positive healing
tool that may strengthen and counteract some of the repercussions of our challenging
times. —Ruth Ker

Indications:
1. Convalescence, especially from a wasting illness.
2. Nutritional disorders.

74
 3. Addictions and withdrawal.
4. Child who is not “herself” after an experience or an illness.
5. Detoxification after exposure to chemicals, use of antibiotics, etc.
6. Hyperactivity and chaos.
Do not administer this bath if there is a fever or evidence of a local inflammation (cold, flu,
otitis, inflamed cut, etc.).

Temperature:
This is a substance bath. Temperature should preferably not be above 98—100° F (37—38°
C), but the patient must be comfortable. Warm the bathroom and the bedroom.

Ingredients:
1. Free-range or organic egg (yolk only): addresses metabolic system.
2. 1 cup raw (or at least non-homogenized with no additives) milk: addresses rhythmic
system.
3. 1 organic lemon: addresses nervous system.

Supplies:
1. Small bowl
2. Sharp knife
3. Fork
4. Container for compost

Draw the bath water slightly above the desired temperature. Break the egg, separate the
yolk and gently stir the yolk. Add milk to the yolk and stir gently. Cut the lemon UNDER the
bath water, score the skin and express the juice. Add milk and egg to the tub water. Mix
the ingredients and lighten the water by gently moving it in a lemniscate. Think of drawing
two opposite poles together, a picture of the rhythmic system. If your movements are
mechanical, if the water splashes against the ends of the tub or if your attention wanders,
it will hinder the effects of the bath. The hand should not cut through the water but should
rather draw the water along with it… move with the water.

The water is allowed to become quiet. Then the patient lies in the water, submerged to the
neck for five to fifteen minutes. After the bath, wrap the patient in a towel without drying her
off. The rest period should ideally be an hour. Young children can be put in their pyjamas wet
(pure cotton is best) and allowed to sleep through the night. Adjust their wrappings after a
short time so they do not perspire.

Do twice a week on the same day and at the same time for seven weeks. Rhythm is very
important. ✦75
 Extract from
Work and Play
in Early
Childhood
Freya Jaffke

F reya Jaffke, in her book, Work and Play in Early Childhood, (Edinburgh: Floris Books, 1996),
has some valuable information for teachers and parents regarding the transition time
leading up to the final freeing of the etheric and, consequently, the child’s readiness for the
grade school experience. The first excerpt below is from pages 65-67. —Ruth Ker

The Crisis of Will and Imagination

Around the Age of Five

A t around the age of five, an obvious crisis can be observed in many children,
particularly in those who are actively creative. Further changes occur in children’s
development because the formative forces actively structuring the body from within
are increasingly freeing themselves from the metabolic and limb system. The will has to
re-orientate itself to unite itself with the ideas which are gradually awakening in children of
this age. This takes a while. For a time children will not have so many imaginative ideas, their
will appears to be paralysed and they ask “What shall I do?” or say: “I’m bored.” We should
not appeal to the imagination at this point as it needs to be treated with care and should be
left in peace. We can let the children do small, straightforward activities which they will see
as being related to what adults do. For example:
● cutting out, sewing, drawing small picture books;
● making needle cases, arranging needles into them;
● sandpapering a letter opener which has been quickly carved by an adult;
● requesting help, without making demands!

77
 ● threading a ribbon or a piece of elastic;
● Drying up, sweeping;
● Sawing wood in the garden place

This kind of work should take place near an adult as the children want and need such
proximity. They are still going through a period of imitation even if they are genuinely
beginning to work. For the first time there is a hint of obligation but entirely within the
context of imitative activity. After a certain period of “work” they will want to play again. The
imagination recalls pictures of real life situations, for example a hairdresser, a hospital with an
ambulance, a fishing boat, a shop, a family, a fire brigade, a space ship, and turns them into
impulses for play.

The Will Unites with the Power of Ideas

I t is important to remember that while the environment and the toys have not changed, the
relationship to them has. If the will wants to act on an impulse to play, it must now unite
with the idea. With the aid of the imagination which has been so richly practiced in the past,
it finds or transforms objects into what the idea demands. This is a key process.

Imagination, patience, perseverance and enthusiasm are all necessary to put an idea for play
into practice, as is the readiness to overcome problems. The will is strongly involved in all
these qualities but in a way which is determined by activities.

For example, a child under the age of five might see a bent stick, pick it up, and say, “I’m a
chimney sweep.” After the age of five the child first has the idea of wanting to be a chimney
sweep and then says: “To be a chimney sweep I need a long rolled up brush.” The child looks
for one and finally makes one by tying a feather duster to a long piece of string and then
fixing the string to a stick.

Before the age of five, the will took hold of an object which, after an external prompt,
took on life in the imagination. Now the will has to work from within itself to establish a
purposeful connection between the idea and the imagination. Children who have plenty
of opportunities to practise this internal work are lucky! It requires effort and may be
difficult. However, if the objective is achieved, it is cause for deep satisfaction or even noisy
celebration.

If children are not given any opportunity for this kind of internal work, they can easily
become unruly. This makes us think that they should be put to work—for example,

78
 sandpapering, sawing, nailing—and that they simply need to perform some strenuous task
in which they can really work their muscles. They certainly should be allowed to do this when
it is required in the normal course of events. An attentive and forward-thinking educator will
find enough opportunities for this throughout the year. For example:

● sawing up branches left in the garden after the trees have been pruned;
● renewing the borders of flower beds and moving large stones in the summer;
● attaching logs to boards to make steam rollers;
● excavating lakes and rivers with a spade;
● playing games involving running, calling, catching, rolling tires, skipping

These are all important activities, and children and teachers may work or play in this way
with great enthusiasm. However, we should not forget that the forces of the will should
not only be practised in physical activity, but also, particularly at this age, internally, in the
handling of living ideas. If children grow strong in this sphere as well, they are more likely
to become balanced individuals. Nevertheless, if children do not have the opportunity to
exercise their imagination, it is better for them to engage in physical work rather than to go
racing wildly around.

On page 70 of the same book, Freya Jaffke offers this advice to the adults who care for the older
children in the kindergarten:

In the final year of the kindergarten, another crisis in the way children play may occur. The
children suddenly no longer feel themselves to be kindergarten children and say, “From now
on we only want to work!” Children who feel this can be included in the work of the adult
and allowed to help properly. After a short time they will begin to play again. ✦

79
 Section Three

Building the
Social Fabric
of a Mixed-Age
Kindergarten
W hen a person comes up against serious things in terms of what works
and does not work in life: when faced with matters of usefulness and
practicality: in those circumstances we can see a reemerging of an
attitude which showed itself in free play earlier on.

Just think what this means. We want to educate effectively and

know: you observe a characteristic disposition in the play of a child:
you guide and direct it now and this will bear fruit twenty years
from now, when this person will be coming to terms with the world, a
world which should be useful to him and in which he should find his
proper place. Just think what feelings arise in the soul of the early
childhood educator, who realizes: what I accomplish with this child, I
accomplish for the grown-up person in his twenties.

Rudolf Steiner
Education in the Face of the Present-Day World Situation

Earlier in the same excerpt, Steiner talks about the “consequences of

the children’s play” in the first seven years showing their “outcome”
later because of “what it leads to later on in life… between the
ages of twenty-one and twenty-eight, the time of life during which
people find their way into the world and have to grapple with real-life
experience.” —Ruth Ker

81
You
Can’t Play
with
Me
Barbara Klocek

W hen I first began teaching, I thought my main goals were to create a wonderful
environment for the children, to create a harmonious breathing in the morning and
to give the children an opportunity to experience through their head, heart and
hands. I still feel these are important elements in our work; however, over the years I have
come to see that there are other more subtle but equally important aspects to our work.

These lie in the social realm. Many questions come to mind. Is it part of the teacher’s role to
enter into the social realm or do we “let the children work it out”? Do the children feel safe
in our classroom? Are the children free to play with whomever they want or can they reject
other children? Do we step in when the play becomes exclusive or too rough? Is the role of
the teacher to create the social mood, or is this mood set by the children? How do we meet
the children who at the age of six are saying, “You are not the boss of me”? What do we do
when we are met with outright defiance from a child?

Each year these questions are brought to light with different children. This year I had several
situations that needed my attention. One comes to mind when I think of the six-year-old
children who have a tendency to exclude other children. Over the years I have come to
the rule that all children get to play together. If two children are longing for time alone, I
suggest a play date with the families so that the children can enjoy each other’s company in
that way. This year a six-year-old girl, with a summer birthday, returned as one of our oldest
children. Two other returning girls were her best friends and she loved to be the leader. This
year, instead of being the mellow trio of last year, they started competing for each other’s
friendship and were not at all inclusive of the new children. I tried gentle diversions such as
having one bake bread while the other two played, but they were like magnets to each other.
So around the middle of October my co-teacher and I decided to tell them that they were on

83
 vacation from each other so that they could make new friends. The first day or two they were
at a loss, but soon they were found happily playing with other children. How delighted the
new children were to make friends with them. After a month, we said that we had noticed
how many new friends they had and that they could play together if they would include the
other children. This worked well for a while but a few weeks later they were in their intensive
trio again. So we gave them a week together or a week on vacation depending on the mood
of their play and it seemed to work well. There is much more breathing between them now
and their circle of friends is much larger. In order to implement this with support, I had a
short phone conversation with the involved parents so they would understand how I was
working. I was unsure how these parents would feel about these “vacations,”
“You can’t say you can’t but one mother put me at ease, saying how grateful she was and how it was
play,” similar to her sending her two daughters to their own rooms until they could
play nicely together.
“We all play together.”
“We’re all together This brings up the question of whether children should be able to exclude
in this land.” other children. Sometimes this will manifest as children forming a trio, groups
with only boys or girls, or various combinations. I have struggled with this
question over the years and was delighted to come across the book, You Can’t Say You Can’t
Play, by Vivian Paley. She is a kindergarten teacher and storyteller who also struggled with
this question and held many discussions with different-aged children about it. She also came
to the rule, “You can’t say you can’t play,” and found it created a much more harmonious
classroom. I try to put a positive slant on it by saying “we all play together.” A colleague told
me that she says, “We’re all together in this land.”

Often preschool is one of the first steps out of the home and into a classroom. One of the
main skills children learn is how to get along in a group and this is often learned from the
classroom rules of that first experience away from home. The arrows of exclusion and the
pain of rejection are hard at any age. We, as teachers, have a unique opportunity to help
children develop new social skills. Even at the age of four, and more strongly by the age of
six, the children experience sympathies and antipathies toward other children. How can we
help them move beyond this reaction and begin to play and work together at another level?
I personally have come to see this as an important part of my work toward world peace, in
this tiny kingdom called the Red Rose Kindergarten. It doesn’t happen magically that the
children get along and include everyone, but over time, they open up their play to everyone
and indeed welcome new friends. I am fairly active initially, by supporting the children to
be included if other children have just said they cannot play, by helping them extend the
house, dress up or bring some wooden “cookies” as a segue into the other children’s play. As
the year progresses, these skills have been learned by the children and I am not so actively
involved but watch and listen from an interested distance. Peace does begin to flow in the
kindergarten.

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Do the children feel safe in our classroom? This, for me, is an important gauge as to whether
I am disciplining in the right way. If we as the teachers are not in charge, usually some
of the older, choleric children will be in charge. We can see them shouting commands,
directing the play, putting themselves first and even challenging the teacher’s authority.
These children are often the leaders of the class and it is our responsibility to see that they
are kind and benevolent kings and queens and not tyrants. So one of my main tasks is to
listen with sensitive ears as to when the play is too rough or chaotic. Listening from the
periphery I am always sensing the tone in the classroom. If it is not harmonious but has a
tinge of pain, anger or fear, quietly I move into that space, sometimes just sitting with my
work, or sometimes entering into the play and redirecting it with appropriate interventions.
This provides an opportunity to work with the six-year-olds directly, for this is a time when
their feeling life is becoming stronger and often they find themselves nearly overwhelmed
by their inner storms. New tools are needed to meet these phenomena that the children
are experiencing. Here I can help soothe the storm and create a space in which each child
can speak and be heard. I can help find a middle path if necessary. With this assistance, I see
the feelings of relief on the children’s faces and things settle down. Everyone is safe in this
kingdom.

Every year as the children turn six they begin to jostle together in a new way. They each want
to “be the boss” of the game and voices begin to rise in anger. For example, once all of the
boys wanted to be the captain of the boat. I gently and quickly interjected that “on this boat
everyone is captain.”

I waited too long one year to help temper the power struggle and a pattern of arguing had
become established during outdoor play time. Often if the children are given work to do
they can happily cooperate together. In one case I bought a bag of six-penny nails and two
choleric boys were delighted to be allowed to hammer them into the fence for the first part
of recess. Then they were able to settle into play.

I had an opportunity this fall to deal with the outright defiant child. Usually I find this attitude
begins later in the year, generally in early spring when the six-year-olds are moving out of
imitating and are beginning to find their relation to the world in terms of who is in charge.
Rudolf Steiner speaks about the seven-year-old child learning out of a respect for authority
as well as out of imitation (as the younger child does). So we as teachers of the six-year-olds
are being met with this transition time every year. It is not an easy transition for either the
child or the teacher and how we cope with it influences the mood of the whole class. I find
that by living and breathing our rhythms and stories so deeply together, the class becomes a
living organism around the beginning of December. If, then, in early spring, the six-year-olds
are resisting cleanup or circle, the class already is a cohesive whole and my firm but gentle
hand will bring a new respect from these children as they experience the teacher as an
authority.

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 However, the child mentioned above came in September with a defiant attitude. Only with
much coaxing would he participate in circle. He was rude to the other children in his play as
he insisted on his own way. He did not respect the quiet times and would be disruptive at
other times. I have in my classroom a “watching chair.” This is any convenient chair where a
child can sit and watch how other children are doing a task correctly. I find this very helpful
early in the year if the children are in line and one is pushing, or at cleanup time when all the
children are helping except for one who is spinning out. These children often need to come
out of movement into stillness (sitting), to simply notice what is going on. I often will sit
down beside the child in the watching chair and point out what the other children are doing
and then I will invite him or her to participate in that same way. I do not see this as a punitive
redirection but rather as an instructive way to help the child become centered. The children
who are being cooperative and gentle, meanwhile, are being noticed for their kind behavior.

I had had this same boy the previous year. His birthday was in June so he was already five
during his first year with us. He had some challenges in sensory integration, and had adopted
many difficult social patterns from previous daycare situations. His parents were aware of
the problems and followed through on my suggestions to give him some extra help through
sensory integration therapy. We saw improvement at the end of the year; however, when he
returned the following September he was even more defiant. The first year it was difficult
for him because sometimes he couldn’t do what was asked. This year I felt his resistance was
because he wouldn’t. This is a difficult but very important distinction to perceive, but over
time, with observation, it usually becomes ascertainable.

His defiance began to spread with his classmates as well as with the teacher. Other children
either did not like him or began to imitate him, and I felt the mood of the class was being
shaped by his attitude. We had a conference with his parents and I was clear about how
serious this problem was. I told them I could not see him succeeding in a larger class in first
grade with this defiant attitude. I asked the parents to be stricter in response to his defiance.
I felt he needed a wake-up call as to the effects of his behavior. We arranged that when he
was defiant in school, his parents would be called to come and get him. When he was taken
home it was not to be a time of fun but rather an experience of time-out.

When he returned from a weekend of his parents being more consequent, he was better.
However, before long he was refusing to come down from a tree at school when it was time
to go inside. I told him I was calling his father. He was startled and said no. I said I needed
to phone them because he was not listening. He sat contritely until his father came and I, in
front of him, said to the father that I was very sad that he would not listen, and tomorrow we
would give him another chance. Coming to school is a privilege.

What a change this brought about. He became much more responsive and began new
patterns of cooperation with the teachers. He learned to play much better with the children,
although he is still working out issues of “who is the boss.” This was the first time in over
fifteen years of teaching that I have sent a child home in this way.

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 I am finding that parents have increasingly more difficulties in setting boundaries and
following through on them with their lively children. I have two copies of John Rosemond’s
book, Six Steps for Raising Healthy, Happy Children, in my parent library. This is a wonderful
mainstream resource for parents, which supports their relationship with each other, their role
as authorities within the family, and the importance of no media for their children.

Our involvement as teachers in the social realm can create an opportunity for many social
skills to be learned, for many rough edges to be smoothed and for many friendships
to blossom. The children can relax and play and learn because they feel safe and can
experience harmony as a reality in our classroom. I like to think of my contribution to world
peace as the children pass over my threshold on to their next destination. The six-year-old
transformation gives all of us, as teachers and parents, an opportunity to make a difference
for the future. ✦

References
Paley, Vivian. You Can’t Say You Can’t Play. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992,
Rosemond, John. Six Steps for Raising Healthy, Happy Children. Kansas City: Andrews and
McMead, 1989.

87
The Six-Year-Old
in a
Mixed-Age
Kindergarten

Laurie Clark

F or the many years that I have had the privilege of working in a Waldorf kindergarten, I
have preferred a mixed-age setting. I repeatedly see that the three-and-a-half-year-olds
are pouring out fantasy into play and the older children are organizing this fantasy by
putting their newfound capacity for ideas into action. It has been delightful to be part of
this mixture. Over the years, I have often witnessed the dilemma of children in the second
half of the kindergarten year when the door into the fantasy world tends to close and the
door into their new consciousness has not yet opened. I have searched for new ways to
serve the needs the children bring at this critical time. Certainly, each year every group
of children brings various needs and gifts to the class and every teacher is challenged to
respond with what is needed to balance the situation at hand.

One of the best ways to begin to understand the six-year-olds is to listen to the very
interesting things they have to say. There is usually an abundant and creative quality in
their wonderful questions and conversations. While we were sitting down for snack one
day, Kieran, a six-year-old boy, suddenly announced, “Yesterday, I was looking up at the
clouds and one of them fell right into my pocket, and here it is!” To the astonishment of the
mixed-age group of children, Kieran proceeded to pull out a wad of white cotton. While the
younger children looked on in awe, one of the other six-year-old girls in the class broke the
spell by replying, “That is not a cloud. That is cotton from a vitamin bottle!” Kieran did not
miss a beat, however, and calmly said, “Yes, part of it is from a vitamin bottle and the other
part is from a cloud.”

What I saw in this situation was that Kieran was protectively pulling the world of early
childhood around him with the cloud image while taking a step into the world of reality by
agreeing that part of the cotton came from the vitamin bottle. The six-year-old begins to

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 have an increasing ability to distinguish fantasy from reality, though magic keeps a strong
hold in the core of the child’s being.

Another story told by a six-year-old in our class went something like this: “Did you know, Mrs.
Clark, that the world is round? In the North Pole, the people and the polar bears have to put
a lot of maple syrup on themselves so that they get sticky enough not to fall off of the earth.
They have to have a lot of maple syrup, at least eight hundred gallons for everyone because
they are at the bottom of the world.” The consciousness of the child at this stage is waking
up and trying to comprehend certain facts but continues to weave this reason into their own
world view in a constant and creative way.

These comments are a beautiful example of the inner situation of the six-year-old children.
They are in the process of bridging two worlds, leaving early childhood behind and
beginning to take steps towards the world of the grade school child, ready
The six-year-old begins to learn about the world with a new and awakening awareness that is being
to have an increasing flooded with picture imaginations.
ability to distinguish
The gap in the mouth that appears because of missing teeth is also a picture
fantasy from reality. in the very physiognomy of the six-year-old child’s dilemma. The baby teeth
have fallen out but the permanent teeth have not yet revealed themselves;
a mysterious gap awaits the arrival of its new larger inhabitant. Meanwhile, the child must
endure this emptiness. The emptiness in the mouth becomes a metaphor for the state of
the child’s being. This emptiness can be painful; the child can be extremely sensitive and
vulnerable emotionally. Laughter and tears can come streaming in side by side. Restlessness
can creep into the child’s gestures as she tries to find her footing between two worlds. A
major developmental transformation is in process.

On the other hand, the six-year-old children can be the flames of enthusiasm who delight their
fellow classmates with ideas for new adventures and new games. During playtime, they are
often the ones who orchestrate creative scenarios, becoming so involved in the process that
they are completely detached from the outcome and often move on to another idea before
the first one can actually happen. At other times, the well of their fantasy life becomes quite dry
and teachers can help them to re-engage in the play by drawing them temporarily into some
kind of meaningful work. The children are often grateful for this opportunity, and it is soothing
to them to have guidance from the teacher to find appropriate activities during this time.

How can the teacher meet the needs and provide activities in the kindergarten to help the
child in these extreme situations? How can we as teachers create possibilities for the many
new impulses that the six-year-old child reveals and is longing to put into action?
Years ago, at our school, Colette Green, a colleague, friend and longtime Waldorf
kindergarten teacher, began a Golden Knights Club once a week for about one-and-a-
half hours. Some of our older children go home at noon, and some stay longer in the
afternoons. Colette had her assistant put the younger children to rest while she took the

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 older ones to another room or outside to do special activities. Since then, all three of the
other kindergartens in Denver have adapted this idea in various ways. I have spoken to other
teachers around the country that have also done similar things. I am not sure where this
inspiration first began. Below are a few suggestions that belong to this idea.

The Golden Knights Club

T he very word “club” could denote exclusivity and, at a time when the older children like to
play at excluding others, it is important that this is presented appropriately. Of course great
care is taken to approach this in a matter-of-fact way and the children soon adapt to the
idea that it is just another kindergarten activity that is available for everyone eventually. The
younger children can also benefit by looking forward to things in which they can partake
another year.

There are many possibilities for activities in the Golden Knights Club. Fairy tales and nature
stories that suit the six-year-old but are not appropriate for a mixed-age group can be
considered. This is especially helpful when the morning fairy tale is a simple one. The six-
year-olds are often ready to expand their attention for longer stories and more complex
images. This creates a satisfying mood and atmosphere around the children.

Community Service
C ommunity service of some kind that serves the class or the larger school can be
accomplished by these very capable six-year-olds. Great satisfaction is experienced by the
children as they do meaningful, real work that is helpful to others. It’s even more joyous if
the chore that’s done is a surprise for the recipient(s)! One of the satisfying service projects
that we accomplished was baking and delivering cookies to an older class in the school that
had previously served us by performing music at one of our festivals. Sweeping the sidewalk
in front of the school, picking up trash and cleaning all the cubbies in the hallway were
fine projects. Planting bulbs and flowers in designated areas is a great spring community
service. In general, all projects that beautify the school and the grounds for the whole school
community can grow into a satisfying social awakening for everyone.

The knights assist inside the classroom as well and are often asked to help with various jobs.
Fixing and gluing broken toys and sewing torn doll clothes and aprons are wonderful jobs
for these children. They sort all of the crayons into the correct rainbow color families after
drawing time. They almost always are asked to help wash the dishes and put them away after
snack. The knights are the great organizers during cleanup time and often help the younger
children find just where all of the toys need to go. When aprons need tying at baking time or
shoes need tying to go outside, the knights are there to help! They sometimes help to finish
certain projects for the younger children, such as sewing buttons onto the felted eggs that

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 we made just before Easter time. After watching the teacher set up an obstacle course a few
times, the knights enjoy setting it up for the class. Feeling needed to be true helpers in the
classroom with their new capacities instills confidence, security and joy in these six-year-olds.

Knights Club Artistic Activities

T here is also often (but not every time) an artistic activity. One of the first activities in Knights
Club this year was that each child made his or her own jump rope. The children each dyed a
soft rope in rainbow shades and then fingerknitted them into fine jump ropes. The children
were very happy to put to work the refined independent movement developing in their
hands by doing the finger knitting. After finishing, the challenge of learning to jump the
rope addressed the coordination and rhythm needed in gross motor movement. Each day at
Knights Club, we practiced jumping rope. Obstacle courses were also set up to challenge the
six-year-olds’ need for ever more challenging gross motor movements. Many other activities
that have been done include sewing, handwork, and using scissors to cut out snowflakes,
valentines and cutouts for moveable pictures. These creations challenge the fingers of the
six-year-olds as they try to coordinate and refine their hand movements.

There can also be a drawing time in a bound book that is used only for Knights Club. The
six-year-old tends to naturally create more intricate and detailed drawings and they enjoy the
privilege of having their own special book.

Snack
K nights Club also enjoys its own special snack. Often, there are organic cookies or popcorn to
eat and a beverage. This sharing of food provides a festive feeling each week. It is a mini-
celebration of the qualities and abilities that are unfolding in the upcoming first-graders.

End-of-year Project and Presentation

S ometime in the spring, around April, the Knights begin a project. With a group of children
a few years ago, the project that we did was to make simple marionettes. The children each
sewed a hem around a square cloth that was then made into a marionette that later became
a character in the fairy tale of Briar Rose. I chose this particular story because I had a little
girl in the class who had been with us for two years and who had developmental delay
challenges. She had truly been “asleep” in the tower and had awoken in so many incredible
ways on her journey with us so far. Her marionette became Briar Rose. We practiced the
marionette play several times and then did it for the children and parents of the class.
Needless to say, for those of us who knew this child and all she had been through, there was
not a dry eye in the house!

The previous year, I had a group of six-year-olds who loved to dramatize, or “play” the stories.
In the late spring, I told the Grimms’ story “The Queen Bee.” With the capes and silks used

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 at playtime, they dressed up as the various characters. We practiced the story a few times
and on the last day of school we “played” the story for the rest of the class. It was a satisfying
experience for all.

Conclusions and Beginnings

P lease remember that all of the above are only suggestions for the older children in their last
year in the kindergarten. Some teachers may feel that their current group of children would
be better served by an environment of simple play. This is also a very valid and rich choice.
The programs we create for our own particular groups depend on the children themselves,
the circumstances surrounding our kindergarten communities, and the approach the
teacher feels would be healthiest for that particular group. The children will flourish in an
environment where the warm, sincere and deep interest of the teacher meets the growing
needs of the children. ✦

93
The
Raft

Louise deForest

I t all started ten years ago. I had been a lead teacher at an established Waldorf school
for six or seven years and that year I received an interesting class. (My mother always
used the word “interesting” to describe something about which she did not want to
say anything negative and so I will call this particular class “interesting.”) It was a mixed-
age class but the majority of the children were older boys, whom I always enjoy. It was one
of those classes that we all get occasionally, where everything that has otherwise always
worked, in this case did not work. It was a class that came along to wake me up and to shake
me out of complacency in my work. In later years, it was discovered that many of these dear
children had severe learning disabilities, something that at the time I knew nothing about.
What I did know was that they could not sit still for story, they were wonderful players but
they quickly fell into chaos, transitions were excruciating for them and they expressed very
little interest in all the standard artistic and craft activities offered in a Waldorf classroom.
They were doers, this class, but what was there to do? The farm program that I eventually
established was still seven years away, though I am convinced that the seeds for that
program were planted way back with this class.

One thing they always loved to do was to go for walks and every walk had an adventure.
Although the school where I worked was close to New York City, we were blessed with
meadows, ponds, forests, farms and hills and there was no shortage of adventure material.
To meet their need for movement, we often started our mornings outside, either on our
playground or, more often, taking walks, and it was on such a walk that our year-long
adventure started.

Close to the school there was a swimming pond where all the children in the school spent
long hours with their parents during our hot, humid summers. Behind this swimming pond

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 there was what we call a nature pond, where great blue herons stopped to rest on their flight
south, where Canada geese raised their young in the spring and in which snapping turtles,
water rats, and countless frogs and fish called home. Wild berries grew along the shore and
angelica, wormwood, and wild rose hips formed thickets along the woodland paths. In short,
it was a place full of possibilities.

This is where we walked one early fall morning and we all ran to the nature pond to see
what new sights the day had for us. We had been watching the water rats’ hole and our vigil
was rewarded by seeing one of them swim out into the middle of the pond. We all found
long branches for fishing or poking into the mucky bottom and waited to see
As we carried our what would surface. In the middle of the pond there was a board, or series
project through the of boards, that looked intriguing, so we rallied our forces and with sticks
year, I began to notice pulling from one side and branches pushing from the other, we brought it
close enough to the shore to have a look. One of the children noticed a frayed
that the children were
rope tied to the side and it wasn’t long before the whole class was pulling
more at peace in the on the rope. Whatever we had at the end of that rope was heavy and BIG.
classroom. Finally, enough of it surfaced to allow us guesses as to what it had been. It was
obviously something made by someone; there were parts of boards nailed
together and ropes intertwined through the boards. The cry went out: “It’s a ship!” and the
thought of pirates living in our woods sent shivers of delight and apprehension through the
group. I took a closer look and mentioned that it looked like a raft to me and immediately
the children begged to pull it out and use it. Finally, here was something that truly interested
them!

In spite of all the force of determination that six-year-old children can muster, we still could
not pull it free of the muck and branches in the water and the disappointment was palpable.
Before I realized what I was saying, I mentioned that perhaps we should build a new raft. The
response was deafening and they were ready to start on this new project immediately. We
walked back to the kindergarten and the rest of the day was spent reliving the excitement of
our morning.

That evening I went home and wondered what I had gotten myself into. We all know that
once we have said something, we are bound to do it, but I found myself hoping that in
the next few days something else would come along that would distract them from their
project. No such luck! So it was a week or so later that I found myself sharing this story with
the parents in a class meeting, feeling more than a bit overwhelmed at the enormity of what
I had said I would do. I love to work and am quite handy at most things, but boat building
went far beyond my skills and I was sincerely regretting speaking before thinking. Luckily
for me and the children, the parents became very excited about this new experience and
immediately one mother volunteered to help us one day a week. A father donated logs and
one of my colleagues had a shallow pond next to her house, within walking distance of the
school, where we could both build and (hopefully) float this raft.

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So the planning began. I decided that we would devote one morning a week to this project,
Wednesdays, and we would spend most of our morning at the site, having snack there
while the weather was still warm. The logs were dropped off and it was up to us to craft,
out of these different-length logs, a sea-worthy vessel. On our first working morning, many
of the boys showed up with saws, screwdrivers and hammers, and it wasn’t many weeks
before every child, even the most delicate girl, showed up with tool belts strapped to their
waists and boots on their feet, ready for their day’s work. My adult helper, Eve Sheridan, a
sculptor and artist, was full of enthusiasm, and together we decided on our course of action.
First, the logs needed to be cut to size. Then we would lash them together and peg them
to boards underneath, holding the logs to each other and to the planks beneath them.
We brought saw horses for the hand sawing and collected thick branches for making the
pegs. Each workday would find some children sitting on logs in the scant shade of the trees,
whittling away at a branch to make the needed pegs; others would be sawing with great
concentration on the large logs and others cutting branches to size for the pegs. Once a log
was cut to size, we then needed to drill holes for the pegs, so we used a hand drill to make
the holes. There was more than enough for everyone to do but, when they tired, and for the
inevitable few who could not engage totally in the work aspects, there was lots to do with a
large field and pond to explore.

We worked on this raft almost every week for the entire year. It was a long walk for us but we
had been granted permission to take a shortcut through a neighbor’s garden and backyard
and we always stopped for a short rest as we admired her garden. I realize now what a gift
that was for us; week by week and month by month we had the opportunity to live the cycle
of the year through experiencing her garden. When we started, the asters and mums were in
full bloom; then one cold day the garden was covered in straw, a blanket for the winter, and
all lay still until one early spring morning we could see little green noses poking up through
the straw. On the cold days we would hear the blue jays and chickadees and on some of
the days we heard not a sound. Then suddenly there was our dear robin redbreast and sap
buckets on the trees and the very air seemed filled with the hum of life again. Watching the
subtle changes in this garden became as pleasant a project as our raft, and the children were
always eager to look for “garden news.”

As we carried our project through the year, I began to notice that the children were more at
peace in the classroom; suddenly they could listen to stories, they enjoyed our painting time,
and the playtime was the most productive that I had seen so far. Everyone rallied for cleanup
time and I noticed, as well, that they were working together. “Here, I’ll help you” and “Let’s do
it together” began to echo through the classroom. I also noticed that there was more respect
for all of our materials; no more scrubbing with the paint brushes on painting day, no toys
ever placed carelessly on the shelf, crumbs cleaned up from the floor without anyone being
asked to do it; in short, I noticed that the children had real respect for their “tools,” whatever
they were. At home, too, parents noticed a difference. Children were, of their own accord,

97
 volunteering to help—washing dishes, cleaning floors, fixing things around the house—and
there was the overall sentiment of “I can do it,” as the children grew in confidence, strength
and stamina.

Of course we still continued with most of our regular kindergarten activities; we did beeswax
modeling, baked bread, moved and sang in our circles, had stories, puppet shows and plenty
of indoor and outdoor play. Rest time, which we had after returning from the pond, became
a time of deep silence and true rest and was a balm for our bodies and souls after our
hard work. The more we worked and created, the more problems we solved with our raft,
the more deeply the children entered into the content of our activities. Something within
them—their profound intention to transform, to make changes, to contribute to the world—
had been satisfied, and out of that satisfaction, they were ready to receive all that the world
(in our small classroom) had to offer. Their potential was recognized, their intense desire to
contribute was seen and used and they were at peace with themselves and the world around
them.

I, however, was a mess. Would this thing ever float? Was this safe? Would we ever be done? I
was bolstered by the children’s enthusiasm and by the changes I had seen in them over the
course of the year, but I still did not know what I was doing. Was this the right thing to be
doing with kindergarteners? I had never seen anyone else do anything even close to this and
I wondered if I had strayed too far from kindergarten pedagogy. But my children led me on
and, in spite of my lack of boat-building confidence and my inner doubts, I persevered with
the project, and at last everything seemed ready to set sail.

When we were finally done, the raft was just a platform of logs and we planned to use a pole,
Tom Sawyer-style, to push it over the water. It was late spring, by now, and we had planned
a festival around the launching of our (hopefully) pond-worthy vessel. All the parents had
been invited for a picnic at the pond (the children did not know that they were coming), life
jackets had been gathered for the children to wear and great excitement was in the air. A few
weeks before the formal launching, Eve and I decided that we should test-sail it and, using
leftover logs to roll it into the water, we gave it a push… and watched it sink! Not totally, but
it was riding awfully low in the water. What now? Looking back after so many years, I do not
even know how we got it out of the water again and tipped it over; I’m sure it was not easy,
but turn it over we did! Then a quick trip to a lumberyard where we bought a long piece of
Styrofoam, doubled it and nailed it onto the bottom of the raft. We covered the Styrofoam
with paneling to both hold it in place and protect it from scrapes against rocks, and once
more pushed the raft into the pond. Success! It bobbed along the surface of the pond, just
waiting for the children. Then we pulled it out of the water again and left it ready for our
launching.

Only a few weeks were left before the end of school and the day of our “festival” dawned
bright and sunny. I was as excited as the children to set off towards the pond! With grunts
and groans, the children pushed the raft into the water and a cheer went up as it floated next

98
 to the shore. Eve volunteered to pole them across the pond, two by two, while I maintained
order on the shore. As the first two children stood on the raft and glided from shore, silence
enveloped the children as they watched, wide-eyed, all senses alert. Another cheer went up
as they reached the middle of the pond. Parents began to arrive and, seeing the children
already sailing, added their voices to the enthusiastic congratulations and
Children need wonder. One child said to his mother when she arrived, “We’re boat builders,”
experiences that and so they were.
tap their enormous
Each child had a turn to go on the raft and many had several. And each time,
potential, that spark
the raft held strong. There was an anxious moment when a heavier child,
their imaginations accompanied by a smaller friend, stepped on the raft. It floated very low in
and that give them the water and we all held our breath as we watched the water inch up around
the opportunity to the ankles of the children on the raft. But it made it back to shore with no one
transform substance. having to test their life jackets and a sigh of relief was breathed by all. After
everyone had had a turn, we spread our blankets and shared the food that
each family had brought and relived the steps in making this raft. Each child pointed to
different parts of the raft and explained how it was made, and every peg, every tie, every cut
piece was admired by all.

The raft stayed at the pond and was much-used by the son of my colleague (who was in my
class) and his friends, and I’m sure many adventures were had on it over the summer. In the
fall, a hurricane smashed it to pieces against a culvert and parts of it floated downstream,
perhaps to spark the imagination and will of yet another group of children. In any case, the
raft is still alive in my children’s memory, in their hands and in their hearts.

I am aware that not everyone is going to go out and build a raft with their older children.
In sharing this story, I am encouraging you to listen to your children, to hear what they
are asking for and to dare to bring them an experience that will meet their needs. There
is nobility in work and the children recognize and embrace this. We have all seen that the
generation coming into the world now is one that is longing to make a difference, one
with strong earthly intentions and a deep desire to fulfill those intentions. They are wise
beyond their years and long for recognition. They need experiences that tap their enormous
potential, that spark their imaginations and that give them the opportunity to transform
substance. As we know, the culture in which we now live is one that is hard for the child to
adapt to; “Is there a place in the world for me?” is an unconscious question that all children
carry. I believe that if we can offer them worthy experiences, we welcome them into this
world, and the children can find their places, full of confidence and joy and ready to take up
their particular tasks. ✦

99
The
Little Ones
in the
Classroom
Barbara Klocek

A fter circle time in our morning routine, as the children move into free play time, there
is a rush to the bookshelf under the loft. This is where the Little Ones live, small dolls
(one for each child) gathered in two baskets where they rest. The first thing in the
morning, many children seek out their Little Ones. Some are tucked into shirt pockets or
jumper tops and are carried away into play. As the children become gnomes, knights, and
princesses, their Little Ones accompany them on their imaginative journeys. Some Little
Ones are central to the play as elaborate ships and houses are built for them and all sorts of
adventures are played out with them.

The idea of the Little Ones was brought to our class by my colleague, Cynthia Lambert. In
her previous school, they were part of the kindergarten tradition and she was continuing
the tradition, busily making many Little Ones. I have traced the original idea back to Bonnie
River-Bento, who initially developed them as a therapeutic tool. What a wonderful addition
they have been to our classroom because of the way they develop anticipation and patience,
kindness and caring.

How do they come into the classroom? The timing of their arrival has been an important
teaching tool. I find that in my teaching I am continually moving on all levels between
being a strong, upright presence, such as in leading the circle, to a soft gentle holding from
the periphery, as in free play. This gesture varies throughout the seasons as well. Early in
the school year we take up the quality of strength in our hearts, heads and hands. From
the gesture of conquering with the help of Michael by making swords, we are learning to
be brave and to do what is right by being an upright, noble knight. This could be seen as
helping the children experience their own strong uprightness. Then this posture is balanced
by gentle nurturing with the arrival of the Little Ones.

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 Often early in October we find a note in the kindergarten from the Fairy Mother on the top
of the bookshelf under the loft. She has noticed how nicely the children are playing and
that some of the Little Ones from Fairy Land want to come and play with the children. The
first year, two or three Little Ones came nearly every day, with an exception if there was
a birthday celebration that day. We tried to choose the children with nurturing natures
to receive their Little Ones first, in order to encourage other children to imitate this. What
excitement there was! We would look to see who had arrived after circle, when one teacher
would look in the basket on the top of the bookshelf. Each Little One would have a tag on its
sleeve with its name and the name of the child for which it had come. The Little One’s names
were taken from nature, such as River, Dewdrop, Daisy or Dandelion. There
What a wonderful were many lessons in patience as some of the children had to wait for a long
addition they have time. We, and their parents, assured the children that each child would receive
been to our classroom one and, sure enough, before the month was out, every child did.
because of the Behind the scenes, where did they come from? The teachers made them out of
way they develop cotton knit, 11 inches square, made somewhat like a knot doll. We crocheted
anticipation and the hair, choosing the same color as the child’s hair. At our parent orientation
patience, kindness and before school, we gave one to each of the parents and asked them to dress
caring. them secretly by the end of September, so that the children would not know.
One of my friends, who is a quilter, gave us many pieces of fabric from which
the parents could choose. We had a rough pattern and asked that the clothes be sewn onto
the doll. Some made a simple shirt and pants, others were more elaborate, but we sought to
keep them simple. For some parents, this task was overwhelming, so we or another parent
would help them. Another teacher, who has Little Ones in her classroom, has a dollmaker
make them and the parents dress them with soft velour.

One of the children asked if he could take his home, so we wrote a letter to the Fairy Mother
and put it in the basket. She wrote back that “the Little Ones were too shy to leave the
classroom but would go home with the children on the last day of school before they were
going on into the first grade. The younger children’s Little Ones would go back to Fairy
Land over the summer to help with the harvest.” When the children returned to school the
following September, they would ask about their Little Ones and were content to wait when
they heard that the Little Ones did not like dragons and would be coming later. When the
time came for the Little Ones to come, we began with those belonging to the returning
children. What a joyous reunion they had, and the children continued some of the elaborate
play from the previous year. With growing anticipation, the younger children would watch
and wait eagerly for their own little friends to appear.

What do they do with them? As with all children’s play, there are endless possibilities. At
first, houses are built for them out of blocks and wood or out of boxes in the room. This
year, there were ocean liners with several levels for beds and kitchens and a top layer for
the smoke stacks. We found we needed to bring in extra baskets as boats, strollers or cars

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because our older baskets began to fall apart with this enthusiastic play. Sometimes the Little
Ones will be part of a puppet show or will be part of the audience watching these shows.
I have been surprised by how the boys play with them like little action figures, as deep sea
divers, circus men, telephone line workers, etc. The girls often have adventures as well,
although they especially enjoy creating wonderful homes and castles especially.

The first year or two, the children created many, many airplanes in which the Little Ones
could fly, but it became chaotic and too loud, so we said that the Little Ones liked to stay on
the ground. In this way, there is much more calm floor play.

It is most amazing to see the transformation possible with the Little Ones. Often a child may
be too rough with her Little One, stuffing it in something upside down, or having it leap from
high places and land on its head. I will go over and say, “Oh, I heard a Little One crying,” and
give it a kiss. Sometimes we will create a hospital and put on cloth bandages if the Little One
has broken its leg. If the child continues to be too rough with her Little One, I will gently take
it and say that it is too frightened by this play and wants to go up by our Michael puppet to
gather some courage. How wonderful it is to teach gentleness and respect in this way.

If a child is absent, often a friend will ask to babysit the Little One. One year the parents
knitted twenty-four squares as wool blankets for the Little Ones. We then also dyed 11 x 11-
inch silk squares for sheets, capes, and so on for the Little Ones.

