Document 4

PENGAJIAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
CAWANGAN SARAWAK
Chapter 3:
Wastewater
Engineering
Legislation & EIA
• Introduction
• Legislation & Standards
• Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA)
• Environmental Management Plan
(EMP)
• Importance of Sustainable
Development WEEK 14
CO1 PO3
Design solution for Design solutions for

water and well-defined technical
wastewater system problems and assist
with appropriate with the design of
consideration for systems, components
public health, safety or processes to meet
and environmental. specified needs with
(C5) appropriate
Course Outcomes consideration for public
health and safety,
cultural, societal, and
Program Outcomes environmental
considerations. (C)
CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC110 Diploma in Civil Engineering
UNIVERSII TEKNOLOGI MARA CAWANGAN SARAWAK
94300 KOTA SAMARAHAN
ECW331 Water & Wastewater Engineering 2
Caroline Marajan
At the end of this topic, student should
be able to:
• Identify the legislation requirement for
wastewater treatment plant. (CO1PO3)
• Identify the principle of Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA). (CO1PO3)
• Evaluate the importance of sustainable
development water resource and
wastewater engineering. (CO1PO3)
Learning Outcomes

Caroline Marajan
Introduction

Caroline Marajan
Introduction
National Policy Objectives
One of the National Policy Objectives for the Water Supply

and Sewerage Services Industry is
• To establish a regulatory environment which facilitates
financial self sustainability amongst the operator in the
water services and sewerage services industry in the long
term

Caroline Marajan
Legislation & Standards

Caroline Marajan
Legislation: Environmental Quality Act (EQA): Purpose of EQA
Environmental Quality Act 1974

Environmental Quality (Sewage) Regulations 2009
Purpose of EQA
○ To prevent, abate and control pollution, and further
enhancing the quality of the environment in this country. The
Department of Environment (DOE) has been entrusted to
administer this legislation to ensure that Malaysia will continue
to enjoy both industrial grow and a healthy living environment.

Caroline Marajan
Legislation: Environmental Quality Act (EQA): Monitoring Programme
Monitoring Programme
All actions taken and equipment used for all purposes of
detecting or measuring quantitatively or qualitatively the
presence, amount or level of any substance, characteristic or
effect.

Caroline Marajan
Legislation: Environmental Quality Act (EQA): Environmental Audit
Environmental Audit
Periodic, systematic, documented and objective evaluation to
determine :
a) The compliance status to environmental regulatory
requirements
b) The environmental management system
c) The overall environmental risk of the premises

Caroline Marajan
Standards: Effluent Discharge Standards – New Sewage Treatment Systems

Caroline Marajan
Standards: Effluent Discharge Standards – Existing Sewage Treatment Systems

Caroline Marajan
Standards: Sewage Treatment Systems approved after January 1999

Caroline Marajan
Standards: Kuching Centralised Sewage Treatment Plant – Effluent Discharge Compliance
Effluent Quality Standard A

Parameter
(mg/L) (mg/L)
BOD5 < 2.0 20

COD 11 120
Total Suspended Solids < 5.0 50
Ammoniacal Nitrogen 0.77 10
Nitrate Nitrogen 0.72 20
Total Phosphorus, P 0.18 5

Caroline Marajan
Environmental Impact Assessment
Introduction
EIA in Malaysia
EIA as Management Tool
Stages of EIA
Monitoring EIA
Caroline Marajan
Introduction: What is EIA?
EIA is the study to identify, predict,

evaluate and communicate information
about the impacts on the environment of a
proposed project and to detail out the
mitigating measures prior to project
approval and implementation

Caroline Marajan
Example 1
 Ill-conceived forestry and agricultural projects causing loss of
soil productivity, which in return tropical high forest labelled
as non-renewable resource
Example 2
 with or without forestry component, conversion of forest
lands into wasteland, poor management in rapid silting
reservoirs, invasion of aquatic plants that interfere with
fisheries

Caroline Marajan
With the growing awareness, environmental planning with its

emphasis on the evaluation of alternative locations and development
methods improves the overall quality of development planning.
Environmental review of projects prevents not only environmental

degradation, but also construction errors and faulty economic
analysis. This is where Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was
introduced. Some earlier legislation in 1970’s was aimed specifically at
forestry projects and their potential impact.

Caroline Marajan
Introduction: Purpose of EIA
Helps the decision-making process by providing information about the

consequences of development.
Promotes sustainable development by identifying environmentally

sound practice and mitigation measures for developments.

