SET 3

KOLEJ MATRIKULASI PULAU PINANG

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MALAYSIA
BIOLOGY UNIT
BIOREAL
SB015
BIOLOGY 1
ANSWER SCHEME
SEMESTER 1
SESSION 2020/2021
 BIOREAL ANSWER SCHEME_SET 3

1. FIGURE 1 shows two forms of structures of a starch molecule.

FIGURE 1
(a) Name molecule P and Q.
[2 marks

Answer Marks
P : amylose 1
Q : amylopectin 1

(b) What is the significance of the coiled structure of molecule Q?

[1 mark]

Answer Marks
To make them compact and suitable for storage 1

(c) The main function of this molecule is as a source of energy. State how this
molecule could be transformed as a substrate to produce energy.
[2 marks]

Answer Marks
Starch is hydrolysed by amylase 1
to produce α-glucose 1
which is use in respiration 1
Any 2
 BIOREAL ANSWER SCHEME_SET 3

2. (a) FIGURE 2 shows the functional interaction among endomembrane system in an

animal cell.

FIGURE 2
(i) Name the structures labeled Q and R.
[2 marks]

Answer Marks
Q : lysosome 1
R : food vacuole 1

(ii) State the importance of process X.

[1 mark]

Answer Marks
To destroy worn out/old/damage organelle 1

(iii) What would happen if there is excessive leakage of structure Q due to a large
number found in a cell?
[2 marks]

Answer Marks
Excess hydrolytic enzyme 1
Causes the breakdown of the entire cell/self-destruction // 1
destroy the whole cell // autolysis occurs
 BIOREAL ANSWER SCHEME_SET 3

(b) Describe the major functions of membrane proteins

[4 marks]

Answer Marks
Enzymatic activity 1
Involve in transport 1
Cell-cell recognition 1
Involve in signal transduction 1
Attachment to cytoskeleton 1
Intercellular joining 1
Any 4

3 FIGURE 3 shows two stages in mitosis of a plant cell.

A B

FIGURE 3

(a) Name stages A and B.

[2 marks]

Answer Marks
A : Prophase 1
B : Anaphase 1

(b) Based on the your answer in (a) describe what is happening to the
chromosomes at each stages.
[2 marks]

Answer Marks
A : chromatin fibre/chromosomes become condensed and 1
thickened
B : chromosome/sister chromatid separate and move to 1
opposite pole of the cell
 BIOREAL ANSWER SCHEME_SET 3

(c) Explain how mitosis in plant cell is differ from animal cell.
[2 marks]

Answer Marks
In plant cell, centriole does not involve whereas in animal cell 1
centriole involve
In plant cell, no formation of aster whereas in animal, aster is 1
formed
In plant cell, cytokinesis occurs by formation of cleavage furrow 1
while in animal cell, cytokinesis occurs by formation cleavage
furrow
Any 2

(d) Mikanolide is a drug that inhibits the enzyme DNA polymerase. Explain why this
drug may be effective against some types of cancer.
[1 mark]

Answer Marks
Prevents / slows DNA replication / doubling // prevents / slows 1
mitosis

4. (a) In a particular plant, dark green leaf color is controlled by allele D, and light green
color is controlled by allele d. A cross between true breeding dark green and light
green plant was conducted. The F1 progeny was then self-fertilized to produce F2
progeny.

(i) Based on the above crossing, draw a Punnet square for F2 progeny.

[3 marks]

Answer Marks

D d
D DD Dd
d Dd dd
Gametes 1/0
Genotypes 2/0

(ii) State the genotype for the dark and light green leaves in F2.
[2 marks]

Answer Marks
Dark green leaves : DD and Dd 1
Light green leaves : dd 1
 BIOREAL ANSWER SCHEME_SET 3

(iii) Give the phenotypic ratio of F2.