The first year we had one boy who had lost his father and he did not play with his Little One
at all. I just watched and wondered. The next year, his Little One was an important part of
most of his play. This was an indication to me of his coming to terms with his own home
situation.

The last week of class the children have rest time (just before snack) with their Little Ones.
On the last day, the younger children give a kiss goodbye to their Little Ones and place
them all in a basket. They know they will be returning to Fairy Land to help with the planting
and harvest there and will return to them in the kindergarten after Michaelmas. The older
children take theirs carefully home where some children have created a cozy spot for them
there. We have been told that they remain in a special place in the children’s hearts and
rooms for many years. Over the years, the children have been playing less and less with
the kindergarten dolls. The Little Ones have transformed this lack of interest in doll-play
into a whole new imaginative level. What a wonderful way to bring doll-play back into the
kindergarten. ✦

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Girls and Boys
Feminine
and Masculine

Louise deForest

W hen I was coming of age in the late sixties, one of the central ideas of the feminist
movement was that boys and girls were essentially the same in nature, and that it
was the cultural environment around the child that helped to create the traditional
masculine and feminine roles that the child would eventually adopt as his or her own. The
materialistic viewpoint of the time was that if you raised a boy as a nurturer, that was what
he would become; if a girl were raised to be competitive and more aggressive, she would
develop a more masculine relationship to the world. In other words, it was the old nature-
or-nurture question, and it was believed that we, as parents and educators, could determine
through our cultural expectations the gender characteristics we wanted to foster in the
next generation, regardless of the sex of the children in question.

I tried hard to believe this and closely examined my own gender beliefs and behaviors, but
there was also something that did not ring quite true about this picture. In looking back, I
think my uneasiness with this viewpoint was that it was too one-dimensional. It assumed
that we were all blank slates at birth, waiting to be formed and molded by the world around
us, instead of recognizing that we all come to earth with certain talents and experiences and
intentions. This way of thinking also did not recognize that everything in this world exists
between polarities, and that the masculine and feminine poles are archetypal forces that
live and are at work in everything to do with life. These archetypal polarities are central to
the development and expression of the human spirit. I know that, as a girl, I experienced life
differently than my brothers and that it was significant to me that I was born with a female
body. I also know that growing up in a male-dominated family and being the mother of
three sons encouraged me to diligently pursue my tasks of uncovering, strengthening and
developing my more feminine qualities.

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 It is a tricky and dangerous undertaking to make generalized observations and express
personal thoughts about the genders, and I do so with hesitation and a bit of reluctance.
Each individual is so unique and mysterious and none of us is one-sided—purely masculine
or purely feminine—but, rather, always weaving an intricate tapestry of the two together. To
say “This is masculine, this is feminine,” negates the individuality of each one of us, so I beg
you to remember that with each generalization mentioned in this article, there is an equal
number of exceptions. Ultimately, the higher inner essence of a human being has nothing to
do with being a man or a woman.

The differences between male and female have been a source of interest, debate, and deep
mystery since time began, or at least since humanity has been so divided. Rudolf Steiner
tells us that it has not always been so in the evolution of humanity. In the epoch of Lemuria
(over a million years ago), when the earth and what could then be called the human being
were still in a fluid and malleable state, there was no differentiation of the sexes; each
androgynous being carried both masculine and feminine forces within, and reproduced
through a kind of divinely ordered self-impregnation. In the interest of human evolution,
these unisexual beings slowly separated into two genders, thus taking the first steps away
from an unconscious unity with the spiritual world and introducing dualism into our reality.
This process also enabled us to become thinking beings and to be able to develop an
individual, self-conscious relationship to the spirit:

Thus man could use a portion of the energy which previously he employed for the production
of beings like himself, in order to perfect his own nature. The force by which mankind forms
a thinking brain for itself is the same by which man impregnated himself in ancient times.
The price of thought is single-sexedness. By no longer impregnating themselves, but rather
by impregnating each other, human beings can turn a part of their productive energy
within, and so become thinking creatures. Thus the male and female body each represent an
imperfect external embodiment of the soul, but thereby they become more perfect creatures
inwardly.1

Steiner tells us that in a far-distant future time, we will once again return to a genderless
form but now with the self-acquired ability to reproduce ourselves through the power of the
word. He says, “And this in the future will be the birth of the new human being—that he is
spoken forth by another.”2

So what it means to live life as a man or as a woman has relevance for the individual as
well as for all of humanity and is one of the profoundest mysteries of being human. Steiner
does tell us that, through repeated earthly lives, we have the opportunity to experience
both realities, taking on a male or a female body in an effort to most effectively meet our
karma and our destiny in each life. We tend to swing between the two from life to life

1 Rudolf Steiner, Cosmic Memory, 90.

2 Rudolf Steiner, The Theosophy of the Rosicrucians, 148.

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 but occasionally, in the interest of developing certain experiences or capacities, we can
reincarnate repeatedly in one gender. “[A] human being’s experience as a man or a woman
in one incarnation will determine what this person will do outwardly in the next: the female
experience will produce an inclination to build a male organism and the male experience
will produce an inclination to build a female organism. Incarnations in the same sex rarely
succeed one another; at the most it can happen seven times.”3 He goes on to describe
how women, who are more disposed to soul experiences than men, take everything they
experience in life more deeply into their soul lives, while men tend to be more disposed to
intellectuality and materialism, which deal mainly with the physical plane. Men enter into
matter more thoroughly and embrace it more completely than do women. Women retain
more of the spiritual and non-physical sphere within their disposition, keeping what is
physical more a flexible part of their interest. Therefore, men tend to grasp the external in
things, and experiences make less of an impression in the depths of their souls.
What is clear is that “A deep working into and working through the organism will bring forth a
the masculine and the male organism. A male organism appears when the forces of the soul desire to
feminine are two sides be more deeply graven into matter… man is woman’s karma.” And woman is
4

man’s karma.
of the same polarity
and that together they I tremble as I enter into a discussion of the stereotypes of the masculine and
form a whole. feminine, realizing as I do so that this is potentially dangerous ground. Again,
I reiterate that in the realm of spiritual companionship, male and female are
balanced, and that the generalizations that follow have no judgments attached. So, could
we characterize the feminine impulses as: intuitive, reflective, inward, process-oriented, fluid
and flexible, receptive, softer (both physically and psychologically), subjective, spiritually-
oriented, emotional, imaginative and nurturing? To characterize men, could we say that
they tend towards being more individualistic, denser and harder (both physically and
psychologically), goal-oriented, objective, intellectual, clear and detached, rational, and
more earthly and concentrated? The physical bodies of men and woman say much about
their inner soul gestures. Aside from the obvious outer physical differences, men have denser
bones and more muscle mass than do women, making men, by their very physicality, more
removed from the spirit and more deeply embedded in the earthly realm. If one thought
in terms of forms, the male would be the straight line, the female, a circle; if they were
represented by the elements, one would be fire and the other water. But what is clear is
that the masculine and the feminine are two sides of the same polarity and that together
they form a whole. They are day (the masculine) and night (feminine). The female, through
her imagination, longs for an intuitive union with the spiritual world. Through the soul life
of woman and through her thoughtful understanding of nature, woman can ennoble and
refine the willful nature and the vigorous strength of men. Men, on the other hand, through
their deep empathy with the material world and their capacity for clear, objective thought

3 Rudolf Steiner, Manifestations of Karma, 177.

4 Ibid., 174.

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 and their ability to judge and evaluate, can both transform physical substance and support
the evolutionary task of the development of a sense of self for all of humanity.

These attributes also have a shadow side; the clarity of masculine thought can become cold
or theoretical and dry. Male strength can turn into violence or domination and the sense of
individuality can turn towards lust for power and selfishness. The dangers for the feminine
are equally familiar to us: the connection to cosmic realities can become a loosening of the
sense of reality; the rich feeling life can become chaotic emotions; and nurturing can turn
into smothering. And yet, the possibility of integrating the masculine and the feminine, of
bringing these poles into balance, could be the golden kernel of our existence and the way
to become truly human beings. Rudolf Steiner describes women as “soul divine” and men
as “physical divine,”5 and these two do seem to call to each other to uncover the cosmic
intentions for both.

On the level of the older child in the kindergarten, those of us who work with these children
are well aware of the differences between boys and girls and are often at our wit’s end to
carry their impulses with love and deep respect. Let’s take a look at two average six-year-olds
who have been in the kindergarten and know how to play; we’ll call them David and Sophia.

Setting the stage, let’s say that it’s eight o’clock in the morning and the kindergarten is now
open. I can hear someone crashing against the outer door and I know it is David. David
is hypo-tactile (many boys are burdened with sensory-integration disorders, especially
regarding the sense of touch) and must bang against things to get a sense of where he is
in space and where he ends and where the world begins. He throws his jacket towards his
cubby (not in it, mind you), and bursts into the room with a familiar look in his eye. The calm
orderliness of the classroom seems suddenly shattered by a wild wind. He
Rudolf Steiner looks around to see who is here; if he is the first one to arrive, he may run over
describes women as to me to tell me the latest news, but if there are other boys already present,
“soul divine” and men he does not give me so much as a glance but, with booming voice, begins to
organize the play. Chairs are turned over and become trucks or snowplows;
as “physical divine,” 5
blocks are used to build space ships or piled one on top of the other to make a
and these two do seem restaurant or an office building. Voices get louder and the play can quickly get
to call to each other out of hand as the boys rush to grab other materials or “rob” another house.
to uncover the cosmic The sounds of motors or explosions fill the air as they careen from one scenario
intentions for both. to another, barking orders and playing with an intensity and concentration
that is often exhausting to watch. When it is time to go outside, David can
hardly contain himself; he pushes and shoves to be the leader of our walk and, when told he
must learn how to wait patiently before he can be a leader, he may kick the cubby (or punch
the chosen leader as he or she passes him), and then he mopes for the whole time that we
are going on our walk. When we finally arrive at our chosen play spot, again David launches

5 Margli Matthews et al., Ariadne’s Awakening, 163. This book is highly recommended for a thorough and in-depth
exploration of masculine and feminine.

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himself forward, running off with his friends and in no time at all the boys are wrestling,
pushing, and shouting. They run at full speed and crash into each other or tackle each other
as they pass by; sticks become guns and they hide in the bushes waiting to ambush an
innocent (or not) passerby. Sometimes they will build traps made of sticks over holes they
have just dug, hoping to trap the girls or an animal—preferably one or several of the girls.
They test their strength and agility, hanging from ropes or pulling themselves up into the
trees, going across the monkey bars or digging to China in the sandbox.

For a few years I had a kindergarten on a farm and the children engaged in caring for the
animals and tending the land. When it was a workday, David would engage in the work
with the same enthusiasm and concentration he used when at play, and he prided himself
(and competed with the others) on his work. Indeed, I often noticed that after working hard
physically, David could enter into play more easily and did not seem so out of touch with
himself and others. Always one to make himself scarce when it was dishwashing time, on the
farm he was always the first to volunteer and the last to finish and he had a special affinity
with all the animals. At circle time, he balked at the group activity and remarked that what
we did was “too babyish” for him. It was only his love and respect for me and the boundaries
that I provided for him that carried him through this difficult time.

Sophia, on the other hand, comes into the kindergarten more quietly, pausing on the
threshold to our room, and often has difficulty separating from her parents. She, too, looks
around the room and greets her friends but always comes over to lean against me or to tell
me a little secret before searching out her playmates. Sophia’s play tends to be quieter and
more family-oriented and, just as with the boys, much time is spent assigning roles: “You
can be the baby, you can be the Daddy and I’ll be the babysitter.” While all older children
tend to talk more than actually play, Sophia and her “family” of friends spend a lot of time
talking and whispering and watching the boys. Every time someone bothers them or does
something they shouldn’t do, especially if that person is a boy, Sophia comes running to
me to recount the latest outrage and often a few tears are shed. Sophia and her “family”
now put on a puppet show, draping the cloths beautifully on a playstand and gathering all
the materials they will need. An argument breaks out among the girls over who should use
which puppet: who had a turn last time and who should rightfully do it this time. More tears
are shed and a few mean words are spoken before peace once again is restored and all the
chairs are placed around the puppet show. After much persuasion (and manipulation) on the
part of the girls, everyone is seated to watch the puppet show but Sophia spends most of her
time reminding the boys to sit still or to be quiet rather than moving the puppets. The boys
soon tire of this and wander back to their play.

Sophia and her friends are now all seated in a corner of the classroom making plans for
seeing each other after school. As another girl in the class approaches to play with them,
Sophia quickly tells her that she cannot play and closes off their corner with a playstand
while she and her friends giggle. “We don’t want to play with her,” says Sophia to her friends
and they all snicker in agreement. The excluded child comes to me in tears, we re-approach

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 the group, and Sophia and her friends reluctantly make room for her in their house. When
it is outside time, Sophia hurries to hold hands with her “best friend” (which changes
frequently) and pushes all others away. She is quiet once she has her partner and is ready to
go for a walk, watching me all the while, hoping that I will see how well-behaved she is and
choose her to be the leader.

While Sophia loves to swing holding hands with her friend in the next swing, today she runs
to sit under the low hanging branches of a pine tree and there she and a few other girls make
fairy rings and gnome houses. They are very intent in their play and wonderful miniature
worlds are created. Of course, they also like to run and are physically active—especially
if there is a boy or two who wants to chase them, whereupon they run screaming to the
teacher complaining that the boys are bothering them.

On the farm, Sophia was initially hesitant to take up the work, not wanting to get dirty and
showing disinterest in that kind of work. After a few months, however, she became a very
hard and capable worker and took special pride in pushing the full wheelbarrow over to
the compost pile all by herself. She loved the baby lambs and calves but was a bit hesitant
with the larger animals. In the classroom, Sophia knew all the words to the songs and all the
gestures of the circle and primly took part in the circle, occasionally casting a disparaging
look at any boy who was not participating as he should. She would also try to catch my eyes
so that I would be sure to see the boy who was misbehaving and that she herself was not. At
goodbye time she would give me and her current favorite friends a hug before skipping off
with her parent.

Of course this is a one-sided and exaggerated picture. Many boys love to play with the dolls
and many girls are incredibly active physically. But these examples do highlight the different
ways that boys and girls tend to learn about the world and each other. Boys tend to know
each other physically, bumping up against each other and wrestling; girls tend to meet on a
more emotional, feeling level, and it is the social world which holds their interest.

I should also hasten to add that children in early childhood are not as fixed in their gender-
tendencies as we observe people in their later years to be. In a way, children in these early
years are still beyond gender, still living in the unity of the spiritual world and in the impulses
that brought them to earth. Only very gradually will they solidify into male and female,
through the seven-year phases of human development, until finally, as young adults, the
higher self will take on these gender qualities more strongly. But all children carry the seeds
of gender identity within them. What a responsibility it is for parents and teachers today
to keep open to the possibility that children need to be free to establish their pre-birth
intentions about the particular configuration of their masculine and feminine qualities.

And so what does this mean for the teacher working with boys and girls in a mixed-age
classroom?

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 Several years ago, WECAN put out a questionnaire to kindergarten teachers asking what
joys and challenges they were facing in their classrooms. The majority of the questions
the teachers were carrying were about the older child in the kindergarten—hence this
book—and how to deal with the boy-energy in their classes. Our kindergarten
The key to working with classrooms tend to be very feminine in nature, striving to meet the young
boys is to love their child’s sense of wholeness and to welcome them with beauty to their time
energy, to be thankful here on earth. The rhythms of the day, week, and year give them security
for their urge to and help them to enter into earthly rhythms. These, too, can be presented
transform the physical, in very feminine ways. So when boys enter into our classrooms in their often
boisterous way, it can feel as if they are wrecking what we have worked so
to enjoy how they get hard to create. We want things to remain soft, ordered, and controlled. I am
things done, and to by no means suggesting that we should throw up our hands and “let boys be
celebrate how they can boys.” But I do think the key to working with boys is to love their energy, to be
make a difference. thankful for their urge to transform the physical, to enjoy how they get things
done, and to celebrate how they can make a difference. We must admire and
enjoy their physicality and meet their bumping, banging and yelling with good humor and
understanding. We can gently or more sternly bring them back to rightful behavior, but we
must carry an inner picture of the masculine forces that are expressing themselves and know
that this child really cannot do otherwise, for it would be against his nature.

The girls, too, need our patient understanding, but for many of us they are easier to deal with
because they are willing and able to sit quietly, doing handwork or keeping us company,
and they are so much more demonstrative with their affection. As women, we tend to relate
to them more easily than we do to the boys. However, girls certainly have their challenges
too, with their tendency to manipulate, to hold grudges and to play emotional games. How
straightforward boys can seem in comparison! The tendency of girls to be “hurt to the core”
also needs our guidance and courage. And here, I must express my undying appreciation
for the male kindergarten teachers and the invaluable role they play in our early childhood
programs. Would that there were more men for our little ones! But I daresay that, for the
men working in the nursery or kindergarten, it is the girls, not the boys, that they find most
confusing. It’s interesting to contemplate whether, in the classroom, it might be that women
find it more difficult to understand boys, while men might feel more at a loss to find a way to
embrace what girls bring.

Gender roles are always shifting to meet and reflect the times and today I can see efforts
being made by people all over the globe to bring together masculine and feminine, to
expand what it means to be a woman or a man, and to break apart old stereotypes. We are
no longer content or fulfilled living in predetermined roles. Today, many men are the primary
caretakers of their children while their wives carry the financial responsibility of the family.
Women are encouraged to satisfy their intellectual curiosity and their work is finally being
acknowledged and compensated on a level commensurate with men. Men are reveling in
exploring what it means to be a man, broadening that definition from the narrow constraints
of their fathers’ interpretations, through deep questions, self-reflection and open sharing

111
 with each other. But our explorations of masculine and feminine are still deeply mystifying
and we have a long way to go. Recently, I heard in the kindergarten that “pink is a girl’s color.”

So it seems to me that one of the many challenges presented by working with boys and girls
every day in our classrooms is to come to know and embrace the male and female qualities
living in each one of us. I am more masculine in nature and I find it easy and
Both boys and girls are enjoyable to work in the fields, to build furniture, to cut down trees, all of
hungry to be led by our which I have done with my classes. It is harder for me to create a space—a
beautifully-draped, well-ordered classroom with exquisite wool pictures, a
healing example. full nature table, and so on—and then to sit back and allow whatever will
come, to come. Quietly sewing in a corner was, in the beginning of my years
of teaching, an excruciatingly difficult endeavor. And yet, through the children, I was able to
learn to connect with parts of myself that longed for expression.

Both boys and girls are hungry to be led by our healing example. Children want to see that
we as teachers and parents, through our own comfort with the many dimensions of who
we are, can accept, love and respect the life of unknown possibilities that lie before them.
This requires flexibility of soul and a sense of adventure on our part. How can we stretch our
understanding so that we can truly say, whether we are male or female ourselves, “I love the
way girls and boys manifest the essence of who they are!”

As I have been stumbling my way down this dimly-lit path full of minefields, I hope I have of-
fended no one. And I have to admit that I do have another thought that may engage your inter-
est. The more I have been writing, the more I have been thinking of the masculine-feminine
polarity as being related to another polarity: that of light (male) and love (female). In talking
about the human being’s ability to offer healing to others and to the world, Rudolf Steiner says:
“Ultimately everything that happens in the realms of soul and matter on earth depends on the
way in which these elements [light and love] weave into one another in our life.” 6

I wish you well in the balancing of your own masculine and feminine tendencies as you
appreciate the love and light in the children to whom you mean so much. ✦

References
Matthews, Margli, Signe Schaefer, and Betty Staley. Ariadne’s Awakening. Gloucestershire, UK:
Hawthorn Press, 1986.
Steiner, Rudolf. Cosmic Memory: Prehistory of Earth and Man. West Nyack, NY: Rudolf Steiner
Publications, 1959.
______ . The Theosophy of the Rosicrucians. London: Rudolf Steiner Press, 1966.
______ . Manifestations of Karma. London: Rudolf Steiner Press, 2004.

6 Rudolf Steiner, Manifestations of Karma, 198.

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Beer and
Lollipops

Melissa Borden

I n a fishing village in coastal Alaska, two six-year-old boys strut down the street side
by side. They are decked out in Xtratuff boots, T-shirts, and shorts. Their mother has
already disappeared into the grocery store, giving the two boys the momentary thrill
of being on their own. With unabashed bravado, the taller one leans an arm on his friend’s
shoulder to say, “Dude! You get the beer! I’ll get the lollipops!”

Boys! We know them to be a confounding mixture of sweetness and daredevilry. Our

little dudes at six years old are already embarking on the path to becoming men. These
boys of ours can often display a brilliant aptitude for being noisy, physically energetic,
adventuresome, risk-taking, and, certainly, naughty and defiant. They can also be
emotionally tender and sensitive and can have a tendency to struggle with expressing
and integrating strong feelings. As parents and teachers, we embrace these delightful
contradictions and hope to raise and educate our boys in an atmosphere that cultivates
healthy masculinity.

However, we may question the efficacy of societal and educational norms that create
environments in which boys in large numbers are failing. A newspaper editorial titled
“Has Boyhood Become a Disease?” discusses classroom settings that discriminate against
kinesthetic learners, where boys comprise the bulk of failing students.1 As parents and
teachers, we are concerned about classroom and social environments for children that
discriminate against noisy, physically active, emotionally young children, and about an
educational system that relies on the use of drugs such as Ritalin to manage these children.
As kindergarten teachers, many of us have met at our gates the four-year-old boys who

1 Jeanne Sather, “Has Boyhood Become a Disease?” Wall Street Journal, 1997.

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 already sense themselves to be failures because of their experiences in preschool and even
in their own home lives. We are concerned about a culture that does not protect childhood
and where neighborhood and village communities are no longer the assumed backdrops for
family life. It is sadly true that in our times, children often have little or no relationship to the
work their parents, particularly their fathers, do in the community. Healthy role models for
children are often lacking and those projected by movies and commercial advertising can be
hollow and unwholesome. We are concerned about the shrinking number of male college
graduates and the growing number of young men in the prison system. Children, particularly
boys, are vulnerable to overt market manipulation by the toy, video game, and cigarette
industries.2 We are concerned about the reported phenomenon that boys in schools are
falling behind girls in every subject.3 There is plausible doubt about the suitability of many
school environments where this inequality exists. There is a growing body of literature on
the subject and newspapers and the Internet are full of alarming stories attesting to the
challenges of raising and educating our boys. As parents and teachers, we would do well to
engage in discussions that could contribute to a positive societal shift toward supporting the
healthy development of our boys. We need to meet with enthusiasm the contradictions in
our boys and honor the imperative that commands our boys to become healthy men.

Who, then, are these little dudes who share our homes and comprise half of our classroom
population? We can bring to mind the English rhyme that asks,

And what are little boys made of?

Snails and nails and puppy dog tails
That’s what little boys are made of.

We may wonder if the picture of boyhood portrayed in this little verse has relevance to
modern children, and it brings up the question of whether boys have changed or whether
societal norms around them have changed. A Tom Sawyer in a modern classroom might
very well be seen as a boy suffering from hyperactivity or in need of drug therapy. It has
been argued by Sally Jenkinson that the rise in antisocial behavior in children is due in part
to the dwindling opportunities for unstructured free play.4 With the intention of providing
children with good education, many schools have dramatically reduced the opportunity
for play during school hours. Some schools have eliminated recess altogether. Mainstream
kindergartens and even preschools orient themselves increasingly in the direction of
academic skill building. Wendy Mogel writes, “In many schools today, the early elementary
grades have become a time for mastering high-level academic tasks, and this takes a level of
concentration, discipline, and fine motor skill that lots of boys haven’t yet developed.”5 She

2 Ellen Seiter, Sold Separately: Children and Parents in Consumer Culture.

3 Steve Biddulph, Raising Boys, 133.
4 Sally Jenkinson, The Genius of Play, 13-32.
5 Wendy Mogel, The Blessing of a Skinned Knee, 47.

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 goes on to say that inappropriate expectations of our boys both in school and at home “[are]
a recipe for resentment of adults, demoralizing, bitterness about homework, and shame
about normal boyishness.”6

Steve Biddulph writes that at the age of six or seven, “boys are six to twelve months less
developed mentally than girls.”7 Considering carefully the proper readiness for first grade is
an important factor in the success of our boys in their grade school years.

While it is acknowledged that boys and girls are each born with inherent gifts that allow
them to thrive in relation to one another, it is also conceded that in the context of modern
society, boys spend childhood catching up with girls in several key areas. Researchers ponder
what appears to be a growing gender gap in education and attempt to understand the
alarming statistics about boys in Europe and America (more about these statistics to follow).
The gap encompasses the physical, cognitive and social aspects of developing children.

Physical Development of Boys

W hen speaking of the physical development of the boys in their lives, parents and teachers
often refer to a certain recognizable “boy energy.” This kinesthetic energy shows us that
boys have an evident need for and an intrinsic love for physical movement. Often, with this
comes an apparent drive for physical contact, as boys of all ages seem to take infinite delight
in colliding with one another. Arms and legs seem to demand and rejoice in the opportunity
to move freely. Research tells us that, in fact, young boys have approximately
Clearly, expectations 30 percent more muscle mass than girls.8 Their physical metabolism is slightly
in school settings higher and this is probably why little boys often sweat so freely, even in their
can be challenging for sleep. It has also been found that, for most boys, gross-motor outpaces fine-
motor development in the early years. 9
boys as they struggle
to sit for extended Clearly, expectations in school settings can be challenging for boys as they
periods of time. struggle to sit for extended periods of time. Boys can also find the use of
classroom materials to be awkward. It has been shown that young boys
struggle more than girls to develop proper handwriting skills.10 Recent research has also
led to the belief that throughout childhood boys experience growth spurts that effect the
development of the ear canal in such a way that boys can have intermittent hearing loss.11
In terms of physical development, I have observed that most boys are movers, love physical
contact, favor gross-motor activities over fine-motor activities, and may at times struggle to
process verbal signals from parents and teachers.

6 Ibid., 48.
7 Biddulph, Raising Boys, 62-63.
8 Ibid., 34.
9 Ibid., 133.
10 Michael Gurian, The Minds of Boys, 85.
11 Lucinda Neall, Bringing Out the Best in Boys, 5.

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 Cognitive Development in Boys
E xtensive research has been conducted on cognitive and neurological development in
young children. The current thinking suggests that boys tend to be born with fewer
neural connectors between the two hemispheres of the brain. These pathways eventually
establish themselves, but at birth, girl babies have a greater capacity to integrate right-brain
and left-brain activity.12 This is of particular significance for language and communication
development in young children. Steve Biddulph points out that brain integration involves
the development of such skills as “reading, talking about feelings and solving problems
through quiet introspection.”13 Young boys may need extra patience and support from
parents and teachers in developing good communication skills. Adam Cox explores this
matter in relation to auditory processing, which he points out can be an area of difficulty
for many young boys.14 This can continue throughout the early years, although in most
cases the difficulty resolves itself later in childhood. However, with ear canals that may be
expanding and contracting, auditory intake with young boys is not always reliable. This, of
course, can be problematic in both school and social settings. Boys tend to do better when
parents and teachers use simple, direct speech, and when they rely on less complex verbal
communications with them. In addition, short-term memory tends to be somewhat stronger
in girls than in boys.15 This, too, is a factor in many learning environments.

Among the cognitive gifts granted to boys is a wonderful capacity for mechanical and
spatial thinking. This often expresses itself in a passion for building and construction. The
confluence of muscle and mental acuity makes young boys brilliant builders and sandbox
engineers. Sally Jenkinson writes that “[boys] need opportunities to build every day.” She
also acknowledges the value of outdoor play for all children.16

Emotional Development in Boys

T he social development of young children is clearly influenced by physical and cognitive
factors. The struggle to integrate sensory information and to master language skills can
put young boys at a social disadvantage. Boys can struggle to identify their own feelings
and to express emotions.17 This often results in frustration and angry behavior that may
mask anxiety and emotional confusion. While defiant and even aggressive behavior in
boys is often attributed to testosterone, Steve Biddulph points out that the influence of
testosterone, significant in later childhood and adolescence, is minimal for boys under the
age of eleven. Between infancy and eleven years old testosterone levels in boys and girls are
roughly the same.18 Do problems with aggression and violence in young boys result, in large
part, from emotional issues? Do the majority of boys only gradually build up the capacity

12 Adam J. Cox, Boys of Few Words, 23.

13 Biddulph, Raising Boys, 60.
14 Cox, Boys of Few Words, 21.
15 Ibid., 24.
16 Jenkinson, The Genius of Play, 13.
17 Neall, Bringing Out the Best in Boys, 89
18 Ibid., 8.

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 to integrate, understand and manage their own feelings? We often see that they have an
emotional fragility that is obscured by outward bravado and an attempt to be “tough.”
Boys look to and benefit from appropriate role models to guide them through this. Michael
Gurian, in his book, The Wonder of Boys, describes the particular significance of the father-son
relationship in a boy’s life.19

One may wonder how much of what we know of boys is given to them at birth. What do
they bring with them over the threshold? Have the enduring qualities of boyhood remained
the same from the time that Mark Twain wrote Tom Sawyer to the present? At the same time,
we may observe that social norms and school environments do not receive our boys with
enthusiasm for their innate qualities. William Pollack dismisses what could be termed “the
myths of boyhood,” but ponders the question of whether the intrinsic qualities within our
boys compromise the prospects of their success.20 Today, boys are found to be struggling,
and it is sadly true that the vast majority of children in the United States who are considered
to be “at risk” are boys.

The following statistics may paint a grim picture. The information included here is not
intended to define the problem but may be useful as a backdrop for understanding some of
the challenges of raising and educating boys today.

● 80–90% of children diagnosed with ADD or ADHD are boys.21

● 80–90% of children on Ritalin (or similar drugs) are boys.22
● The vast majority of “successful” suicides occur in boys.23
● Boys account for 71% of school dropouts.24
● Boys are 4–5 times more vulnerable to neurological disorders, including learning disabilities,
autism and a host of variants of these disorders.25
● 80% of high school dropouts are boys.26
● Over two-thirds of children with learning disorders and 90% of those labeled behaviorally
disabled are boys.27

19 Michael Gurian, The Wonder of Boys, 106-127.

20 William Pollack, Real Boys, 52-64.
21 Michael Gurian, Boys and Girls Learn Differently, 25.
22 Ibid., 22.
23 Dan Kindlon and Michael Thompson, Raising Cain, 6.
24 Pollack, Real Boys, 15.
25 Cox, Boys of Few Words, 17.
26 Gurian, Boys and Girls Learn Differently, 22.
27 Ibid., 219.

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 ● Today in America 43% of university and college freshmen are boys. This number is shrinking
at an alarming rate. The number of male college graduates continues to go down.28
● Boys constitute 71% of school suspensions.29
● Two-thirds of special education classes in high schools are made up of boys.30
● 95% of all juvenile homicides are committed by boys.31
● 4 out of 5 crimes that end in juvenile court are committed by boys.32
● Boys account for 9 out of 10 alcohol and drug related crimes.33
● 1 in 75 men in America today is in jail.34

The pendulum of societal attitude has swung in the past thirty years. We now raise our
daughters in an era where we celebrate the joyful liberation and empowerment of girls.
Though the supportive attitude towards girls is still unfolding, one cannot help but feel
heartened by the prospects for the future. Sadly, it seems to be another matter for boys.
William Pollack writes of new research “that shows that boys are faring less well in school
than they did in the past and, in comparison to girls, that many boys have remarkably fragile
self-esteem, and that the rates of both depression and suicide in boys are frighteningly on
the rise.”35 As parents and teachers, we must wonder how we can help the pendulum to
swing into a place of balance for both boys and girls. How can we apply our imagination and
our enthusiasm to this task?

From the Kindergarten

W e who work with young children in a Waldorf/Steiner setting are daily reminded of
the privilege that is given to us. In a sense, we stand as sentinels before the gates of a
protected realm where light-filled imaginations, music, stories and play opportunities bid
the young child to enter. Our task as adults is to uphold an encircling spell that protects the
kingdom of childhood. We respect the imperative that beckons the young child to practice
social skills and explore fantasy play and we strive to set up creative environments that
support these healthy impulses. Acknowledging the importance of play as a vehicle for
promoting the children’s physical, social and mental well-being, we know about and cater
to the need for objects in the children’s environment that foster the mutable nature of their
imaginations. We also work to conceive early childhood programs that can encompass the
overlapping and the distinct needs of boys and girls.

28 Pollack, Real Boys, 235.

29 Ibid.
30 Ibid.
31 Kindlon and Thompson, Raising Cain, 6.
32 Ibid.
33 Ibid.
34 www.commondreams.org/cgi-bin.
35 Pollack, Real Boys, xxxii.

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 In light of the growing concerns about the welfare of boys, let’s look closer at some
considerations suitable for meeting the needs of young boys within the context of the
kindergarten setting.

Movement
W e have learned that the opportunity for free, unstructured outdoor play promotes social,
physical and cognitive development in young children. There is no denying that boys
need plenty of opportunity to move. The outdoor classroom is particularly suitable for young
boys who revel in gross-motor activity, love to make as much racket as possible, and look
for opportunities to meet each other through physical contact. Boys tend to be kinesthetic
learners.36 They are gifted sandbox engineers and are given some social advantages in
environments that do not heavily favor verbal precociousness and fine-motor
Boys need to feel skills. The great outdoors and the wonder of the natural world encourage
safe and to be certain little scientists to explore and young artists to feel delight. Children, and
that they will be most notably boys, need space and permission to run, tumble, wrestle, and
roughhouse. Daily walks to local parks and green spaces can promote a sense
successfully guided
of freedom and exploration of physical movement. The rhythmic nature of
through difficult walking seems to have harmonizing effects on children, socially as well as
moments by trusted physically. Healthy young boys can be seen to enter into movement in its
adults. most carefree form, fuelled by the wealth of etheric forces in the surroundings.
Indeed, opportunities for movement in outdoor play bring a sense of well-
being to young children and can be especially liberating for boys. Some teachers have
found that a day that begins with one or two hours of outdoor time and includes a walk is
especially suitable for young boys.

Managing Conflict
I n the kindergarten we can see that boys need to know who is the “boss.” They easily
establish a social pecking order with one strong “captain” at the top. This behavior is even
more evident during the six-year-old change. It is important that an adult take on this role of
“captain of the ship.” There are far fewer problems with bullying and social dominance if it is
very clear to the boys that the adult is the boss. Boys need clear, strong boundaries and limits
firmly established. They do better when the rules of conduct are simple and do not require
elaborate explanations. In fact, for young boys, the fewer words used, the better. Discipline
approaches should, in general, be matter-of-fact and rely minimally on complex verbal input.
It has been noted that many young boys struggle to express things of a feeling nature and
that they can be inwardly tender.37

Lucinda Neall affirms William Pollack’s viewpoint as she expresses her thoughts about
emotional literacy, communication and self discipline, “which are skills to prepare [boys] for
36 Cox, Boys of Few Words, 21.
37 Jenkinson, The Genius of Play, 13.

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 adolescence and manhood.”38 This, she points out, is an area where parents and teachers can
be supportive by keeping things simple and clear and respectful.39 Boys need to feel safe
and to be certain that they will be successfully guided through difficult moments by trusted
adults who will live up to the responsibility of being in charge.

Humor
T he countless hilarious moments in the world of young children can offer parents and
teachers a deep well of good humor. The joy of childhood is infectious. Though times may
arise when a sober response is called for, humor will always carry the day with the children.
Humor facilitates the management of conflict too. Teachers and parents find it a wonder to
observe little boys who just have been involved in a tussle parading arm-in-arm as if they
are now best friends. Sometimes, the impulse for conflict arises from a simple urge in boys
to have physical contact with one another. It is important for parents and teachers to realize
that boys place a high value on peer respect and tend to be quite concerned about their own
status in relation to the other boys. In the kindergarten, this tendency is particularly notable
among the six-year-olds. Thus, allowing boys to “save face” is an important component of
managing conflict. Again, humor can save the day!

Speech
R esearch and experience show that, in general, boys—even those who are gifted with verbal
precocity—do better when communications from adults are direct and simple. I work
with the “Rule of One” as a starting point when communicating with groups of boys: one
noun, one verb! This is often all that is required. Too many words can be overwhelming for
many children and young boys in particular. We hope to help our boys experience success
in communication, even though experience tells us that some boys are not good listeners. It
may take them extra time to develop strong language and communication skills. We need
to make it easy for them to understand us and then lead them carefully into the next steps
in their development. Ideally, boys and girls who are ready for first grade are able to follow
through with simple directions that include two or more tasks. Teachers and parents can
cultivate this skill in their boys by using careful, clear speech and patient guidance.

Role Models
H ome life, childcare, preschool and school environments have a preponderance of
women teachers and caregivers. William Pollack discusses the challenges of educational
environments that are staffed by “all or almost all” women. While traditionally women were
the caregivers for young children, still, at one time men had a greater presence in children’s
daily lives. Today children often have no relationship to the work their fathers do. Boys are

38 Pollack, Real Boys, 268.

39 Neall, Bringing Out the Best in Boys, 240.

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 in desperate need of healthy role models to help guide them along the path to adulthood.40
In particular, men can help boys learn physical limits and how to manage strong feelings.
They can also model respect for others, especially women. What a difference it would make
for the boys if schools could make strong efforts to include gifted male teachers in their
programs. Male teachers can help bring gender balance to the school environment and can
help women teachers understand the ways of boys. The presence of male teachers who
can model healthy, respectful behavior is beneficial for girls as well as boys. Early childhood
settings that do not have the benefit of male teachers or staff can look for opportunities to
incorporate fathers and other men into the classroom. The sound of men’s voices and their
physical presence in our preschools and kindergartens can bring a soothing sense of balance
to the atmosphere of the classroom. Older kindergarten boys can experience an affinity
with elders of their own gender that can make them especially eager for impressions of
masculinity.41 As teachers, we can support the development of our boys by integrating more
men into our early childhood work. We can offer healthy role models if we draw thoughtfully
from the resources in our communities.

Emotional Well-being
P arents and teachers can observe the emotional tenderness and sensitivity of the boys in
their care. Lucinda Neall writes that girls’ verbal development “is generally faster than [that
of] boys.” She adds that this puts girls at an advantage when processing and expressing
emotions.42 Boys need protection and respect for their emotional lives. It is unreasonable to
expect young children to analyze their feelings to any significant extent. This is a skill that
can be modeled by adults and will take time to develop. When managing conflict or difficult
moments with boys, it is advisable to separate behavior from feelings. A boy’s feelings need
to be acknowledged and respected. Behavior and the consequences of behavior can be
guided simply and corrected with as little fuss as possible. At the time of the six-year-old
change, children begin to understand causality and can see a relationship between their
actions and the consequences. Because boys struggle to identify and understand their
own feelings, they can project a tough exterior to protect a tender inner dimension. It is
important for teachers and parents to recognize this when interacting with boys.

Affection
S oul warmth from parents and teachers is the food that feeds a sense of well-being in
children. Both boys and girls thrive, even in adversity, if they dwell in an atmosphere of
love and joy. Our sensitive little boys, who can be such noisy, boisterous handfuls, ask us to

40 Pollack, Real Boys, 268.

41 Biddulph, Raising Boys, 31.
42 Neall, Bringing Out the Best in Boys, 83.

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 embrace the wholeness of who they are. Expressions of love and ample physical contact
foster healthy children. For boys, unsolicited affection, in particular, tells them that we love
them unconditionally. Our boys ask us to admire their intrinsic qualities, to accept and
support them as they grow, and to impart to them our enthusiasm for their developing
masculinity.

Understanding the Six-year-old Boy

S ometime around the sixth year, we begin to see the emergence of a new boy. He is
identifiable by his stretching limbs, his new teeth and a jawline that emerges from his round
cheeks. Sometimes, indoor spaces seem to be too confining for him. Outside, he is eager to
challenge himself physically and loves to show off new skills to his teachers and parents as
he calls out, “Look at ME!” He often defies his mother and would like to try the same with
his teachers. He is looking for a new “boss” who can embrace the boy he is becoming. To
the love he has for the adults around him, he now adds the wish to challenge them so that
they set boundaries he can respect. The wellspring of imagination that has so bountifully
nurtured his play seems temporarily to have run dry. He has become impatient with the play
of his younger four- and five-year-old friends and shows a new inclination to be “naughty
and disruptive” to the social order. This is a crisis in his young life. The lives of his six-year-
old sisters foretell a slightly different transformation—a significant and important internal
developmental shift. Children of this age look now to the wide world around them for new
impulses to feed their imaginations and teach them valuable skills. They are beginning to
develop a new capacity for holding concepts or pictures in their minds. The etheric forces
that have been busy in the task of shaping their physical body are now becoming freed for
other tasks as the children enter a new epoch of childhood.

One day we see our six-year-old boys blithely engaged in play with the younger children;
the next, they are looking for trouble and scheming about how to climb over the fence
into the neighbor’s garden. They can be restless creatures at six years old, with one foot
in early childhood and the other poised to step into the future. Two little six-year-old
dudes walk down the street side by side. They eagerly imagine a world full of “beer and
lollipops.” They are bold. They are impossibly sweet. They are the boys who need our
admiration and love. ✦

References
Biddulph, Steve. Raising Boys. London: Thorsons, 2003.
Cox, Adam J. Boys of Few Words. New York and London: The Guilford Press, 2006.
Gurian, Michael. Boys and Girls Learn Differently. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2003.
______ . The Minds of Boys. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2005.
______ . The Wonder of Boys. New York: Tarcher/Putnam, 1997.

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Kindlon, Dan, and Michael Thompson. Raising Cain. Toronto: Random House, 2000.
Jenkinson, Sally. The Genius of Play. Stroud, UK: Hawthorn Press, 2001.
Mogel, Wendy. The Blessing of a Skinned Knee. New York: Penguin, 200l.
Neall, Lucinda. Bringing Out the Best in Boys. Stroud, UK: Hawthorn Press, 2002.
Pollack, William. Real Boys. New York: Owl Books, 1998.
Sather, Jeanne. “Has Boyhood Become a Disease?” Wall Street Journal, May 2, 1997.
Seiter, Ellen. Sold Separately: Children and Parents in Consumer Culture. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers
University Press, 1995.