Caroline Marajan
EIA in Malaysia
 The Malaysian federal EIA requirements have been in operation for

ten years under Environment Quality Act 1974 (EQA). The EQA is
the basic instrument for achieving national environmental
objectives.
 During the 1970s and 1980s, wastes from agro-based industries
(palm oil and rubber) were major problems.
 1987, EIA procedures were introduced to emphasize the importance
of preventative controls due to the increasing magnitude of
environmental problems in Malaysia.

Caroline Marajan
EIA as a Management Tool
 The Malaysian federal EIA requirements have been in operation

for ten years under Environment Quality Act 1974 (EQA). The
EQA is the basic instrument for achieving national environmental
objectives.
 During the 1970s and 1980s, wastes from agro-based industries
(palm oil and rubber) were major problems.
 1987, EIA procedures were introduced to emphasize the importance
of preventative controls due to the increasing magnitude of
environmental problems in Malaysia.

Caroline Marajan
 Countries with long tradition of land use planning have long been
concerned with the prevention or reduction of detrimental impacts to
the environment.
 EIA is new to the extent it represents a systematic, explicit
assessment of the actions of economic development and their
environmental consequences.
 EIA uses methodologies of impact prediction & administrative
procedures that were not used by conventional planning.
 Design and execution of large projects should be open to
independent scrutiny and more open to modification on the basis of
environmental considerations and wishes of the people affected by
projects.

Caroline Marajan
 EIA also relies conceptually and methodologically on the science of

ecology. It has now become an aid to decision making, ideally on-
par with cost benefit analysis technical evaluation of development
projects.
 EIA (a show-cause procedure) is designed to alert decision maker,
regulatory agencies and the public of the environmental
consequences of projects so that those projects can be modified to
prevent environmental deterioration, avoid construction errors and
to forestall benefit as well by considering alternatives that might
lower the costs of construction, operation and provide
environmental protection.

Caroline Marajan
• To simplify, when EIA delays or stops a project, it could be due to

environmental costs far outweigh the economic or technical
benefits, not just the environmental impact.
 However, EIA and environmental protection are two separate issues
that require separate documentation. Impact reports should be brief
to lighten the task of decision maker.
 At the review stage, decision makers should concentrate on
alternatives, site specific impacts, and on the administrative
courses, open for project modification.

Caroline Marajan
Benefits of EIA
• EIA offers the advantage of acting as a cross-check on technical and

economic planning.
• EIA forges economic analysis to consider externalities such a future
pollution abatement as people migrate in, silting reservoirs or
esoteric indirect effects as the displacement of herbivores by
forestry and their damage to agricultural crops.
• EIA may force the consideration of alternative sites or methods that
increase benefits. It also provides the decision maker with another
criterion for deciding among alternatives sites, different operational
or industrial methods or different scheduling of projects.
Caroline Marajan
Challenges of EIA
• Lacked trained staff and environmental data

• Poor understanding of tropical ecosystems
• Inaccessibility of project & scarcity of funds
• The need to avoid delays in projects design to raise living standards
as soon as possible
• Lack of institutional arrangements for preparing and reviewing
impact reports
• Lack of an adequate system of environmental lawn and the
enforcement
• Lack of conservation ethic on the part of officials or private
developers
Caroline Marajan
Stages of EIA
• Identifying the
Predict • Assessment of
Mitigate • Environmental
Impacts • Scale of Impacts • Limiting the Management
Potential effect of impacts Plan (EMP)
Impacts to acceptable
limits
Identify Evaluate Monitor

Caroline Marajan
Conducting EIA: Integrated Project Planning Concept
○ Project Identification ○ Selection for EIA

○ Prefeasibility Study ○ Preliminary EIA
○ Feasibility Study ○ Detailed EIA
○ Project Implementation ○ Environmental Monitoring &
Auditing
Minimize Project Delay & Improve Project Planning

Caroline Marajan
Procedure for Preliminary EIA

Caroline Marajan
Procedure for Detailed EIA

Caroline Marajan
Environmental Monitoring & Auditing
Monitoring EIA
Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
Environmental Audit (EA)

Caroline Marajan
Existing Practices on Monitoring and Auditing
○ Post EIA Monitoring and Audit as a condition in the EIA approval

○ Quarterly Report for Prescribed Premise
○ Follow-up action of enforcement visits/complaints
○ Consignment notes for schedule waste generators

Caroline Marajan
Monitoring the EIA Process
Baseline Monitoring
Compliance Monitoring
Impact Monitoring
• Prediction were correct?