[1 mark]
Answer Marks
3 dark green : 1 light green 1

(b) In tomatoes, alleles for both smooth skin (S) is dominant over wrinkled skin (s) and red
flower (R) is dominant over white flower (r). A plant that is homozygous for both smooth
and red flower is crossed with a plant producing wrinkled skin and white flower. A test
cross is done on F1 and the progeny produced are given below.
Wrinkled skin, white flower 305
Wrinkled skin, red flower 99
Smooth skin, red flower 295
Smooth skin, white flower 101

(i) Based on result above, why such ratio is obtained from the test cross above.
[1 mark]

Answer Marks
Because the two genes are linked together // The genes are 1
located on the same chromosomes

(ii) Draw the test cross above.

[4 marks]

Answer Marks

Parental genotype : SR/sr X sr/sr 1

Gamete : SR sr Sr sR sr 1

F2 generation : SR/sr sr/sr Sr/sr sR/sr 1

smooth skin wrinked smooth wrinked skin
red flower skin, white skin,white ,red flower 1
flower flower

(iii) Calculate the map distance between the two genes.

[1 mark]

Answer Marks

COV = total of recombinant progeny X 100

total of progeny

= 99 + 101 X 100 = 25%

800
Map distance = 25 map unit/m.u/centiMorgan 1
 BIOREAL ANSWER SCHEME_SET 3

5 The taste of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) is very bitter to the most people. The inability to
taste PTC is controlled by a single recessive gene. In a population under the Hardy-
Weinberg equilibrium, 70% of the population are able to taste PTC.

(a) Calculate the allele frequency of non-taster.

[2 marks]

Answer Marks
% of non-taster = 30%

Frequency of non-taster/homozygous recessive genotype, q2 = 0.3 1

Frequency of non-taster allele/recessive allele, q = /0.3
= 0.548 //0.55 1

(b) Calculate the frequencies of the following genotypes:

(i) homozygous dominant

[2 marks]

Answer Marks
p+q=1
frequency of taster /dominant allele , p = 1-0.3 = 0.7 1
Frequency of homozygous dominant genotype, p2 = (0.7)2
= 0.49 1

(ii) heterozygous

Answer Marks
Frequency of heterozygous, 2pq = 2(0.7)(0.3) = 0.42 1

6 (a) (i) Gene mutations occur spontaneously. During which part of the cell cycle are
gene mutations most likely to occur?
[1 mark]

Answer Marks
Interphase / S phase/ synthesis phase 1

(ii) Give a reason to your answer in 6(a)(i).

[1 mark]

Answer Marks
Because DNA replication occurs 1
 BIOREAL ANSWER SCHEME_SET 3

(b) FIGURE shows a fragment of the wild-type mRNA and two types of mutations.

UAU ACC UAU UUG CUG UCA CGA GCC

try thr try leu leu ser arg ala

Mutation 1 Mutation 2

UAU ACC CUA UUU GCU GUC ACG AGC C UAU ACC UUU UGC UGU CAC GAG CC
try asn leu phe ala val thr ser try thr phe cys cys his glu

FIGURE 4

(i) What are the types of mutation 1 and mutation 2?

[2 marks]

Answer Marks
Mutation 1 : base insertion 1
Mutation 2 : base deletion 1

(ii) If mutation 2 occurs after mutation 1, write the base sequence of the mRNA
formed. How many amino acid sequence was changed?
[2 marks]

Answer Marks
UAU AAC CUU UUG CUG UCA CGA GCC 1
One (amino acids) 1

(c) (i) Name the syndrome which resulted from the fertilization between a female
gamete which has an extra X chromosome and a normal male gamete.
[1 mark]

Answer Marks
Klinefelter/XXY syndrome OR Superfemale/XXX syndrome 1

(ii) Describe THREE physical characteristics of an individual who has the syndrome
in c(i).
[3 marks]

Answer Marks
Klinefelter
Males with develop breast 1
Sterile/ Infertility males 1
 BIOREAL ANSWER SCHEME_SET 3

Males with high pitch voice 1

Males who are taller than normal 1
Any 3
Superfemale
Infertile female 1
Weak muscle tone 1
Learning disability 1

7 (a) Some human DNA was cut into separate pieces using a restriction enzyme which
produced a staggered cut. A scientist wanted to insert these pieces of DNA into
plasmids and used the same restriction enzyme to cut the plasmids.