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 Section Four

Meeting the
Child’s Needs
Suggestions
for Working
in the Classroom
A n intense impression of the child as a whole being must arise
within the whole human nature of the teacher, and what is
perceived in the child must awaken joy and vitality. This same
joyful and enlivening spirit in the teacher must be able to grow
and develop until it becomes direct inspiration in answer to the
question: What must I do with this child?

Rudolf Steiner
The Essentials of Education

125
A Working
Kindergarten

Louise deForest

T his article, written in 2005, originally appeared in a different form in LILIPOH in 2006. Louise
deForest’s success with the kindergarten program at Green Meadow Waldorf School
enabled others to carry on in her footsteps. Now Louise is working for part of the week
in downtown Manhattan. In light of her words in the last paragraph of this article, we can
imagine the valuable service she is imparting to the children and parents in her parent-child
group there, as she connects the families to purposeful work activities. —Ruth Ker

T hree years ago a unique collaboration between Green Meadow Waldorf School and
the neighboring Rudolf Steiner Fellowship Community began, with the incorporation
of a Waldorf kindergarten into a community focused on the care of the elderly.

At the intergenerational Fellowship Community, founded in 1957 and based on the insights
of Rudolf Steiner, co-workers and their families both live and work in the community, and
the elderly participate in all aspects of life. For those in need of nursing care, there is Hilltop
House, the heart of the community. This is where all meals are served, where lectures,
conferences and performances are held, and where even the laundry room is located, so that
those who are limited to wheelchairs or are bedridden can still take part in the extended
family life around them. For the more independent retirees, there are three separate
buildings around Hilltop House with a playground between them where the children of the
co-workers often play. Around all this are many fields and flower gardens where biodynamic
food is grown and animals are cared for, including sheep, dairy cows, horses, and chickens. It
is a community brimming with life and purposeful activity, where each individual, no matter
what his or her age, is able to contribute in a meaningful way to the benefit of the whole.

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 Just down the road, Green Meadow, founded in 1950 and serving children from nursery
to twelfth grade, is one of the oldest and most respected Waldorf schools in the country.
Three years ago the lower school, wanting to have more children from Green Meadow’s
kindergartens entering first grade, requested to add a few more children to each of the three
kindergartens. For the past dozen years or so, the kindergarten faculty has felt that children
today do not have the stamina or etheric forces to thrive in large classes, so the class size was
limited to fourteen; to make this compatible with the budget, the teachers decided to work
without assistants, which worked very well for years. When we were asked to enlarge our
classes, though, an alternative had to be sought. And so the Green Meadow Child’s Garden
was born, housed in one of the independent living houses in the Fellowship Community.

As lead teacher in the new program, I designed the Child’s Garden class to weave the Waldorf
early childhood curriculum into the context of a work-based community in order to benefit
everyone. Much thought has been given to providing the children in this class
While all children in with as many opportunities as possible to participate in the varied activities of
kindergarten “work,” our adopted community, as well as to continue with the artistic activities and
rhythms so important in a Waldorf kindergarten. We started the year this fall
what is unique about
harvesting beets and leeks from the outer fields. We did this job for six weeks
this group is that before moving on to the chicken house for another six weeks; then to the
the whole community barn to clean out the horses’ stalls, to Hilltop House to help prepare dessert
depends upon their for 150 people, to the greenhouse to prepare trays for planting, and so on. We
effort. do these jobs, rotating every six weeks, twice a week, Mondays and Fridays,
first thing in the morning. After our tasks are completed we return to our class
for rest, verse, artistic activity, snack and free play. Parents can also sign up to accompany us
in our chosen work, getting to know the class in the process and seeing firsthand how very
capable their children—and all the children—are.

While all children in kindergarten “work,” what is unique about this group is that the whole
community depends upon their effort. No one else will clean out the chicken house, or
sweep the barn, when it is the children’s turn to do so, and it deepens their experience to
know that they are serving both the animals and the people around them and that they
are entrusted with a significant task. Another unique aspect of this work is that nothing is
done just for the class’s own benefit. The vegetables harvested from the fields are sold in the
Fellowship store, the eggs go directly to the kitchen for the members and co-workers, and
the delicious cobblers we make are eaten at Hilltop House or sold in the store. We do the
work we do because it needs to be done; our reward for work is the work itself and the joy
of stepping back and looking, for example, at a clean, aired barn waiting for the animals to
return in the evening. As John Donne said, “All in order, sweet and lovely.”

It has been more challenging to find ways to connect and form relationships with the elderly
and still keep to rather tight time constraints. Of course, we have an open-door policy and
members of the Fellowship, as well as co-workers, have a standing invitation to drop in any
time. One fairly independent eighty-something-year-old woman comes every Tuesday to

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help make bread. She stays until after snack, often reading a story to the children after their
rest time; she always forgets everyone’s name, but the children accept this as part of who she
is, and upon seeing her coming into the room, they rush over to remind her of their names.

Those who are more confined are not able to make such spontaneous visits. So once a
week the class spends the last forty minutes of the day in Hilltop House, right in the large
main gathering room, the Goethe Room, and there we play traditional games such as The
Farmer in the Dell or Ring-a-round the Rosie. The younger children of the co-workers and the
volunteers join in our games and the elderly in wheelchairs sit around us, some watching,
some sleeping and some singing right along with us. It is significant to me that this is the
children’s favorite day, supporting my conviction that there is a unique bond between those
souls just beginning their life on earth and those who are reaching the end of their present
destinies.

At least once a year, the kindergarten faculty gives the gift of a puppet show to the residents
of the Fellowship. The weekly, smaller puppet shows of the Child’s Garden are often held in
the independent houses around Hilltop House, and all the members and co-workers who
live there are invited to sit with the children and watch the puppet show. While it is often a
challenge for the teacher to clear the space in the lobby, set up and take apart the puppet
show afterwards, the reward happens upon looking out at our audience. We see small
children, recently descended from the spiritual world, still enveloped in the intentions that
brought them to earth, who are nestled up to the old men and women who are also close to
the spiritual world, with their rich biographies and near-completion of their destinies. All are
transported to the dreamy, honest world of the fairy tale.

All over the country and the world, teachers are noticing a difference in the children who are
now incarnating. These children are incredibly smart—brilliant, even—yet socially appear
at first glance rather cold, lonely, and inept. It is increasingly difficult for these children to
incarnate, and we are seeing an increase in learning difficulties and sensory-integration
challenges; yet they also have the ability to read us like open books. They can have
wonderful, rather dry senses of humor, and a keen eye for the truth. What all of them seem to
share is a certain impatience with childhood, as if they have done this already, and a strong
desire to start making a difference in this world. While all of this can be a gift to any teacher,
it is also increasingly difficult to carry these determined individuals in the kindergarten.

Many of us who work with these children have adapted our programs to try to meet the
challenge they bring us. Some of us have incorporated more movement into our days; others
have rearranged their daily schedules to allow for more time outside. Some are introducing
more complicated craft projects or telling stronger fairy tales, and all of us are working more
closely with doctors, therapists and eurythmists, as well as parents, to help these dear ones
overcome the hindrances that stand in the way of their full potential.

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 While it may be too early in the life of this program to make definitive judgments, I do see
a difference in the children who have participated in the Child’s Garden. After their initial
surprise wears off, they love to work, be it washing dishes, collecting eggs, or carrying
manure in their wheelbarrows to the manure pile. More and more they come to see work as a
privilege, and I have actually found that they are so satisfied by it that I have fewer discipline
problems in the class. They take great pride in the fact that they know how to do whatever
needs to be done and many is the time that they beg me to please not help them so they
can do it themselves… and they can. Not only are their bodies strengthened and their wills
engaged, but their confidence increases each day. Parents tell me that one of the biggest
changes they notice in their children at home is that suddenly they want to take part in all
the tasks and chores around the house. The very feminine girls who would initially prefer to
sit talking in a corner soon take pride in the strength of their arms and often beg to do the
most difficult task. The boys who tend to be unruly are held by the form and direction of the
work itself, which carries through the whole morning. Boys and girls work together in small
groups, thereby overcoming gender barriers and creating a ground on which they can later
meet in play. After our work, all the children enter into their free play time with a focus and
concentration that I do not see so clearly on other days, as if the movement of their limbs has
now freed them to enter into imaginative and creative play. For the older children who are
making the often turbulent and difficult transition between the phase of imitation and that
of learning through authority, seeing me working along with them, directing them in their
activities, establishes me as a true authority: one who knows how to do.

In an age when there are so many untruths for young children to sort through, work provides
them with a connection to the world around them based on truth and service. Their impulse
to incarnate is satisfied to some degree by the true and direct connections they make with
the world around them and their spiritual intentions to contribute and make a difference in
the world begin to find expression.

Many people have said to me that they wished they had a farm to which they could bring
their children. While being on a farm is wonderful, the opportunities to work in the world are
unlimited. Even in the innermost city, one can find meaningful ways to engage the children
in work and make connections with the adults around them. Perhaps the onion bins in
the corner grocery store need to be cleaned out regularly; perhaps you can pick up fallen
branches in the nearby park or trim bushes. Sidewalks and stairs could use a good sweeping,
trash can be picked up, doors painted, handrails sanded and oiled… the list is infinite for
those with eyes to see. There may even be someone in a neighboring building who is ill and
would love visits and some good kindergarten bread. As Kahlil Gibran wrote, “to love life
through labor is to be intimate with life’s inmost secret… and when you work with love you
bind yourself to yourself and to one another.” ✦

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Creating a
Flow in Time:
Breathing through the Day
with a Mixed-age
Kindergarten
Barbara Klocek

T here are many possibilities in shaping our time with the children in a mixed-age
kindergarten. We all know that Waldorf education stresses the fundamental value of
rhythm in organizing our time with the children. A health-giving foundation is laid as
we breathe in and out of our activities during the day. It has been wonderful to be a part
of the working group on the older child in the kindergarten and to experience the various
ways that each of us have met this challenge. We thought it would be helpful to share these
various ways with you to encourage you to find one that fits you, your children and your
situation. Over the years I have experimented with different rhythms and have found this to
be the one that is working best for me at this time.

8:00–8:20 Outdoor arrival, play, visiting with parents and children

8:20–8:40 Change shoes and circle time
8:40–9:30 Free play inside and snack preparation
9:30–10:00 Cleanup and rest time
10:00–10:30 Snack
10:30–11:30 Outdoor play
11:30–12:00 Story three days a week; walk and painting on the other days
12:00–12:30 Lunch
12:30 End of morning

Our day with the children begins at 8:00 as they and their parents begin to arrive. For the
next twenty minutes the yard fills and there is the hum of voices as the children greet each
other and the parents visit. We have designated this time as a “walking time,” instead of
running, out of respect for the many toddling brothers and sisters. At 8:20 the bell is rung
and the children enter slowly into our entrance space with cubbies and change into their

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 slippers. Then we gather on the red rug and play finger games and quiet games until all of
the children have finished getting on their slippers. We sing our opening songs and verses
(see below) and then joyfully dance together through circle. There is a mood of satisfaction
as we finish this breathing together. We then breathe out into free play. The children eagerly
flow into play, often taking up images from the circle. An activity such as bread- or soup-
making, sewing, felting, fingerknitting or woodworking is begun by the teachers. Often
children are invited to join these activities, especially if they were restless during circle. On
Monday the older children are asked to help fold napkins, small towels, or painting cloths.
This allows the younger children to find their way into the space and begin their play while
the older children are helping. Often the older children can dominate the play and it is good
to give the younger children an opportunity to initiate their own play first sometimes. What a
nice mood it creates at the beginning of the week.

During this wonderful out-breathing of free play, the room is transformed into boats, houses,
bridges, etc. A happy hum fills the room. Sometimes I hum or sing softly some of the songs
from circle if the noise level is getting too loud. As we are nearing the end of free play, we ask
some of the older children to help set the table for snack by carrying pitchers of water, bowls
and cups. When all that preparation is finished, the teachers sit on two little chairs on the red
rug (our open space) and then sing,

With a voice so tiny, and with eyes so shiny,

Our house elf says, let’s clean our room. Can I help?

All the children gather, and our two little house elves—small dolls about four inches tall
with gnome-like hats—often comment on what has been happening or make up a little
movement game with the children. Then the children hear their task for the day. We keep
the same task for three weeks, the same rhythm as our story. We use this time to have
two or three children work together who might benefit from being together, to develop a
friendship or to help learn how to do the task, often having the younger and older children
work together. This conscious transition from free play to bringing order to the room has
made cleanup time so much more pleasant. It creates an opportunity to let go of the
imaginations from free play, and, with a fresh breath, we can then move into another activity
and imagination. I find there is much less chaos. When their task is done we ask the children
to come to us to see what needs to be done next so they can help with another task or wash
their hands. It is wonderful to see how the tasks become easier over the three weeks and
what joy the children have in completing them with a friend.

We then have a short in-breath. After the children wash their hands, they lie down on the red
rug. This brings the children into stillness as I am sitting on a chair on the rug singing,

I’m looking to see who is quiet as can be.

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 When I see a child is quiet I call them to me and each day a few children can sit on my lap
and play the kinderharp. The older children often still want to be active and are given the
opportunity to tidy the corners and to wash some of the surfaces and floors. They love this
because it’s almost as if they get to stay up later while the little children have gone to rest.
After all are resting, there is a short lullaby sung and a few minutes of quiet. We all relax into
this silence after play and clean up.

We then go on to our snack time. After snack, some children wash the tables, others set
out chairs, and two older children wash the dishes with the teacher. Again, these tasks
provide time for certain children to be working together and have the added advantage
of promoting smoother social interactions. One year we had an older girl who frequently
excluded the same other girl. We gave them the task of washing the dishes together for
three weeks, and sure enough, they became friends. If we are setting up a puppet show or
play many of the older children will ask to stay in and help. Usually two or three are chosen
and they eagerly help, and nearly set it all up if it is the second or third time for the puppet
show or play. As the year progresses sometimes the younger children also ask to help and
enjoy participating “backstage.”

As we go outside, often the older children will help the younger children with tying shoes
or putting on rain pants. We have a large yard with a digging hole or hill (depending on the
time of year), garden, sandbox, climbing structure and wagons. We have horse reins, which
are a favorite activity, as well as ropes for jumping, tying, and all sorts of creative uses. All
the older children learn to jump rope as the teacher turns it. Sometimes the younger ones
surprise us with their ability to jump as well.

After an hourlong outside play time we come in for story on Monday, Tuesday and Friday.
On Wednesday we go for a long walk and on Thursday we paint. Our story rhythm usually
runs in a three-week cycle. The first week is for telling, followed on one occasion by beeswax
modeling. The second week is for puppet shows, first done by the teacher,
Children who are self- then by a few older children and then often done as a puppet show in the
conscious or silly early round where everyone participates as we pass the puppets on their journey
in the year learn to live around the red rug. The third week the story is done three times as a play.
These plays are usually done in the round with simple capes and caps or
into the imaginations crowns. Mostly everyone participates, with some children being trees in
deeply and, with the forest, or a well or a basket—whatever images are part of the story.
practice, develop poise. The parts are planned in advance and I try to choose the children for the
first play who can carry it the most deeply. Often, in the following plays for
pedagogical reasons children are chosen who could benefit from the role. The plays offer
a wonderful opportunity for the older children to learn to carry larger parts. Children who
are self-conscious or silly early in the year learn to live into the imaginations deeply and,
with practice, develop poise. These plays continue the dream-like consciousness of the
kindergarten, with the teacher walking beside the different children and speaking the parts,

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 guiding the children throughout. So the children are not usually speaking or even acting out
but rather dreaming through the story.

We have a short goodbye song (from Let Us Form a Ring):

Oh lovely sun, oh lovely earth, good friends all gathered here.

Let’s all join hands so there may flow, a stream of warmth and golden glow.
Goodbye.

We then all sit and have lunch, which has been brought from home, together. We used
to end the day at 12:00, but found that many children were very hungry and were having
meltdowns or eating in the car on the way home. When we first started having lunch at
school, the children would love to sit and talk rather than eat. But when it was time to pack
up they complained they had not yet eaten. We now light a quiet candle for the first fifteen
minutes of lunch with the song,

See the little candle, shining, shining bright.

Quietly we eat as we watch your light.

After we see that many of the children have eaten most of their lunch we sing, “Thank you
little candle for your golden light.” When it is blown out, it is a sign that we can now talk
quietly. This has led to a very peaceful lunchtime. There are always children who take more
time to eat, so we often have the ones that have finished come and sit on our laps as we sing
a song to them. It is a nice way to have music surrounding the children in an informal way.

Our day ends at 12:30 as the children put on their shoes to go outside and meet their
parents. In our kindergarten yard there are two kindergarten classes present at the end of
the day going-home time. We struggled with having so many people on the yard for several
years because the children wanted to play with their friends and the parents wanted to visit;
it was chaotic with so many people, large and small. Now after five to ten minutes we ring a
large cowbell and everyone knows it is time to leave. Then the children staying on for nap
have a peaceful yard in which to play. What a “wonder-full” day it has been.

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 Here are some of the songs and verses that surround our morning circle:

Circle beginning
Gentle fairies, wise elf men, come join us please do.
We bring golden light from our garden to you.
Our angels they guard us by day and by night,
From the sun and the moon and the stars shining bright,
Light fairies come to us, bring to us your golden light.

When everything is so quiet … the light fairies come, bringing light from stars and sun.
(to light the morning circle candle)

Down is the earth, up is the sky, there are my friends and here am I.

Good morning dear Earth, good morning dear Sun,

Good morning dear stones and the flowers every one.
Good morning dear creatures and the birds in the trees.
Good morning to you and good morning to me.
(sung once in standing and again holding hands and moving around circle)

For we are guarded from harm, cared for by angels,

Here we stand, loving and strong, truthful and good.

Circle ending
I dance with the flowers, I sing with the sun. My warmth I give to everyone.

Here is a spark of Father Sun’s light, to keep in our hearts so warm and bright.
(to put out morning circle candle)

References
Foster, Nancy, ed. Let Us Form a Ring: An Acorn Hill Anthology. Silver Spring, MD: Acorn Hill
Waldorf Kindergarten and Nursery, 1989.

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Sailing Our Ship
in Fair
or Stormy
Weather

Tim Bennett

A s the teacher of the Rosemary Kindergarten in Seattle, I am the captain of my ship,

as well as the navigator of its daily journeys into charted and uncharted waters.
Inwardly the captain’s heart holds two questions: Who are these children? What are
their needs? Because of my responsibility for these children from the moment they pass
through the gate until the moment when they return into their parents’ arms, there are a
few important rules I follow when on board this ship: keep things simple, slow down, be
present for each family and child, and don’t forget to have fun and smile.

The parents are asked to drop off their children between 8:30 and 9:00 a.m. I use this time of
arrival to tidy up outside, do garden tasks, talk to parents and so on. It is the transition time
from home to school and an opportunity to play outside in our schoolyard. We have swings,
a slide, balance boards, stilts (for the six-year-olds), and shovels in our sandbox ready to dig
for pleasure or for treasure. I also have parents turning a jump rope. And of course there
are the chickens: Honey, Ruby and Blackie. We check for eggs and say good morning to our
beloved chickens. Sometimes our chickens also have unusual adventures—like the day when
one of the older children took Ruby from the chicken house and held her while skipping
rope.

Ahoy mateys! At 9:00 a.m., I gather the families together and we begin to form a circle. As a
community of people, we greet each other and greet the day. I always have a little song or
verse for the season. If it’s raining, as is sometimes the case in our fair city, I sing:

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 John has a great big pair of waterproof boots on.
Splish splash, splish splash, splish splash splish!
And John has a great big waterproof mackintosh
and John has a great big waterproof hat!
And that, says John, is that, and that, says John, is that!

Then we become a bit more reverent for a moment and we say our morning verse:

Our hearts open wide, light streams deep inside.

Stars, moon and sun shine down on everyone.
On earth now we stand, giving all our hands.
Good morning, dear friends.

Then I sing what will happen today: “Ring a ring a Rosemary day, welcome, welcome, nature
walk day and painting day.” After this opening to the day, I begin to feel that we are a group
and that we have built up some substance through our interest in each other and our
movement together as we have our daily greeting.

It is time for our ship to set sail! We head for the school gate, where we find walking partners
and say goodbye to the parents and little brothers and sisters. The captain is at the helm,
the crew is ready and we set out to seek an adventure in the great wide world, waving to the
parents as we go. As the captain, I carry a sturdy backpack, filled with a long rope, snacks,
water, a first aid kit and a cell phone. My faithful first mate (also known as the kindergarten
assistant) has a red flag that we take with us to help us get across the five-way intersection
on our way to the park. My rule for crossing the street is that the red flag must be in the
middle of the street before any child takes a step off the curb. My intrepid assistant goes out
onto the road, makes sure the coast is clear, and then we can all safely cross the street. Upon
reaching the other side, the children know that they are free to run, skip, and cavort. Our
nature walk has truly begun.

We have set sail and are now out on the open seas, surveying the landscape far and wide!
Nature adventures are rich and nourishing for the children in so many ways. The most
obvious healing aspect is simply being in nature, in the outdoors in all kinds of weather
during the four seasons of the year. In the Pacific Northwest, this is possible because of
the mild temperatures in both winter and summer. The children really have a daily dose of
what it means to be on the earth, surrounded by nature and the ever-changing weather.
We always “dress” for the weather. For most of the fall and winter, we wear raingear and a
warm hat. Being in nature also brings the possibility for a strong connection with the fairy
world and the materials of the earth: sticks, stones, leaves, moss and so on. The senses

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 are enlivened when out in nature and the children more easily fall into play in a lively and
healthy manner. Dirt, mud, dust, rivulets of water, autumn leaves, bugs, squirrels, spring
blossoms, still air, and whipping winds all build their feeling for beauty, goodness and truth.
These experiences provide a foundation in the child’s will and feeling life to support the
science lessons that will have deeper impact in future years. Experiencing the
Experiencing the gifts gifts of the earth in these early years will plant the seed for caring about the
of the earth in these future of our planet in later years.
early years will plant
I started the daily nature walks because more children were coming to me who
the seed for caring were weak in their physical and etheric bodies. There were also other children
about the future of our who were overly physical in their limbs and could not find any rest or peace.
planet in later years. Both of these kinds of children found a healing in the movement possibilities
of the nature walks. The weaker children found strength and eventually a great
joy in movement. The overly physical ones could freely move and gradually come into a
rhythm through the regularity of our walks. Being among the trees and under the great sky
gives the children a picture and a feeling that they are a part of the kingdoms of nature. In
sharing the space with the elements of the earth and the kingdoms of nature, they can find
their place in the world. Of course, this happens for them in an unconscious and powerful
way.

As the navigator of the journey, I chose to go to different parks during the week; we have
three parks within walking distance. We go to a large woodsy park twice a week. This place
is full of maple, fir and cedar trees. There are lots of hills and valleys to explore. Here the
children can really get a taste for adventure, sliding down muddy hills, climbing up a fallen
tree, jumping off small rocks and cliffs, and building fairy houses or shelters in the woods for
those cold winter days. Sometimes I throw a rope over a tree branch and make a rope swing
for the children. The older children love this. Usually we walk for a while and then stop to play
in whatever secret garden we have found. This is when some of their deepest play happens.
They build houses out of sticks and branches, play knights in the forest, build fairy houses or
gather treasures: a bottle cap, a special key, a magic stick or stone. The children often name
these beloved spots on our walk. We play at the “Rolling Hills,” where there are many dirt
bike hills just perfect for running up and down. Then there is “Bunny Hill,” a place where a
huge pile of rocks provides a home to ongoing generations of wild rabbits and former “pet”
bunnies. Naming a spot makes it our own and places it on the children’s growing map of
their expanding world.

At this point, the crew often becomes a bit tired and hungry, so we take a short rest and
serve up some grub: salt fish, biscuits and rum. Well, we’ve run out of fish, biscuits and rum,
so it will have to be trail mix, rice crackers and water for the captain and crew today. After
snack, we start back to school. On our way back, I usually play a short game to re-enliven
and focus the children, helping them come along home together as a group. I like to play
“Sheep and Wolves.” Half the children are sheep or shepherds (the shy ones who only want
to watch the game) and the other half are the wolves. I say, “Run, sheep run!” and the sheep

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 run out from their house (a tree where they have previously gathered). Then I say, “Run
wolves run!” and the wolves run and try to catch the sheep before they can get back “home.”
If a sheep is caught, it can become a wolf if the child wants to. I keep the game fun with a lot
of running about and I always play with them. I am usually a sheep and the children love to
catch me. Other games we play are seasonal games that work well outside: “What Time Is It,
Mr. Fox?” or a simple version of “Red Light, Green Light.” I play any simple game that has to
do with running, chasing, and stopping.

I also take a jump rope along with us. We can tie one end to a tree and do all sorts of jump
rope games. The games can help to build up different rhythmic movements, as well as build
self-confidence in one’s growing physical abilities. After games, we continue on our way
back to school, stopping at different points along the way to wait for the slower ones and
slow down the faster ones.

During the entire walk, I watch the children form their social connections for the day. There is
something about the nature walks that helps the children breathe out into the world of the
“other,” not just into the world of nature. I always get the sense that the children come from
all over the city and need to shed the morning car ride and whatever dramas might have
been going on at home. Our adventures help the children to come into social harmony. The
walks allow them to shed the past, live in the present, and move, literally, into their future.
This is the magic of the act of walking into nature. The children are drawn to the world
around them and then are drawn to the friends who share this world. Again
There is something and again I see the forest being the mediator in helping these friendships
about the nature walks to blossom. For example, children who like to go “hunting” for imaginary
that helps the children raccoons or coyotes join together in close camaraderie. Other children who like
to collect treasures gather together in search of special leaves, sticks or rocks.
breathe out into the
world of the “other,” not
just into the world of Our ship glides into port at the schoolyard gate between 10:30 and 11:00
nature. a.m. We all disembark for circle or story time. We have circle on Monday and
Tuesday. We have story time on Wednesday and Thursday. On Friday, we have
circle games. I also like to incorporate folk songs, simple folk dances, and some basic circus
skills. All the children love to stand on my shoulders and become a giant! At story time, I
usually tell the story. After the class knows the story, we can act it out. The six-year-olds
always lead the acting out, showing the little ones what they know. I also do puppet shows
in a similar fashion, first doing it myself and later having the six-year-olds move the puppets
that have a minor role in the show. This is a place where the six-year-olds can really let their
new capacities shine out for the whole class to see.

Next, we move on to our snack time, seated at three small tables. I strive to make this a time
to be nourished by the food while we are in the presence of each other. I use snack time as a

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breathing in during the flow of the day. So we have a quiet snack with “no talking.” I find that
if I say, “No talking,” this is clear for the six-year-olds, and the little ones will follow along. The
children take this time to rest and enjoy the quiet and peace around us. Also, at snack time,
I always choose two six-year-olds to be the “waiters,” pouring tea and water for the others.
The younger children love to be served by their older friends.

Next is our free play time. In fall and winter, we play indoors, but in spring we play outside
when the weather allows. Besides the free play, in the winter we have opportunities for the
six-year-olds to be involved with some projects. They make felted hats and mittens that
can keep both their heads and hands cozy. I have also found that the six-year-olds like to
build elaborate structures, so I make sure that there are a lot of ropes, pulleys, large pieces
of driftwood and sawn wood, metal clips, and wooden clips. These materials encourage
the older ones to use their growing physical strength and newly acquired ability to carry
out plans to their hearts’ content. It is during this free play time that we also do our artistic
activities: painting, coloring, beeswax modeling, baking and cleaning.

At 12:20 p.m. we have cleanup time. First everyone leaves the room to wash their hands and
get their lunches from their cubbies. When they come back into the room, they put their
lunches at their places at the table and then begin to tidy away. There always seems to be a
bit of magic at tidy-away time, as we set our house in order and anticipate eating our good
food.

At 12:40 p.m. we have lunch. Again we begin lunch with our quiet voices, and, once
everybody is settled down and eating, I tell a story from my life or stories that have been
passed down to me by some colorful characters. The children love these stories and
sometimes share them at their dinner tables at home! They then get ready to leave school. I
often put up a balance beam on two chairs and have the children “walk over the bridge” to
say goodbye to me after they have packed up their lunches. Having sailed over waters both
calm and stormy, the children then find their parents, who are waiting outside on the porch
to sweep them up and take them home. The old captain and his faithful first mate swab the
decks, secure the rigging and make everything ship-shape for the next day’s journey. ✦

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 The
Daily Blessing
of the Older
Child
in the
Kindergarten

Ruth Ker

I cannot speak about my daily routine without acknowledging the importance of the
mixed-age kindergarten configuration within which many of us work. In my opinion,
the value of the mixed-age grouping for both the younger children and the older far
outweighs its challenges. Repeatedly, the younger children are invaluable for keeping the
older children interested in the lively play scenarios, reminding them about the wonder of
new discoveries, and helping the older children to modify their robust approach to life. Of
course, all of this happens spontaneously and unconsciously as they eagerly embark on the
discoveries that each new day brings. During our day together, we are constantly reminded
of just how important it is to the younger children that the older ones are met with limits
and expectations that make the kindergarten a safe and respectful place for everyone.
There is a sigh of relief and a visible change to the countenance of the older and younger
children when the boundaries are maintained and disruptive behaviors are met with
matter-of-fact justice. Consequently, a mood of well-being and security in the trust that the
right will prevail can enter our time together.

Our day, which goes from 8:30 a.m. to noon, begins outdoors and ends with games time
indoors. I find the traditional games to be a wonderful harmonizer for the social fabric of the
class, so I have found a way to incorporate them into our daily routine. In the latter part of
the year, in addition to ending the day with games time, we also play some of these games
on our morning walks. Because we have two mixed-age kindergartens in our community,
we sometimes even invite the other class of kindergarten children to join us for traditional
games as the year progresses. In this way, the future first graders begin to meet each other
and are already building social skills together. As the year progresses, I usually wait for the
older children to request these games to be played at outdoor time as well. They often

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 remember them from the year before when they were younger children in the kindergarten.
Their awakening capacity to retrieve this memory of the favorite game for which they yearn
is also a signal for me that the new consciousness of the six/seven-year change is arriving.

Below is a schedule of my daily routine followed by further explanation:

8:30-9:00 Work and play outdoors in the playground

9:00-9:30 Morning walk and play at the Big Garden
Seasonal garden work
9:30-9:50 Lavender hand wash
Circle time
9:50-10:00 Rest time
Bathroom routine
10:00-10:20 Snack time
Helpers for kitchen cleanup
10:20-11:20 Free play
Life/artistic or handwork activity
Coloring and handwork baskets always available
11:20-11:30 Tidy-up time
11:30-11:40 Story
11:40-12:00 Games time
Going home or to after-school care

Day Daily Activity Work Activity

Monday Painting Spray, wrap, and iron
Tuesday Drawing Sewing, mending, and children’s handwork
Wednesday Bread making Sometimes handwork
Thursday Soup making Watering plants
Friday Laundry day Washing napkins, doll clothes, etc.
Finishing handwork

Outdoor Play
I n the morning on the play yard, time is given for a brief greeting to the children and the
parents as they arrive. Some children come earlier with their parents so, when the teachers
arrive on the play yard, the children are already playing together with their parents watching
over them. Each year I see the need of the parents to be met in some way at this drop-off
transition. A warm smile and a greeting can go a long way. I encourage the parents to visit
amongst one another outside the play yard after they drop their children off. It can be
intimidating for the young children, particularly at the beginning of the school year, to come
upon a whole group of conversing adults as they (the children) try to get through the gate
and into the playground. It is at this drop-off time that I can quietly say to the parents that I
am seeing their child showing some of the six-year-change phenomena. They know what I

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mean because we have already introduced the topic of the six-year change at our beginning-
of-the-year orientation meeting. We then agree to speak about this privately at a later time.

As soon as possible after entering the play yard, the teacher takes up meaningful work. The
children often come to help, but many are immersed in their play and look up once in a
while to see the teacher at work raking, building paths, weeding, filling birdfeeders, digging
trenches, planting, pruning, edging, shovelling, digging over the compost, chopping wood,
or building fires in the cob oven. Swings, a sandbox, a cob oven, a playhouse, a rolling hill,
gardens, flowerbeds, compost bins, birdbaths, wheelbarrows, wagons, a water pump, grass,
trees, mud, and stones provide ample opportunities for earth, air, fire, and water experiences.

As the year goes on, we begin to see the behavior manifestations of the six-year
transformational change at our outdoor time. Children who, previously, were happily
engaged in methodical, engrossing play begin to run around with frenzied gestures,
climb as high as they can on the structures available, chant “Na, na, na, na, na” (mood of
the fifth) rhymes, whisper things and giggle at the top of their lungs, and so on. Meeting
these behaviors in a firm, loving way with imaginative pictures helps: “The horse next door
gets frightened when he hears those loud sounds.” “We need to hear Brother Robin’s song
instead of the squawking parrot today. That parrot is scaring away the other birds.” Enlisting
the children’s help in a focused activity also helps.

It’s important for the teacher to remember that the older child’s etheric body is seeking out
movements to assist it as it is actively working in the child’s body to complete its task before
becoming more liberated for future tasks. It is at this time that we witness many chaotic and
frenzied movements on the part of the children, and often a state of disequilibrium and
puzzling polarities. Please refer back to Section One to deepen your understanding of the
outward signs of this time of transformation.

In order to assist the etheric body in its work, we will sometimes arrange movement journeys
or obstacle courses outside on our morning walks. On our way to the Big Garden we will play
“Follow the Leader” while we balance on logs, crawl through tire tunnels, roll down hills, hop
on hopscotch stones, or skip across the field. Helping the children to find appropriate chan-
nels for the burst of energy they are experiencing (until they are able to self-regulate) is part
of our work with the older children. It is also reassuring to see that the children themselves will
unconsciously seek out different movements. This year, several times the children dropped to
their knees and crawled across the one-acre meadow on our morning walk.

The children can be just as impulsive with their social blunders as they are with their
body movements. Sometimes repeating what they say to one another and then giving an
alternative way of saying it can be a helpful tool for the teacher. One could say to the child,
for instance, “Is it better to say, ‘GIVE THAT TO ME RIGHT NOW!’ or, ‘Can I have that when
you’re finished?’ “ The children generally hear the proper way to say things, especially if the
teacher repeats accurately the voice intonations of the child.

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 At the end of our outdoor play time a bell is rung in the playground. (I searched for a long
time to find a soft-sounding bell that has a sound close to the musical note of A). We learn
at the beginning of the year that when the bell rings, we put away our things outside and
come to the teacher right away. In order to accomplish this smooth transition, I spend time at
the beginning of the year playing the “bell game”: I hide, ring the bell, and then the children
come and find me. Then, at some point I say to my colleague, “From now on every day, we’ll
play the bell game, and when we can remember every day to come right away after tidying,
then we’ll be able to go on adventures.”

Talking to my colleague so that the children can overhear what I say is a tool that I have
found to be very effective. The children are more likely to listen to my comments to her
than if I address them directly. After we learn about the bell game, we can then go on our
morning walks, and later on even to the farm and on other end-of-the-year field trips.

This is how our morning walks proceed: The bell signals that it’s time to leave where we are
and go on our morning walk. As we wait by the gate for everyone to put away their toys
and to arrive, I choose two children who will be the kings to lead us to the Big Garden. The
children are eager to be chosen to be the kings and lead the parade, so they put away their
toys quickly. This satisfies a much-needed desire on the part of the older children to be
the leaders or the bosses. If the kings forget to wait for everyone and consequently run on
ahead, then I call them back with the bell and they wait until another day to be the kings. “A
helpful king waits for all the other people when she leads the parade.” Often, the younger
children do not want a turn until the year is well underway, and the older children can be
even more helpful by taking the hand of a younger one and assisting them to be a king for
their very first time.

Our morning walk reveals many different spectacles throughout the seasons—the waxing
and waning of the flowers and vegetables in our garden, how the sunflowers look up at
Father Sun at the end of the summer and then hang their heads down as Autumn arrives,
the colorful leaves that Lady Autumn and Fire Flick have been painting, King Winter and his
Snow Fairies going up and down the mountain, Jack Frost’s amazing paintings of the ice
and frost crystals, mushroom fairy rings, caterpillar journeys across our vegetable garden
and then the inevitable discovery that the caterpillars are gone, and now we see so many
butterflies, and so on. But, most importantly, there is also work to be done at the Big Garden.
This work is something the older children relish, especially if they can be “in charge” of
something. Many hours are spent harvesting worms, building homes for these squirmy
creatures, and seeing who can collect the biggest “family” of worms—all of this under the
guise of making a trench or making a planting row for the seed children. Another valuable
task is the watering of the garden—many hours have been whiled away doing water play on
a sunny day. Needless to say, quick results are not the expectation!

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 The older children also love to make suggestions about what they think is needed (for
example, a ladder to pick the beans off the bean pole) and then remind the teacher many
times about its importance: “Teacher, remember about that ladder? When can we do that?”
If the teacher can connect to their suggestions, the children will take up this task with great
satisfaction and authority. A bond can grow between the children and the teacher that is
reminiscent of the feeling “we are in this together.” Because this transition into the six/seven-
year change is often called “first puberty or adolescence,” it is good to cultivate this feeling of
togetherness, and to give the unconscious message that the teacher understands their need
to have more authority and will meet it in ways that are good for the whole kindergarten
family. This is one way we make a bridge from working as a model for imitation to the next
developmental phase that the six- and seven-year-olds are expanding into—the stage of
responding to a beloved authority.

At the Big Garden, there is also a little forest. It is here that the children believe the Fairy
Mother lives. I see how important it is for the older children to deepen their imaginations
about what her house looks like inside the hollow tree, where her front and back doors are,
who her helpers are, and so on. They build paths for her, make stair steps out of stones, and
leave little offerings by her door. Sometimes she leaves things for them, too. I am reminded
that the changes the older children are experiencing do not signify that the children now
need intellectual understandings. Rather, the six/seven-year transition time
If the teacher can asks for the teacher’s assistance to create opportunities that allow the older
connect to their children to cultivate expansive inner landscapes into which their newfound,
suggestions, the rich picturing capacities can pour.
children will take up
When it is the end of our play/work time at the Big Garden, the bell rings again,
this task with great our toys and tools are put away, and kings are chosen to lead us back to the
satisfaction and school. At the beginning of the school year, we learn that the big children
authority. of the grade school are inside their rooms and do not want to be disturbed
while they are writing in their books, so we walk quietly by their windows.
This prepares us to arrive at the school door and enter inside with a semblance of calm and
order. Of course Dusty Gnome awaits us inside, and our arrival will probably wake him and
Redbird up. The children often bring back sticks, moss, berries, or rocks, and give them to
Dusty in his home under our nature table. Sometimes we have to help him houseclean as
the year goes on because the offerings to his underground home have become so plentiful. I
also try to listen to the children’s conversations and hear what was important to them during
our morning outdoor time. Then I can bring some of these things to our nature table later.
The older children often have wise, sometimes humorous, and vivid imaginations about
the mysteries we experience. Oftentimes I get my cues from them as to how to arrange the
nature table. Each time we arrive back into our classroom, there is always some child who
draws our attention to what is new on the nature table. In this way, what we have enjoyed
outdoors has its place inside as well.

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 Transition to Indoor Time
O ur arrival in the classroom finds some of us changing wet socks and pants. We take off our
outdoor clothes, hang them up properly, put our dirty laundry in the basket by the door,
and make our way to the circle rug to put on our shoes. I find it makes a great difference if I
can model a slow pace and a calm presence before we open the door from outside and after
we enter the cloakroom. I even slow down my speaking and gestures as if we have all the
time in the world to accomplish our next tasks.

The children’s places at the rug are marked by their indoor shoes and a picture card. The
card is the same symbol that also marks the child’s cubby. They don their shoes, leave the
cards behind, make their way to the line-up for the lavender hand-wash, wash their hands
accompanied by a loving towel-dry from teacher, and then make their way back to their
place still marked by their cards. They sit down and wait until the teacher asks a friend to pick
up all of the cards.

Circle Time
T hen circle time can begin. We begin circle with the same verses each day and end with a
lullaby that beckons us into rest time. The beginning verses, along with the lavender hand-
wash, are designed to help pull the children into themselves and to help ground them after
our long outdoor playtime.

I value the importance of a program with a balance of outdoor and indoor opportunities. In
our world where the children see the adults in their lives busily occupied with many outward
activities, I think it’s important that young children experience how to regulate themselves
in an indoor environment. Children cannot always do this for themselves, so a well-planned
circle with large and small movements can “massage” them into a receptive and calmer state.

The physical changes of the six/seven-year transition are often accompanied by what
appears to be great restlessness in the children’s bodies, and it’s important to help the
children find ways to bring control over their impulsive gestures. Otherwise, the change
becomes even more distressing for them and others around them. Impulse control is
something that children can learn through strong rhythms and imitation of the gestures of
beloved others. Circle time provides opportunities to expand gestures and then bring them
back into form, and this subtle massaging activity can have wondrous effects on the older
child.

At circle time, I work with some mood-of-the-fifth circles (effective tools for pulling the
older child back into a more dream-like state), developmental journeys (ample variety of
movements to assist the etheric in penetrating the whole body and to help children who
may have retained reflexes), fairy tale circles (to assist burgeoning picture imaginations), and
seasonal or festival themes.

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Sometimes the older children will have ideas about how to augment these circles. They
are moving into a phase where being met as an individual becomes important. It can be
therapeutic for the classroom setting to listen and respond to the older child so that he
or she feels heard. The younger children are often still operating as a group (“a bunch of
grapes”) while the older ones are beginning to individuate. I remember a Christmas festival
circle that we did with the parents present. Beforehand, one six-year-old boy said, “I think just
one child should sing that part.” This child’s mother is Werbeck-trained and I knew he had
witnessed many of her performances, so I took his response to mean that he would like to
sing that part of the festival play alone. He was overjoyed when I asked him if he could sing
that part of the play for us.

I do not allow the children to interrupt the circle or verse, but sometimes their impulses can
be taken up into the circle and this can be satisfying for all. Another time an older child came
to me at free play time and said, “Why don’t the bunnies crawl into their holes?” I knew he
was referring to the bunny circle that we had done together that morning, so the next day
at circle time the bunnies found holes within the classroom into which they could crawl. This
was great fun, we practiced crawling (which the child who had requested this activity had
not practiced much of in her first year of life) and bunny games prevailed at free play time for
a few weeks after that.