• Mitigation measures effective?
Long Term Impact Monitoring

Caroline Marajan
Monitoring the EIA Process: Post EIA-Monitoring
Section 34 A (7)
• shall provide sufficient proof that the conditions attached are
being complied with and that the proposed measures to be
taken to prevent, reduce or control the adverse impact on the
environment are being incorporated into the design,
construction and operation of the prescribed activity

Caroline Marajan
Monitoring the EIA Process: EIA Approval Conditions Related to Monitoring and Auditing
• Air emission monitoring

• Ambient air monitoring
• Quality of effluent discharge
• Quality of receiving waters, before and after discharge point
• Noise monitoring
• EMP to be submitted
• Monitoring reports to be submitted
• Environmental Audit to be conducted annually

Caroline Marajan
Summary Approvals Issued by the Department of Environment (DoE)

Caroline Marajan
Summary Approvals Issued by the Department of Environment (DoE)

Caroline Marajan
Environmental Management Plan (EMP): EMP - illustrated
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANT
Actions to be taken
What can be done
What might happen?
Project Planning Construction & Implementation

adapted from Prof. Sr. Ir. Suhaimi Abdul Talib, School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, UiTM Shah Alam
Caroline Marajan
Environmental Management Plan (EMP): What is an EMP?
• The ‘operationalisation’ of the EIA report
• EMP is the integration of recommended mitigating measures into

project implementation and operation.
• A written document containing details of practices to be followed

and Regulations to be complied with the environmental
management of the project
Caroline Marajan
Environmental Management Plan (EMP): Main Objectives
• Provide support for the planning of environmental management of

the project
• Guidance for day-to-day environmental management of the project
• Reporting plans and actions
As an EIA approval condition, to be submitted 3 months

before earth work starts according to format given, for
DOE’s approval, to be reviewed periodically
Caroline Marajan
Environmental Management Plan (EMP): Key Elements in EMP
• Institutional/administrative
• Responsibility to execute
• Relevant expertise
• In contract document
• Budget
• Monitoring programme
Caroline Marajan
Environmental Management Plan (EMP): Key Elements in EMP
• Baseline for air, water, ground water, noise, vibration, waste

(whichever is relevant) before earthwork starts
• Indicate location of monitoring stations, parameters, and
justification
• Indicate discharge point
• Sampling method and frequency
• Reporting timeframe
Caroline Marajan
Environmental Management Plan (EMP): Major Components
• Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (ESCP)

• Management of runoff to minimize floods
• Regulation of the type of development allowed in project area
• Management of waste ( both solid and schedule waste)
Caroline Marajan
Environmental Management Plan (EMP): Major Components
o Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (ESCP)

o Management of runoff to minimize floods
o Regulation of the type of development allowed in project area
o Management of waste ( both solid and schedule waste)
o Air and Water quality management plan
o Environmental monitoring requirements
o Responsibilities and role of project proponent for protection of the environment
o Emergency Response Plan

Caroline Marajan
Environmental Management Plan (EMP): Figure Sound Environmental Management – Key Players
OPERATORS REGULATORS
CONTRACTORS COMMUNITIES
CONSULTANTS PROJECT PROPONENT
Caroline Marajan
Future Direction
Monitoring
o Continuous Emission Monitoring (CEM) and online to DOE’s office
for critical projects
Environmental Auditing (EA)
o Environmental Audit Regulations
o Environmental Audit Manual
o Environmental Auditors Registration Scheme
o Environmental Audit Training Course

Caroline Marajan
Objectives of Environmental Audit (EA)
Objectives of EA Implementation
o To determine compliance status
o To determine cause of noncompliance
o Overall improvement of environmental management

Caroline Marajan
Benefits of Environmental Audit (EA)
Benefits of EA
o Industries
o Enhance compliance to EQA
o Performance Evaluation
o Overall improvement-image and economic returns
o Department of Environment (DOE)

o Enhance compliance to EQA
o Performance Evaluation
o Overall improvement-image and economic returns

