Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 467 views

    Local Attraction: The External Attractive Forces Are

    Uploaded by

    Renjith S Anand
    This document discusses levelling, which is used to determine relative heights of points. It describes the key equipment used - a level instrument mounted on a tripod is used to provide a horizontal line of sight, while a staff or pole with a bubble is used at measurement points to keep it vertical and read heights. Different types of level instruments are discussed - dumpy levels with a fixed telescope, automatic/self-aligning levels with a compensator, and digital levels which store readings electronically. The tripod and staff/pole are also described.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Local Attraction: The External Attractive Forces Are

    Uploaded by

    Renjith S Anand
    467 views33 pages
    This document discusses levelling, which is used to determine relative heights of points. It describes the key equipment used - a level instrument mounted on a tripod is used to provide a horizontal line of sight, while a staff or pole with a bubble is used at measurement points to keep it vertical and read heights. Different types of level instruments are discussed - dumpy levels with a fixed telescope, automatic/self-aligning levels with a compensator, and digital levels which store readings electronically. The tripod and staff/pole are also described.

    Original Title

    S3

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses levelling, which is used to determine relative heights of points. It describes the key equipment used - a level instrument mounted on a tripod is used to provide a horizontal line of sight, while a staff or pole with a bubble is used at measurement points to keep it vertical and read heights. Different types of level instruments are discussed - dumpy levels with a fixed telescope, automatic/self-aligning levels with a compensator, and digital levels which store readings electronically. The tripod and staff/pole are also described.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    467 views33 pages

    Local Attraction: The External Attractive Forces Are

    Uploaded by

    Renjith S Anand
    This document discusses levelling, which is used to determine relative heights of points. It describes the key equipment used - a level instrument mounted on a tripod is used to provide a horizontal line of sight, while a staff or pole with a bubble is used at measurement points to keep it vertical and read heights. Different types of level instruments are discussed - dumpy levels with a fixed telescope, automatic/self-aligning levels with a compensator, and digital levels which store readings electronically. The tripod and staff/pole are also described.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 33

    Local Attraction

    While compass surveying, the magnetic needle is


    sometimes disturbed from its normal position under the
    influence of external attractive forces. Such a disturbing
    influence is called as local attraction.

    The external attractive forces are magnetic rock, iron


    ore, steel structures, rails, electric cables conveying electric
    current, iron pipes etc.
    Local Attraction
    Local Attraction
    Elimination of Local Attraction
    Local Attraction
    Elimination of Local Attraction
    Magnetic dip
    Magnetic dip, dip angle, or
    magnetic inclination is the angle
    made with the horizontal by the
    Earth's magnetic field lines.

    This angle varies at different points on the Earth's surface.


    Magnetic declination & Dip
    The horizontal angle between the
    magnetic meridian and true meridian is
    known as Magnetic Declination.

    The angle made with the


    horizontal by the Earth's magnetic field
    lines is known as Magnetic dip.
    True Bearing =Magnetic bearing + declination

    TB = MB + MD if declination is eastward.
    TB = MB – MD if declination is westward.
    Q. The magnetic bearing of a line is 32° and the magnetic
    declination is 10° 15' W. Find the true bearing ?

    T.B = M.B - declination


    = 320-10015'
    = 21° 45’
    LEVELLING
    • It is the art of determining
    the relative heights of
    various points on, above, or
    below the surface.

    • To find elevations of given


    points with respect to given
    or assumed datum, to
    establish points at a given
    elevation or at a different
    elevation w.r.t. given or
    assumed datum

    • Deals with measurements in


    vertical plane
    Equipments used for levelling

    1. Level Instrument
    2. Tripod
    3. Staff/Pole
    4. Pole staff bubble (bulls eye)
    Equipment: Level Instrument
    To provide horizontal LOS
    a) Dumpy level
    •Meaning short/stout. Simple, compact and
    stable.
    •Telescope is rigidly fixed to its supports – can
    neither be rotated about longitudinal axis nor
    removed from supports
    b) Automatic Levels / Self aligning level
    • Easy to use and faster
    • The instrument is levelled automatically using a tilt
    compensator which is suspended and inserted in the
    path of light rays through the telescope
    c) Digital Levels
     Push-button technique
     Uses Barcode staff. No reading errors
     Readings are stored and analyzed digitally

    • Internal storage of data Download to the computer


    • Automated height computation + adjustment
    • Good quality data
    • need charging of equipment
    Tripod
    • Wooden or aluminum
    Staff/Pole
    • To determine amt by which station is above or below the LOS
    • Wood, aluminum
    • INVAR type for high precision levelling
    • Smallest division-usually 5mm

    Barcode
    Conventional type for Digital Levels
    Bubble

    • To keep the staff/pole upright

    You might also like