Sometimes the children will also give suggestions about gestures while we’re in the middle
of circle. “Let’s do hopping steps now.” This is a little trickier, but to connect to the older
children’s suggestions and incorporate them without reinforcing interruptions at circle time
can be a valuable skill for a teacher to cultivate. However, care must be taken to ensure that
it doesn’t become a game to see how many times circle can be interrupted. At times when
I suspect the child is wanting to deflect the attention to him- or herself in an unbeneficial
way, I just insert matter-of-factly while midstream in the verse or song, “It’s teacher’s turn,”
while carrying on with my gesture and the content of the circle. One can determine when a
suggestion emerges from an older child’s deep-seated need, if the suggestion is something
that could be important for the whole group, or if it’s an attempt to interrupt the circle. In any
case, it’s imperative that the stream of verse, song, and gesture keep flowing.

The older children, of course, manifest responses to circle that are representative of their
development. Often when they begin to experience cause and effect and the sense of time
in their consciousness, they will speed up the words in a circle or they will slow it down. Or
they will do gestures differently than the teachers, or they will refuse to do this “boring stuff”
or repeatedly interrupt and have a “better idea.” Being the center of attention and being
the “boss” of things becomes important to them. Incorporating opportunities for the older
children to enter the middle of the circle one at a time can change the focus so that they
are awaiting their turn to do this. Circle games and some fairy tale circles can provide these
opportunities.

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 Of course, each situation must be met with loving firmness. It is also appropriate to respond
more directly to the older child. “You weren’t interrupting us, were you?” or “You probably
just forgot how to do this. You can watch us from the watching chair and then you’ll see
how we do it.” Sometimes just a gentle touch or a teacher standing close by reminds an
older child to join in. Also, the placement of the children at circle makes a big difference
when there are those who could be disruptive while going through the stage
I value the importance of whispering and giggling. That is why I have the same picture cards for the
of a program with a child’s cubby and for snack and circle placement. This way, each day I get to
choose where the cards will be placed and consequently where the child will
balance of outdoor and be sitting or standing.
indoor opportunities.
During circle time, I find it is a valuable tool to just carry the assumption
within myself that everyone will participate. Somehow the children pick up on this and then
a gentle reminder, “Joseph, you’ll be helping us,” without stopping the flow of verse and
gesture can serve to bring the children all along together. I also frequently imagine that I
have angel wings and that I am wrapping my wings around particular children and bringing
them along with me.

The eurythmist Estelle Bryer says, “When the children are school-ready, the teacher can
become more authoritative and expect the children to be more correct and qualitative in
their movements. Here, nods of recognition can do wonders.”1 Sometimes I have to work
hard to make an individual connection with a child going through this six/seven-year
transformation. If the child cares for me and we have built soul-spiritual substance between
us, then it’s more effective when I glance at the child across the circle with raised eyebrows.

In order to cultivate this bond of mutual interest, a home visit pays off mightily. Because of
the link we have created together during our communing time in the child’s home, a glance
in the child’s direction at circle time is all that is needed.

When I do a home visit, I tell the parents that I am coming to connect with their child, not to
check out their home environment. This comment is often met with relief. Sometimes I will
have a cup of tea with the parents, but mostly I am there to be with their child. In this way,
the child feels my deep interest—I read his favorite story to him, watch her ride her bike, look
at his very own garden space or meet her dollies. Then miracles happen overnight, and the
next day in the classroom the feeling of warmth and cooperation between us is palpable.

Then comes the time in the course of the year when we can have some circle activities
where the children are able to practice taking turns. This usually happens when a few of the
children have completed the six/seven-year change. Then, the group dynamic can allow for
waiting while watching others have turns doing something. An example of this is sitting at

Estelle Bryer, Eurythmy for the Young Child, 9.

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 circle while watching friends use the scooter boards, three at a time, or waiting while we all
take turns getting wrapped in a cocoon (blanket) and then unfurled.

Another circle activity that addresses the older child’s changing consciousness is, after many
repetitions of a particular verse, to then begin to whisper or silently move it. During these
times the whole group is very attentive, and one can see the older children looking out and
away as they form the words and picture images in their mind’s eye without saying them out
loud. The younger children are often carried along in this circle activity just by the sheer force
of their older peers’ concentration.

Just as children learn through play in all other areas of life, I see that the older children in
the kindergarten delight in playing with their newfound capacities. They achieve greater
soul mobility by playing with their change in consciousness and the giggling, speeding-up/
slowing-down, whispering, saying words internally without speaking them, and so on. If we
can take up the adventure of joining them in this exploration, it can be a joy for teacher and
child alike.

Rest Time
A s I mentioned, the end of circle is signaled by a lullaby. The children, one by one, pick up a
pillow and blanket and find a place to lie on the rug. This is a relatively new aspect of my
program, something that I never attempted or felt was necessary in my earlier years as an
early childhood teacher. The trigger for change for me was observing James Hillier’s class at
the Lake Champlain Waldorf School. The quality of peace as the children eagerly took their
rest was palpable. That day, as I also used those moments to recharge myself, I realized what
it could mean to a child to have regular opportunities to build the habit of “taking time.”
Could this be a wellspring for the child’s later meditative life? I decided to incorporate a rest
time into my program. And, what better time to place it than after an expansive, hour-long
outdoor playtime and a vigorous circle!

At the beginning of the year, rest time is not something that some of the new children
understand or have experienced as part of their routines. Fortunately, the older children
have established the habit from their kindergarten experience the year before. This activity
is also accompanied by an imagination: the children are the birds in the nest and Mamma
Bird (the teacher) can tap the birds on their back only after she sees that they have had their
rest. It generally takes about two weeks before the children are visibly drawing sustenance
from these moments. Those who aren’t able to settle often benefit from a little cozy nest by
themselves or by being close beside the teacher. Sometimes this can be the opportunity for
a foot massage or back massage—another opportunity for the teacher to bond in a loving
way with the individual child and for the child to receive loving touch. It’s also a valuable
observation to ascertain which children respond to firm touch and which find soft touch
more acceptable. It seems to me that children nowadays have very busy lives, and touch
experiences are often one of the things that are sacrificed.

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 When Mamma Bird taps the baby birds on the back, they put away their pillows and folded
blankets, go to the bathroom, wash their hands, and make their way to the snack table.

Snack Time
Our snacks vary according to the grain of the day. Keeping in mind that the children often
have quick breakfasts and that they have burned off a lot of calories so far during their
vigorous morning activities, we serve healthy, abundant portions. We also augment the grain
with a seed or nut that then makes the food a complete protein. Children who do not have
protein before coming to school can show signs of irritability, light-headedness, and lethargy.
We all know how these symptoms can complicate a child’s kindergarten experience! So,
fresh ground almonds, ground flax seeds or ground sunflower or sesame seeds are added to
the grains and a fruit or vegetable is served on the side. Drinks are made from a mixture of
apple juice and herbal tea or just simply mother earth juice (water).

During snack time, we practice passing food to our neighbors. Even warm soup bowls are
skillfully passed down our big, long table. We practice our social graces by asking for things
with “please” and “thank you,” putting our napkins on our laps, and trying to remain sitting
with our bottoms on the benches. The act of calmly sitting, of course, becomes more difficult
as the six-year-olds begin to go through the change and become like little bubbling pots.

The table has been set with placemats, cloth napkins, cups, and utensils, and our places are
marked with our picture cards. The candle is lit, the blessing is sung, and then the serving
and conversation begins. Some years we have quiet mealtimes because the children are
unable to visit without using their loud booming voices. This also is a good opportunity for
impulse control and, of course, is accompanied by an imagination so that it doesn’t seem like
a cruel imposition. However, most times we are able to visit, joke, and tell stories within an
acceptable decibel range. Redbird inevitably lets us know if we’re too loud. He hangs from a
branch near our snack table and it truly is magical to see that if it gets too loud the children
will report that “Redbird is turning around! It’s too loud.”

Redbird is a red wool bird who hangs by a string on a stick. At the beginning of the year
Redbird, well known by the past year’s children (who are now the older children in the
kindergarten), takes up his task of accompanying my assistant around the table after snack
time is over. Redbird softly “kisses” the cheek of the child whose turn it is to snuff out the
candle. The children usually watch quietly as he passes to see whose turn it will be. Every year
the children have their imaginations about what Redbird does when we are not at school.
Often some of the things that appear in our classroom are magically attributed to Redbird.
The children often leave him crumbs from festival snacks or our good bread that we bake
every week. I leave it up to the returning older children to carry the imagination on to the
new group of children each year.

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 Snack time is an opportunity to have community meals, and here I learn a lot of things: what
infinity is, who God really is, that there are angels on the ceiling of the kindergarten, what
video a child has watched, whose parents are arguing and about what, who is losing another
tooth, who doesn’t believe in Santa Claus, what misconceptions the children have, and
who is starting to say and do things that signal the six/seven-year change for them. While
overhearing the children as they speak to one another, I appreciate where they are in child-
consciousness (which is often not where we adults perceive them to be).

At the end of snack time, Redbird kisses a child to put out the candle and we say “thank you”
for the meal. We also mention the day’s activity by saying “Blessings on our painting (or
drawing, bakeshop, or soup-making) day.” Two children are chosen to clear the table, do the
dishes, and sweep the floor under the table. They don their aprons and proceed, while the
other children are called to come and place their cups on the tray by the sink and then, one
by one, they enter the play.

Free Play Time

L et the enthusiastic delight begin! It’s a wonder how the children’s eagerness and
spontaneity is there day after day! The children seriously choose their props and find their
way into some friend’s imagination, and then the alchemy begins. I have some everyday
toys that the older children tend to appreciate. Heavy wooden boxes become boats, sleighs,
or nests; leftover wooden rounded pickets from our picket fence are used for skis, crutches,
skateboards, and roof panels; a thickly laminated, heavy wooden slab becomes a computer,
TV screen, or performance stage. All of these heavy things are lifted high into the two
climbing platforms. Because these platforms are across from each other, the children often
attach fingerknit wires between them and arrange pulleys for transporting baskets of things
across the room or for giving babies rides. Some dress-ups also facilitate the older children’s
imaginations. The white skirts and tops stimulate weddings, and a variety of hats stimulate
the pictures the children have of the worker archetypes of the world. Of course this leads
to who is the boss of this game. There are endless conversations amongst the six-year-olds
working out who gets to be the boss.

This brings to mind a day in our free play when three kings were arguing about who would
be “first boss.” Finally the resolve came: “You be third boss, you be second boss, and I’ll be
first boss. And I get to say what we do.” The three kings nodded sagely and then began
to argue about who got to sit on the throne. As the discussion progressed, the third boss
came up with the idea that they could move the snack table into their castle and make three
thrones on it. After asking the teacher if they could use the table, they then enlisted the help
of eight others to move it across the room. What a moment of pride and accomplishment
for the whole class! Then the kings happily played side by side for the rest of the session
decorating the chairs that they had placed on top of the table for their thrones.

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 For the older children, there comes a time in the year when these well-loved props fall short
of their developing consciousness, and then the children can be seen at free play time sitting
for long periods of time talking about what they are going to do and sometimes never quite
getting down to the task. They spend so much time discussing and planning that at tidy-up
time they will loudly complain that they “did not get to play.” Sometimes they will sit around
with their fingerknitting baskets and converse or philosophize like a group of old men or
women.

When the capacity to see ideas and plan ahead arrives for the older children, they can go
through a time of frustration. They haven’t yet developed the skills to implement their ideas,
and when they do have some success in orchestrating the specific play scenarios that they
are imagining, they can also become trapped in them. They can’t seem to get any further
than playing the same thing over and over again, and they are reluctant to let any other peer
move the imagination along. The older children can benefit from the teacher being available
during playtime to help them to overcome this mire of being stuck and to give a little prop or
suggestion that can help the play to move on to new horizons. The younger children are also
helpful at this time. The fluidity of the younger child’s play, where the child responds lightly
to the props involved and then freely moves on to new scenarios, is loosening and provides
a helpful remedy to the older child’s newfound consciousness. The interplay of the older and
younger children can help massage the older child into his new reality with more grace and
comfort.

It can also be helpful for the older child to be brought into the teacher’s work activity. From
the perspective of working with the teacher and looking out into the classroom, the child
can watch the other children’s play and then can be inspired to go back into the play in a
freer way.

It also helps to have some general “rules of the land” during free play time. One of
our necessary rules is that “we are all together in this land.” This alleviates a lot of the
exclusiveness that the girls, especially, will play at when they go through the six/seven-year
transformation. There are still many opportunities in the kindergarten for them to have
private times with their special friends. There are also many ways that we can be all together
that do not crowd others. If I see that there is a particular child that disrupts the play, I have to
work harder trying to find a way that he or she can be occupied serving the play, developing
new skills, or perhaps that child can be distracted into another activity until the intensity of
the mood shifts.

The healing basket is one of our important tools as well. If a child’s gestures have gotten
away from him, then this child can administer the healing salve to the offended party. The
restlessness of limbs can often translate into impulsive movements that appear to be lashing
out at others. It’s amazing how many of these children are not aware that their limbs actually
did bump into someone else. Perhaps also, the healing silk cloth that is in the basket needs

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 to be wrapped around the child’s hands or feet while the child waits quietly for her helpful
ways to return. We keep this basket in a special place in the classroom, and every year we dig
up some of the root of our comfrey plant and make some more healing salve for our basket.
The children experience that we use the lanolin from the sheep, the wax from the bees, and
the oil from the almond tree to help the comfrey do its healing work. When
When the capacity to we as teachers see manifestations of roughness in the child’s gestures, and we
see ideas and plan sense that the child is more out of control and others are being hurt, then a
ahead arrives for the time to sit with the healing cloth on the offender’s hands can be just the right
remedy. This needn’t be a presented as a punishment. It can be administered
older children, they can kindly and matter-of-factly, and can give the child just the right few moments
go through a time of to settle back into himself.
frustration.
Above all, at this time in their development, I find that the older children need
adults around them who are not alarmed by them but can, instead, carry the inner stance of
“I know these changes are hard for you. I understand and I will help you.” The older children
tend to be appreciative when they can meet a firm and loving boundary. Although initially
the children will push against a boundary or a teacher, when the limit is held lovingly and
firmly, the eventual response is usually a fond embrace or a desire to come closer. So much
is changing in their world and they need to have the assurance that they will continue to be
held surely and safely in the arms of the kindergarten.

Some of the common games that I see the older children play at free play time are master/
servant (mothers tending babies, owners taking dogs for walks); tying fingerknit ropes into
knotted masses; building houses, preferably without windows, and then going inside them
and talking; wrapping presents and delivering them; making money; building up puppet
play scenes and talking the puppets through little stories on the landscapes they’ve created;
and finding ways to elevate themselves in their play (explained later). Each year many of
these same themes repeat themselves.

Another prop that I find very useful is a variety of softly stuffed cushions. The children drag
them around, use them in their houses, and derive much pleasure from the kind of sensory
play where they can climb underneath and be squashed, pile them up and jump into them,
and so on. Although this may seem rambunctious, it actually turns out more often to be an
orderly game that enables the older children to direct the taking of turns and make sure
others are out of the way. This activity can take long periods of time to organize and set up.
Sometimes the children will ask the teachers if they can make a sandwich with the cushions.
This starts a time of the children asking for turns to be pressed in the middle of two big fluffy
pillows while the mustard and mayonnaise and lettuce are pressed onto the sandwich. This
is a very important experience for the children who have sensory issues and need to be
informed about the boundaries of their own skin.

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 During free play time, the teacher takes up a work activity like folding laundry, fixing toys
and props, carving, ironing, baking, chopping vegetables for soup, or making new toys.
Also, at certain times of the year, life activities like threshing and grinding grain or processing
wool resonate with what’s happening in nature. The older children tend to become more
interested in participating in these focused activities as the year progresses.

Sometimes the older children will suggest that they can do major activities by themselves.
One year a group of older children told me that they didn’t need my help to make the soup
anymore. It was remarkable to watch how they methodically went through the same setup
and procedure in the same order that we had done all year long. The beaming
I find that the older sense of accomplishment that showed itself the next day as we ate the soup
children need adults brought strength to the whole class. Another year a child said, “When are you
going to let me clean this whole kindergarten by myself?” (Needless to say, he
around them who are
didn’t repeat that request too many times.) When the teacher consented, he
not alarmed by them set to work with great relish. The other children watched and then started to
but can, instead, carry ask him if they could help. “I guess so,” he said and, one by one, the children
the inner stance of “I joined in “to clean the whole kindergarten by themselves.” It was heart-
know these changes warming to see the joy they found in their work and to hear, “Don’t help us,
are hard for you. I teacher.”
understand and I will
In our kindergarten, all of the equipment is designed to be used in play except
help you.” for our two work tables. Our cupboards have been unloaded, flipped on their
side and used for four-seater boats, tables have been draped for enclosures, a
play-stove turned on its side with the door opened for a fish hold, and benches overturned
and ridden across the floor for bus rides. This year, I looked up from my wool carding to
see that the children had emptied out the baskets that contained our drapes, silks, pillows,
and blankets and were balancing these same baskets on top of the playstands. Then they
climbed into them while carefully balancing their steps and, from their perches on top of the
playstands, surveyed the whole room. Next they began to rent out their “apartments and
beds” for the money that others were making in another part of the room. The imaginations
are endless when even the physical equipment can be transformed.

At the time when the children themselves are stretching taller and spreading up through
their ribcage and out through their limbs, it is not uncommon to see the older children work
very hard at moving pieces of furniture and hoisting them on top of other pieces until they
have built structures that tower up toward the ceiling. I like to be close to make sure that
these three-dimensional works of art are safe. The next inevitable step is that the creator
climbs to the top of the creation and perches there contentedly while surveying others in
play. The closer the children can get to the ceiling, the better! Often at this time we also see
ladders and stair steps appearing in the children’s drawings, and children can complain of
“growing pains” in their legs, tummies, and sometimes arms.

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It is during free play time that we also have our painting, drawing, baking, and handwork/
craft times. Everyone comes to our table to paint and draw, but baking and handwork are
not compulsory.

The older children can be very helpful to the younger children at handwork time. Threading
needles, tying knots, and many other tasks can be joyfully accomplished by those who
want to be in charge. However, it is my experience that children, old and young, prefer their
play. And handwork projects that are begun can be soon abandoned in favor of interesting
play happening somewhere else in the room. This is why I have handwork baskets for each
individual child. Unfinished handwork projects go into the baskets.

The handwork program is something that I carefully monitor. While I have no expectation
of the younger children to settle at the handwork table, I carefully watch the gesture of the
older children towards handwork. It can be a sign of school readiness when the older child
is able to hold interest for a handwork activity for a prolonged period of time and have the
desire to work to completion on it. I have encountered numerous children who already have
belief systems that tell them that they can’t do something, so sometimes I sit with an older
child until he or she is able to have a few empowering experiences. It is a healing moment for
the children when the realization arrives that they can do things with their hands.

The younger children may begin a project that they complete much later or not at all. If I feel
it is therapeutic for a child to complete his creation, then I will bring him over to it later, but
mostly I honor his need to be in the play instead. This reminds me of Michael. Michael was
born prematurely at twenty-six weeks, and has been with us in the kindergarten for three
years. Each year he enthusiastically comes over to the handwork table and begs for a turn
to make a heart pincushion for Valentine’s Day. This year, his third year, is the first year that
he has stayed with the task without being distracted into the play. For three years, he’s been
working on the same pincushion. This year, he has asked if he can make another one for his
own sewing basket. (The kindergarten children who will be going into first grade make a
sewing needle book and prepare a sewing basket as their project.) Readiness for working
to completion on focused projects has finally arrived for Michael, and so have a lot of other
characteristics of first-grade readiness.

Painting and drawing time are signaled by a song. Some of the older children generally
voluntarily come to help me set up and tidy up afterwards. When everyone has arrived at the
table, I open the window a crack to invite the color fairies to come in and dance on our paper.
Of course the color fairies come in only when it’s quiet. This can be quite a challenge for the
older children, whose desire to socialize is so strong. However, painting and drawing provide
more opportunities for the children to practice impulse control and self-regulation, and I am
firm that painting and drawing times are quiet times.

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 When a few of the children have finished their paintings or drawings and have put their
boards or books away, then the cleanup gets underway. Children volunteer or are asked to
clean the paint pots or put away the drawing mats and crayons. Those who have finished
and are not cleaning up the painting and drawing tables then move into the play to help tidy
up the play props. My colleague is busy modeling the joy of tidying our little home, but many
of the children need to be guided into which cleanup task they will complete.

Tidy-up Time
M y approach to cleaning up the kindergarten with the children has changed over the past
five years. When I began teaching over thirty years ago, I would sing a cleanup song and
the children would willingly join in, imitating my activity. Through time I have seen many
changes to children’s reactions to this transition, and it has been hard for me to relinquish the
ideal that the children should just calmly imitate my activity. More and more children cannot
deal easily with this transition. Behaviors such as going limp, racing around the room wildly,
hiding, sitting, wandering around holding the same prop for the duration of tidy-up, and
going to the bathroom until cleanup is done are all common reactions. The following is what
I have found works for me now.

When we have painting and drawing days, the children finish and leave the artistic activity
a few at a time, and the first thing they see is one teacher already busy putting away the
play props. This teacher leads the children into helping with the tidy-up tasks if they do not
join in naturally (as explained above). Sometimes they have to be reminded about their
task if working alongside them with enthusiastic example does not work. I have found it
helpful to give some of the “nerve-sense” children their own quieter space so that they are
able to focus. This can be done by having them wind ropes or fold cloths or sort crayons,
for instance, away from the main tidy area where the other more thick-skinned children are
moving around. For extremely sensitive children, I have given them the opportunity to do
these activities inside some draped playstands so that they have a shelter from what they
perceive as the chaos that erupts in the room.

On the other days, when play precedes tidying up, the teacher sings “Let us form a ring” to
call the children together, sits on the floor with arms crossed, sings a song while lighting a
candle, and then assigns tasks. These are the words of the song:

I’ll light a little candle now,

And help it shine so bright.
It will help me tidy up,
I’ll clean with all my might.

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 Some years, the children are able to move into the tidy-up, see what is needed, and work
alongside the teachers doing the tasks. I have also found that, with some groups of children,
giving specific tasks to get them started is helpful. After the tasks are assigned the teacher
covers her eyes (“I’m closing up the curtains”) and then counts to ten, “opens the curtains,”
and sees that the children are well underway with their jobs. The children love to scurry
away and be busy with their task so that when the teacher “opens the curtains,” she can see
that they are already at work. Covering up my eyes and then opening them again adds an
element of playfulness to our work. I also find it much easier for the children to transition into
tidy-up time if they have an opportunity to collect themselves first. Crossing the arms and
singing our tidy-up song accomplishes this. Assigning tasks gives them forward momentum,
and then they are able to imitate again instead of getting caught up in the nervous agitation
of the transition. As mentioned above, there are still many sensitive children who need to
be removed from the change in activity as their friends scurry around the room. Scrubbing
a pot, sweeping a floor away from the main area of activity, wiping down a table, sitting on
a chair and coiling up fingerknit ropes can all be more solitary tasks which are calming for
these sensitive children.

When all our toys are put away, the story candle is ready, and our benches are circled around
the rocking chair, then story time may begin.

Story Time
E ach year, the stories I tell depend on the group of children in the kindergarten. When their
recall memory capacity develops, the older children will begin to request stories that they
remember from the year before. I try to honor these requests, especially if they are beneficial
for the younger children as well. These stories are like old friends to the older children.

A story is told at least five times, sometimes more. Then it is often pretended together as
we do a play, or it is presented as a puppet play as well as a play. I usually work with a story
in this way for two weeks at least, and therefore the story sinks deeper and deeper into the
children’s consciousness.

Each year we have a continuous nature story theme (like the adventures of a little mouse
through the seasons), and during the two weeks of the main story, the nature story may
be inserted. Often the nature stories can be developed to bring in a curative story element
to the children. Perhaps the little mouse had some repercussions from stealing the cheese!
(Stealing can be one of the habits that an older child will try out while passing through the
awakening that happens at the six/seven-year transformation).

As the year progresses and after we’ve heard the story many times, the older children relish
the opportunity to do plays of the stories. This is a way we can take the story into us on a
deeper level, and pretending a play can be a beginning bridge to the drama that they will
later experience in the grade school. When we line up the benches in a row at story time

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 it’s a signal that we are going to do a play. Right away the children are saying, “Can I be the
princess?” or “I want to be Rumpelstiltskin.” I begin by saying “The teacher will know whose
turn it is,” and then I place large cloths on the floor for different places in the story. “This is
the king’s forest,” or “This is the fire where Rumpelstiltskin danced.” Then I bring a child to
the place. “And here is Rumpelstiltskin.”

When we pretend or dramatize the stories, the children wear drapes or costumes while the
teacher leads them through the story in a dream-like way. Sometimes some of the older
children will spontaneously speak the words of the character or thing they are pretending
to be, and sometimes the teacher just tells the story as the children move through it, often
holding the teacher’s hand.

Sometimes the story theme finds its way into our circle or play time as well. During playtime,
the children will find the same props or make up their own costumes, and then an older child
will often direct/tell the story.

As mentioned above, nature stories are also told and curative stories are helpful for the
children going through the change. There’s nothing like hearing what happened to the little
princess when she wouldn’t let her sister play with her friends; or what about Mousie-Nibble-
Tooth when he hid behind the tree instead of helping to clean up the nest?

As the years have passed, I’ve noticed that different groups of children have different
interests that come forth. Sometimes I’ve felt that I could perceive a bit of their destiny
together. One year the children persistently begged to have a play each day. “Can we
pretend the story today?” Their eighth grade Shakespeare play was a wonder to behold.
Another year, the children were constantly doing puppet plays. Sometimes during the course
of the year, we will invite the parents in to see our plays. The younger children sit with their
parents while the older ones play out the story. The preparation beforehand is a wonderful
exercise in developing group qualities that the older children have been struggling to
cultivate. Sometimes they work out that two children move the same puppet or that, in
the play, there are two or three of one character. I try to be available to assist but leave the
arranging up to them as much as possible. Of course, a word of suggestion at the right time
is often helpful. Sometimes if someone is left out, I will suggest that the child could play
the music (kinderharp or tone bars). It’s surprising to see how they work together and often
come up with solutions that I wouldn’t have thought of. All of this is done with the same
quality of dream-like play that they also carry into their playtime.

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 After story time is over, I put out the candle while singing a song. We then stand and say
a verse together and then we play games. Games time interfaces with the time that the
children are dressing to go home or to our continuing care program. So, while my colleague
comes and takes the children one at a time to dress for going home, the rest of us are
occupied in focused play together. The parents wait outside the door.

This way makes this transition calmer. Because the children are not usually in the cloakroom
area all at the same time, and the parents are waiting outside, we can control this transition
with a bit more grace. It is also an opportunity for us to bring to the children some of the old
traditional games, which in olden times used to bring neighborhood children together in the
spirit of cooperation and fun.

Games Time
T hese games belong to a rich inheritance that our society is running the risk of losing, and
the children love them. To see which games are favored by which children can bring many
insights. There are often requests, but I usually rely on my instincts as to what
There are already so particular game would help to harmonize the events of the day so far.
many uncontrollable
There are also other kinds of games that we play at this time. Depending on
changes in the body,
the energy level of the children and the mood of the group, we will play floor
consciousness, games, finger games, traditional games, obstacle courses, or use the scooter
emotions, and social boards or other props.
realms of the older
children that they These games rely on the children’s abilities to be able to take turns, to wait,
especially need the to be in leadership or following roles, and to cooperate for the overall benefit
of the group. It can be beneficial for some children to learn how not to be
security of being able
first. Perhaps the hardest lesson learned is waiting for another day if we don’t
to rely on events get a turn today. Although the younger children tend to be more accepting,
happening in the usual this can be difficult for the older children and especially for an only child.
order. Many productive conversations with parents can ensue and, as a result, the
traditional games can be a teaching tool for all of us to show how important
these social lessons can be for these children. Valuable skills are developed in the children as
they are stretched by these structured play opportunities.

Later in the year, we play skipping games with the skipping rope that we have made from
the children’s fingerknitting. We know the year is coming to an end when the parents arrive
to see us outside, skipping to our jump-rope rhymes.

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 And this brings us to the end of our kindergarten day. During the final tidy-up at the end of
the session, my colleague and I share observations of the joys and challenges of the morning.
To record these observations can be very fruitful, especially when one discovers after looking
back upon them that there are certain repetitive behaviors happening with a particular child
that may signal the six/seven-year change.

As I look back over this article, I am reminded of the importance of our daily and weekly
rhythms. If any changes occur in our routine, there is always a ripple effect for the older
and younger children. There are already so many uncontrollable changes in the body,
consciousness, emotions, and social realms of the older children that they especially need
the security of being able to rely on events happening in the usual order. We have found
that we can shorten or elongate aspects of our rhythm, but changing the order of things can
affect adversely the well-being of our kindergarten family.

When it comes to the weekly rhythm, it is surprising to see how many children gear their
week according to which day it is. When they say, “What day is it?” we know they mean, is it
porridge day or is it painting day?

Working with the older children on a daily basis can be a challenge. However, a teacher
who compassionately appreciates the tremendous upheaval these children are undergoing
can contribute much to the immediate well-being of the children and their families and
the children’s later success in the grade school. We, as teachers, can also experience the
joy of taking our place by the child’s side as she or he goes through one of life’s major
transformations. Let’s celebrate the emerging butterfly! ✦

References
Bryer, Estelle. Eurythmy for the Young Child: A Guide for Teachers and Parents. Spring Valley, NY:
WECAN, 2005.

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Movement Journeys:
Enticing the
Older Child to
Intentional
Movement

Nancy Blanning

W hen planning activities for kindergarten classes, the six- and seven-year-olds have
always stood as both an inspiration and a challenge. I knew that if they could
be happily enticed into interested participation, then the rest of the group of
children would follow them. The needs of this age group in particular have always stood
in the background of my thinking. They constantly provoked the questions: Is it true that
older children (boys especially) will do what they want and need to do no matter what the
teacher says or how he or she tries to redirect them? If so, how can they be given the means
to do what they need and want to do in a socially acceptable and pedagogically sound
manner? Years of watching and pondering the children have led me to develop movement
journeys.

Certain understandings of the “loves” of the children began to emerge out of this
phenomenological process. Children love adventures and rich imaginations. At story time we
watch them dive into imaginative pictures where there is much movement, all of it in their
interior landscape. They love challenges. As their muscles and skeletons mature, their sensory
development insists that more complicated, daring movements be tried and mastered.
They also love playfulness and humor. Even though they sometimes seem to want a steady
diet of unruly silliness, they also long for moments of quiet and reverence in contrast to the
expansiveness that impels them. Rich language and rhythmic speech further appeal to what
the children crave as they nurture and mature their senses.

As well as their “loves,” the children’s needs began to become more obvious to me as I
contemplated the older child in the kindergarten. What I perceived as the wish of most
teachers—to have circle time as the crowning moment of the kindergarten morning—also
provoked some further questions. Children in general, and often the older ones in particular,

163
 seemed harder and harder to engage in traditional circles. I witnessed many circles where
children who did not engage well were either passive and non-imitating or wild and
disruptive. Is it possible that the “loves” described above and needs for physical and sensory
development were not being met, making it difficult, if not impossible, for some children to
participate in the more subtle rhythms of our traditional circle times?

Our culture is becoming more entertainment-oriented and increasingly passive. Productive,

purposeful movement that has always come with meaningful work is a rare activity for
children now. Active play is harder to encounter in the child’s more sedate and car-bound life
experience. Safety concerns require children be kept close to home and indoors. A roaming-
the-neighborhood childhood of former times is a distant memory for even most adults.
Children are more confined and more restrained. The culture encourages them to direct their
play toward technology and couch-potato entertainment.

But the need to strengthen, integrate, and coordinate the physical body through movement
is undeniable. If it does not happen in guided ways—work, chores, traditional ring games
and children’s games, for example—an outlet will be found in other ways
The subtleness of to satisfy developmental needs. And what we see of the children is too
the adult’s gesture, often chaotic, frenetic, stiff, and mechanical. Archetypal, human wholeness
reverence of mood, strives to manifest itself, but environmental conditions thwart these healthy
and interest in the developments again and again.
unseen archetypal After much observation and contemplation, some understandings began
world nourishes the to awaken in me. And I began to see a way to meet the movement needs of
imaginative pictures these children. Happily, it seemed possible to join the children’s (and teacher’s)
that are flooding into “loves” and needs through movement and imaginative pictures. Like circle
the children. time, movement journeys utilize fun activities to experience polarities, thus
creating a kind of breathing. The mood, tempo, volume, and gesture of
these journeys pulse rhythmically back and forth from expansive and bold to contracted,
contained, and quiet.

These contrasting experiences give opportunities to develop and strengthen the

foundational senses of touch, life, self-movement, and balance. (See the article in Section
One on “Seeing the Wholeness of the Child” for more on this subject.) Young children long
to develop these senses, and we want to assist their unfolding in a healthy way. Traditional
circle games blend a wonderful balance of these sensory needs. In the “olden days” before
mainstream research, no one knew that “Ring Around the Rosy” and “Circle to the Left, Old
Brass Wagon” were helping to mature the senses of self-movement and balance. Children
just loved them because they were satisfying and fun. We can take the wisdom of these circle
games and elaborate upon them to consciously offer what we see the children needing.

The movement journey may also be seen as an imaginative obstacle course. Chances to
climb up and down, balance, jump, hop, spin, skip, gallop, tiptoe, crawl, roll, fly, swim, duck-

164
walk, and otherwise frolic and cavort through imaginative terrain transform this circle time
into an adventure. With the six- and seven-year-olds in mind, there exists an element of
challenge which inspires their interest.

To prevent these movements from getting too expansive or fast and loud, all the movements
are tied together with song, verse, and rhythmic speech. These key elements set and sustain
the pace. The speech must be rhythmic in a lively way and the imagination vivid enough to
enter into easily. It is remarkable how well the children are carried by the rhythmic speech
and song. Held in this way, children in a mixed-age class of eighteen will patiently wait until
all have climbed up and down Jack and Jill’s hill (ascending and descending balance beams)
when they are held by the speech. Adding a hand-gesture element for the children waiting
also helps them to stay engaged.

The hand-gesture element has its consciously-chosen place as well. An adventure only
remains fun when interspersed with some rest. A chance to sit and express the gestures with
arms, hands, even tiny finger movements, affords some respite. These games encourage
finer movement right down into the fingertips and help to waken up consciousness as well
as dexterity.

Movement journeys are intended to be a support for the circle time, not a replacement. We
strive in the kindergarten to address the child’s need for verbal and non-verbal archetypes.
The subtleness of the adult’s gesture, reverence of mood, and interest in the unseen
archetypal world nourishes the imaginative pictures that are flooding into the children,
reminding them of their origins. Yet, in our time, so many aspects of life seem to deny the
children the preparatory steps of coming into the body through purposeful movement. This
gap is what the movement journeys offer to fill.

To get the full benefit of a journey, it is ideal to set it up in a separate large space such as a
eurythmy room. It can also be adapted to the classroom as circumstances necessitate. If the
apparatus is too big or too difficult to arrange in a classroom, it can be set up in the hallway
and the class can be guided out to that area by the teacher, including this in the imagination
of the journey. The journeys are usually arranged in blocks of four to six weeks, one time
weekly, as a special activity, usually in place of circle time that day. I know teachers who also
adapt this and use a movement journey every day for a week or two.

It is critical that all movements and all imaginations we bring to the children be filled with
liveliness, enthusiasm, and joy, and our full, inner participation. This includes both the large,
boisterous movements and the quieter, more reverent times interspersed throughout the
imaginations. While these journeys have a therapeutic component, it is important that
the movements not be done slavishly, lest the movement become mechanical rather than
healing and enlivening. All movements must hold truth and authenticity, so we have to be
good observers of our surroundings to represent archetypal gestures well.

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 It is further hoped that the examples of circles or movement journeys in Section Five will
offer inspiration for teachers to create their own original work. Each group of children is
different and each teacher has individual gifts to share. Once one has some practice with this
idea, the movements and imaginations that will best serve the individual group of children
will speak to the teacher. Blending our understanding of developmental movement with
rich imaginations leads to a healthy balance. This balance helps alleviate the pitfalls of being
too mechanical in our movements or of only living in pictures without careful attention to
gesture. The more deeply we penetrate the movements and are true to the image being
created, the more the children will be drawn, through their interest, to imitate us. This
movement enrichment offers an important opportunity for our children’s development that
can be a healing therapy for them as well.

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The Role of Handwork:
Developing Skills and
Meeting the Needs
of the Older Child
in the Kindergarten

Barbara Klocek

S hould handwork have a place in the kindergarten? Does it serve the children in some
way or does it keep them from play? What is appropriate in the class and why? Does
handwork keep the children or teachers focused on product rather than process?

In my kindergarten I have found that there is a place for handwork. It serves the children by
providing them with a means for exploring substances, as well as helping them to refine
their fine motor skills. The exploration of texture, new materials, and tools unfolds in a mood
and process very much like that of creative play. I find that the older children in the class love
the challenges the materials give them. The younger children (the four- and young five-year-
olds) do not participate in some of these activities, and this allows them more space for their
own imaginative play while the older children are engrossed in the handwork.

If the older children are not given challenges, often they become restless and disruptive. By
being presented with wood, yarn, wool, needles, and thread, they learn to work with their
hands in new ways. I have also found that the children who are not drawn to fine motor
skills are often the ones who need practice in this area. We need to balance the breathing
tendencies of each child with the question, Does this child need a larger or smaller focus and
movement experiences throughout the day, the season, or the year?

Working with the hands on a project unfolding over time develops skills and soul qualities
(like patience, for instance). There is a satisfaction in participating in bread making, making
our own sandpaper, learning to screw a vice on the table, or to drill a hole for a peg. Carding
wool, making a fingerknitted belt or their own puppet requires a focus that becomes
strengthened by practice. This serves the children well as preparation for the challenges of
first grade.

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 Just as we seek to create a balance of large/small and slow/quick movements to create a
healthy breathing in our circles, so we need to look at our day to see that this breathing is
in the activities we bring to the children. I have found the use of handwork brings a much-
needed focus to the child who is restless or chaotic. It also brings the joy of creating to the
children and begins to build a practice of patience and persistence. The ability to transform
wood, wool, paper, yarn, and cloth can reflect the child’s own developmental transformation.
The children love to play with the materials and experience the alchemy of the changes that
the materials and even they themselves experience. So how does this look in the stream of
the year in the kindergarten?

In the beginning of the year we are very busy learning how to go through our day, making
new friends, and exploring the wonderful kindergarten spaces. Making bread is a favorite
weekly activity—wonderfully tactile, from the sifting of flour to the kneading of the dough.
We do this as a two-day process, with the mixing the first day, rising of the dough overnight,
and then forming and baking the next day. And what a favorite snack it is! In the winter we
also make soup one day a week and have many helpers chopping.

In the fall it is traditional in our kindergarten to make swords for Michaelmas. For many
years, every child was encouraged to make a sword. The younger children would like to start
one but were usually not developmentally able to sustain their interest and attention. I was
reluctant to work with only the older children initially because I wanted the class to form
as a whole. Yet I have found that the older children love to be acknowledged and given
individual tasks. Whether it is in tying shoes or in helping the younger children put on rain
gear, the older ones thrive on helping and on having challenging tasks. So for the last three
years, only the older children have made swords. Making swords is a process that takes at
least two weeks of sanding, rasping, drilling, painting, and oiling the wood. What a relief it
has been to work only with the older children who have been “champing at the bit,” while
the younger children watched with much interest and anticipation. The more eager younger
ones were encouraged to work on three swords for the kindergarten during this time, to
give them direction and a way to participate in this activity. This allowed for a much more
sanguine way of working for these younger ones.

To ensoul the sword in the right way I created a verse for circle time:

I will polish my sword,

so strong, so bright.
I will use it for the right,
not for some silly quarrel or fight,
but to drive away evil I will try,
and protect those who are weaker than I.

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 During the week of the Michaelmas festival we all dye a golden silk with the marigold petals
we have dried. In the story we tell, the children have heard how Michael gave a cape of light
“to give you courage, strength, and might.” The older children are formally presented with
their finished swords as a last activity on our Michaelmas Friday. A note goes home to the
parents giving them the verse to help them carry the right mood with the
I have also found sword. All of the children go home with a golden silk cape and a crown for
that the children who Michaelmas, the older ones proudly carrying their swords.
are not drawn to fine
Making crowns is a wonderful activity that happens several times throughout
motor skills are often the year. These are simply made and I have heard from parents how they
the ones who need enhance dress-up play at home. In the fall when we are hearing a Native
practice in this area. American Indian story, we make Indian crowns. These are made with a strip of
felt tied with yarn in the back, on which the children thread six little wooden
beads. A few children at a time are with me, while the other children are playing. This allows
me to observe the child’s eye-hand coordination. With the older children, if there is difficulty
with the task I often speak to the parents at our Thanksgiving conference time and ask them
to help their child by giving them opportunities at home to refine these skills.

We also decorate crowns again at wintertime, either for Three Kings’ or Valentine’s Day. They
are made of different colored cardstock that I have cut into crowns. How the older children
love to cut out hearts or use the hole punch for jewels, glue them on and, when dry, lovingly
wear them.

Often for Christmas, we will sew a very simple gift for our parents. I cut out a square for a
dream pillow, or a heart for a pocket full of love (stuffed with wool and lavender). I have
heard of the opinion that children should not be sewing at such a young age, but rather it is
better that they do fingerknitting instead. My experience has taught me that fingerknitting
is much more difficult than sewing, and if one is not particular about the stitches, most
children who are four-and-a-half and older love to sew. I am often asked to cut out a fish so
that the child can sew a present to take home for his kitty.

After Christmas, I take the next six weeks to teach the older children to fingerknit. I have
come up with a little verse: “Catch a little fish. Oh, it is so big. Pull its tail, and make it small
instead.” Most children take to fingerknitting easily and then want to sew their fingerknitting
into horse reins, a rug, a basket, and once, a child asked to sew mittens. This is a challenging
activity for some children. In order to do fingerknitting children need to have the ability
to focus and to pass through an important developmental stage of crossing the midline.
Observing this task can help me to see some challenges that certain children may meet
when they are in first grade. My observations may be something that I mention to parents if I
am concerned.