(i) Explain why the pieces of human DNA would be able to join to the cut DNA of
the plasmids.
[2 marks]

Answer Marks
Because both produce sticky end 1
and have complementary base-pairing 1

(ii) Which other enzyme must the scientist have added to the mixture to form
recombinant plasmids?
[1 mark]

Answer Marks
DNA ligase 1

(iii) Explain how enzyme mentioned in (a) (ii) works to form recombinant DNA?
[2 marks

Answer Marks
Join/seal the (human) DNA pieces and the plasmid 1
by forming phosphodiester bond 1

(b) (i) A plasmid may be used as a cloning vector. Explain what is meant by a vector.
[2 marks]

Answer Marks
is a vehicle that use to carry a foreign DNA 1
and introduce it into the host cell 1
 BIOREAL ANSWER SCHEME_SET 3

(ii) Explain the reason why molecular biologists often use plasmids which contain
antibiotic resistance genes.
[2 marks]

Answer Marks
Act as gene marker / selectable genetic marker 1
to allow detection of host cell containing recombinant DNA 1

(iii) State another TWO characteristics of plasmid as a cloning vector.

[2 marks]

Answer Marks
Able to accept foreign DNA 1
Able to replicate freely in the host cell 1
Possess multiple cloning site 1

(c) Explain the production of complementary DNA using in genetic engineering

technique.
[5 marks]

Answer Marks
mRNA is isolated from donor cell 1
Reverse transcriptase is added 1
to catalyse the synthesis of single cDNA strand 1
using mRNA as a template
mRNA is degraded 1
DNA polymerase is added 1
to catalyse the synthesis of second cDNA strand 1
double stranded cDNA is produced 1
Any 5
 BIOREAL ANSWER SCHEME_SET 3

8 (a) FIGURE 5 shows the development of female gametophyte in a plants.

FIGURE 5A
(i) State the processes V and X.
[2 marks]

Answer Marks
V : meiosis 1
X : mitosis 1

(ii) What is the ploidy level of W.

[1 mark]

Answer Marks
n /haploid 1

(iii) List all nuclei present in Y.

[1 mark]

Answer Marks
3 antipodal cells, 2 polar nuclei, 1 egg cell and 2 synergid cell 1

(iv) Explain how structure Y involve in double fertilization.

[2 marks]

Answer Marks
1 male nuclei fertilise with 1 egg cell forming a (diploid) zygote 1
1 male nuclei fuse with 2 polar nuclei forming a (triploid) 1
endosperm
 BIOREAL ANSWER SCHEME_SET 3

(b) FIGURE 5A shows the reproductive cycle of the human female.

FIGURE 5B

(i) Name the TWO (2) cycles involved in the female reproductive cycle.
[2 marks]

Answer Marks
Ovarian cycle and 1
Menstrual/ uterine cycle 1

(ii) Identify hormones Q and R.

[2 marks]

Answer Marks
Q : Follicle stimulating hormone / FSH 1
R : Oestrogen / Estrogen / Oestradiol / Estradiol 1

(iii) Identify phase B.

[1 mark]

Answer Marks
Luteal phase / Secretory phase 1
 BIOREAL ANSWER SCHEME_SET 3

(iv) Explain how structure X involve phase B.

[3 marks]

Answer Marks
Structure X secretes progesterone 1
Progesterone will maintain the thickening of endometrium wall 1
preparing for implantation 1

9 FIGURE 6 shows two types of growth pattern. Explain the two graph P and Q.
[2 marks]

FIGURE 6

Answer Marks
Graph P : The plant grows continuously throughout its life 1
Graph Q : There are periods of rapid growth followed by periods 1
of no growth