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 From mid-February until Easter we all explore wool that comes from the sheep at our farm. I
usually do the major washing but will sometimes wash some with the class. We then finger-
card the wool and then card it with little inexpensive and sturdy dog brushes that work very
well. On our walk day we visit the creek or Crystal Mountain and gather small and medium-
sized stones. One day we wash and sort the stones by size and then, after carding a big
basketful of wool, we start making balls. In the center of the ball I put a small stone, about
nickel- or quarter-size, and around this I wrap the wool we have carded. The
Working with the children can pick out two colors of colored wool, which I wrap crisscross over
hands on a project the forming ball. I then dip it into warm water in a dishpan and drizzle some
unfolding over time mild dish soap over the ball. I show them how to squeeze and roll gently at
first and then harder as the wool begins to felt. It generally only takes about
develops skills and soul
five minutes. However some children work much longer and enjoy the sensory
qualities (like patience, touch experience.
for instance)
If there is time before Easter we sometimes make seed babies (after we hear
about them in circle time). These are made with slightly larger rocks at the core and a layer
of white wool and then colored wool. They are felted by the children, and the next day they
have opened and inside there is a little simple baby. I take the seeds home at night, cut them
open a crack, take out the stone, and make a very simple needle-felted baby to put inside.
We also make little felted rabbits for our Easter baskets (from roving tied in two knots, one
larger for the body and one smaller for the head, leaving out the ends for ears with a layer of
wool over it). These we felt very gently, stroking the little ears. After a rinse in the warm and
cold water the bunnies are named and the children are told that tomorrow their eyes will be
open. I take them home and put a little brown or blue yarn through for eyes and needle-felt
the eyes a bit for strength. What fun we have with the bunnies until it is time for them to go
home in Easter baskets!

I feel very strongly that needle-felting as an activity does not belong in the kindergarten.
The gesture is too harsh. Imagine what children, who tend to unite with the adult’s gesture,
are experiencing with the quick, repetitive, piercing movement of the needle-felter. This can
affect their nervous systems and elicit from them nervous gestures as well.

After the spring break the older children have special projects—a needle book and a puppet.
First they pick two colors of felt and some colorful thick thread for the needle book. We do
a blanket stitch around the edges of the felt and then twizzle two colors of yarn to hold
the needle book closed. The twizzle is stitched on the back side of the book and each child
receives one needle and six pins to put inside. With this they then begin their puppet. These
are simple table puppets and the children can choose whatever character they wish to
create. They take time to ponder this. I only say they must be human or angels, not animals.
This project takes at least three weeks and I try to have them move through the process at
somewhat the same pace. This year I made the heads earlier myself, as this was a challenging
step for some of them. When they are all finished we create a puppet show for the younger
children in our class. I make up a story for all the characters. One year I had only royalty;

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another year there was no royalty at all. Once, six out of thirteen puppets were Michaels.
Then the children can bring the puppet and needle book home. This project is met with
great enthusiasm as the children come out of free play to make their characters. The choleric
ones want to rush right through, but we all work at about the same pace so we are all
putting heads, bottoms, hair, and capes on at the same time. What a lesson in patience for
some and a lesson in perseverance for others.

This project is such a symbol of the culmination of development at the end of the children’s
kindergarten years. They come to kindergarten as young children, usually participating
inclusively with a “we” consciousness. As they near the end of the first seven years, they
become more individualized, creating their own inner images. They choose their character
for a puppet, create it, participate in a group puppet show, and proudly take it home with
the needle book. This has helped them to be ready for the next step into the first grade.

These ideas are only indications of how one could work. It is most important that the gesture
of handwork be a joyful mood of creating rather than something that is product-oriented.
It can be a lovely social time, while sitting around and talking and working together…much
like a quilting bee. This year a little five-year-old girl told me that she couldn’t sew her
Daddy’s present because her Mother did not allow her to use needles. I said I thought it
would be fine if she were sitting beside me. She carefully stitched around the heart. When
she finished she danced around the room singing, “I can sew. I can sew.” I have experienced
many such successes that have filled the children with confidence and dignity. ✦

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Little Red-Cap:
The Overcoming
of Heredity and the
Birth of the Individual

Louise deForest

A ll of us—especially our children—know that there is something powerful in fairy

tales; stories told hundreds of years ago are still pertinent today. Fairy tales are the
carriers of archetypes that speak to our souls with the same voice regardless of
culture, geography, time, and space. We often see the very same fairy tale emerge from
Persia, Western Europe, South America, Russia, and the Far East, with only minor changes
to reflect the images most appropriate to the particular culture of origin. Fairy tales are
vehicles for spiritual truths, expressed in pictures that can guide humanity. As Joan Almon
once pointed out, the journey in a fairy tale is always the same: the prince or princess (or
simpleton) leaves home in innocence, follows a path, straying from it occasionally, meets
challenges and receives gifts, goes through some kind of inner transformation, until finally
he or she finds the prince or princess, returns to the father’s house, and becomes king or
queen. Innocence has changed to consciousness and they live “happily ever after,” ruling
their kingdom wisely.

Children recognize in these stories a blueprint for life, and if we think of these fairy tales in
the light of our own biographies we can see, in an external form, the journeys our souls have
taken during our own lifetimes. Fairy tales are our stories as spiritual beings living in physical
bodies.

Waldorf teachers, both in the kindergarten and in the lower classes, tell fairy tales to the
children in their classes, repeating them often, knowing full well that by so doing we affirm
the spiritual truths that the children still live in and long to find as a living reality here on
earth. Through the imagination in these stories we help prepare them for the lives that are
awaiting them, as well. One of my children loved the story of “The Three Billy Goats Gruff”
and asked for it every day for months. I told it, not quite understanding his need until several

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 years later: while still a child, he encountered an enormous obstacle in his path, one that
required deep inner changes for him. Then I knew that the story he had so loved had the
possibility of helping him overcome the challenge and moving on with his life. We also know
that the harder we work to understand these stories, to arrive at the archetypal images and
to read the story within the story, the more deeply the children can take these images into
their soul lives.

Often adults are uncomfortable with the images in fairy tales—the cut-off toes, the often
gruesome deaths of wicked stepmothers, or the perceived maligning of certain types of
animals—but children do not identify with the material world as strongly as we adults do.
Unlike us, the children do not take these stories literally or personally, and can
The child lives for quickly penetrate to the essential in a story. Children have the imaginative
the first seven years capacity to live so fully in the context of the pictures that no explanation is
necessary, and the only comment I have given to my kindergarten children
between the poles
when they ask me if the story is true, is “yes.”
of heredity and
individuality. The fairy tale “Little Red-Cap,” otherwise known as “Little Red Riding Hood,”
while good for all older kindergarten children, I find especially well suited for
the children entering into and going through the developmental phase of the six-to-seven-
year-old change—that time when their relationship to themselves and the world around
them goes through profound, confusing, and often lonely changes.

Each teacher interprets a fairy tale in his or her own way; what stands out for me may not feel
so relevant to someone else, and another teacher may notice a detail that has completely
escaped my attention. So the interpretation that follows is by no means the ultimate or only
truth but rather my own understanding, with the awareness and delight that there are many
other equally valid ways of “translating” this wonderful story.

These stories shine so brightly in their entirety, and the rhythms of the language are so rich,
that I always hesitate to dissect them, yet I find that sometimes each word and often each
sentence has a gem in it, just waiting for me to dig down far enough to expose it. So forgive
me for taking apart this story with you, to proceed haltingly, lifting rocks and looking under
leaves to see what lies beneath.

As Rudolf Steiner tells us, one of the many tasks that children have in the first seven years
of life is that of adapting the body they have inherited from past generations into the body
they need for the particular destiny awaiting them. As soon as the spiritual self finds itself in
a physical body, it begins to adapt that body into a more suitable vehicle for the life it intends
to live. It’s a bit like moving into a new house and remodeling it to fit the needs of those now
living in it: expanding, refinishing, tearing down here and adding on there. So the child lives
for the first seven years between the poles of heredity and individuality—the past and the
future—and it is the child’s task to infuse the past with the possibilities of the future.

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In the first sentence of “Little Red-Cap,” “Once upon a time there was a dear little girl who
was loved by everyone who looked at her, but most of all by her grandmother, and there was
nothing that she would not have given the child,” we see that this story has to do with this
past-future polarity. The second sentence confirms this conclusion and takes it even farther,
stating that “she gave her a little cap of red velvet, which suited her so well that she would
never wear anything else; so she was always called ‘Little Red-Cap.’ ” Not only does the
grandmother love the child, she has defined her and the child is known to everyone through
the grandmother’s gift. She lives entirely in and is carried by the past, the grandmother’s
gift to her. A name is an important defining presence for us: in my kindergarten class, the
children call me Mrs. deForest, but they always want to know what my real name is—my first
name. And anyone who has experienced confirmation in the Christian Community Church
will have experienced the individuality living in the name of their child. It is significant to me
that it is a red cap that gives this child her name: red is the color of the blood (that which
carries both the heredity and the I) and the cap encases the head with its open receptacle to
the spiritual world, the fontanel.

What now follows is the wonderful wisdom of the mother, who is a harmonizer and mediator
between the grandmother and the child, past and future. The mother recognizes that
the grandmother is ill and knows that her child can bring her new life. The forces of the
past cannot survive without the life-filled impulses of youth. And what does the mother
send? Cake and wine—the Holy Communion itself. For the past to live into the future, a
transformation is necessary and the being of Christ is invited in.

Unlike Parzival’s mother, who, out of a desire to protect her son from his waiting destiny,
gives him misleading advice, Little Red-Cap’s mother is quite clear and precise with her
daughter: “Set out before it gets hot, and when you are going, walk nicely and quietly and
do not run off the path, or you may fall and break the bottle, and then your grandmother will
get nothing; and when you go into her room, don’t forget to say, ‘Good morning,’ and don’t
peep into every corner before you do it.” She covers all facets of this outing, when to go,
where to go, and how to go. And with what innocence and trust Little Red-Cap says to her
mother, “I will take great care,” as she gives her hand before setting out. How protected this
child has been!

The mother does not accompany Little Red-Cap, who must set out on the path with only her
mother’s warnings to guide and sustain her. The mother knows that the path into the future
is increasingly an individual one and that it is now her child’s task to overcome obstacles out
of her own I. No longer can we rely on the family or tribe (all that we receive through birth)
to accompany us; rather, that which leads to the future, the Christ Being, is every individual’s
challenge and redemption and it is as individuals that we must seek Him.

This is an especially important and significant part of the story for the six- and seven-
year-olds who, through their development, are slowly pulling away from their parents.
The new urge for independence that we all recognize in the new first-grade-ready child is

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 reflected in the picture of Little Red-Cap setting out alone, and one senses that this is also
a picture of the etheric separation between mother and child as the etheric body finishes
its physical-formative work. The task of carrying the basket also speaks to me of the older
kindergartener who longs to do something meaningful in the world, who begins to feel
the call to service, and whose limbs crave movement. Carrying the basket, Little Red-Cap
is being asked to focus her will and engage in service through movement. Movement now
enters form. Anyone who works with six- and seven-year-olds recognizes immediately the
intense need they have for movement, reflecting the changing nature of etheric activity
and the intensification of the physical changes the six-year-old experiences. I can almost
hear the sigh of relief and open enthusiasm with which the children take up the activity and
responsibility of Little Red-Cap and her basket.

Grandmother’s home is in the forest—shaded and apart—and an effort of a half hour of

walking is needed to arrive there. The forest itself is a place of mystery, an in-between place
that, in fairy tales, is often a meeting place of the spiritual and the earthly. Entering into
the forest, we enter into the soul realm—full of mystery, possibilities, challenges, and deep
wisdom. We can picture the stately trees, full of life, reaching up from roots entrenched in
rich soil to the sky above us. In the forest there is an unearthly calm where one feels the
presence of elemental beings. One also feels, in the shadows and bushes, the possibility
of the unknown, and as human beings, we can often feel vulnerable, out of our familiar
realm and afraid. And, sure enough, as soon as she steps into the forest, Little Red-Cap
meets the wolf. The wolf, too, is an archetype and one would be mistaken to take the image
literally. The wolf symbolizes all that is materialistically insatiable in us—all that is greedy
and egotistical and that wants to have something for the sake of having it. He is the perfect
picture of the dangers of falling into materialism. However, the wolf is both an opportunity
and a formidable challenge, especially for a child who is so innocent that she does not even
recognize the enemy. Yet, if she can overcome this resistant force in her path (and she must
do this alone, as we all do in the face of the deepest crisis in our lives), she will be on her way
to walking the path as a fuller human being.

But in her innocence, Little Red-Cap is quite frank with the wolf, even giving him explicit
directions to her grandmother’s house: “A good quarter of a league farther on in the wood;
her house stands under the three large oak-trees [wisdom], the nut trees [full of the potential
for life] are just below; you must surely know it.” And immediately we see the insatiable
quality of the wolf, who wants to eat both Little Red-Cap and her grandmother, in spite of
the knowledge that the grandmother will not be nearly as tasty as the child: “What a tender
young creature! What a nice plump mouthful—she will be better to eat than the old woman.
I must act craftily, so as to catch both.”

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 From the very beginning we have seen that Little Red-Cap is susceptible to vanity—her little
cap suited her so well that she would not wear anything else. And now the wolf tempts her
with the joy of sense perceptions: “See, Little Red-Cap, how pretty the flowers are about
here—why do you not look around? I believe, too, that you do not hear how sweetly the little
birds are singing; you walk gravely along as if you were going to school, while everything
else out here in the wood is merry.” Don’t listen to your mother, don’t think about your
grandmother; use your eyes and ears and live completely in the beauty of the world—which
Little Red-Cap does immediately. Even though she does not recognize her adversary for who
he really is, he certainly has recognized her weakness. If we don’t overcome our adversary,
we run the risk of being overcome by it—and we see that this has happened to Little Red-
Cap: “And whenever she had picked one [flower], she fancied that she saw a
Six-year-olds begin still prettier one farther on, and ran after it, and so got deeper and deeper into
to play with good the wood.” All thoughts of her grandmother have fled as she becomes greedy
for more and more beauty.
and bad, often quite
innocently. We can recognize the typical six-year-old, vulnerable to new temptations.
Suddenly they can experiment with not doing as the teacher asks, talking back
to parents, becoming a bit sneaky or sly and beginning to tell lies and have real secrets. It’s
not for nothing that kindergarten teachers often refer to this age as the first adolescence! Six-
year-olds begin to play with good and bad, often quite innocently, trying on new behaviors
for size and then suddenly, inexplicably, returning to the child we once knew.

Going off the path is also typical six-year-old behavior. What parent among us has not heard
the loud and often belligerent assertion, “You’re not the boss of me!” While they strike off on
their own path, sometimes with enthusiasm, sometimes with fierce independence, children
at this age will often push themselves beyond their former capacities, stretching themselves
inwardly as a reflection of their outer limb growth. In getting more flowers than she could
hold, Little Red-Cap portrays this urge to go beyond, to surpass, to challenge herself—to see
what she is made of.

Meanwhile, the wolf runs to the grandmother’s house and it’s a sign of her weakened state
that she offers no resistance at all: “Lift the latch, I am too weak and cannot get up.” The wolf
enters and swallows the grandmother all in one movement and then, wearing her clothes,
gets into bed and draws the curtain. He has swallowed the untransformed forces streaming
from the past and all appears lost.

Little Red-Cap suddenly remembers her grandmother and hurries on her way. Here, too,
we are reminded that the six-year-old is just waking up to a sense of time and space. Five
minutes begin to have meaning (thank goodness!); past, present, and future are becoming
contexts in which to store experiences; and the etheric forces are now more free for memory.

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 She arrives at the cottage, only to be puzzled by the open door. She feels uneasy when she
enters, but now she is once again following her mother’s instructions to say good morning
and not peek into every corner. Indeed, one feels that she might have been helped had she
looked around a bit but, having left the path, it is now too late. Little Red-Cap is now afraid.
Having fallen asleep in the beauty recently perceived by her senses, Little Red-Cap is not
awake enough to identify what is making her uneasy until her last exclamation reveals all:
“but Grandmother, what a terrible big mouth you have!” and the wolf devours her. How
true to life it is that we often don’t wake up enough until it is too late and must suffer the
consequences! And how interesting that it is the mouth that changes her consciousness.
Six-year-olds are indeed going through a transformation with the changing of the milk teeth,
grown from the mother’s etheric forces, to producing the densest substance of the body,
their own permanent teeth. And when Little Red-Cap does eventually recognize the wolf,
we see an important moment in the life of the six- and seven-year-old—the awakening of
thought. She has pieced together the clues through her observations and put those clues
together with her feeling that something is not right.

Now, combining with the will life that has lived so strongly in the very young child, we see
that thought and feeling are added. A huge step indeed!

Luckily, the huntsman comes by and, hearing the loud snoring coming from the
grandmother’s room, decides to check on her. The huntsman is one who lives in the forest,
knows all the paths that cross it and the creatures that live there. He lives in this soul realm,
recognizes its beauties and dangers, and strives to maintain harmony and order. He is a
conscious being—a guide, a helper, a remover of all the lower, animal-like instincts that
hinder one’s spiritual growth. He is the one who redirects us to our rightful path, guiding us
out of the forest to continue our chosen route. He helps us find our way.

Right away we are told that the wolf is not an unknown to the huntsman: “Do I find you here,
you old sinner! I have long sought you!” says the huntsman. But he is not carried away by
his first impulse; rather, he considers all possibilities before taking action. As he cuts into the
wolf’s belly, the metabolic part of us that is so active in the transformation of substances,
out comes Little Red-Cap, followed by the grandmother who is now at the point of death.
“Ah, how frightened I have been! How dark it was inside the wolf!” says Little Red-Cap, and
it is obvious that she has had a real trial. Observing children’s confusion, loneliness, and
emptiness during the six-year change is a picture indeed of being in the belly of the wolf!
All that was once familiar to the young child, all that sustained her is no longer available; the
wellspring of imagination no longer bubbles up unbidden, carrying the child with it. This, of
course, is a sign of the birth of the etheric body and is a normal, albeit painful, developmental
stage. “I’m bored,” echoes from house to house where there are six-year-olds, and there is a
lack of contentment with all that they do. It can often drive parents (and teachers) to despair

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and we wonder if we will ever see again the joyful, enthusiastic, cooperative child of a few
months ago. If we can, instead, accept that this is the child’s moment in the belly of the wolf,
we can wait patiently, assured that soon they will re-emerge stronger and wiser.

After her ordeal, Little Red-Cap knows just what to do and she fills the beast’s belly with
stones, sealing his fate. At last she is awake and able to overcome his influence. What big
steps she has made, thanks to such a fearful experience! The wolf, his belly full of stones—
the densest and most lifeless of earthly substances—dies the death he deserves and the
huntsman carries off his skin.

Now that the evil is overcome, Little Red-Cap turns her attention to her ailing grandmother,
who eats the wine and cake and is thereby restored. We all breathe a sigh of relief that all
is well now and that, through the power of the Christ Being, the wisdom of the past can
continue forward with the life-filled forces of the future. Little Red-Cap, wiser through her
experience, can now go into her future with all the experiences of the past. Individuality and
heredity have achieved a balance and the individual can now continue in the rightful path of
development. ✦

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 Section Five

Activities
and Resources
for the
Classroom
Question: How can educators best meet the needs of children
from five-and-a-half to seven years old, who usually ask what
they should do?

Dr. Steiner: Well, in children of that age the feeling for

authority is already somewhat present, but the urge to imitate
still has the upper hand. That should be the guiding principle for
what one does with those children. What I indicated about the
picture books with moveable figures applies especially to children
of that age; those books work extremely well. It is a good thing
to occupy their awakening life of imagination with those types of
books.

From a discussion with English guests held on the 5th of January,

1922, in Dornach.

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Mother Goose
Movement
Journey

Composed and compiled by Nancy Blanning

P reparation and equipment: This journey ideally uses a jogging trampoline for the
imagination of the “old woman tossed up in a basket.” Otherwise the children can
jump in place as the appropriate lines are spoken. Additionally, a hula hoop or rope
circled on the floor to suggest a well is needed. Two beams are propped on opposite sides
of a jump box or stable bench to be the hill the children climb up and then down with Jack
and Jill. If the “Hey Diddle Diddle” option is chosen instead of the “Old Woman in a Basket,”
one needs a rod, either held off the ground by blocks or by another teacher, for the children
to jump over.

Note: The traditional Mother Goose text is written in italics, movement instructions in plain
type. Brackets in the spoken verse section indicate transitional material composed by the
author of the circle which is not part of the traditional rhyme.

Old Mother Goose

Old Mother Goose Gesturing with arms as if flying slowly and with
strength.

When she wanted to wander, Mother Goose sitting majestically on the goose’s back.

Would ride through the air

On a very fine gander.

Mother Goose had a house, Lifting arms above head to make peaked roof.
‘Twas built in a wood,

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 An owl by the door Thumbs and index fingers circling eyes to suggest owl
For a porter stood. (challenge for older children: hands inverted, palms
turned toward the face so other fingers are pointing
downward).

She had a son Jack, Making a little jump on “Jack,”

hands in Eurythmy /k/ gesture, right foot kicks out and
heel brought to floor in time with hands.

A plain-looking lad,
He was not very good, Tipping head to right side.
Nor yet very bad. Tipping head to left side.

She sent him to market,

A live goose he bought; Right hand gesturing head of a goose, forearm the long
neck.

“Here! Mother,” says he,

“It will not go for naught.”

Jack’s goose and her gander Each hand and arm indicating a goose,
Grew very fond; bringing arms (geese) together at midline.
They’d both eat together, Gesturing eating, pecking the ground.
Or swim in one pond. Arms gliding side-to-side, as if swimming.

Jack found one morning, Arms circling to suggest a nest.

As I have been told,
His goose had laid him Cupping hands to indicate an egg.
An egg of pure gold.

[But then the son, Jack,

The gold he lost. Arms in open gesture of “Oh, dear!”
Into the sea it was Hands open, palms facing upward
Quickly tossed.] gesturing tossing forward.

The gold egg in the sea Repeat tossing gesture with full arm,
Was thrown away then— as though it is a broad, strong throw.
When Jack he jumped in Jumping in place as though picking the egg up.
And got it again.

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 And Old Mother Goose As at beginning, flying gesture, broad and deliberate,
The goose saddled soon, lifting the arms from the shoulders,
And, mounting his back, not elbows or wrists.
Flew up to the moon.

[The moon was so high Gesturing upward as though looking at the moon.
And you’d think so far
It shone in the sky
Like a bright silver star.]

(Option 1: There Was an Old Woman)

[But then an old woman Walking slowly, gesturing sweeping with slow,
deliberate
Came searchingly by movements, crossing midline of the body.

With a broom in her hand.

Now will she sweep the sky?]

There was an old woman

tossed up in a basket Each child taking 6-8 jumps on
Nineteen times as high trampoline or jumping in place as high as possible.
as the moon;

Where she was going

I couldn’t but ask it,
For in her hand she carried
a broom. Making sweeping gesture again.

“Old woman, old woman,

old woman,” quoth I, Standing in place and questioning.
“O whither, O whither,
O whither, so high?”
“To brush the cobwebs
off the sky!” As though sweeping the sky.
“Shall I go with thee?”
“Ay, by-and-by.” Nodding head in affirmation.

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 (Option 2: Hey Diddle Diddle)
[The cat, the dog, and the cow came soon
To leap right over the shining moon.]

Hey diddle diddle, Holding rod for children to jump over.

The cat and the fiddle, Rhyme is repeated until all have jumped over the rod.
The cow jumped over the moon.
The little dog laughed
To see such sport,
And the dish ran away
with the spoon.

(Both options continue:)

[Now the moon has gone to bed. Tipping head to side, laying it on hands.
The sun has raised
his shining head. Circling arms above head.
Out into the light of day
The village people make
their way.
The horse comes trotting,
throws his shoe. Trotting in place, kick right foot
Dear, oh, dear! backward as if to throw shoe behind
What shall we do?]

“Robert Barnes, fellow fine, Standing still with open arms

Can you shoe this
horse of mine?” with conversational stance.
“Yes, good sir, that I can,
As well as any other man.
Here a nail, and there a prod, Alternately pounding hands in fists,
And now, good sir, one on top of the other.
your horse is shod.”
Pitty, Clapping hands together once.
patty, Clapping hands on thighs.
polt. Touching knees or toes.
Shoe the wild colt. Repeat in rhythm of verse.
Here a nail, Hammering fists as above.
And there a nail,
Pitty, patty, polt. Gesturing with clapping hands on each word as above.

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This Is the Way the Ladies Ride
This is the way the ladies ride, Trotting slowly from leg to leg (emphasizing balance),
Tri, tre, tre, tree! Tri, tre, tre, tree! knees lifted high,
This is the way the ladies ride, coming down on toes, heads held high.
Tri, tre, tre, tri-tre-tre tree!

This is the way the gentlemen

ride, Galloping (tempo a little faster),
Gallop-a-trot, gallop-a-trot! coming to a momentary stop on “trot.”
This is the way the gentlemen
ride,
Gallop-a-gallop-a-trot!

This is the way the farmers ride, Shifting weight slowly and swaying slightly
Hobbledy-hop, hobbledy-hop! from side-to-side with “hobbledy,”
This is the way the farmers ride, stepping on each syllable.
Hobbledy-hobbledy-hop! Jumping with both feet together on “hop,”
stopping forward motion.
[Let us go riding up the hill
To find our friends there,
Jack and Jill.]

(can be spoken or sung to traditional tune)

Jack and Jill went up the hill Children walking up one side of
To fetch a pail or water. elevated and descending beams and then
Jack fell down and broke
his crown down the other as rhyme is repeated
And Jill came tumbling after. until all children have done so.

Then up Jack got and home

did trot Skipping to these two lines as seems
As fast as he could caper, reasonable with the group.
To old Dame Dob, who patched
his nob Laying hands upon top of head, patting
With vinegar and brown paper. head with hands.

[At the bottom of the hill

Was the well with water still.]

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 Ding, Dong, Dell
Ding, dong, dell! A hoop is placed 6-12 inches off the floor,
Pussy’s in the well! teachers holding it or braced on supports,
Who put her in? each child jumping into the “well” on one
Little Tommy Green. side and jumping out on the other side.
Who pulled her out? Continue repeating the verse until all children
Little Johnny Stout. have jumped in and out.
What a naughty boy was that
To try to drown poor pussy cat,
Who never did him any harm,
But killed the mice in his
father’s barn.

[Pussy ran on home to see

The little piggies, one, two, three.]

Three Little Pigs

(children brought to sitting position)

To work on finger isolation and differentiation,

choose one:

This little piggy went to market. 1. Beginning with thumb, move one finger
This little piggy stayed home. along with each line, first on right hand, then on left.
This little piggy had roast beef.
This little piggy had none. 2. With palms together, finger tips touching,
And this little piggy cried, tap thumb tips together with first line,
“Wee, wee, wee” all the way then index fingers together on second line, and so on.
home.
3. As in #2 above, same position and tapping with each
line. However, fold each pair of fingers down, as though
to clasp the hands, one pair of fingers at the end of each
line so fingers are all folded down by end of verse.

188
Wee Willie Winkie
[Now here’s a sleeping cap
for your head.
Wee Willie Winkie calls us all
to bed.]

Wee Willie Winkie runs through Two fingers of right hand running
the town, across and up left arm to top of head, lingering on head
Upstairs and downstairs with “upstairs,” then down other side on “downstairs.”
in his nightgown,

Rapping at the window, Knocking gesture.

Crying through the lock, Hands to mouth to speak at the lock.

“Are the children in their beds? Concluding with stretching in sleepy gesture,
For now it’s eight o’clock!” then lying down.

Reproduced with permission from page 107ff of Movement Journeys and Circle Adventures,
by Nancy Blanning and Laurie Clark, published by the authors. For music accompanying this
and the following movement journey, please see this book.

189
Through the Snow:
A Winter
Movement
Journey

Composed by Nancy Blanning

P reparation and equipment: Large stones and small branches or logs set the first
part of the path. Children will have to step around and over these objects. Some tree
stumps of varying heights can be steps up and over the “mountain.” Stepping up onto
and down from a table can also suffice. A blue cloth on the floor suggests a river. Large,
flattened stones (ideally river stones) placed on the cloth provide the stepping stones
across the river. An elevated beam propped on a jump box or secure bench will create
a bridge that climbs upward. A teeter-totter bridge or a plank balanced over a log will
become a teeter-totter for the children to walk over. To roll a snowman, children will do
forward rolls on a gym mat or cushioned carpet. Finally a tunnel created out of cloths and
playstands or chairs will complete the journey course.

Horse and rider, come this way. Gallop around the room.
We’ll gallop through the
snowy day.
On we gallop, then say “Whoa!” Gesture as though pulling in the reins, come to a stop.
The snow is deep; we must Then walk deliberately, picking up feet as though
go slow. stepping in deep snow.

Sticks and stones through snow Have some branches and stones arranged
field deep at different heights and distances apart
Peek up to trip us. for children to step over and through.
Watch your feet!

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 We step along with heavy tread. Lead children to part of room
To climb a mountain we are led. where stumps or tables are arranged so as to provide
“steps” for climbing up and down a mountain.

Up the mountain, climbing high, Climb up mountain and down

We reach the summit, the other side.
touch the sky.
Then down the other side we go
And meet a river down below. Lead children to “river,” a blue cloth on the floor with
river stones arranged as a stepping-stone path.

To cross the river is our task. Lead children across the stepping stones.

The water’s icy, flowing fast. Have an inclined balance beam next, elevated about two
The river stones show us this day feet by a tree stump, jump box, or small table, from which
A path across the river way. the children will be able to jump down to the floor.

Stepping watchful, slow and neat,

Take care that you don’t
wet your feet.

Across the bridge now slowly go. Climb up the beam.

The other bank is up hill, though.

Off we jump … Jump off. Repeat line until all children in group have
done this.
… and take some time
To build a warming fire fine. Sit down on floor, in a circle so that all have room to
criss-cross legs out in front of body.

We’ll criss and cross the big Alternate crossing legs, one over the other. Repeat 2-3
logs so times.

The middle logs on next will go. Alternate crossing arms in front of body, leaning forward,
as though placing logs on the fire. Repeat 2-3 times.

And last the tinder of sweet pine Repeat crossing gesture with fingers, 2-3 times.
Will help us make a fire fine.

We strike the match Cross midline with right arm from left to right, as
though boldly striking a match.

192
 The flames rise high. Arms gesture as flames rising.

Bright cinders shoot like Fingers as shooting stars.

stars in sky.

We feel so warm Rise to standing position in a circle.

We want to dance.
So let our feet Alternate tapping toes.
Begin to prance.

Song: “Circle to the Left, Old Brass Wagon” (Traditional)

Circle to the left, old brass wagon. Appropriate gestures as suggested by the song.
Circle to the left, old brass wagon.
Circle to the left, old brass wagon.
Now you are my darling.

Circle to the right, old brass wagon.

Circle to the right, old brass wagon.
Circle to the right, old brass wagon.
Now you are my darling.

Swing, swing, swing, Swing in partners if group is

old brass wagon. old enough to do so.
Swing, swing, swing, Otherwise, omit this verse.
old brass wagon.
Swing, swing, swing,
old brass wagon.
Now you are my darling.

Jump, jump, jump, brass wagon. Jumping in place.

Jump, jump, jump, brass wagon.
Jump, jump, jump, brass wagon.
Now you are my darling.

A smooth and sparkling field

of snow
Calls us onward; away we go. Lead children to teeter-totter bridge.

But first a bridge of rickety-rack Walk children across the teeter-totter bridge.
Will slow our going on the track.
Tipple, topple, rick and rack.
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 Step right forward, don’t look back. Lead children to floor mat.

The snow is right and perfect now

To roll a snowman. This is how.
Roll a snowman. Roll him round. Guide children singly in doing a forward roll.

Plant him firmly on the ground. Child jumps firmly, both feet together.

Give a tall, black, shiny hat. Child presses on his own head to indicate a hat.

And a carrot nose like that. Both fists brought together in front of nose to make
long, “carrot” nose.

Who smells the carrot? Nose twitching, sniffing.

Snowshoe hare! Gesture rabbit ears.
He’s sniffing here and sniffing there. Sniffing.
He hops around without a sound. Bunny hopping, both feet together.
Slips into burrow underground. Jump down into crouching position.

Into his home we, too, shall creep. Children crawl or creep on
Hush! Baby rabbits are asleep. tummy though a tunnel of
We creep out other burrow door cloths and play stands.
And find the shining snow
once more.

Home we’d like to go at last. Take hands and lead children

Our day of snowy fun is past. into a circle, sitting on the floor.

So many fun, bright things this day

We all did see along our way.

We saw the bunnies sound asleep Sleeping gesture.

In their rabbit burrow deep.

A jolly snowman round and fat “O” gesture in front with arms.

We saw with carrot nose and hat.

The bridge of rickety and rack Interlock fingers and tip arms
Led us further on our track. back and forth like a teeter-totter.

We danced all in a circle line

In that old brass wagon fine.

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We built a fire warm and sweet Rub hands together, then face.
That warmed our face and hands
and feet.

We walked the bridge across the river, Gesture with hands as though
Walked tippy stones and did not shiver. taking steps, one in front of the other.

We climbed a mountain top so high Reaching upward in climbing gesture.

And felt that we could touch the sky.

We galloped with the horses gay. Gesture as though holding reins.

Now we say “Thanks!” for a perfect day. Nod head on “Thanks!” for emphasis.

Reproduced with permission from page 61ff of Movement Journeys and Circle Adventures (see
p. 190).

195
Briar Rose
Circle

Janet Kellman
after the story from the Brothers Grimm

T his circle written in the mood of the fifth is excellent for the older children in the
kindergarten. The mood of the fifth lulls the nerve-sense system and the awakened older
children into a more dreamy state. At the same time the polarities—speeding up and
slowing down, coming to stillness and then moving into lively activity—address the needs
of the more hysterical children. This circle is also good for working with impulse control, so
needed by the older children. When the prince kisses the princess and wakes her up and
when they have “a lovely wedding feast” often the older boys and girls squeal with delight
or cast a furtive glance in the direction of one another. My thanks go to Janet Kellman for
her faithfulness to the story line and for her creative genius. Her fine work has brought much
enjoyment to many children. —Ruth Ker

And what the frog did say came true:

The child she came, so fair, so new.

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 “We’ll have a royal feast!” cried the king.
But only twelve golden plates were there,
So only twelve wise women could come to share their precious gifts.

Tune #1

But a thirteenth wise woman was left out,

So angrily she came and began to shout.

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Sung to Tune #1:
And she shall sleep one hundred years, hundred years, hundred years.

Spoken:
And when she grew older, the princess and the king
From the top of the castle stood watching …

Flaming and flaming and flaming so high,

Rising higher and higher, way up to the sky.

But when she was fifteen, and no one was about,

She began to explore the castle, both inside and out.
She came to a tower with a winding staircase,
At the top, a little door, a rusty key, and an old, old face.

Spin little wheel, little wheel, little wheel,

Spin little wheel, little wheel, little wheel.
(Repeat several times with first slow, then fast spinning motions of the hands and
forearms.)

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 Prick! Down to the earth she fell,
Fast asleep in a magic spell.
And all the castle went with her too,
The king, the queen and their courtiers too.
The horse in the stable,
The dog in the yard,
The pigeon on the roof,
And the fly on the wall.

One hundred years passed this way.

Not even a leaf was seen to sway.
But all around the castle wide,
A thorny hedge it grew outside.

Sung to Tune #1:

A thorny hedge, it grew around, grew around, grew around. (Repeat)

Spoken:
One hundred years passed this way.
When the time was up, then came a new day!

Up to the hedge he came with his might.

The thorns turned to roses, so shining, so bright.
They easily parted to let the prince in.
He wandered and wandered and wandered around,
Till at last, in the tower, the princess he found.

Sung to Tune #1:

He kissed the princess, and she awoke, she awoke, she awoke. (Repeat)

200
Spoken:
Then all of the castle woke up too,
The king, the queen and their courtiers too,
The horse in the stable—SHOOK SHOOK SHOOK,
The dog in the yard—wagged his tail,
The pigeons on the roof—“caroo, caroo,” (with flying gesture)
The fly on the wall—creep, creep, creep. (fingers of right hand creep up left arm)
When all were awake, no time did it take
For a lovely wedding party to make.

Sung to Tune #1:

They had a happy wedding feast, wedding feast, wedding feast. (Repeat)

This ending can have more complicated movements for older children—crossing legs,
skipping, etc.

201
The Gnomes

Janet Kellman

There is much that has been said lately about the topic of gnomes in the kindergarten
classroom. I find that the children themselves have their own imaginations about the
gnomes and the fairies, and I find it helpful to connect to the imaginations of the children.
Their fantasy reflects their own developing consciousness and may not be based on
our adult understandings of what is true to the nature of gnomes and fairies. As the
children mature, I have noticed, in my graduates and my own children, that these “childish
imaginations” have transformed into new fruits of the soul that enable them to cultivate new
understandings of the elementals. —Ruth Ker

Trip, Trip, Trap, Trip, Trip, Trap,

Go we gnomes along the path.
Trip, Trip, Trap, Trip, Trip, Trap,
With heavy sacks upon our backs.
Trip, Trap, Trip, Trap.

Out of our caverns deep in the ground

Out from the roots which twist all around
Out from the crystals that shine near and far
We gather the light of sun, moon, and star.

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 Now we’ll go back to our mountain homes
With our sacks of heavenly light.
Yes we are the little gnomes
We work the earth with all our might.

Trip, Trip, Trap, Trip, Trip, Trap,

Go we gnomes along the path.
Trip, Trip, Trap, Trip, Trip, Trap,
With heavy sacks upon our backs.
Trip, Trap, Trip, Trap.

Back to our caverns deep in the ground

Back where the roots twist all around.
Back where the crystals shine near and far
We’ve gathered the light of the sun, moon and stars.

Our light-filled caps will guide our way

Down in the roots
Down in the shoots
Down where the crystals stay.

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Down in the silver
Down in the gold
Down in the metals, young and old.

Now we’ll take our light-filled sacks

Off of our little gnomie backs.
Look! Light has spread all along our tracks.
Now it’s time to hammer and hack,
Hammer and hack, hammer and hack.

Crack! Crack! The rock we hack.

Quake! Quake! The mountains shake.
Bang! Bang! Our hammers clang.
In caverns old we seek for gold.

Crack! Crack! The rock we hack.

Quake! Quake! The mountains shake.
Bang! Bang! Our hammers clang.
In caverns old we seek for gold.

No, our work is never done.

We work by stars, moon and sun.
The stones will spread their heavenly light
On the sleeping seeds in the earth tonight.

Open wide your hearts and sacks.

Even open wide your caps.

205
Star Money

Elisabeth Moore-Haas, adapted by Ruth Ker

after the story from the Brothers Grimm

O nce again, this circle in the mood of the fifth is helpful for drawing the children into a
dreamier state. I have only slightly adapted this masterful circle. For the first few times
we simply sing and move the circle together. Then, one morning the children are surprised
to see that we have costumes at circle time. I have costumes for each of the children who
pretend to be a star maiden who gives bread, a hat, vest, or shirt. Sometimes one star
maiden can be represented by two or three children. Often it is the older children who relish
this opportunity, while the younger ones prefer to stay in the context of being invisibly held
in the circle. I also have star garlands for each of the “poor” children who, in the story, ask for
these things. Then we sing and move the circle and when it comes time for a gift-giving then
the poor child or old man and the star maiden step into the circle. The maiden gives her gift
to the other child and then the teacher puts a star garland on the maiden’s head when “the
stars in heaven” see the maiden. When the circle is finished all of the children are wearing
golden star crowns. This is just one way to elongate the delightful spell that is often cast by
this magical circle. —Ruth Ker

207
 “I am so hungry, O give me bread!”
“Here, take my bread and give thanks to God.”

“I have no cap, the wind is cold!”

“Here, take my cap and give thanks to God.”

Repeat second song: “And the glittering…”

Repeat third song: “And when she went on…”

208
“I have no coat, the wind is cold!”
“Here, take my coat and give thanks to God.”

Repeat second song: “And the glittering…”

Repeat third song: “And when she went on…”

“I have no skirt, the wind is cold!”

“Here, take my skirt and give thanks to God.”

Repeat second song: “And the glittering…”

Repeat third song: “And when she went on…”

“I have no shirt, the wind is cold!”

“Here, take my shirt and give thanks to God.”

Repeat second song: “And the glittering…”

Repeat second song: “And the glittering…”

The glitt’ring stars, they dance in heaven,

They see the girl so bare and pure;
And weaving her a veil of starlight,
They render her all safe and sure.

209
The Magic Lake
at the End of the
World
A Story from Ecuador

Adapted by Barbara Klocek

Ihave found this is a wonderful story in the spring for the older girls who may be anxious
about the transition to first grade. It makes a lovely puppet show and play.
—Barbara Klocek

O nce upon a time the king of a great land had one son who brought him great joy, but
also sorrow. The prince had been born in ill health and as the years passed, no one
could find a cure for him. One night the king prayed, “Oh, Great One, I am getting old
and will soon leave my people to join you in the heavens. There is no one to look after them
but my son, the prince. Please tell me how he can be cured.” The king waited for an answer
and then heard a voice from the fire that burned always by the altar. “When the prince
drinks water from the magic lake at the end of the world, he will be well.”

But the king was too old to make the long journey himself, and the prince was too ill, so
he proclaimed over his land that whosoever would bring back the water from the lake at
the end of the world would be richly rewarded. Many brave men set out to try, but none
could find it. In a far valley of that kingdom lived a poor farmer with his wife, two sons and a
daughter. One day the older son said, “Let my brother and me search for the healing water.
We shall return before the moon is full to help with the harvest.” The second son also wanted
to go but the father feared for them. Then his wife said, “We must help our king and prince.”
The father gave his blessing and the sons set out on their journey.

They traveled far and found many lakes, but none where the sky touched the waters. Finally
they knew they must return to help their father. Said the brothers, “Let us gather water from
every lake. In this way we may receive a reward.” When they returned to the palace they told

211
 the king that they had brought water from the magic lake. When the prince was given the
water he remained as ill as before. The king called for his magician to ask why the prince was
not made well. The magician said wisely that this was not the water from the magic lake. The
brothers trembled with fright for they knew their falsehood had been discovered. The king
angrily threw them into prison and every day they had to drink their false water.

Once again the king pleaded for help from his people. Suma, the little sister of the brothers,
was tending her flock of llamas when she heard the royal messenger. She quickly led her
llamas home and begged her parents to let her go. “You are too young,” said her father.
“Besides, look what has befallen your brothers.” And her mother added, “We cannot bear to
be without our dear Suma.”

“But think how sad our king will be if his son dies,” replied Suma, “And if I find the lake,
perhaps the king will forgive my brothers.”

“Dear husband, perhaps it is the will of the gods,” said her mother, and they gave her their
blessing.

Bravely Suma set off with her pet llama to carry her provisions, a bag of golden corn and
a flask of water. The first night she slept, snug and warm against her llama. But during the
night she heard the cry of the mountain lion and so in the morning she sent her llama home
for safety. The next night she slept in the top branches of a tall tree. In the morning she was
aroused by the voices of the gentle birds resting on a nearby branch. They were talking
about how she had shared her corn with them yesterday and how she would never be able
to find the magic lake. “Let us help her,” said one sparrow.

“Oh, yes. Please do!” said Suma.

“We shall help you, for you are a good child. Each of us will give you a special wing feather
and you must hold them all together in one hand as a fan. These feathers have magic powers
that will carry you wherever you wish to go. They will also protect you from harm.” Each bird
carefully gave her a special feather. She made a little fan and tied them with a ribbon from
her hair. The oldest bird told her how three terrible creatures guarded the magic lake. She
should have no fear for she would not be harmed if she held up the magic fan and sang this
song:

No fear here. Angel stand near. 1

Suma gratefully thanked the birds and, holding the fan said, “Please take me to the magic
lake at the end of the world.” At once, a soft breeze lifted her out of the tree and through

1 Sung on tones A D A—A B G A

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the valley. Up she was carried and over the snowy peaks. At last the wind put her down on
the shore of a lake touched by the sky. She ran to the water and was about to fill her flask
when a large crab said, “Get away from my lake or I will eat you.” Trembling only a little, Suma
held up the magic fan and sang the song, “No fear here. Angel stand near.” At once the crab
closed his eyes and fell asleep.

Once more she began to fill her bottle, when a voice came from the water. “Get away from
my lake or I shall eat you.” She saw a great green alligator in the lake. Quickly she held up the
fan and sang and the creature sank to the bottom of the lake, asleep.

As Suma recovered from her fright, she heard a whistling voice, “Get away from my lake or I
will eat you.” She looked up and saw a flying serpent. Again Suma’s fan and song saved her
from harm. The serpent drifted to the ground, folded its wings, and began to snore. Suma sat
for a moment to quiet herself. Then she realized the danger was past and filled up her flask.

Holding her fan, she whispered, “Please take me to the palace.” Swiftly she flew and found
herself before the gate. A guard led her to the prince, who was pale and motionless. When
Suma gave him a few drinks, he sat up and said joyfully, “How strong I feel.”

The king and queen rejoiced. They praised her courage and offered her all the riches of the
kingdom. She said that she had only three wishes. The first was that the fan be returned to
the birds, and it immediately flew out of the window toward the mountains. The second wish
was that her brothers be freed. Immediately the king had them released. The last wish was
for a large farm with many llamas for her parents. “It will be so,” said the king. “Will you not
stay with us in the palace? We will do everything to make you happy.”

“Oh, no, thank you,” said Suma. “I miss my family and wish to return to them.” And so she
returned home and lived happily with her parents and brothers and their llamas. ✦

213
The Pumpkin
Child
A Story
from Persia

S
tories of transformation can be very therapeutic for the older child in the kindergarten,
especially since they themselves are going through a mighty time of transition. When
we pretend this story together at storytime, the older children, who often like to play
“marriage”at free play time, are delighted to participate. I often use this story at Halloween or
harvest time. —Ruth Ker

O nce upon a time there was a good wife who lived with her husband in a small, neat
house at the edge of town. She had everything she wanted except one thing. She
longed to have a daughter. Year after year, she prayed for a daughter, but year after
year, she and her husband remained childless. One day, she said to her husband, “I would
like a little girl so much that I wouldn’t even care if she looked like a pumpkin.”

Not long after she spoke these words, a beautiful girl child was born, with eyes like sapphires
and lips like pomegranate seeds. Both the woman and her husband were very happy
until, one morning, when the mother went to pick up her child from its cradle, she found
a pumpkin there instead. When the husband saw that his daughter had turned into a
pumpkin, he ran away from town and never came back. But the good woman felt sorry for
the little pumpkin and took care of it and loved it. Year by year, the pumpkin grew bigger
and fatter until it became too big to carry. Then it began to roll around the house and out
into the street. All the neighbors laughed and mocked the poor wife because she had a
pumpkin instead of a child.

Many more years passed, and the good wife continued to take care of her pumpkin child.
She dressed it in pretty dresses which she sewed herself. When the pumpkin child was

215
 fifteen, the wife decided to send it to school with the other girls of the town so it could learn
the arts of needlework and spinning. She gave the pumpkin a little kiss and told it to be
good and not to mind if people laughed at it, and then the pumpkin rolled off to school.

The school for young ladies happened to be next door to a rich merchant’s house. The
merchant’s son, Murad, used to delight in watching the young ladies as they spun and sewed
in the school courtyard beneath his father’s windows. One day, he saw a yellow pumpkin
rolling around among the young ladies and he said to himself, “Why is a pumpkin going to a
school for young ladies?”

Then, he began to notice that every day at noon, when the young ladies ate their meal under
the fig trees, the pumpkin rolled off into a far corner of the garden and disappeared.

So, Murad went up to the roof of his father’s house. From there he could see the entire
garden. He watched the pumpkin as it rolled away by itself at noontime. After the pumpkin
had rolled under a currant bush, so that it was hidden from everyone in the garden, it
stopped rolling. The top of the pumpkin flew off and out stepped a young girl as beautiful as
the moon on its fourteenth night. She climbed up a grapevine and began to pick grapes and
eat them for her meal. When she had eaten her fill, she climbed back down the grapevine
and stepped into the pumpkin and the top of the pumpkin flew into place again.

Every day after that, Murad went to the roof at noon and watched the beautiful girl as she
emerged from the pumpkin, ate her lunch of grapes, and then returned to the pumpkin.
Before a week had passed, Murad had fallen in love with her, not with one beat of his heart
but with a hundred beats.

One day, he crept to the edge of his father’s roof, which was near the top of the grapevine.
When the girl in the pumpkin climbed up the vine, Murad leaned out and grasped her hand.
He was just going to ask her to be his bride, when she quickly withdrew her hand, hurried
down the grapevine, and disappeared inside the pumpkin. Then she rolled back to join the
other young ladies.

Murad was very sad. But he found that the girl’s ring had slipped off her middle finger into
his hand. He went downstairs and said to his mother, “It is time I were married, Mother. I want
a wife who can wear this ring on her middle finger and I will marry no other.”

His mother was happy for she had long wanted Murad to be married and start his own life.
She gave the ring to faithful Nana, an old servant, and said, “Go to each house in the town
and find a young girl whose middle finger fits this ring. Then bring her to our house as a
bride for Murad.”

216
So, the gray-haired Nana went from house to house, trying the ring on the middle fingers
of all the young girls in town. When people asked her what she was doing, she said, “My
mistress, the merchant’s wife, has sent me to find a wife for Murad. He wishes to marry the
girl, rich or poor, whose middle finger fits this ring.”

When the young girls in town heard this news, they were very excited. Some tried to starve
themselves so their fingers would grow slender enough to fit the ring. Others tried to stuff
themselves with butter and honey so their hands would grow plump enough to fit the ring.
But the ring did not fit any of them. Finally, the gray-haired Nana came to the house of the
good wife at the edge of town. She knocked and asked, “Is there a young girl living in this
house?”

“Don’t mock me, don’t laugh at me,” cried the good wife. “Because I wished too hard for a
daughter, I was sent a pumpkin instead.”

The servant Nana was amazed and said, “Let me see this pumpkin.”

So, the pumpkin came rolling out of the kitchen and Nana started laughing.

“Don’t mock me,” cried the good wife. “Why do you want to see my pumpkin child?”

Nana said, “My mistress, the merchant’s wife, has sent me to find a wife for Murad. He wishes
to marry the girl, rich or poor, whose middle finger fits this ring.” And Nana held out the ring
that Murad’s mother had given her.

At this moment, to the amazement of the good wife and Nana, a slender, delicate hand
poked out of the side of the pumpkin. When they tried the ring on its middle finger, they saw
that the ring fitted exactly. Nana ran back to her mistress in a fright and explained what had
happened.

The merchant and his wife were angry. “Our son cannot marry a pumpkin,” they said. But
Murad answered, “Nana, bring the pumpkin to me.”

So, Nana ran back to the good wife’s house, and soon the pumpkin came rolling into the
merchant’s house. Everyone laughed, but Murad said, “The middle finger of this pumpkin’s
hand fits the ring, and so I shall marry the pumpkin.” Murad’s mother wept, Murad’s father
shouted, but Murad insisted. And so the wedding was held, and all the town laughed
because the richest and handsomest young man in the town was marrying a fat, yellow
pumpkin.

After the wedding, Murad took the pumpkin to a house far away on a hill where he cared
for her and never allowed others to laugh at her. Then one night, when Murad was asleep,
the top of the pumpkin flew off, and out climbed the young girl who was as beautiful as the

217
 moon on its fourteenth night. She kissed Murad gently and he woke up. He cried out, “It is
the girl in the pumpkin. How were you released?”

“Your love released me,” she said. “If you had not loved me when I was a pumpkin, then I
would never have been set free.”

And so, Murad and his pumpkin wife lived happily for many years. They kept the pumpkin
shell in a corner of their house to remind them of the days when Murad had loved his wife
even though everyone else had laughed at her. ✦

218
The Legend
of Babouschka
A Story
from Russia

Adapted by Ruth Ker

From 1995 to 1997, I traveled three times to Russia for two- to four-week periods. Visiting
different areas of that vast country, I offered courses pertaining to Waldorf early childhood
education to kindergarten, daycare and nursery teachers; psychologists, librarians,
orphanage employees, doctors and nurses. There are many anecdotes that could be told, but
I have to say I learned so much from the striving, tenacity and strength of these fine people.
It was a new experience for me to be in a country where the original archetypal stories and
the local handwork were still being practiced. Reports from colleagues who are continuing
these visits to Russia tell me that this may be quickly changing, so I want to share with you
one of the treasures which came my way during my journeys there: the story of Babouschka.

The setting for the story, as imagined by the Russian people whom I met, is in the northern
part of the country. Although I did visit Norilsk, a city north of the Arctic Circle which
experiences polar night—45 days of total darkness—the translation of this story came from
a young university student living in Rostov, a city situated on the Don River near the Sea of
Azov. There, I met a small group of educators and medical practitioners who were studying
Anthroposophy in English, French, German, and Russian, and were trying to start a Waldorf
kindergarten and incorporate some of the Weleda remedies and ideas into their medical
practices.

It was telling this story of Babouschka at Epiphany one year in the presence of those intent,
shining faces of the kindergarten children that gifted me with the blessed deeper impact of
this story. I have only changed a few words from the original translation. I hope that you also
find this story of benefit to your work. —Ruth Ker

219
 B abouschka lived in a little cabin in the coldest corner of a cold and frosty land. Her tiny
little house was sitting right in the place where four roads came together. When Father
Frost (King Winter) was in the land, then Brother Wind howled at her windows and
piles of deep snow piled around her house and hardly anyone ever came to visit or passed
by on those nearby roads. Babouschka’s heart yearned for the warmth of summer, the
fragrance of the flowers and the song of the birds, and for her friends.

One year Babouschka decided to prepare a party for her friends. “Then I won’t be lonely,”
she thought. “I will invite all of my friends. I will cook and clean and clear a path to my door
through the snow!” Babouschka set to work. She swept her floor and dusted her shelves
and washed her whole house. Then she began to cook the most delicious things—her good
bread and cookies and cakes—and she also went to her storeroom and brought potatoes
and apples and jars of cabbage and tomatoes to her kitchen.

As the day of the party grew closer, Babouschka began to clear the snow away and make a
path to her house. When she was outside, she thought she could hear in the far-off distance
the tinkling of bells. “Oh dear,” she thought, “my guests must be arriving early. I still have
much work to do. I’m not ready. I must hurry!” So Babouschka quickly went inside and began
to set the table for her party.

She was just putting the plates on the table when the first knock happened. Babouschka
went to her door and opened it, but the person standing there was someone she did not
know. Babouschka was surprised to see that he was wearing a magnificent crown as he
bent his head to her and said, “Babouschka, we are following a wondrous star in the sky. A
special baby is soon to be born. We think He will be a king and that that shining star will lead
us to Him. Come with us, Babouschka, and you too can see the newborn king.” Babouschka
looked past the king and saw two more kings sitting on camels. She could hear the camel
bells ringing as the large beasts stomped their feet. But Babouschka thought of her friends
who were coming and she said, “I will go with you later, but now I have to get ready for my
party.” The king sadly turned and left, and Babouschka closed the door behind him.

“Now, I must take my bread out of the oven and put the candles on the table,” thought
Babouschka. That is when the second knock happened. Babouschka once again opened the
door and peered out into the darkness. She thought she could hear the voices of her friends
in the distance, but in front of her out of the darkness appeared another king. His clothes
were from a country far away from Babouschka’s land, and she thought she could see the
light of that star the other king had mentioned shining in his face. Sweet-smelling wisps of
smoke floated around the king as he waved a golden censer. He, too, asked Babouschka to
go with him to see the newborn king.

220
Babouschka felt a great stirring in her heart, and she longed to go with the Kings, but she
looked around her, saw the warm candles of her house, smelled the fresh bread and said, “I
will go another day, but I’m too busy preparing for my party now.” Babouschka closed her
door again and became very busy sweeping the last bit of her floor.

Then she heard the third knock. “My friends are finally here,” she thought. Babouschka ran
to the door and threw it open, and was surprised to see yet another king. He was young
and Babouschka liked him instantly. His smile was a wise one for his young years, and
when he too asked Babouschka to come and follow the star, she knew that she wanted to
go very much. “Stay with me tonight and come to my party,” she said. “Then I will go with
you tomorrow to see this wonderful king.” But the wise king sadly shook his head and said,
“We must follow the star. You have many things to offer this newborn king, Babouschka.
Bring them with you and come with us too.” But Babouschka shook her head. She could see
that her friends were arriving. As she welcomed them, her gaze followed the Kings as they
mounted their camels and set off on path towards that great star that filled the whole night
with light.

Babouschka had a wonderful party with her friends. They ate the good bread and most of
the food and they danced and they sang.

But when her friends went home the next day, Babouschka thought about those Kings and
that Baby and a great yearning began. Babouschka quickly gathered up some presents and
some of the food left over from her party and she set out to follow the path of the wise
Kings. The footprints of the camels were all covered over with snow, but Babouschka trudged
onward looking for that great star. She did not find that star, or that Baby, so Babouschka
gave her presents to a poor family who also had a newborn baby.

Babouschka returned home, but all the rest of that long, cold winter, and even when the
warm time came, Babouschka prepared to go with the Kings when they visited her again the
next year. Babouschka waited for the Kings the next winter, but they did not come. So she set
out on her own, taking gifts that she had prepared the whole year before. She searched and
searched and again she did not find the Star Child, but she noticed how the children she did
find loved the gifts that she brought.

Again Babouschka went home and she followed the longing that was growing in her heart
to find that Child of Light. So it came to pass that with every returning year, Babouschka set
out to find that Child the three Kings had told her about. Each year, she prepared something
for Him and each year she gave her gifts to children who smiled and delighted in her
presents. Babouschka came to love the children greatly.

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 One Christmas, Babouschka had hardly anything left in her house to give. She was old now
and had given much to many children and their parents. She had found an old toy and was
busy polishing it when she heard a soft cry outside the door. “That sounds like a baby,” she
thought. “Who would leave a child outside on a cold night like this?”

Babouschka quickly went to her door and opened it. She looked out into the cold, dark night,
and there, on her doorstep, she saw a basket. In it was a shining Baby, and when He saw
the polished toy in Babouschka’s hands He held up his little hands and cooed with delight.
Babouschka’s heart filled with joy. Then she looked up and saw that there, standing around
the Child, was an adoring mother and father, and behind them were the three Kings who had
come to her door on that night long ago, and around them were all the children’s parents
whose hearts Babouschka had lightened. They had all come to Babouschka’s hearth … and
then, Babouschka knew that nothing had been wasted. She knew that all of her efforts to
find the Child of Light had been worthwhile. Her heart was full of love. ✦

222
Activity Ideas
for OlderChildren
in the
Kindergarten

Compiled by Nancy Blanning and Ruth Ker

Outdoors: Activities and equipment for older children

to play and work with
● Jump rope—child jumps a long rope turned by an adult and then begins to help turn the
rope for others. One end of the skipping rope can also be tied to a swivel so that only one
turner is required. Also the child jumping a single skipping rope alone is a challenging
activity.
● Horse jumps—benches, stumps or obstacles that the children can position for jumping over
● Horse reins devised from strips of leather
● Obstacle courses with balancing, climbing, skipping, crawling, rolling down hills, hopscotch
etc.
● Traditional games—What Time Is It, Mr. Wolf? Red Rover, etc.
● Mounds of pea gravel, grassy hills
● Helping others: raking, cleaning, shoveling, trimming bushes, collecting sticks, clearing rocks,
gardening, sowing grass seeds, watering, building fires
● Picking up litter from Mother Earth on morning walks

Outdoors: Materials and equipment for playing

● Provision for Earth, Air, Water and Fire experiences
● Stilts
● Saw horses
● Pumps, pails and water barrels for pumping, dipping into, and carrying water
● Straw bales, tree limbs and/or corn stalks tied or draped together to make structures
● Real tools—shovels, rakes, big buckets
● Wheelbarrows, wagons and sturdy gardening tools

223
 ● Teeter-totters—safe and low to the ground
● Balance boards
● A-frame ladders
● Big fisherman’s ropes for swinging, bouncing, hanging upside down, hauling around
● Cross-cut saw—used with teacher supervision
● Carpentry tools at a work bench
● Fire pit for festival cooking (baked apples and potatoes, bread, pizza)
● Cob oven or chiminera
● Waterplay—tubs, bamboo pole that is hollowed out and used as a waterway to float
pinecones, sticks, walnut boats and so on
● Rope “pulley” over tree limb
● Wagons and moving-dollies
● Bows and arrows made from willow sticks or maple saplings
● Large, heavy logs and stumps
● Sand, rocks, sticks, planks, boulders
● Kindling to be chopped with teacher supervision
● Bouncing balls

Indoors: Activities and equipment for older children

to play and work with
● Working with wool—shearing, washing, carding. Wool can be dyed in spring, felted into
strands, and braided for spring/May crowns or long ropes
● Washing wool—wool passed through three buckets to wash, three buckets to rinse
● Hand- and brush-carding wool (dog combing brushes work well and are inexpensive)
● Rolling yarn into balls
● Four-strand fingerknitting (making hats and/or blankets for the dolls)
● Wet-felting activities—balls, eggs, mice, seed babies, snowmen, etc. (Please note that needle
felting is not an appropriate activity for kindergarten children)
● Weaving reed baskets with teacher assistance
● Making knot dolls with a handkerchief for head and body, hemming a doll blanket, and
making “nightgowns”
● Making swords
● Making shields
● Pressing leaves or flowers with a wooden leaf press
● Making notecards using pressed leaves/flowers and paintings
● Making stilts by sawing log rounds, boring holes through the bark and fingerknitting ropes
to go through the holes
● Making boats from scraps of wood
● Sewing pincushions, doll clothes, blankets
● Sewing napkins for snack time
● Making napkin rings by cutting and sanding pieces of bamboo
● Making candle holders by cutting and sanding log rounds and drilling holes

224
● Fingerknitting skipping ropes and play ropes
● Making felt, wool or paper crowns
● Sowing wheat berries for Easter grass and harvesting the wheatgrass for drinks or feeding
the animals in your environment
● Grinding grains, milling oats
● Making candles—rolling and/or dipping them
● Caring for plants and animals
● Making wool butterflies from tiny bits of dyed wool and pipecleaner
● Making aromatic bath salts with essential oils
● Nature-dyeing silk, wool, and cotton

Indoors: Materials and equipment (other than our usual furnishings)

● Supplies for present wrapping—tissue, small silks
● Supplies for card making and money making
● Large planks for making slides, bridges, etc.
● Available furniture so that the children can make their own obstacle courses
● Scooter boards
● Big wooden boxes—can be pushed, pulled and adapted to being boats, cars, Santa’s sleigh,
homes for the babies, cargo holds, etc.
● Bowl of grain for sensory games—many examples of small objects in identical pairs can be
buried in the bowl of grain and the children have to dig their hands and arms down into the
bowl and retrieve the matching objects
● Large wooden box filled with beans that the children can climb into
● Heavy stumps
● Provision for climbing and large movements (loft areas, ladders, permission to climb on top
of sturdy play stands)
● Cushions and pillows for jumping into and making sensory “sandwiches.” These
“sandwiches” are generally made by the teacher in the beginning. The children lie down
on a large pillow and another pillow (piece of bread) is put on top of them. While they are
saying what kind of sandwich it is, the teacher pushes down on the pillows (spreading
mayonnaise, mustard, pickles etc. on top), informing the children underneath about their
bodily boundaries by firm pressure. After a few examples the children often will do this
for themselves. This is a great way to bring down the noise level in the classroom, and
oftentimes the children line up to take turns or incorporate this activity into their play.

Handwork and festival activities:

● Making flower, ivy, willow or large leaf crowns
● Making pinecone birds placed on the ends of saplings
● Making pinecone mice with leather ears and tails
● Making chestnut mice with felt ears and tails
● Making teasel porcupines

225
 ● Making God’s eyes with streamers
● Making cattails with streamers to take on an autumn parade
● Making Michaelmas shooting stars out of felted wool balls, mordanted with alum, dyed with
marigolds and adorned with sparkling streamers
● Apple cider pressing
● Harvesting herbs to boil down with beeswax, oil and lanolin for healing cream
● Harvesting the garden—digging potatoes, pulling carrots, etc.
● Putting the garden to bed for the winter
● Planting bulbs
● Processing grain—scything, threshing, winnowing, and grinding it into flour
● Making a harvest wreath with grain stalks—this can later hang from the ceiling bedecked
with gifts of each season: dried apple stars, paper snowflakes, butterflies, dried flowers,
Whitsun birds, Easter eggs etc.
● Making jam
● Churning butter
● Peeling apples for pies, applesauce, apple crisp or dried apple rings
● Washing potatoes, carrots and other garden vegetables
● Making leaf kites with large leaves
● Making acorn whistles—find an acorn with no cracks, drill a hole in top with sharp, pointed
stone, hollow out nutmeat completely with a sharp, pointed stick
● Floating walnut boats
● Making grass dolls made like wool yarn dolls
● Making corn dolls

Projects for first-grade-ready children

● Sewing a needle book with a button closure and making a pincushion and assembling a
sewing basket with safety pins, pins, thread, and needles
● Making a standup puppet and putting on a puppet play with friends
● Basket making with teacher’s help
● Making heavy jump ropes with the jump rope stitch
● Making stilts
● Making simple dolls and doll clothes

It’s important to reinforce here that the six-year-olds do not need make-work projects. The
ideas above are suggestions, but by no means would all of these be part of one kindergarten
year. The play of the older children in the kindergarten is still the most important part of
their day. Many of the above work activities can be incorporated into the life activities of the
kindergarten day and the children can come and go from their play to participate in them.
Also it is very acceptable to have activities for the older children that the younger ones will
only sample when it is their turn to be the older children in the kindergarten. ✦

226
Transitional
Games,
Verses, and Songs

Compiled by Ruth Ker and Barbara Klocek

I t is my experience that the older children have endless hours of enjoyment playing
traditional games (such as Kling Klang Gloria, Water Water Wallflower, In and Out the Bonnie
Bluebells, London Bridge, Oranges and Lemons). We play them as a group every day after
storytime and before pick-up time. The children soon organize their own opportunities
to play these games both at outside time and during free play time. In my opinion, the
traditional games are one of the best resources for the older children. Books of games
can be found in many bookstores, especially anthroposophical book outlets. You may
see that some of the games and song-games mentioned are not in the mood of the fifth.
Nevertheless they carry the children in that same lilting, repetitive and never-ending stream
and are often responded to with “let’s play it again.” —Ruth Ker

Seeking games
Little seed goes round and round,
Round and round and round and round,
Little seed goes round and round
And never, ever, ever be found.

C hildren are seated in a circle. One child has a seed and passes from child to child as if to
give them the seed. He drops it in someone’s hands. The teacher says, “Sarah, who do
you think has the seed?” She guesses and if the child has the seed, Sarah gets to hide
it. If the child doesn’t have it, he or she gets to guess who does.

This game can also be played substituting the words ”little treasure” for little seed. The
children then sit in a circle while one of their friends covers her eyes. Then the other children

227
 pass the treasure around and hide their hands behind their backs when the verse is over.
Then the child who has hidden her eyes opens them and guesses who has the treasure.

❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖

We’ve lost two children, we’ve lost two children,

Now tell us who they are.
Come back ——, come back ——,
And tell us who they are.

Children are seated in a circle. Two children go out of the circle and cover their eyes. The
teacher chooses two children by gesturing and they hide under a sheet in front of her. We
sing the song above and the two children come back and try to guess who it is who is hiding.
Usually they cannot guess so the teacher asks if anyone has a hint. They raise their hands
and give hints: the color of their hair, their cubby symbols, a little brother’s name, and so on.
This is a good game for the older children, for they are often able to guess who is missing
even without a hint.

❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖

Gnomes (or stars or bunnies) are hiding.

Our eyes are guiding
Us to where they are.

Make up your own tune.

❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖

I spy with my little eye something that is red (green, blue, etc.)

To keep it simple, it is a color on a child. The guesser only needs to name the child.

❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖

Ringline, ringline, you must wander

From the one hand to the other
Ringline, ringline, you must wander
Oh, my lovely ringline

The teacher’s ring is put on a fingerknitted rope that is long enough to go all the way around
a circle of children. One child is sitting in the middle covering her eyes. As the song is sung

228
(feel free to make up your own tune) the children move the ring along. Then when the song
stops, the children clasp their hands on the rope and the child in the middle guesses whose
clasped hand contains the ring.

❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖

Doggie, doggie who’s got the bone

Someone took it from my home
Open your eyes doggie and see
Who it could possibly be.

Teacher chooses a child to go into the center and places a “bone” (usually a rock or piece of
wood) on the child’s back. Then another child is chosen to take the “bone” off the hiding
child’s back. All of the children sitting in the circle then hide their hands behind their back
and the “doggie” in the center guesses who has the bone.

❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖

Here is the box and here is the lid

I wonder what inside is hid
It’s a —— without a doubt
Let’s take off the lid and let it out

Children and teacher sitting in a circle all touching to make a fenced circle. The children tell
the teacher what pretend thing is in the box (horse, butterfly, etc.). Then teacher takes off
the pretend lid with her gestures and lets the creature or flower or other being out. Some
children will say, “I’m going to make a hole in the ground for my bunny.” They then proceed
to pretend to dig a little space in front of them. The game proceeds until everyone has a turn
and the inside circle is full of ducks in ponds, bunnies in burrows, butterflies and birds in the
trees etc.

❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖

Isn’t it funny how a bear loves honey?

Yum, yum, yum
Hide your eyes Mr. Bear
And I will find me some.

The children are sitting in a circle with the teacher and the teacher hands the honey pot to
a child who then goes into the center of the circle. When Mr. Bear hides his eyes, the teacher
points to one of the children who takes the pot and hides it behind his back. All of the
children hide their hands and when the bear looks up, she guesses who has the honey pot.

229
 ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖

I sent a letter to my love

And on the way I dropped it:
One of you has picked it up
And put it in your pocket.
(Tune: Yankee Doodle)

One child goes around the outside of a circle of sitting children and drops a “letter” behind
someone. At the end of the song, the standing child and the receiving child run around the
circle in opposite directions and try to sit down in the empty space. Use the traditional tune.

❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖

Shoemaker, shoemaker, make me a shoe

Have it ready by half-past two
Shoemaker, shoemaker, tell me please
Who has shoes that are just like these?

One child is standing blindfolded in the middle of the circle while the other children sit in a
circle with their feet outstretched. The teacher slowly turns the blindfolded child around and
then when the singing stops (please make up your own tune) the teacher guides the child to
bend down, touch the shoes of a friend and guess whose shoes they are. If the child cannot
guess then the other children give hints.

❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖

Marie’s in the garden, in the garden is Marie

All the trees and flowers are bigger then she
Guess if you can where Marie can be.

The teacher passes a finger puppet of a little girl to one of the children in the circle while
another child has hidden his eyes. When the verse stops the child opens his eyes and guesses
which of the children have hidden Marie. Marie gets hidden in pockets, up sleeves, under
vests, etc.

❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖ ❖

230
Transitional Verses
Please feel free to make up your own gestures.

This is the house with the roof so good,

Here are the walls that are made of wood,
Her are the doors that shut up tight,
Here are the windows that let in the light,
Here are the people that fill it with love,
And here are the angels that guard from above.

❖ ❖ ❖

My name is Christopher Cobbler, I make fine shoes.

I make long shoes, short shoes, tall shoes, flat shoes.
My name is Christopher Cobbler, I make fine shoes.
My name is Betsy Baker, I make fine bread.
I make long bread, round bread, braided bread, bagel bread.
My name is Betsy Baker, I make fine bread.
My name is Tommy Tailor, I make fine stitches.
I make big stitches, tiny stitches, running stitches, blanket stitches.
My name is Tommy Tailor, I make fine stitches.
My name is Bobby Boatmaker, I make fine boats,
I make big boats, small boats, rowing boats, sail boats.
My name is Bobby Boatmaker, I make fine boats.
My name is Farmer Leslie, I care for the farm.
I plant the seeds, I pull the weeds, I feed the animals and keep them warm.
My name is Farmer Leslie, I care for the farm.

And make up your own verses!

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 Opening Verses and Songs

End with (to your own tune):

Light fairies, come to us, bring to us your golden light.
And the light fairies come, bringing light from stars and sun.

❖ ❖ ❖

Down is the earth, up is the sky,

There are my friends, and here am I.

❖ ❖ ❖

Good morning, dear Earth. Good morning, dear Sun.

Good morning, stones and the flowers every one.
Good morning dear beasts, and the birds in the trees.
Good morning to you and good morning to me.

(This verse may be spoken, or make up your own tune. May be sung once standing, once
going in a ring)

❖ ❖ ❖

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 We are guarded from harm
Cared for by angels.
Here we stand,
Loving and strong (bold),
Truthful and good.

❖ ❖ ❖

The front door is shut clap hands in front of the body

The back door is shut clap hands behind the body
The big window is closed place hands together without clapping at chest level
(impulse control)
The small window is closed place hands together without clapping at belly
The basement window is closed fingertips together at feet
And the tiny window at the top
is closed fingertips together over our heads
I am in my house cross hands over chest, stomp feet

❖ ❖ ❖

The earth is firm beneath my feet

The sun shines bright above
And here I stand so straight and strong
All things to know and love.

Daily Transitional Songs and Verses

To light the morning circle candle:

When everything is so quiet . . . the light fairies come, bringing light from stars and sun

To end the morning circle:

I dance with the flowers, I sing with the sun. My warmth I give to everyone.

To put out morning circle candle:

Here is a spark of Father Sun’s light, to keep in our hearts so warm and bright.

Before blessing and snack or lunch:

Welcome, welcome, welcome to our table.
Quiet, quiet, we all fold hands together.

Closing of snack or lunch:

Hands holding together, making our golden chain we say, thank you for our meal.

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 To be chosen to play the kinderharp at rest time or to begin a game:
I’m looking to see, who’s quiet as can be. (sung to a simple tune)

At the end of rest time:

Awake the sun is shining bright. The birds are singing in the light.
Gloria, gloria.

To signal nap time:

And at the end of the rest we say . . .

Along comes Momma Bird and taps them on the back

Come with me, come with me, we’ve finished up our nap.

❖ ❖ ❖

After story:

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Ending verses

Angel of God that is guarding me,

Be thou a shining star above me, be thou a clear path before me.
Be thou a good shepherd behind me,
Today, tonight when the stars are shining bright, and forever.

❖ ❖ ❖

Oh lovely Sun, oh lovely Earth, dear friends all gathered here.

Let’s all join hands and there may flow,
A stream of warmth and golden glow,
Good-bye.

❖ ❖ ❖

Goodbye now, goodbye now, it’s time for us to go back home

Goodbye now, goodbye now, it’s time for us to go.
(Sandra and her family) will come to the gate
They will go now, they won’t be late
Goodbye now, goodbye now, it’s time for them to go.

At festival time, this is useful for a singing verse to help the children and their families to
exit the classroom. Often the teachers make a bridge under which the families can exit the
circle. Sometimes I say to the waiting children, “I’ll know when to ask you because I’ll see
you sitting so still.” This song can bring a peaceful and ordered finish to a festival gathering.
Many different tunes have been used; one can be found on page 42 of the second edition of
Spindrift (Gloucester, UK: Wynstones Press, 1983).

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Jump Rope
Rhymes

Compiled by Barbara Klocek and Ruth Ker

Ringle rangle rowdy cocka-doodle-doo

Walking in the garden picking berries blue
One for me, one for you
And the grump must have one too
How many berries did he (or she) pick?
1, 2, 3, 4, … 1

❖ ❖ ❖

Teddy bear, Teddy Bear, turn around

Teddy bear, Teddy Bear, touch the ground
Teddy Bear, Teddy Bear climb the stairs
Teddy Bear, Teddy Bear say your prayers
Teddy Bear, Teddy Bear say goodnight
Teddy Bear, Teddy Bear turn off the light
How many dreams did she (he) have?
1, 2, 3, 4, …

❖ ❖ ❖

1 For music see Nancy Foster, Dancing as we Sing (Acorn Hill Waldorf Kindergarten and Nursery), 44.

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 Down by the river, down by the sea
I found a starfish as pretty as can be
How many legs did it have?
1, 2, 3, 4, …

❖ ❖ ❖

Down in the valley where the green grass grows

There sat ——— as pretty as a rose
Along came mother and kissed him (her) on the cheek
How many kisses did he (she) get this week?
1, 2, 3, 4, …

❖ ❖ ❖

Oh see my playmate, come out and play with me

And we’ll be jolly friends, climb up my apple tree
Slide down my rainbow into my cellar door
And we’ll be jolly friends for ever more
More! Shut the door!
How many friends did she (he) have?
1, 2, 3, 4, …2

❖ ❖ ❖

Jack be nimble, Jack be quick

Jack jumped over the candlestick
Careful Jack! Don’t burn your clothes.
Just jump right on your tippy-toes.
How many times did Jack jump?
1, 2, 3, 4, …

2 The traditional tune of this skipping game, like many others, is not in the mood of the fifth.

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 Section Six

Parents
as Partners

S peaking out of a real listening and perceiving of the other enables a

true encounter to occur, from which new possibilities can arise. The
way we listen enables others to speak. In other words, to actively
listen means giving others the possibility of saying things that they
could not otherwise have said—or could not have said in the same
way.

Heinz Zimmermann
Speaking Listening Understanding

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Waldorf
Education
for the Child
and the Parent

Devon Brownsey

I am my child’s first teacher, but I could never have fully understood what this means
without having teachers of my own.

After the birth of my son, the teacher that I had in my own early childhood years gave me the
book You Are Your Child’s First Teacher by Rahima Baldwin Dancy. I had attended a Waldorf
school for a brief time as a child, but had little connection with the philosophy since that
time. I found the book interesting, familiar, and thought-provoking, but a world away from
my current life and the baby in my arms. I had no intention of sending our children to my old
school, because we lived a great distance away.

Now almost four years later I have reconnected with this same Waldorf community, one that
I now find I have actually been a part of my entire life. But being a child in a Waldorf school is
very different from being a parent in a Waldorf school.

Understanding and applying the Waldorf philosophy to our home life has been a
multifaceted process, and at times I have felt completely overwhelmed, not knowing where
to begin or how to support the teacher’s messages in our home. I have been guided in this
journey by many teachers—in parent and child groups, afternoon kindergarten craft circles,
and during evening workshops. I now see that my own education in Anthroposophy and
Waldorf philosophy is just as important as that of my children—and this realization has made
my parenting journey so much more interesting.

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 When one is a Waldorf teacher who is involved in every facet of a school and its underlying
philosophy, it can be easy to forget the journey it took to acquire those understandings.
Teachers may even fall into the assumption that parents understand what they are doing and
why. But the fact is, regardless of how involved a parent may be, Waldorf teachers draw upon
years of training and experience while many parents will only have periodic contact with the
philosophy. It can be a mystifying process trying to fit the pieces of the puzzle
Forming a trusting together, especially when the outside world does not promote many of the
relationship between same tenets as Waldorf education.
teachers and parents
is vital to the success It is my belief that Waldorf philosophy needs to extend beyond the doors of
the classroom. Forming a trusting relationship between teachers and parents
of the young child who is vital to the success of the young child who is entering a Waldorf early
is entering a Waldorf childhood education program.
early childhood
education program. My first steps into a Waldorf school as a parent happened when I attended
a parent-child morning group with my two-year-old son and my newborn
daughter. I had put a lot of pressure on myself and I remember feeling worried for the first
few weeks that my child would not live up to my expectations for him to adapt into the
program. He didn’t want to sit at snack time and I wondered if he would ever listen to the
teacher’s stories.

Both my son and I learned from this teacher. She did not “teach” me through lectures or
direct comments, but through her actions. She gave us readings to take home, gently
reminding us to dress our children warmly and give them fewer choices.

Imitation is important not only for the developing child, but also for the developing parent!
On some rambunctious mornings, a few of us would joke and say that we had been
“channeling” our teacher when we spoke to our children in gentle tones. I truly felt that by
thinking of myself as the teacher and modeling her way of being with the children, I would
sometimes gain strength. Quieting my voice and imitating her way of conversing helped me
to restore order and gain parenting skills.

As the parent and child group fell into the rhythm of our Monday mornings, I felt less
pressure on myself and realized that all of the parents and children were working towards
the same thing. It was comforting to realize there is no perfect Waldorf child or parent. We
were a group of very different people with shared values for our children.

I still attend the parent-child group with my daughter, but my son has since moved into
kindercottage (the nursery) by himself. Leading up to his first day there, his new teacher
gave me lots of words of wisdom to best set him up for a successful transition … but I still
cried into the arms of another mother on his first day. He, on the other hand, embraced the
kindercottage with open arms and adjusted easily.

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It was through a conversation with my first early childhood teacher that I started to explore
other ways to put Waldorf philosophy and education into my life. I had read books, and of
course participated in my children’s programs, but I wanted more. She told me about an
adult lecture series she was leading.

The lectures were attended by many enthusiastic parents. It surprised me that so much of
what the teachers were saying resonated with my own life and my own beliefs. It was also
an opportunity for the parents to listen and participate and think without the interruptions
that inevitably come when the children are present. The thirst for education, guidance, and
knowledge was evident as questions poured out and the lecturers tried to stay within the
allotted time frame.

I learned a great deal about the philosophy and the Waldorf approach that I had never even
thought about until I attended these evening lectures. All the topics really came alive, and
concepts such as the twelve senses and the incarnating child were explained to us in ways
that were much more effective than simply reading a book.

While I had heard that nothing in Waldorf education is “arbitrary,” the concept really came
to life for me during that time. Every evening on my drive home from the weekly lecture I
felt full—full of inspiration for the next morning with my children, full of happiness for the
choices my husband and I had made that brought us to this school, and full of love for the
person who had been my first teacher and who was still teaching me twenty years later.

This learning inspired me to become more involved with other parents. I joined the
kindergarten’s monthly craft afternoon, where we read articles and discussed them with
the kindergarten teacher while working on a seasonal craft project for her classroom.
Sharing ideas with other parents and working with my hands really showed me the value of
stimulating the brain while keeping the hands busy.

Our parent-child teacher has since started another session with parents and children who are
all new to the school. She invited me and another mother to attend the first few mornings so
that we could bring our experiences and our already-familiarized children to help inaugurate
the group. As we gathered at the first snack table, I could feel the frustration of some of the
new mothers, as they watched their children refusing to eat the soup and not wanting to stay
sitting at the table.

It was at this moment that I could see that I had come full circle and that I had learned so
much in the past eighteen months. I reassured the new parents that this was how it was
on my first day too. But now, here I was sitting with my child while he asked the teacher for
another bowl of our good homemade soup.

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 Had things really changed that much? The teacher smiled and thanked me for sharing
my experience. I could not have come this far without her gentle guidance, support, and
teaching.

This experience and the other opportunities that I have sampled have shown me the value
of actively pursuing learning in my career as a parent. It is not just the children who need
to experience with head, heart, and hands. I am my child’s first teacher … but I still need
teachers too. ✦

References
Dancy, Rahima Baldwin. You Are Your Child’s First Teacher. Berkeley, CA: Celestial Arts, 1989.

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Working
with Parents:
Ideas
for Parent Meetings

Ruth Ker and Nancy Blanning

following conversations with Tim Bennett, Louise deForest, and Barbara Klocek

W ise teachers and parents realize that healthy development and happiness arise
unconsciously within the child when those around him or her are all working out
of the same intentions. The time that parents and teachers spend focusing on the
children they share in common and developing a nonjudgmental interest in one another
pays off mightily. These efforts build an abundance of warmth between parent, child, and
teacher. In turn, this kindling of interest and warmth is what allows difficult topics to be
addressed and trust to develop between the key people operative throughout the child’s
early childhood. Many insights are spawned out of the soul/spiritual substance that is
created through this cooperative relationship. How many times have parents and teachers
conferred together one day, and the next day the child they were pondering shows them
the answer? Something invisible is at work here—spawned out of the efforts that the
adults in the child’s life have made to reach out for the betterment of the whole. Henning
Kohler and others speak about these kinds of events arising out of the link that parents and
teachers can cultivate with the child’s and their own angels.1

We also know that the insights from anthroposophical child-rearing indications and Waldorf
pedagogy can provide us with deeper understandings about child development and how
to nurture the whole human being. This is something teachers want and need to share with
parents, so that we can all work towards the same goals for the children. Yet we see daily that
much of our culture contradicts these wholesome ideas. Waldorf schools are truly counter-
culture in this regard. Finding ways to share these insights without seeming “old fashioned”

1 Henning Kohler, Working With Anxious, Nervous and Depressed Children, passim.

247
 or “quaint” is a humbling challenge. In our urgent and passionate desire to protect and
support healthy growth, we can also seem dogmatic and intimidating to parents when we
do share our views.

The question then arises, “How is it that parents and teachers can best share the essential
information?” In “Waldorf Education for the Child, and the Parent” earlier in this section the
author, a parent, stresses that there are many ways of making information retainable and
many individual styles of learning. Although many of us find it effective to use the lecture
format at parent evenings, we must be aware of how much easier and welcoming it is for
parents to come to parent talks when the talks are full of warmth and lively examples. It is
through these lively examples and true stories that the parents are able to reach into the
topic being explained and find commonality with it. The examples allow them to “feel into”
the situation. Taking this a step further, many teachers are finding much success when they
provide the parents with an experience, where they can do hands-on things or actually
momentarily dwell within what is being described by the presenter.

When we discussed the cooperative working of the parent and the teacher at our Older Child
in the Kindergarten Research Group retreats, we agreed that we live in a time now where a
new task confronts us as educators. The task is to create a new paradigm for
As well as providing our partnering work with parents. We would do well to hear the call to create
new ways of involving parents in experiential learning. Perhaps the venue
important basic
could be a caring circle, a discussion group where parents and teachers bring
information, parent their own real-life scenarios to the conversation, a study group full of lively
meetings are a examples, or a well-planned parent evening in which the parents are actively
prime opportunity to involved in examples that teach the principles addressed. In any case, we are
strengthen the soul/ challenged to move beyond the top-down model to a more interactive model
spiritual substance where the experience of the parents and teachers can co-exist and those
involved can drink in more deeply the lessons involved.
of the adult social
community. As well as providing important basic information, parent meetings are a prime
opportunity to strengthen the soul/spiritual substance of the adult social
community. This ultimately benefits each child as an individual and the class as a whole.
What we are able to enjoy together in our early childhood class meetings can be carried
forward into the grade school, in the form of a class of parents that work well together on
many different levels.

The following are some ideas collected from the working-group teachers. These are
experiences that they and their colleagues have found effective for parent meetings. One
common element apparent within these ideas is that the parents actually are involved in
experiential learning. Some of these suggestions include a format that does not involve a
lecture, and some have an experiential format woven together with lecture material. As we
strive to work with the will of the children, so can we also engage the parents’ will along with
their thinking and feeling.

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 We live in a time now when humanity as a whole is developing the consciousness soul, and
that motivates all of us to want to take things more deeply into the thinking, feeling, and
willing parts of our souls. We also encounter each other at different times in our individual
biographies. Someone who is learning during the ages of twenty-one to twenty-eight may
want to experience the answers with his or her sentient soul, whereas the intellectual soul
may be more operative between twenty-eight and thirty-five. The consciousness soul time in
our own biographies spans the wide horizon of the years from thirty-five to forty-two. These
previous seven-year cycles and their events provide the groundwork for the imaginations,
inspirations, and intuitions that arise in the next twenty-one years of our development.2
It’s important for teachers to really know the ages and likely biographical phases of their
audience in order to prepare the most nourishing parent meeting experiences. Preparing
for a group of parents who are around twenty-five is very different than preparing for a
group who are mostly over forty. There are many books on the life rhythms of biography,
like the one cited below, that can be helpful reads for adults who are gathering together in
community. Nevertheless, it is best to remember that when experience confirms what we
are asking those in our audience to think, they will be able to hold more of a conviction for
the idea. They will also be able to retain what they have learned and, if it serves their family,
hopefully carry it into their home life.

Suggestions for Parent Meetings

The following are some ideas that we hope will nourish you and your community.

At the first parent meeting, often held before school starts:

● Allow time for the parents to speak about themselves individually—saying their names and
occupations, what is their passion or “bliss” for finding joy and rejuvenation in life. Remember
to actively take interest in the parents as well as the children. This information sharing
can happen as the parents are doing something with their hands to help prepare for the
upcoming year. (This interest that teachers extend toward the parents can later expand into
the parent-teacher conferences. Then teachers can allow some time to connect to what the
parents expressed on that first evening and to ask the parents about themselves and how
things are going now. )

● Parents decorate their child’s birthday candle for that year and tell how they came to name
their child. Later this candle will be used at the child’s birthday celebration at school.

● The parents are asked to bring something from nature that represents their children. They
can then explain what about this natural item reminds them of their children. All of these
items are then assembled in the center of the circle as each parent first speaks about his or

2 Gudrun Burkhard, Taking Charge—Your Life Patterns and Their Meaning, 169.

249
 her child, and then places the offering on a table. By so doing, a class sculpture is created.
If parents forget to bring something they can be encouraged to find something from
within the classroom to add to the sculpture. It is remarkable to see that often the parents’
classroom choice is exactly what their children choose as a favorite plaything when they
enter school that first day.

● The teacher opens the meeting with an imagination of how each child has intentionally
sought out his or her parents as being the perfect ones for their current life on earth. Then
the parents are asked to choose two postcards (from a large collection the teacher has
assembled)—one to represent the gift the parents already have that they can give to their
children, the other to show what new qualities the children are asking of the parents to
personally develop. Then the parents have the bonding experience of sharing around the
circle their pictures and thoughts around these two topics.

Here are some ways that we could share some of the other important topics
at later parent gatherings:
● Schedule a three-, four-, or five-part parenting series. Give the series a lively title. Each
meeting could address one topic such as rhythm, warmth, sleep, or other topics particularly
relevant to your group. Include within the evening’s presentation several ways that the topic
can be experienced. Can those attending touch, manipulate, use their bodies in movement,
see a picture, etc.? For example, have the room be too cold so that the parents cannot find
physical comfort being there. Then ask the parents to pay attention to their reactions and
how that affects their behavior and well-being. Then talk about young children not being
able to monitor their own warmth organism, show the importance of physical warmth on the
formation of the child’s organs, and so on. Focusing on one topic alone allows the chance to
deepen information and experience so that parents do not feel overwhelmed.

We want to speak clearly about what is good for the children but in a way that the parents
do not feel judged. Carrying this intent into the next parent conferences, we can then make a
point of expressing what we admire about their parenting. When affirmed in their parenting
practices, often parents will feel freer to discuss their important childrearing questions.

● With the topic of choices—As a prelude, when the parents have just arrived at the parent
meeting, ask the parents in rapid succession to make all sorts of decisions, with no time to
reflect upon them. This can give them the experience of how fatiguing and taxing it is for
children to be bombarded with choices. (Thanks to Eugene Schwartz for this idea.) Also
ask them how they would feel if they were airplane passengers and the pilot came onto
the loudspeaker and asked, “Would you like to fly at 28,000 feet or 35,000 feet?” (Thanks to
Dorothy Olsen for this idea.) With respect to leaving the decision to the children as to which
school they would like to go to, ask the parents “What city would you like to live in, Timbuktu
or Neverland?” Things like this can be woven into an evening’s presentation.

250
 ● With the topic of media—Begin the evening with silence, followed by humming or music,
story telling, and then a puppet play. Ask the parents about their experience during and after
the puppet play. A presentation can then happen or the evening can simply be concluded
by showing a video of The Lion King or whatever current video is being portrayed as child-
friendly.

It has also been effective to have a high school teacher, remedial teacher or a teacher of the
upper grades speak about his or her experience of seeing children who have been exposed
to a lot of media. Having older students who have been protected from media describe their
own experience is another option.

Inviting the parents to a meeting and having loud music blaring in the kindergarten can also
portray the experience of how different the environment becomes when invaded by these
sounds. Parents have become used to the sacredness of this child-centered space and can
feel the violation that is happening.

●On the topic of toys—Bring a bag of toys from a thrift shop to a parent evening. Parents feel
inside the bag without looking and guess what each item is. Then the toys are taken out and
the parents play with them. This can be done by breaking up into small groups. Then the
groups can reassemble into the larger group and a lively discussion ensues. It
When experience is interesting for all to see what can or cannot be played with and for how long
confirms what we are interest can be sustained.
asking those in our
Another idea is to ask the parents to imagine that they have the consciousness
audience to think, they
of the young child—filled with the urge to unite with everything. Then pass
will be able to hold a Waldorf doll around the circle, asking the parents to unite with this image
more of a conviction for and to notice how they feel when doing this. Next pass a plastic action figure
the idea. (spiky collar, green sneering face, muscle-bound—you know the type) around
the circle and ask the parents once again to try to unite with this image (you
may need to apologize first). Then ask, “Which image would you want your children to carry
around within them?”

● To illustrate the child’s need for play and experiential learning rather than intellectual
explanations—Bring to a parent evening some exotic fruits hidden under a cloth in a bowl.
These fruits must be unfamiliar to the parents. Then tell the parents that you are going to
describe something to them so that they will know it better. Do not show them what is under
the cloth in the bowl but proceed to describe the fruits verbally and just assume that the
parents will understand what is being described. It is likely that the parents will not be able
to picture what they have never seen or experienced before. From this they can have the
realization that they and their children need to touch and experience things in order to know
them. Make the point that many things in this world are unfamiliar to their children and,

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 rather than intellectual explanations, the children need to be given quality and quantities of
time to sample appropriate things. And how do they do that? They play at it! (Thank you to
Kim Hunter from Salt Spring Island, British Columbia for this idea about the fruits.)

● Practicing observation and attention—Do an observation exercise at the beginning of each

parent evening, and continue doing this at each meeting for one year. The hope here is
that we learn together that slowing down to observe and take in our surroundings actually
informs us about important things. This can be critical for our parenting. Often we don’t
realize how little we take in as we live our preoccupied lives. Here are some observation
exercises:

— Draw something only felt with your hands and not seen.
— Draw something not seen but which another person describes to you.
— Describe what the person sitting next to you is wearing without looking at them again.
Now describe what they are wearing after looking at them with this task in mind.
—Observe your child’s eating habits—how she eats, food preferences, etc., and then inform
the group at the next parent evening about what you observed.

After some of these experiences, it is explained that observation is a potent tool for teachers
and can be for parents as well.

● On the topic of movement—Offer experiences of movement, such as a circle time, a

movement journey, a playful obstacle course, some circus-type movements. These
experiences can help to illustrate to parents that they do not have to put their children
in sports or a lot of extracurricular events in order to provide movement and playful
experiences for their children. Encourage parents to help or allow their children to create a
circus at home so they can see how children would rather do that than play in an organized
sport. Through having experiences together, we can create a happening around which
valuable conversations can emerge.

● On the topic of nurturing—Invite the parents to school one evening. When they arrive they
will be surprised to see that the kindergarten table is laid out for a meal. Serve the parents
a meal of soup and bread, as the children would have at school, with a candle, the blessing,
and a song, all in a mood of calm and warmth.

After the meal, tell a story to set the mood for bedtime, then describe how children may
be put to bed. Better still, if you have a reliable volunteer, have her lay on a mat on the
kindergarten floor, light a candle, rub her back or massage her feet with lavender oil, sing to
her, and then say, “The angels are waiting for you. Time to go to their house.” Blow out the
candle and say, “I’ll see you at the angel’s house. I’ll be there too.” Have your volunteer say,
“Mommy, don’t go. I need a drink of water.” Then you respond, “Oh, the angels are waiting
for you. We’ll have some more water in the morning.”

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 Simple domestic chores such as washing dishes, wiping tables, sweeping, or making a bed
can be demonstrated with conscious attention to the intent, meaning, and quality of the
gesture. Parents can learn to appreciate how inspired children are by purposeful work and
how children can become more absorbed and drawn into a task when the movements are
slower and focused.

● Nurturing through artistic activities—Hold a once-a-month meeting (perhaps in the

afternoon, with childcare in another room) and share an artistic activity with the parents.
This can be painting, drawing, singing, candle-dipping, felting, story telling, creating a nature
table, or a seasonal craft activity.

This can lead into many questions and further activities, such as plant-dyeing of cloth
or wool. Setting up different seasonal scenes for the nature table stimulates questions
about the seasonal rhythms, festivals, and the child’s experience of the natural world.
Often questions arising out of current discipline dilemmas come up at this time and many
enthusiastic conversations ensue.

● Festival experience—Prepare something for an upcoming festival with the parents. For
example, they may come to make lanterns and learn songs in advance of the Martinmas or
Lantern festival. While the parents are working with their hands, discussions can happen
about the meaning and intention behind the festival. Parents could be asked to recount any
other experiences, perhaps childhood memories, they have about this particular festival.
The children, during kindergarten time, can then finish in the weeks ahead what the parents
started on the night of the parent evening.

Coming to school on special occasions outside of class time has been very successful when
parents and children come together with other families to prepare for festivals, for example
to make dipped beeswax candles or lanterns. This can be done in the joyous mood of
parents and children playfully creating together. Involving the parents in set-up for the
festivals can be a rich and rewarding way for them to sample from the inside out what the
meaning of a festival is.

• Involving fathers—Hold a meeting for fathers only. Ask them what Waldorf education is like
for them and what their questions are. Acknowledge that it is often the wives who choose
the children’s early childhood education. Fathers can be called on for a work bee—building
a compost bin, tool shed, or creating something for the kindergarten. Fathers crave social
interaction too and often feel more comfortable when they can be working alongside of
someone else. Feeling that they have contributed to their child’s education can bond them
with the situation and help them to vocalize their questions and areas of interest.

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 ● Experiences that can weave the social fabric—All stand in a circle holding hands. A hula hoop
hangs over the arms of two people. The group has to collectively pass the hoop around
without breaking the circle and without letting go of hands.

Another idea is to have a big ball of yarn. Everyone sits in a circle and a question is asked. The
teacher holding the ball of yarn says something pertaining to the question, holds on to the
end of the strand of yarn, and then throws the ball of yarn off to another parent. The parent
contributes something, holds on to the yarn, and tosses the ball to another. In this way the
comments build and the ball is tossed, developing a picture of the web of ideas within this
particular community pertaining to the question or theme that was expressed. An additional
aspect of the game could be that everyone has to remember the contribution of the person
who passes the yarn to them as well as their own response. Then at the end of the game,
when everyone is holding on to their string, they retrace their patterns, throwing the ball
of yarn back to the person who gave it to them and speaking out what that other person’s
contribution was to the theme. This allows a review of the question or theme and also builds
rapport amongst the parent group.

There are many such social games available in books and on the Internet. Parents go away
from a parent gathering feeling met and enlivened when they get to have “playful” times
with others.

● On the topic of child development—Have the parents sit in a circle according to the
consecutive ages of their children. That is, if they have a baby, a three-year-old, and a six-
year-old, they would sit at the beginning of the round and then they would move over to the
place where the parents are sitting who have three-year-olds and then move again when
it’s time to talk about six-year-olds. Then tell the parents that we are going to create a story
together about a child growing up. Each parent will speak in turn about the main character
in the story by telling us one thing that is joyful and one thing that is a challenge about
who or how their own child is right now. Each parent embellishes the story until it finishes
with the parents of the oldest children. (The teacher who offered this exercise said that one
evening she did this exercise with a group of parents who had children ranging in ages from
three weeks to twenty-eight years. It was like having a course on child development! The
parents expressed that it was an opportunity to bond and commiserate with others, and it
was energizing to be part of the creative process of information sharing on what otherwise
can be a very “dry” topic. The story they created definitely became a secondary part of the
process.)

As mentioned, the above ideas are offered to assist you in strengthening your own inspired
approaches. Please enjoy.

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Scheduling Parent Meetings
A nother consideration is when to hold parent meetings. One suggestion is to hold a monthly
(or other rhythmic timing) series of evening meetings. This has worked well when the
evenings are stimulating and consistently scheduled so that parents can count on planning
them into their routines.

Some teachers found success in scheduling Saturday morning meetings. 10:00 to 11:30 a.m.
was the suggested time frame. Childcare was arranged with high school students; $5 per
child was the charge. The teacher who suggested this remarked that with these Saturday
morning arrangements, couples tended to attend more. On a Saturday morning everyone
was more rested and relaxed. These meetings were held in fall, winter, and spring. At the end
of the year, parents expressed that they loved this opportunity to be together at the Saturday
meetings and would have liked to do the same more regularly.

Friday evening (6:30 to 8:00 p.m.) has also worked well for some. With no school the next
day, bedtime can be a little flexible (“We all knew we were compromising something”).
Parents brought potluck snacks, and childcare was provided by older children for a modest
charge. The evenings were always three-fold:

1. Some experience from the children’s day was shared—for example, part of circle time, a
puppet play, or the painting activity.

2. The parents worked on something for the class—lantern preparation, preparing materials
from which the children would make Valentine post-boxes, or sewing bells on ankle
bracelets for May Day. The social time of chatting, in the second part of the evening, was
important as well for strengthening class ties.

3. Finally the teachers presented a topic on development, parenting, bridging home and school
life, festivals, and so on. The meeting finished promptly by eight o’clock. Finding ways to be
succinct and economical with what is said during this last time was important. Sometimes
less really is more.

Some teachers have had success holding their parent meetings after kindergarten, or later in
the afternoon. Perhaps a conversation with the parents at the beginning of the school year
can serve to help decisions to be made that work better for the whole group.

Encouraging Attendance at Parent Meetings

A final consideration is how can we support a full attendance at parent meetings? There
is nothing more frustrating than low attendance at parent meetings when hours of
preparation by the teacher have happened beforehand.

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 Here is some feedback from a group of parents who were polled on this topic:
● When the teacher looks me in the eye and asks me, “Are you coming to the meeting
tonight?” I feel wanted and realize I am important to her.
● Giving me a task to do for the meeting helps me to feel more responsible.
● Make the meetings mandatory.
● Put a sign in your window saying, PARENT MEETING TODAY. PLEASE MAKE SURE YOUR CHILD
IS REPRESENTED.
● Tell the parents that there is important information being discussed at the meeting tonight
that you don’t want them to miss.
● Parents are socially starved. Make sure there is a social element to it.
● Make time so that we can hear other parents’ stories and then share creative ways of dealing
with our children.
● Refer parents to other vocal parents who advocate going to parent meetings and value what
they experienced there.
● Give reminders. Lots of reminders.
● Tell us in a newsletter that the meeting is coming up. Dangle a few carrots as to what will be
discussed.
● Make available lists for reliable babysitters or have meetings when babysitting is available at
school.
● Make the meetings fun and informative.

The above lists are by no means complete. Please enjoy these suggestions, the fruits of the
labor of your colleagues. And, above all, add your own ideas to the list. A great venue for
sharing your parent meeting successes is the Gateways newsletter published by WECAN. We
look forward to reading about what has worked well for you. ✦

References
Burkhard, Gudrun. Taking Charge—Your Life Patterns and Their Meaning. Edinburgh: Floris
Books, 1997.
Kohler, Henning. Working with Anxious, Nervous, and Depressed Children. Fair Oaks, CA: The
Association of Waldorf Schools of North America, 2000.

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A Bouquet
of Wishes
in the Rosemary
Kindergarten

Tim Bennett

B uilding a relationship with the children’s parents is a big part of our work in the
kindergarten. Over the years I have come up with a few ways that can help the parents
feel that they are a part of the life of the kindergarten during our year together.

Parents are included at the beginning of each day. At nine o’clock, we gather outside
together for a brief morning circle. Parents, children, and younger siblings all take hands in
our circle as we welcome the day. I lead everyone in an opening seasonal song and then we
speak our morning verse:

Our hearts open wide.

Light streams deep inside.
Stars, moon and sun shine down on everyone.
On earth we now stand, giving all our hands.
Good morning, dear friends.

I sing, “Ring a ring a Rosemary day, welcome, welcome, nature walk day and oatmeal day”
(or whatever day it happens to be). Then we get ready to leave on our nature walk, and the
parents and little siblings go off on their day, leaving their children in my care. This transition
works well, and the parents tell me that they love this circle time together. They leave the
kindergarten feeling refreshed and renewed for their day in the world.

Another aspect of my work with the parents is the parent evenings, which I have five times
a year. I start the year by giving the parents a question to think about: what do you wish or
hope for your child in the kindergarten this year? We share the answers to this question at
our first parent evening of the year. This first meeting creates a “bouquet of good wishes”

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 to begin the year. I always feel that during the first weeks of school, we glide along on those
spoken good intentions. At the last parent evening of the year, we return to those wishes
and see what has happened. I can always see much change in the children, as the parents’
wishes have often been realized.

The last parent evening is also the time when we turn our attention to the children who are
moving on to first grade. I take time to honor each child. I do so by speaking about each child
in relationship to a plant or flower that symbolizes various aspects of the child. I describe the
child through speaking about the qualities of the plant or flower. For example, a rosemary
plant may be brought to symbolize a strong child who is a clear and wakeful thinker.
The numerous, little blue flowers of the rosemary may bespeak her good intentions and
blossoming ideas. She may like to join in with others’ games, as the rosemary leaf can join
the bread dough to make a special loaf. After this, I talk about how the child has grown and
changed over the year, sharing short (often humorous) anecdotes about the child. Then, I
open it up to the parents and we spend five to ten minutes building up a picture of the child
from their various impressions. As we speak about each child, I place the flower into a vase
that is our centerpiece for the evening. As the evening progresses, the bouquet grows in size
and beauty. In reflecting on each child, the parents get a sense of each child’s strivings and
his gifts. I find it is a wonderful rite of passage for the parents, as they are also transitioning to
the first grade.

These first and last parent evenings are the two pillars that hold my parent work together.
Acknowledging the striving of the parents and the growth of their children makes for a warm
and lively way of meeting each other as adults. It is a time when the arts of teaching and
parenting and the art of being social can weave golden threads into the cloth of mutuality
we hold together as we embrace and honor the children who brought us together. ✦

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Meetings
with Parents
on the Topic
of Discipline

Louise deForest

A mong the challenges facing parents today, none is more difficult than setting and
enforcing limits, creating and holding boundaries, and guiding children with loving
discipline. Many parents, feeling that their own parents were too strict, give their
children free rein. Others, knowing their children to be creative, bright beings, follow
their child’s lead, feeling that to do otherwise would infringe on the child’s freedom and
creativity. Still other parents, spending little time with their children during the day, don’t
want any unpleasantness in the little time they do spend together and therefore avoid any
kind of conflict with their children. All of these situations are unhealthy ones for the child
and the parent.

The young child instinctively expects guidance and when it is not forthcoming, the child
tends to feel insecure and frightened. Growing up without guidance, without boundaries,
often translates into being left alone to flounder in a world that the child is not experienced
enough to understand. Constantly being consulted by adults about what the child wants is
not only bewildering, but can create an egotist, unprepared for the world awaiting him or
her. Many parents believe that choices strengthen their child but, on the contrary, too many
choices can undermine the child.

Because parents are so close to their children they have many valuable observations to offer
teachers. Parents can also benefit from the teacher’s objectivity. I always hasten to reassure
parents that being a teacher is ever so much easier than being a parent. Guiding a class
with clarity, firmness, and consistency is what we do every day and there is much we can
share with parents, either in our parent-teacher conferences, phone conversations, or class
meetings.

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 Our class meetings are a wonderful opportunity to build community among the parents
in the class and can serve as a forum to share ideas, questions, and thoughts. It is also an
opportunity for us to share our expertise, giving parents the support and guidance that we
often wish we had experienced ourselves when we were parenting young children. But how
can we bring a topic as complex and as personal as discipline? Can we offer our thoughts
in such a way that we empower others with deeper understandings? Can we inspire
understandings that can guide parents under a myriad of situations with their children? The
following are a few of the ways I have worked with this topic in my class meetings. These are,
of course, not menus to be followed exactly, but rather some ideas that may inspire you to
create endless possibilities of experiences and conversations with the parents in your class.

One meeting, for example, may start out with me asking the parents to divide up into pairs,
separating couples (it is best to do this part way through the school year when the parents
already know and feel comfortable with each other). Choosing a partner myself, I then show
the parents how to do a form of wrestling. Yes, that’s right, wrestling! Facing each other, my
partner and I put our right feet together in front of us, sides touching, and we touch our four
hands in front of us, palm to palm. The purpose of the game is to move in such
A large part of a way that the other person is forced off balance and must move their right
discipline consists foot. The left foot can move but the hands and the right foot of each one must
always be in contact. It is not the type of wrestling that is aggressive or fast; on
of careful, wakeful the contrary, each one slowly follows the subtle pressure of the hands of the
listening. other. First one person takes the lead, applying pressure with both hands and
bending forward or backward, up or down, to force the other off balance. As
soon as you feel yourself losing balance, you then take the lead and, exerting pressure with
both hands, try to force the other to lose balance, using the same type of movements. And
so it goes, listening with the hands and taking turns leading or following as your sense of
balance calls for it. You can squat down and swivel from side to side, just so long as the right
feet are always immobile. Try it at home with your family to get a sense of how this exercise
works. Once they have been shown how to do it, the pairs wrestle for five to ten minutes,
then change partners and do it again for another five minutes or so. Much laughing and
many strange positions follow, and it is usually a very fun exercise.

When we have finished, we sit in a circle and I ask what the experience was like for them.
Believing as I do that a large part of discipline consists of careful, wakeful listening, I ask
them about whether they were able to “hear” the other’s intentions and to communicate,
physically, who was leading. What was the experience like, I ask them, when it was unclear
who was leading? What was it like to have no resistance meet your hands? What if the
touch of the other was overbearing? Could you make yourself heard? Can you identify, I
wonder, what made you lose your balance? As you can imagine, the conversation and the
discoveries parents make are most interesting; quickly they come to the conclusion that
without meeting resistance, they lose their balance, and that too much resistance makes

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them feel helpless. Getting mixed messages from your partner leads to feeling very insecure
and frustrated. We then speak about these experiences in the context of discipline, and
it is through their discoveries that they themselves come to the conclusion that meeting
resistance helps them discover where they are; that clear communication and consistency
gives security, and so on. They can also get a sense of what their own style is as they find
themselves overpowering or shrinking from their partner. Getting in touch with our own
styles is another interesting conversation.

One of my goals in my parent evenings is to lead the parents to discover what they already
know and allow them to uncover their own common sense and wisdom. This is in keeping
with the age in which we all live: the consciousness soul age. In this time, no longer are
we, as individuals, willing to take someone else’s word for it. It is only through individual
questioning and the striving of our own efforts that we truly know something. I try to make
my class meetings experiential in nature, setting up certain possibilities and then guiding the
parents in a conversation that may uncover the knowledge that lives within them. I always
feel that a really successful class meeting is one in which, partway through, I could quietly
walk out the door and never be missed.

The experience to be avoided in our class meetings is when parents leave feeling that they
have done everything wrong with their children. My goal in my meetings is to have parents
leave feeling more confident in themselves as parents and proud of all the good things
they have done for their children. For those of us who host evening meetings, we welcome
parents at a time of day when we are all tired. So let’s make our class meetings dynamic,
artistic, and fun, so that we can all leave feeling enlivened by our time together. As a parent
in a Waldorf school for fourteen years, I have experienced some wonderful, thought-
provoking meetings, and I have sat through my share of dull, boring ones, too.

Another way of working with the question of discipline is to ask parents what the first
word that comes to mind is when they hear the word “discipline.” I write down what they
say without commenting on it (often even they are surprised by what comes out of their
mouths!) I then ask them to break into groups of three or four people (again trying to keep
couples in different groups) and ask them to think of a person they knew when they were
quite young, before seven. I ask them not to choose their parents—though it could be
another family member, such as an uncle or a grandparent—and it should be someone
with whom they felt completely at ease and true to themselves. I ask them to describe
this person to each other, focusing more on the attributes of that person and less on the
relationship they had with them. Each person has about five minutes to speak. I am not part
of these groups but stay in the room going from group to group helping them to stick to
the topic. Again, this is a wonderful way for parents to get to know each other and to build a
community within the class. When each person has had the opportunity to speak, we all join
the circle again and I ask everyone to speak about the common threads in the descriptions
of these people from our past. Every time I have done this, the comments have been the
same: someone who has time for the child, who is generally quiet and never lecturing or

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 moralizing, who loves them with no ulterior motives, and who accepts them just as they
are. Very often it is a grandparent or an older neighbor, and often people mention that, as
children, they would do things with this person: bake cookies, go fishing, walk in the woods,
thread their sewing needles, and so on. After everyone has had time to contribute to the
picture of this type of person, I then ask them if these attributes they have all mentioned are
still important to them now that they are adults. Taking it further, I then ask how do these
attributes live in them as parents? This always leads to an interesting discussion, especially
when I read back to them their words associated with the word “discipline.” We can then
go on to talk about the root of the word “discipline”—disciple—and how that can fit into
a rightful understanding of discipline. Slowly we begin to uncover an understanding of
discipline as an inner attitude as well as a manifestation of outer deeds. We can also go on
to speak about our own relationship to discipline. I often share with the parents my own
struggles with self-discipline, citing the wonderful lesson taught to me by my youngest son.

At the time when my son was a young teen, and a very rebellious one, we had an experience
together that was a teaching moment for me. I can’t remember what it was that set me off
with him. I do, however, remember working up a real head of steam and saying things that
I knew I shouldn’t say to him, but being unable to stop myself. At first he was contrite and a
bit abashed, but as the harangue continued, with me yelling at him and wagging my finger
in his face, his body posture changed. He relaxed and sat back with a rather smug, superior
look on his face. He was no longer listening; instead he was watching me, in awe of just how
out of control I was. I do remember uttering the words, at the top of my lungs, that it was
about time, young man, he learn some responsibility and some discipline. His sudden laugh
stopped me short. “If you could only see yourself now, Mom,” he quietly said, and walked
away shaking his head, disappointed with yet another adult who cannot practice what she
preaches.

When I tell the parents this story we all have a good laugh at the image of our children
sitting back and watching the show. But then we can go on to have a discussion about the
inner work we as parents and teachers must do as our children grow and change, adapting
our boundaries as our children’s ages change. I share with them the image that serves me
so well, both at home and in the classroom, of being the rock for my children, always there,
always available to provide resistance, always solid and still and grounded. Or of the farmer
who periodically walks his or her fields, kicking the fence posts to see if they can still be
counted on. We are those fence posts and our children push at them to find out if they can
still be trusted. Are they solid? Can I lean on this one and be secure? Often we can then
speak about our willingness to sometimes be disliked by our children and what that means
for them and for us. We struggle to clarify the boundaries between who we are and the
experiences that have formed us, and who our children are. “What are your children asking
you to develop?” I often ask, and we go on to talk about parenting as a schooling for us in
mindfulness, observation, flexibility, and deepening understanding. We talk about our task
of not just embracing the act of parenting but transforming it into the art of parenting.

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 Gudrun Davy, in her wonderful articles in the first Lifeways book (which I recommend all
parents read), likens the journey through parenting to three stages: for the first seven years
it is like being in a small boat, taking a long journey. Sometimes the waters are calm, but
often they are choppy and we are alone, guiding ourselves and our small children with no
land in sight and no signposts along the way. The second stage (from seven to fourteen)
she compares to a journey through a rich countryside of trees, rivers, forest,
My goal in my villages, and cities. We are once again on dry land but now, through our
meetings is to have children, we move into a broader social landscape. Suddenly we find ourselves
centrally responsible for directing a large and complex drama with, as Gudrun
parents leave feeling
points out, an extensive and varied cast and an elaborate plot unfolding from
more confident in day to day. And the last stage of parenting is compared to climbing into the
themselves as parents. high mountains, a journey fraught with dangers and challenges but also full
of excitement as our horizons broaden and the world spreads before our
feet. Here the going is steeper and when we have finally conquered one peak, a still higher
one looms in the distance. The joys arise when we look up and get glimpses of a high, ideal
world, raying down on us with sudden moments of bright sunshine.

It is important to share these impressions from those wise elders who have gone before us in
their parenting. When our children are small it is hard for us to realize that we are preparing
the foundation for their future life. We can feel as if it will always be sleepless nights, battles
over food and brushing teeth, and constant surveillance to ensure physical and emotional
safety. But if we can look at our efforts to discipline our little children as the laying down
of the framework of their future self-discipline during the teenage years, it can give us the
perspective we need to strengthen our resolve to hold those boundaries as an act of love for
our children.

I wish you great joy and fulfillment in your preparations for meeting parents. Teachers have
much to gain by sharing the wisdom that our work with early childhood bestows. Joining
wholeheartedly with parents as colleagues in this ever-challenging, ever-wondrous journey
towards becoming truly human benefits parent, child, and teacher. ✦

References
Davy, Gudrun and Bons Voors. Lifeways: Working with Family Questions. Stroud, UK: Hawthorn
Press, 1983.

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 Working
with the Will
of the Young Child–
Giving Tools to Our Parents

Nancy Blanning

F or too long in the kindergarten, I would find myself in the act of verbal “dueling” with
particular children, especially the six-year-olds. Two children stand out in my memory as
special teachers for me because they were experts in this art of “teacher ambush.” Firmly
resolving to not get entangled in convoluted conversations with these very articulate and
intellectually awake children, I would find myself ensnared time and again. Observation of
what was happening in the behavior of the children and, more importantly, in the speech
habits of the teacher, revealed deep truths confirmed by anthroposophical understandings.
Recalling these truths helped me to understand which responses to the children were more
workable, and eventually this research was distilled into practical suggestions to share with
parents. The following notes about the resulting presentation to parents and the separate
parent handout are meant to be a resource for you if you should decide to use them.

As mentioned, out of this research was born a parent presentation: “How to get your child to
do what you want without talking yourself to death.” With this admittedly provocative but
truthful title, the presentation was well-attended and well-received. Because the advice was
practical, parents could confirm whether the suggestions worked or not through their own
experience.

Our Waldorf parents are asked to trust our insights in so many areas where the results
won’t be observable for many years to come, so it is wonderful to offer them something
concrete and immediately useful. For teachers, review of these principles can bring to greater
consciousness why we intuitively work with the child’s will as we do. We can then better
observe our own behavior to refine and strengthen our interactions with the children.
The essential point of this presentation is to give parents the possibility for self-observation
and self-development through having a clearer picture of the nature of young children.

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 Adults can adjust their approach to take into account the child’s developmental stage
rather than impose an inappropriate and unfair expectation on the child that will meet
with disappointment. So much cultural influence tells us that we should speak to children
about everything, with detailed, logical explanations. Sometimes the children do respond
in a reasonable way, fooling the adult into thinking that the young child is a logical being.
But the insights of Rudolf Steiner reveal that young children live in the will, in imitation, not
in conceptual thinking. They do what they see. They are movers and doers. Through doing,
they explore the world and educate themselves about its realities. Through movement,
children establish healthy control of the body, integrate their senses, and develop useful
habit patterns to guide their future growth. In normal, healthy development, purposeful
body movement always precedes speech development. When there is deviation from this
order, our teachers’ attention is immediately alerted. When we speak in an intellectual,
direction-giving way, this actually has a paralyzing effect on the child. All the forces of
will seem to rush to the head, freezing the limbs into immobility. When the child needs
to move—put on shoes and coat, pick up the lunchbox, and walk to the door to leave for
school—giving directions or commands can actually create the opposite of what we want.
We have to activate the will through different avenues:

● Help the child literally to begin moving

● Use the power of imitation
● Use stories and imaginative images

Years in the kindergarten taught me that the easiest way to get a child to come to the
teacher was to slip my hand into the child’s and draw them in the direction I wanted. Almost
always the child grasps the teacher’s hand and follows—especially if the child’s thinking has
not already been first awakened by a verbal direction.

So the first principle to share with parents is: Get the child moving before you speak. If the
task is to walk to the door, slip your hand into the child’s and start walking toward the door.
If getting on a coat or shoes is needed, offer the right sleeve to the child’s arm, beginning
to slide the sleeve onto the arm. If opposition has not been awakened, the child will almost
always continue the movement, offering her left arm to the coat. Gesturing the shoe toward
the foot is often all that is needed to get the child into the movement of putting on the
shoe. Once the movement has begun, the blockage seems to dissolve and the child is free to
follow. A handout sheet given to the parents suggests:

● Help the child to begin to move, literally, before you speak. Or, if you must speak, say
something like “It is time for coats now,” making a general matter-of-fact statement instead
of giving a command.

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Parents are usually skeptical about the simplicity of this. However, after trying out the
technique, they are amazed to experience that this is almost always successful. Over time,
the actual physical assistance is gradually reduced until just holding up the coat is invitation
for the child to begin. Eventually saying, “Coat time,” will be enough, once the healthy
movement habit-pattern has imprinted itself. Through this sequence, the child develops
independence and self-reliance.

The child’s deeply imitative nature is a second aid in engaging his will. With the young child,
the adult has to remember: If I want the child to “do,” I must “do” first. A very young child
cannot help imitating what the adult does. If it is time to clean up the toys from the floor, the
child will imitate the adult doing so and automatically join in the process. If these patterns
are established when a child is young, it is easier to guide the child when he or she becomes
an older kindergarten child. The kindergarten teacher employs this wisdom all the time by
initiating clean-up time, always setting the imitative example that can then be followed by
handing the child a piece of wood or a cloth to put away.

A third powerful aid is using imaginations and stories to inspire the child into movement. Here
speech is employed quite differently. Using the example of getting the coat on, a story could
begin: “Little bear looked outside, eager to go to his friend’s house to play. They were going
to build a big snowman, but it was too cold for even little bear’s fur. He needed more…” It
is a rare child who is not instantly engaged in a story or imagination. As the story is told, the
coat is offered as above, getting the child to begin movement. Once the coat is on, the story
continues: “Once he had on his winter clothes, he could go out the door to play. On the way
he saw…” and child and parent go out the door to the waiting car to go to school while the
story continues.

This very familiar kindergarten activity may not be as obvious to a parent as it is to the
teacher. Additionally, parents often feel embarrassed and sure that their story will be
inadequate. Parents can be urged to “just try and see what happens.” Teachers know the
children are not literary critics who will reject stories. They are grateful that the adult is
making the effort to create something for them, and the loving effort behind the story is
what they experience. This assumption was borne out recently by a story told to me by a
parent in our school. She had expected that her effort to create a story for her kindergarten
son would fail. To the contrary, the simple, inexperienced stories she created got them to
school harmoniously for two years. Her son, now seven-and-a-half and in first grade, said to
her the other day, “Do you remember Little Bear, who used to help us get to school? Could
you tell me about him again?”

There is a threshold time with the older kindergarten child when these subtle actions will
not be as effective. The six-year-olds are appropriately moving from imitation to authority.

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 They want to feel more deliberately engaged and purposeful. The dreamy imitation that has
guided their actions to this point is transforming into more awakened intention. Offering
an imitative model of what we wish to have done is still powerful and necessary, but not
enough in and of itself. The children know that they are not equal to the adult, but they want
their emerging maturity to be recognized. When they can feel that they are working side-
by-side with the adult, their cooperation is more easily offered. Perhaps the play dishes are
scattered on the floor. A simple, “What a jumble these plates are! Here’s one for you. I’ll help,
too,” is often enough to get things started.

Choosing the right kind of task to offer to the six-year-old is also important. They are
reaching a point where they seek more complexity and challenge. They want to do things
that are “hard” enough but not overwhelming for their developmental stage. In the
classroom they may be eager to pour the juice or tea at snack or to deliver the bowls of
porridge around the table. After seeing the teacher set up a puppet play several times or
create an obstacle course for movement time, they enjoy the challenge of arranging these
things themselves. They may refuse to put wood pieces in a basket (“That’s baby stuff!”) but
happily and enthusiastically create a “bucket brigade” (with the teacher’s initial modeling
and inspiration) by passing the wood pieces person-to-person to get the objects across the
room into the proper place. The older children like to contribute to the community if they
are asked to do the right kind of thing in a way that engages their imaginations and displays
their growing competence.

There are other elements parents can cultivate in home life that will support the success of
these and other parenting efforts. These include:

● Rhythmic routines that help to carry the child, so no tiring decisions have to be made about
what comes next or when.

● Form and order—coat, shoes, lunch box, etc., always put away in the same place so they will
be found in the same place when needed the next day.

● Pre-arranging and pre-thinking how things will go so there is order and predictability in
routine. Lunches prepared the night before, clothes laid out in advance for the morning, and
so on, enhance the possibility of success in otherwise probable rough spots.

A final point to consider is that of whether we offer choices to young children. As teachers,
we know that doing so, as modern culture advises, can be inappropriate developmentally
and exhausting for young children. Additionally, adults have a tendency to pose something
as a yes-or-no question when there truly is not a choice in the matter. Picture the parent
picking up her child from school with, “Shall we go home now?” meaning, “It’s time to leave.”
The child may (and probably will) respond, “No.” Opposition has been awakened and the
battle begins. A suggestion to the parent is:

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● Don’t offer something as a choice unless it really is one. Rather, state objectively and
imaginatively what needs to happen next. As an example, suppose that dinner time is
approaching. “Would you like to help set the table?” will usually not get the job done. Once
a child has been shown where the forks go, handing the utensils to the child with, “Forks are
ready to go on the table,” will often be enough.

This attitude of not offering unnecessary choices to children is an important guideline. But
as the children mature, one can take a slightly different tack with the six/seven-year-old. This
may be the time to offer a little bit of “choice.” At dinner time, the conversation might begin,
“Tonight we have a restaurant. Are you going to be a cook in the kitchen to peel the carrots
or the waiter who sets the table?” Once the imagination is set, a reminder of, “The waiter
always makes sure the table is beautiful so people will want to come to his table,” can keep
the activity inspired. Letting the older child select a task from specific options can engage
willing cooperation.

It behooves us as teachers and parents to look objectively at our own use of speech. We
want to make sure we are employing our understanding of the young child to its greatest
effectiveness. We want our speech to be clear, enlivened, enthusiastic, pictorial, and
imaginative. We want what we say to be meaningful and interesting to the children. Our
culture is so penetrated with bombarding noise and meaningless talk that the children and
we, ourselves, often withdraw our focused attention. In reaction to this situation, we can run
the risk of speaking too little, of becoming too silent. This we do not want, for speech is one
of the greatest gifts that connect us as a human social and spiritual community.

We also do not want to be speaking constantly about meaningless trivia. We need to make
sure that what we say to the children is worth listening to, that our guidance through
movement and speech awakens and engages their will into healthy activity. As we cultivate
and strengthen these practices through meaningful speech and movement, the fruits of our
experience become wisdom-filled. Teachers have much to share with those who accompany
us on this educational path—the dear parents of the children we serve. ✦

Suggested Reading
Konig, Karl. The First Three Years of the Child. Edinburgh: Floris Books, 1997.
Mellon, Nancy. Storytelling with Children. Stroud, UK: Hawthorn Press, 2000. This is especially
suitable to recommend to parents.
Blythe, Sally Goddard. The Well Balanced Child: Movement and Early Learning. Stroud,
UK: Hawthorn Press, 2006. Ms. Blythe gives a wonderful picture of supporting healthy
development overall. Her discussion of music, hearing, and neurological development
awakens an appreciation for the importance of the quality of sound.

A handout for parents follows on the next page.

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 How to Get a Young Child to Do What You Want
Without Talking Yourself to Death
—Or—
Working with the Will of the Young Child
Nancy Blanning

Y oung children may seem logical and reasonable to us, but this really is not their primary
mode of being. They live in their limbs, in movement, in forces of will.

When you really want a child to move into action, speaking to him or her can actually freeze
the child into immobility. All the child’s forces have to rush up to the head for thinking and
nothing is left over for immediate movement.

Help your child to begin to move, literally, before you speak—take him by the hand or
arm. Or if you must speak, say something like, “It is time for coats now,” making a general
statement instead of a command, while at the same time offering the coat.

Instead of reasoning with your child, try to tell an impromptu story about a similar situation.
It is a rare child who is not instantly captivated by a story. As you tell the story, literally start a
movement involving your child’s limbs (e.g., put arms into the sleeves of the coat, hand her
one block to put away in the basket as you do likewise to model what you want the child to
do, etc.).

Do not ask your child a question unless it is really a choice. For example, when it is time to
leave, many parents get into hot water by asking, “Are you ready to go?” instead of stating, “It
is time to leave now.”

Limit the choices you give your child. Unless your child is exceptionally aware of clothes
choices, food preferences, and so on, children are usually grateful to be spared making a
choice. You choose the clothes, or set the meal in front of the child with “Here’s breakfast.”
Think of yourself in a situation where you have to make a lot of choices; it can be exhausting.
It is even more so for a little child.

Set the “form” ahead of time. This means place the clothes for tomorrow out the night
before, ready to be put on in the morning without having to make decisions about it—by
either you or your child. Know what you will prepare for breakfast the next morning without
asking what the family wants.

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Remember that each adult responsibility you take care of for your child allows his or her
energy to be available for growing. We do a child a great service by pre-thinking and pre-
planning how things will happen—by creating a “form”—which will support both the child
and ourselves, so there is order and predictability in our lives.
Please do not misunderstand that a parent should become a servant for the child. As
parents, we are guides and teachers of the ways of the world. We want our children to do as
much for themselves as they can, such as dressing, feeding, and simple chores. But we do
need to create an environment in which the child can be successful, where there is a starting
point, middle, and end, rather than leaving the child alone to figure it out.

The image of the child as our “apprentice” is helpful. In any trade or craft, the apprentice
is always shown how to do a task, from the simplest beginning step. Then the task is built
up step by step. Each time we give our children concrete, practical experience in how to
physically do something, we are escorting them along the pathway to becoming a “master
craftsman.”

These suggestions will help in many situations, but not all.

There will be times when you have to do battle. So choose your battles. Do not engage in
a struggle of wills with your child unless you are committed to winning—not for your sake,
but for the child’s. This means you must be on home ground where time is not an issue. The
supermarket is not the place to choose to battle.

Before drawing battle lines, see if you can transform the task at hand by creating a story,
making the task into a game, or by offering assistance. “These books are all scattered on
the floor. They’ll be happier up on the shelf. Here’s one for you and I’ll help, too.” Or, “I bet I
can pick up this pile of books faster than you can. Let’s race.” Or, “I’ll close my eyes and see
if those books can jump back to their shelf without a sound.” A story could begin with, “Did
I ever tell you about the time a big windstorm came into little bear’s bedroom and blew
everything topsy-turvy?”

If you are in a battle with an older child, state clearly to your child what must happen in
objective and matter-of-fact terms. “The dirty clothes need to be put in the hamper. We can
wait until that is done.” Then leave. If your child also leaves the site of the task, guide him or
her back and restate the above. Try to do so calmly without accusation or anger.

Remember, you, as the parent, are the child’s loving authority. Do not be afraid to claim that
role. Your guidance will strengthen, not suppress, your child’s will. The child is reassured by
a warm, confident adult who knows how things work in the world and who can show him or
her the way. ✦

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272
Handouts
for
Parents

Susan Johnson, MD

T he following articles by Dr. Susan Johnson have been included as handout resources
that are helpful to give to parents. The six/seven-year-old change in the life of the child
is often a challenging time for parents and teachers, so articles on parenting can be
comforting and informative. Also, the birth of the etheric is often assisted by fevers, which
can be complicated by other symptoms such as earaches. Dr. Johnson has kindly given her
permission for these to be photocopied.

Part One: How Can We Help the Young Child

Through this Transition?
The Importance of Warmth
The Importance of Breakfast
The Importance of Sleep
The Meaning of Illness
Fever
The Earache

Part Two: Helpful Hints for Parenting

Parenting a Young Child—What my Formal Education Never Taught Me
Confronting our Shadow
Product vs, Process

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The Importance of Warmth
Susan R. Johnson, MD, FAAP, Raphael House

A s a pediatrician, I actually was taught that you could tell if a baby or child was warm
enough by touching their skin. If she felt warm, then she was wearing enough
clothes, and if she felt cool or her skin was mottled (bluish-pink), then she needed
more clothes. It was simple. I was also a parent who had her two-year-old child outside in
the rain wearing only a diaper while playing in the puddles. I actually thought he was okay
because he felt warm!

Warmth is probably one of the greatest gifts we can give our children, not only the warmth
of love, but the physical warmth of their bodies. Children are developing their bodies
especially during the first seven years of their lives. An infant or a young child will always
feel warm unless they are on the verge of hypothermia because they have an accelerated
metabolic rate. If we don’t provide them with the layers of cotton and wool to insulate their
bodies, then they must use some of their potential “growth” energy to heat their bodies.
This same energy would be better utilized in further developing their brain, heart, liver,
lungs, and other organs. In addition, being cold decreases our immunity. We are all more
susceptible to the germs and viruses that are always around us when we are wet and cold.
When our body has to expend extra energy to keep warm, then less energy is available to
“fight” off infections.

So the question becomes, how do we get our children to wear jackets? One can develop
the habit of always having a child put on a hat and coat when he goes outside during cool
weather. One can also try telling the child that she will actually run faster and have much
more energy to play if she wears a coat. If children don’t wear coats, then their bodies have to
expend a lot of energy just warming up, and they will have less energy to build muscles and
less energy to play. Finally, the type of clothing our children wear also makes a big difference.
Polyester pajamas don’t breathe and children will often wake up sweating. Even polyester
jackets will not insulate a child from the cold as well as layers of cotton, silk, or wool. When
the child sweats while wearing polyester, that sweat is trapped against his body and he
eventually becomes chilled.

So why do children rarely complain that they are cold? Children often are not connected with
their bodies enough before the age of seven to even acknowledge or communicate that
they are cold. They live in the moment and are so excited and stimulated by all that they see
that they don’t have the capacity to sense the coldness of their bodies. This is why children
often will play in a swimming pool or ocean until they are literally “blue,” denying that they
are cold or that they need to come out of the water. So as parents, we have to help our
children develop their sense of warmth. By helping a child develop this sense of warmth, we
are actually strengthening his immunity and laying the foundation for a healthy body and
healthy organs in his adult life. ✦

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The Importance of Breakfast
Susan R. Johnson, MD, FAAP and Patricia McPhee, RN, BSN, Raphael House

I have always heard from my own parents that breakfast was the most important
meal of the day. Yet as a teenager, I often skipped breakfast or had the infamous
“chocolate instant breakfast” or “pop-tarts.” I thought I was doing just fine. I really
didn’t learn the importance of eating breakfast until my twelve-week surgery rotation in
medical school. It was 7:00 a.m., and I was assisting in surgery and literally passed out while
holding a retractor. After I had partially recovered in the corner of the operating room, the
chief resident in surgery came over to me and whispered an invaluable piece of “survival”
advice—eat a good, nutritious breakfast every morning! Needless to say, I have been eating
a good, nutritious breakfast ever since that day.

I still struggle trying to get my son out of bed early enough so that he can eat a good
breakfast before he goes to school. I know that getting my six-year-old to bed early (7:00
to 7:30 p.m.) allows him to wake up more easily and gives us time to have a sit-down
breakfast. I also learned, from my training in Switzerland, that if your child has any tendency
towards overactivity or irritability, then it is critical for the child not to consume sugar in the
morning. Most cold cereals these days are made with lots of sugar (or honey). One has to
read the labels carefully to find a cereal without a lot of sugar, colored dyes, or preservatives.
A breakfast with some protein, especially a grain like oatmeal (or a seven grain cooked
cereal) is great, but even something like soup, waffles (again watch the sugar content)
with unsweetened applesauce, cottage cheese, or leftovers from dinner can be good, too.
Hardboiled eggs are actually a lot harder to digest than scrambled eggs.

Eating a good nutritious breakfast is also essential for adults. There are studies, with adults,
that show that if they consume all their daily intake of calories in the morning, they lose
weight. If they consume the same amount of calories in the evening, they gain weight. Our
metabolism is designed for a hearty breakfast, a hearty lunch and a light supper (“breakfast
like a king, lunch like a prince, and supper like a pauper”). The enzymes and other substances
in our body that help digest our food are at their peak activity in the morning and early
afternoon. Our liver, which processes our food and thus has a relationship to our energy level,
likes to start going to sleep in the late afternoon and early evening. By afternoon, the liver
wants to start storing up energy for the next day (anabolic activity) rather than metabolizing
food (catabolic activity). A light supper consisting of easily digested carbohydrates and/or
soups is much better tolerated than a dinner high in proteins or fats (which often leads to
indigestion at night and difficulty sleeping).

Caffeine in coffee and chocolate is also hard on the body because it directly stimulates the
pancreas to secrete insulin. The insulin causes an uptake of sugar from your bloodstream
and leads to feelings of hunger, irritability, and a craving for sugar. This is why one often feels
hungry twenty minutes to an hour after drinking a diet cola or a cup of coffee, especially
on an empty stomach. With regard to weight loss, drinking diet drinks is one of the most

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 counterproductive ways to lose weight because they actually make you crave sweets and
promote low blood sugar or hypoglycemia. In addition, there are lots of concerns about the
sugar substitutes in all diet drinks. They mimic brain neurotransmitters and have been linked
to adverse behaviors and neurological symptoms, like headaches, in both children and
adults.

The following are some facts about grains from a lecture by Gerhard Schmidt, MD. Wheat has
the highest content of protein compared to all other grains. It typically is easy to digest but
has a protein called gluten that is sometimes more difficult for children to manage. Rice has
the lowest protein content, lowest content of fat and the highest content of carbohydrate
(77%). This is why rice is a good food when one is sick or recovering from an illness because
it is so easy to digest and it is healthier to consume foods low in protein and fat when febrile.
Rice is a good grain for all stomach diseases. Ryes have a high value of protein. Rye crisp
bread is one of the easiest breads to digest. It also has more fiber substance than wheat. Oats
are great, and as a grain they have the richest content of vegetable-based fat. This is why
a bowl of oatmeal fills you up for the entire morning. Oat grains mixed with unsweetened
applesauce also are gentle on the stomach and digestion. If you are feeling depressed, then a
bowl of oatmeal each morning is supposed to help you feel better. Barley is rich in silica and
in iron. Millet is rich in sulfur. Millet also contains silica and fluoride. It is considered the grain
of beauty because it purifies the skin. A treatment for teenagers with acne is porridge cooked
with millet every morning for three months.

Finally, two quotations from Dr. Schmidt:

“In refined white flour, we have an example of unnourishing nourishment.”

“Our not finding our way—our being lost—is also a problem of daily nutrition.”

So set your alarms and raise your spoons for the feast of breakfast! ✦

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The Importance of Sleep
Susan R. Johnson, MD, FAAP, Raphael House

I still struggle getting my almost seven-year-old son asleep by 8:00. It seems there is a
magic window. If we eat by 5:00 and I start slowing down his activities by 6:00, then
there is a good chance that he will fall asleep soon after reading stories at 7:30. If I don’t
have dinner ready until 6:00 or 7:00 and slowdown doesn’t begin until 8:00 or 8:30 then
my son seems to get a second wind that keeps him awake and active until 10:00 or 10:30 at
night. The next day is difficult for him. It is hard for him to get up, eat breakfast, and get to
school on time. He is tired and more irritable the entire day. What is happening?

If you go to see an anthroposophical physician with these complaints, then chances are your
child will end up with a remedy for the liver. Often Hepatodoron (made from the leaves of
the vine, Vitus vinifera, and the wild strawberry, Fragaria vesca) is given. It seems that the
liver is involved in our ability to have a good night’s sleep. It regulates our energy level for the
next day and relates to our overall feelings of contentment or depression. The liver follows
the cycle of the sun. Around 6:00 in the evening it wants to go to sleep and starts to store up
the sugars (glycogen) to be used for the next day. It doesn’t want to process any big meals
(especially ones high in protein or fat after 3 p.m.).

When our children (and we) stay up late at night, we affect the liver’s metabolism. It can
no longer simply store sugar. Our body, by being awake and active, needs sugar in the
bloodstream and so we force the liver to reverse its process and break down glycogen to
provide this sugar. We get a second wind, a burst of sugar in our bloodstream, and yet we are
really depleting our energy for the next day. Our liver can’t store up the glycogen it needs
for the next day and so the next day we have a liver that is depleted of glycogen. Our body
then requires us to release stress hormones from our adrenal glands to keep us functioning.
These hormones act to provide more sugar in the blood, but they also accelerate our heart
rate, increase our blood pressure, and suppress our immunity (we get colds more easily). You
can tell when stress hormones are acting since one also develops cold hands and cold feet
during the day from the vasoconstriction of the blood vessels to the hands and feet.

The combination of stress hormones and too little glycogen in the liver makes us develop
a craving for sugar. When we eat something really sweet (like candy or cookies), especially
on an empty stomach, the excess load of sugar overstimulates our pancreas to produce too
much of another hormone, insulin. Too much insulin causes our cells to take up or absorb
too much sugar so that there isn’t much sugar left in our blood. We become hypoglycemic,
with a low blood sugar. We feel tired, irritable and lightheaded and, for children, their body
movements become more impulsive and overactive (less purposeful). Being hypoglycemic
makes us crave sugar again and the whole process repeats itself throughout the entire day.

Some children and adults are more sensitive to these changes than others. Their pancreas
may release more insulin in response to sugar. Some children and adults release more stress

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 hormones in response to sleep deprivation, but this physiologic response occurs in all of
us. For children that are already very active and have difficulties paying attention in school,
going to bed early and cutting down on sugar really can help the child and family function
better.

It is said that any sleep you get before midnight is restorative and counts double, and
therefore it is far better to go to bed early (7:00 to 8:00 for a young school-age child and 9:00
to 10:00 for an adult) and wake up early to get your work done. Maybe this is the truth in that
saying by Benjamin Franklin: Early to bed, early to rise, makes (one) healthy, wealthy, and
wise. ✦

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The Meaning of Illness
Susan R. Johnson, MD, FAAP, Raphael House

I n anthroposophical medicine our spirit (our higher self) is always considered to be

healthy. It is our soul that first becomes ill. If we do not pay attention to our soul, then
we start to lose our vitality (our etheric body becomes weak) and then our physical
body becomes ill. Dr. Philip Incao, an anthroposophical physician who practices in Denver,
Colorado, spoke this summer at the Artemisia Conference held at Rudolf Steiner College.
He described a picture of health and illness that comes from a Dutch anthroposophical
physician.

Imagine health as a beautiful sunny day with a brillant blue sky and no clouds in sight. The
earth is covered by a layer of green fields, plants, and trees springing up from a firm ground
composed of minerals. The sun is our spirit, the sky is our soul, the green living layer is our
vitality (etheric body), and the mineralized earth is our physical body. We come to this
earth with the purpose of purifying our soul. There are always clouds that form in our soul:
those issues in life (our needs, wants, and desires) that we are trying to work through and
transform. At any given time, if our spirit is strong enough, then like the sun we can often
dissolve the clouds that come our way. Sometimes too many clouds form at the same time
or a cloud grows too quickly and becomes too large, obscuring the sun’s light. If we don’t
pay attention to the messages from our soul, the clouds can grow and merge into a huge
thunderstorm and eventually pour down to earth as rain. After the rain, the sky will become
clear again, but all the rain may have flooded the earth. If our etheric body is not strong
enough to withstand the rainstorm, then our physical body can become ill. Hereditary
factors, destiny and karma can all affect the physical body we have in this life, but there are
things we can do to strengthen our etheric body to help us resist becoming ill during these
rainstorms of our soul life.

The etheric body is formed during the first seven years of our life. Routines and daily
rhythms (especially around mealtimes, bedtimes, morning times, and holiday celebrations)
all strengthen the etheric. Adequate sleep (usually around eleven hours for young children
and teenagers), adequate clothing (so hands and feet stay warm), and proper nutrition (that
follows the cycle of our liver, consuming fats and proteins before 3 p.m., eating a hearty
breakfast and hearty lunch with nutritious snacks, and followed by a light dinner) all help our
organs grow in a healthy way and strengthen our immune system. Minimizing the stressors
in our culture (television, videos, computers, caffeine, sleep deprivation, prolonged car rides,
and always hurrying from one place to another) can strengthen our etheric body. These
stressors overstimulate our nervous systems and cause us all to release stress hormones that
weaken our immune system and our vitality.

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 Nature is one of the greatest healers. Taking a long walk through a park lined with trees, in a
quiet forest, or by water nourishes us. When my spirit and vitality needs strengthening, I hike
in the mountains and sit under a redwood tree by a small flowing stream. When my soul feels
in torment and too many thoughts and worries are flooding my consciousness, then I sit by a
rushing waterfall or walk along the ocean and listen to the crashing waves. Finally, one of the
greatest gifts we can give to ourselves and our children is to slow down and remember that
“less is often the best.” ✦

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Fever
Susan R. Johnson, MD, FAAP, Raphael House

T he anthroposophical approach to fever is different from that which I was taught during
my residency. In anthroposophical medicine, a fever is seen as good because it actually
strengthens the child’s immune system and helps a child get further into her physical
body. Once it is determined that the child does not have a serious illness like strep throat,
pneumonia, or meningitis, then one supports the fever process in the child. (For a febrile
child less than two years of age, it is important to see a physician or nurse practitioner first
to ensure that the child doesn’t have these illnesses.) Instead of letting a child “cool off” by
running around barefoot in a T-shirt, I learned that it was important to encourage rest in
a peaceful environment (without television and radio) and to keep the child’s whole body
warm during a fever. It is recommended that children be dressed in natural fibers with three
layers on the top and two layers on the bottom, in addition to wool socks. The goal is to
keep the warmth distributed throughout the body so that the child’s forehead, hands, feet,
and abdomen are the same temperature.

It is also important to give children lots of warm fluids (like linden tea, warm water with
lemon juice, or warmed diluted fruit juices) and avoid anything cold (like popsicles).
Somehow, if part of the body is cold, then the body tries to compensate by generating more
heat, and this can cause the temperature to rise faster and higher. A rapid rise in temperature,
especially in the first twenty-four hours of an illness, is linked to febrile seizures.

It is important to avoid eating proteins (eggs, meat, milk) and fats when one has a fever.
These foods are harder to digest, and proteins actually generate heat when they are
metabolized and, therefore, can cause the fever to go higher. Vegetable broth, rice,
applesauce, bananas, and toast are carbohydrates and are easier foods to digest. Sugary
foods, chocolate, and caffeinated drinks make children more irritable and are a stress to their
metabolism.

As a parent, one of my first exposures to anthroposophical medicine was when my child

had a cold and a fever of 104 degrees. He didn’t have a sore throat, cough, or any difficulty
breathing and his lungs were clear to auscultation. He also didn’t have any vomiting, or a
stiff neck, so there weren’t any signs of meningitis. It was late at night, and I was up in the
mountains and at least thirty minutes away from any hospital or urgent care. Well, my son
started having auditory hallucinations with his fever. I gave him a lukewarm bath. The bath
worked temporarily (for five to ten minutes), but he would get chilled and shiver, and then
the fever rose higher than ever. After two more tepid baths, which didn’t work, I then called
a friend who was an anthroposophical physician. I was told to feel my son’s feet. If they were

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 warm (and not cold) then I could apply a “lemon wrap.” If the feet were cold, I would need
to warm them first using blankets or a covered hot water bottle before applying the lemon
wrap.

To make a lemon wrap, you take a lemon, squeeze it into a pan and add one-half to one
cup of water and heat it to almost boiling. I was then instructed to soak a pair of my cotton
socks in this hot lemon juice (reportedly tepid or warm lemon juice also works), wring the
socks out well, and put the hot socks on both of my child’s feet (pulling the socks up over his
calves). I then placed a pair of my wool socks over the cotton socks so his feet and legs would
not get chilled and covered him with a blanket. All I could think of while doing this was the
headlines in the morning newspaper: “Son dies of a febrile seizure while mother, who is a
pediatrician, applies lemon juice to his calves.”

Well, the headlines didn’t turn out like that. My son’s fever immediately came down to 102
and the hallucinations stopped, all in ten minutes. I left the lemon wrap on his legs for a total
of twenty minutes and then removed it. Lemon wraps are usually only needed when a child
is restless and uncomfortable with a fever greater than 102 degrees. Usually one would apply
no more than three lemon wraps in a twenty-four hour period while carefully observing the
child for any signs of a more serious illness. A lemon wrap does not cause a large drop in
temperature, but, rather, it works by pulling the inflammation away from the head.

The rest of the night, my son remained comfortable and only had a low-grade fever of 99
to 100 degrees. The fever continued to subside on its own until it returned to normal by
the next afternoon. I couldn’t believe I had actually managed his fever without Tylenol. He
seemed much more comfortable. He didn’t have the alternating periods of chills and sweats.
In addition, the fever brought to him a developmental burst. His personality had softened.
He was kinder and gentler to other children, and he could do things at school, like coloring
and painting, with a much greater ease. I had also grown closer to him because I really was
there with him during his illness. ✦

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The Earache
Susan R. Johnson, MD, FAAP, Raphael House

L ast week my son flew to Southern California to visit my parents for eight days. When I
talked with him the next day, I noticed he had come down with a cold. My father then
called me a few nights later to tell me that my son was crying and complaining that his
ear hurt. He had no other symptoms except for a stuffy nose. In the past, my son has had
fluid in his ear, but he had never complained that his ear actually hurt. My father asked me if
he should give him some Tylenol or something else to treat the ear. My father had looked in
his ear and thought the pain was coming from the inner ear and not the outer ear canal.

I then swallowed a few times and replied, “No, Dad. I don’t want you to give him any Tylenol
or even antibiotics. This may sound strange to you, but I would like you to go down to the
grocery store and buy an onion (white or yellow, but not red). I then would like you to cut
the onion in half and put half of the onion in the oven for five to ten minutes at 200 to 250
degrees just to warm it but not to dry it out. I then want my son to hold the onion over his
ear for ten to fifteen minutes.”

I heard a contemplative silence at the other end of the phone line. I then explained that I
didn’t know how the onion worked but I thought there must be some aromatic chemical
that is given off that anesthesizes the ear drum. I told him that I had heard in my medical
course in Switzerland that onions were routinely used to stop ear pain, and I personally knew
two friends who had diced an onion and made an onion bag with cheesecloth and placed it
over their children’s ears to relieve ear pain. He then asked me to repeat my instructions and
went off to the grocery store.

I called home the next morning and discovered that the earache had resolved. My
son had held the onion over his ear for ten minutes the night before and the pain had
stopped. He then slept peacefully until morning and awoke without any ear pain. Was
it the onion that had stopped the ear pain, or was it a placebo effect or a coincidence,
and the ear pain just stopped at the same time the onion was applied? These were the
questions I left my family to wrestle with that morning as I cheerfully talked to my son
and then hung up the phone. ✦

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Parenting a Young Child—What My Formal
Education Never Taught Me
Susan R. Johnson, MD, FAAP, Raphael House

A s a pediatrician with subspecialty training in child behavior and development, I

thought I knew everything there was to know about children and being a parent.
Then I became a parent, and I humbly realized that I knew very little about either one.
So here are some parenting experiences (and babysitting survival tips) that my education
never taught me about raising a young child:

1) Young children, especially children less than seven years of age, are not capable of
delaying gratification. Children live in the present, and what children see or what they hear
about they want now. They don’t have the cognitive capacity to resist temptation or delay
gratification. For example, I bought a “special” advent calendar for my son when he was four
years old. On December 1, I let him open the first window. I then returned the calendar to
a special place in the kitchen and briefly left the room. Well, you guessed it. All twenty-four
days before Christmas were consumed in a matter of minutes. Since this time, I have learned
to be more quiet and not verbalize all my ideas and plans in front of my young child who
would subsequently want to do everything I mentioned—NOW!

2) If we are confused about a limit or boundary then we confuse our child. Children push
until they find our boundary. I never had any arguments about wearing seat belts in the
car, though I frequently had arguments about going to bed. My son quickly learned that
he could continually ask for water at bedtime (how could I deprive a thirsty child), ask for a
snack after he was in bed (how could I send him to bed hungry), ask lots of questions about
everything in the whole wide world (how could I not satisfy his intellectual curiosity), and
the list went on and on. I am still learning this lesson. Somehow my learning doesn’t seem
to always transfer from one situation to another. It takes me a long time to sort out and
prioritize my own values and thoughts so that I present clearer boundaries to him.

3) Young children, especially those less than seven years of age, really can read our thoughts
and are barometers for our own soul moods. I was taught that nobody can read your mind.
Maybe babies could sense our anxiety by the rapid beat of our heart or breathing rate,
but that was as far as perception went. For a toddler, if one didn’t say it, then the thought
didn’t really exist. In other words, I could be really angry at my child and my child wouldn’t
know it unless I actually said I was angry or showed the anger by the tone in my voice or the
expression on my face.

I then went to my first parenting workshop at a neighboring Waldorf school. My son was
three years old at the time, and I was looking around for a kindergarten. I attended a lecture
on parenting the young child and heard from the speaker about the importance of holding
good thoughts because a young child had the ability to sense thoughts. I remember coming

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 home that night not really believing this idea, but I liked the parenting image I was given at
the talk: If you are the parent of a teenager or a toddler, then hold the image of a stone in
a stream. You have to hold steady like the stone and let the water of emotions flow around
you without dislodging you, carrying you away, or knocking you off balance. I woke up very
early that next morning and meditated on this picture. My son then woke up and walked
downstairs and climbed up into my lap. I hugged him but said nothing. He then looked at
me and said, “Mommy, let’s play firefighter by the stone in the stream.” (My son had never
used the words stone or stream in his whole life.)

I have learned that thoughts are as powerful as actions. It is not only what we do, what we
say, or how we move (our gestures) that matter. It is also what we think. We can influence
each other in so many ways that go beyond our hearing, sight, and motor movements. What
we do for our children, what we tell our children, how we move in front of our children, and
the thoughts we think all matter. The thoughts we hold about ourselves also have a lot of
power. We can be our own worst enemies sometimes. If we don’t believe something will
work out for us, then it usually doesn’t. What we fear the most often comes to us. There is a
power to positive thinking. This is why so many Olympic athletes hire sports psychologists to
teach them the skills of positive thinking and visualizing a perfect performance.

4) Whatever you tell a child not to do, they will then proceed to do it. Young children hear
the verb, the action word, and not the rest of the sentence. I remember my son’s preschool
teacher calling out to him “Don’t jump into the puddle with your tennis shoes on.” You can
guess who jumped into the puddle. My friend who loves and works with animals says it goes
deeper than that. It is the picture you hold in your thoughts that instructs the child. Children
have the ability to read the pictures in our mind. If we say “Don’t run out in the middle of the
street,” then we create the picture in our mind of a child running out into the street. Chances
are that this picture is transferred and the child dutifully runs out into the street. If instead, we
say and hold the picture “Stay on the sidewalk,” then chances are the child will stay on the
sidewalk.

5) When making a request of a child, saying “You may … ” closes the door to negotiation.
“You may …” works far better then “Would you please … ” or “Don’t you think it is time to
… .” If there is no choice, then don’t give one. In addition, children like to see what happens
if they don’t do what their parents ask. Giving too many choices draws the attention of the
child prematurely to itself and can make a young child more self-centered. It also weakens
their will. They stand frozen trying to figure out what choices to make or what to do.

As I struggle in my parenting I try to remember that it is the striving that counts. No one is
perfect. We all make mistakes and mistakes are part of being human. It is the way we learn
and grow. ✦

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Confronting Our Shadow
Susan R. Johnson, MD, FAAP, Raphael House

P arenting is one of the most awe-inspiring, noble, and challenging professions. Yet
being a parent gets so little support and appreciation from our culture. It was much
easier for me to go through medical school, a pediatric residency, a fellowship, and
work as a pediatrician, than to be a parent. I can’t remember ever being so depleted and
exhausted as I have been these past seven and a half years parenting a child. I think some
of the exhaustion comes from the developmental work that I needed to do (and am
still doing) on myself, when faced with this bright-eyed, intuitive, energetic, developing
boy. Raising a child provided me with the opportunity to relive my own childhood. I am
discovering that all my unresolved feelings and thoughts, that were long ago repressed,
now have come bursting forth to the surface.

A few months ago, I spent a weekend participating in a Natural Learning Rhythms workshop
for parents that was organized by a group in Nevada City called Encompass. Many of the
thoughts and ideas about childhood were similar to what I recently had learned during
my Waldorf teacher training and anthroposophical medical course. During the workshop, I
learned that each age group has its own wisdoms, nourishing “foods,” and poisons or threats
to development. For example, children in the first seven to eight years of life live in their
body and their senses. They are sponges for all that they see, hear, smell, taste, and touch.
They are doers who are trying to integrate their sense of hearing, sense of vision, sense of
balance, sense of movement, and many other subtle senses.

Children in this age group also have an incredible capacity to perceive our soul moods. It is
not the words we say that teach children of this age group; rather, it is who we are on the
inside. It is the tone of our voice, our attitudes, our gestures, our mood of soul, and our ability
to remain present in the moment (and not be scattered and overwhelmed by thoughts of
past failures and future worries). Children absorb who we are and what is around them into
the deepest core of their being. Therefore, we must ask ourselves if we are worthy of their
imitation, and if the environment that surrounds our children (what they see and hear) also is
worthy of being imitated.

From the parenting workshop, I learned that the newborn-to-eight-year-old child is trying
to discover his or her own strengths, determine his or her own boundaries, and come into
his or her own body. These are the wisdoms of this age group. The nourishing foods for this
age group include loving touch, security, warmth, flexibility, and nourishment of body, soul,
and spirit. Children of this age group need clear rules and boundaries, lots of predictable
routines and daily rhythms, good nutrition, lots of sleep, and not too many choices (actions
and examples speak louder than words). To threaten children, either physically or verbally, is
a poison because it causes them to withdraw physically and etherically (in the realm of their

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 life forces) and also at a soul and spiritual level. This undermines their ability to discover their
strengths, to explore their boundaries, and fully enter into their bodies.

An important idea I learned from the workshop was that all children, and especially
teenagers, act as mirrors of their environment and our culture. Children show us our shadow,
and teenagers show us both our shadow as parents and the shadow of our culture. In other
words, sometimes the characteristics that we as parents refuse to acknowledge in ourselves,
or in our society, can be seen in our children. If we were not allowed to show anger in our
childhood, then often our children demonstrate lots of anger and ignite our own. If we were
taught to be afraid of anger in our childhood, then our child can control us with outbursts of
anger when he or she wants something.

Our relationship to our children, just like our other intimate relationships with family
members and friends, continually reveals our shadow, and therefore provides each of us the
opportunity to transform and heal our soul. ✦

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Product vs. Process
Susan R. Johnson, MD, FAAP, Raphael House

W hat an identity crisis being a parent can be. Here I was brought up in a culture
where the final product and not the process was mostly what was valued. During
medical school and my pediatric residency, it didn’t matter if I didn’t get any sleep,
didn’t eat right, didn’t see my own family, and was downright grumpy to my friends, as
long as I completed my goals (saw my patients, prepared my clinic talks, and finished my
research papers). In other words, I was living a life where “the end always justified the
means.”

Having a child finally taught me that “the end” doesn’t justify “the means.” When I first
started to bake with my child, I was so focused on the product, the end result. I was overly
concerned with how accurately the flour or baking powder was measured. I wanted to end
up with “perfect” muffins. Yet, my child wanted to experience the joy of feeling the texture
of the flour and just mixing everything together. I was so worried about the future (i.e.
whether the muffins would turn out) that the experience of baking together was not an
enjoyable one for either of us. The muffins turned out, but after that experience my son was
not interested in baking with me anymore. The same held true with going for a walk. Before
having a child, I had always had a destination when I took a walk or a hike. I thought you had
to arrive at the destination to “have a successful walk.” Here was my child wanting to stop
every few feet to observe a rock, a bug, or pick up a stick. A whole hour would go by and
we had only walked one block. I was frustrated and my child would pick up my frustration
though he probably didn’t understand it. For a while, until I learned how to live more in the
present, going on a walk together was not an enjoyable experience.

It also mattered if I didn’t take care of myself (skipped meals, didn’t get enough sleep, drank
too much caffeine, or held unresolved anger). It greatly affected the relationship with my
child. Especially during their first seven years, children absorb our soul moods and our
gestures. Even in the older child, our moods and our gestures serve as their teachers and role
models. The mood of our soul is in every one of our gestures and these gestures imprint on
our child. If I am doing one activity, like grating a carrot and I am thinking about something
upsetting that happened earlier in the day or on the news (i.e. the past) it affects the way I
grate that carrot. I will grate that carrot in a jerky, angry, and chaotic way. How confusing for
a child to be watching the gesture of grating a carrot and absorbing the jerky movements of
my arms and absorbing my facial expressions that have nothing to do with the actual act of
grating a carrot.

One lecturer I recently heard wondered if the increased anxiety and nervousness in our
children’s movements today could be related to our lack of presence in the activities we are
doing in front of them. We are all under stress and there seems to be so little time to get

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 everything done. Yet time, and how we spend it, is a spiritual matter. There is a tendency
to constantly dwell on the past or worry about the future when we are with our children.
Children live in the moment, and if we spend enough time with them they will remind us
how to live in the present as well.

Finally, there is a saying that goes, “It is not so much what we say that children remember; it
is how we make them feel when they are with us.” The greatest gift we can give our children
and each other is our presence. ✦

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Notes
on the
Contributors

The WECAN Working Group on the Older Child

Tim Bennett
Tim Bennett, born in England, came to America when he was ten years old. Living in the
Pacific Northwest, he took full advantage of experiencing the wilderness around him,
camping, skiing and hiking. He graduated from the University of Washington with a BFA in
Fine Arts, concentrating on ceramics and painting. Through art, he came to working with
children. After assisting for three years in the Waldorf kindergartens of the Seattle Waldorf
School, he became a lead teacher. He has been teaching kindergarten since 1990. Tim also
graduated in the first class of Spacial Dynamics taught in the USA, back in1994. His interest
in young children and movement led him to meet Helle Heckmann and visit her school in
Copenhagen. His own kindergarten incorporated a love of nature and joy in movement.

Nancy Blanning
Nancy has taught within Waldorf education for twenty-five years as a lead kindergarten
teacher and presently serves as a therapeutic and remedial teacher at the Denver Waldorf
School. Her special focus is on developing movement enrichment for young children. With
her colleague, Laurie Clark, she has co-authored the book Movement Journeys and Circle
Adventures. She also does consulting work with Waldorf schools in North America, teacher
training and mentoring. She is a member of the WECAN board.

Louise deForest
Louise is the mother of four children ranging in age from 40 to 23. She has also been a
Waldorf kindergarten teacher for many years and is now the Pedagogical Director of
the Early Childhood program at the Rudolf Steiner Waldorf School in Manhattan. Adult
education has always been a deep interest and Louise has taught classes at Sunbridge
College for many years, offered an ongoing course for parents called Bringing Waldorf

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 Education Home, and, with Jennifer Brooks-Quinn, given monthly support to homeschooling
families, as well as offering parent consultations and traveling to mentor and evaluate
teachers and early childhood programs nationally and internationally. While continuing this
work, Louise is also a WECAN board member, a regional representative of WECAN in Mexico,
one of the representatives from North America to IASWECE and leader of the Waldorf early
childhood teacher training in Cuernavaca, Mexico. In her “free” time, Louise enjoys travel
(three of her four children live in other countries!), handwork, gardening, and canoeing on
the lake behind her house.

Ruth Ker
Ruth is a mother of two children, aged 27 and 21, who have been educated in the Waldorf
school that she has pioneered on Vancouver Island, in Duncan, British Columbia, Canada.
She has been a teacher of early childhood education for over thirty years, first in mainstream
education and then at Sunrise Waldorf School. Ruth is presently in the mixed-age
kindergarten classroom with her beloved six-year-olds, is a member of the WECAN board,
and a teacher trainer and mentor for the early childhood teacher training program of the
West Coast Institute for Studies in Anthroposophy. Ruth was also a facilitator for the retreats
attended by the Older Child Working Group and lovingly tended the birth of this book. In her
spare time Ruth likes to garden and do wilderness hikes.

Barbara Klocek
Barbara Klocek has been teaching a mixed-age kindergarten for many years at the
Sacramento Waldorf School. During that time she has also worked professionally as an artist
and art therapist. Her love of art early in her life led her to a Master of Fine Arts degree from
Temple University. Her three sons, now grown, were educated at the Waldorf School and that
experience inspired her to become a Waldorf teacher. She completed her teacher training
studies at Rudolf Steiner College. She has offered many workshops for kindergarten teachers
at Rudolf Steiner College, as well as teaching art nationally and internationally. Her other
interests include music, gardening, and nature.

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Other Contributors
Melissa Borden
Melissa Borden is a kindergarten teacher at the Seattle Waldorf School, where she has taught
for 20 years. She, her husband, and their three children spend the summers in south central
Alaska, where they have a commercial salmon fishing business.

Devon Brownsey
Devon Brownsey is a pioneer alumna of Sunrise Waldorf School and is presently attending
the parent-child classes at her alma mater with her daughter, while her son attends the
Nursery there. Devon is a professional photographer and full-time mother.

Laurie Clark
Laurie Clark lives in Colorado with her husband, Tom, who is also a Waldorf teacher. They
have three daughters and one granddaughter. She is entering her 26th year as a Waldorf
kindergarten teacher and currently works at the Denver Waldorf School. She is also a
conference presenter, a teacher trainer, and a kindergarten mentor. Recently she coauthored
a book with Nancy Blanning entitled Movement Journeys and Circle Adventures.

Susan Johnson, MD
Dr. Johnson works as a behavioral and developmental pediatrician for Waldorf schools,
writes parent newsletters about preventative health, and gives community lectures. She
has a private practice in behavioral and developmental pediatrics at Raphael House in Fair
Oaks, CA, where she sees children two through eighteen years of age with their parents for
developmental, behavioral and learning concerns.

Janet Kellman
Janet Kellman has been involved in Waldorf education for over thirty years. She and her
husband were members of the founding circle of Live Oak Waldorf School in Applegate,
California. She served as a kindergarten teacher, she was Director of Early Childhood Teacher
Education Program at Rudolf Steiner College for twelve years, and is currently with the
Nursery Preschool, as well as the Parent and Child Baby classes at Live Oak. She is a former
Board member of WECAN, an avid gardener and thoroughly enjoys the blessings of three
grandchildren.

Elisabeth Moore-Haas
Elisabeth Moore-Haas was a kindergarten teacher in Switzerland and is the founder and
director of the kindergarten training seminar in Bern, Switzerland. She taught in early
childhood education programs in North America as a visiting faculty member for many years.

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 Helge Ruof, MD
Helge Ruof studied Medicine at the University Witten/Herdecke which was funded by
Dr. Gerhard Kienle and a group of anthroposophical medical doctors. Her internship
and residency were at the University Hospital in Basel, Switzerland. She received Board
Certification in Pediatrics in 2004.

Jörg Ruof, MD
Jörg Ruof received his MD at the University Witten/Herdecke, Germany and his training in
Internal Medicine & Rheumatology at Hanover Medical School, Germany. For several years he
has worked in various functions in the Pharmaceutical Industry. Helge & Jörg currently live in
Basel with their two children.

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References

Section 1
Rudolf Steiner, The Roots of Education. London: Rudolf Steiner Press, London, 1982, page 61.

Section 2
Rudolf Steiner, Waldorf Education and Anthroposophy 2. Hudson, NY: Anthroposophic Press,
1996, page 212. From a lecture given in London on August 30, 1924.

Section 3
Freya Jaffke, ed., On the Play of the Child: Indications by Rudolf Steiner for Working with Young
Children. Spring Valley, NY: WECAN, 2004, pages 18-19. Extract from a lecture given on June
10, 1920, not available in complete form in English.

Section 4
Rudolf Steiner, The Essentials of Education. Hudson, NY: Anthroposophic Press, 1997, page 40.

Section 5
Freya Jaffke, ed., On the Play of the Child: Indications by Rudolf Steiner for Working with Young
Children. Spring Valley, NY: WECAN, 2004, page 41. From a discussion with English guests held
on the 5th of January, 1922 in Dornach, quoted in Kunst und Handarbeit (Art and Handwork),
by Hedwig Hauck.

Section 6
Heinz Zimmermann, Speaking, Listening, Understanding. Hudson, NY: Lindisfarne Press, 1996,
page 43.

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