Caroline Marajan
Importance of Sustainable Development

Caroline Marajan
Circle of Sustainability

Caroline Marajan
Water Resource & Wastewater Engineering: Environmental Impact Assessment & Its Role in Sustainable
Development
o Sustainable Development
o Development that meets the needs of the present WITHOUT
compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs
o Four essential requirement for sustainable development are:-
o Environmental Harmony
o Economic Efficiency
o Endogenous Choices & Equity
o Social Justice
The achievement of sustainable development demands the integration of
environment and development. To achieve sustainable development requires a
close collaboration and cooperation between environmentalists and the decision-
makers.
Caroline Marajan
Water Resource & Wastewater Engineering: Environmental Impact Assessment & Its Role in Sustainable
Development
o Role of EIA in Sustainable Development

o Carrying capacity-based planning ensures sustainable
development.
o EIA – form a major instrument in decision making and for
measurement of sustainability in context of regional carrying
capacity, provided the conceptual framework is extended to
cumulative assessment of developmental policies, plans and
projects on a regional basis.

Caroline Marajan
PENGAJIAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
CAWANGAN SARAWAK
Chapter 3:
Wastewater
Engineering
Legislation & EIA
• Hands-on Practice #11
WEEK 14
Hands-on Practice #11
Question #1
An underwater tunnel is proposed to overcome traffic congestion

problems for a state in Malaysia. An Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) report is required for this purpose. Suggest and
discuss in detail FOUR (4) possible impacts of underwater construction
to the environment and propose suitable mitigation measures to
reduce the impacts. (ECW351 DEC 2018)

Caroline Marajan
Question #2
Erosion and Sediment Control Plan (ESCP) is a part of Environmental

Management Plan (EMP) for project involving earthwork. Explain
THREE (3) examples of ESCP works for a construction project in order
to effectively mitigate the erosion and sedimentation problem at site.
(ECW351 MAR 2017)

Caroline Marajan
Question #3
Sarawak State Government is proposing to develop a centralized

wastewater treatment plant in Asajaya to treat the municipal
wastewater generated from Kota Samarahan. You are required to
justify whether Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required
for the project and outline the EIA procedures if it is required.
(ECW351 SEPT 2015)

Caroline Marajan
Question #4
In Malaysia, Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) must be carried

out prior to the construction of a dam. Determine FOUR (4) potential
ecological impacts of the construction of dam and elaborate proper
mitigation measures for each impact. (ECW351 OCT 2016)

Caroline Marajan

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PENGAJIAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM

Design solution for Design solutions for

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC110 Diploma in Civil Engineering

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC110 Diploma in Civil Engineering

One of the National Policy Objectives for the Water Supply

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC110 Diploma in Civil Engineering

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC110 Diploma in Civil Engineering

Environmental Quality Act 1974

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC110 Diploma in Civil Engineering

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC110 Diploma in Civil Engineering

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC110 Diploma in Civil Engineering

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC110 Diploma in Civil Engineering

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC110 Diploma in Civil Engineering

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC110 Diploma in Civil Engineering

Effluent Quality Standard A

BOD5 < 2.0 20

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC110 Diploma in Civil Engineering

EIA is the study to identify, predict,

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC110 Diploma in Civil Engineering

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC110 Diploma in Civil Engineering

With the growing awareness, environmental planning with its

Environmental review of projects prevents not only environmental

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC110 Diploma in Civil Engineering

Helps the decision-making process by providing information about the

Promotes sustainable development by identifying environmentally

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC110 Diploma in Civil Engineering

 The Malaysian federal EIA requirements have been in operation for

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC110 Diploma in Civil Engineering

 The Malaysian federal EIA requirements have been in operation

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC110 Diploma in Civil Engineering

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC110 Diploma in Civil Engineering

 EIA also relies conceptually and methodologically on the science of

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC110 Diploma in Civil Engineering

• To simplify, when EIA delays or stops a project, it could be due to

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC110 Diploma in Civil Engineering

• EIA offers the advantage of acting as a cross-check on technical and

• Lacked trained staff and environmental data

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC110 Diploma in Civil Engineering

○ Project Identification ○ Selection for EIA

Minimize Project Delay & Improve Project Planning

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC110 Diploma in Civil Engineering

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC110 Diploma in Civil Engineering

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC110 Diploma in Civil Engineering

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC110 Diploma in Civil Engineering

○ Post EIA Monitoring and Audit as a condition in the EIA approval

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC110 Diploma in Civil Engineering

• Prediction were correct?

Long Term Impact Monitoring

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC110 Diploma in Civil Engineering

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC110 Diploma in Civil Engineering

• Air emission monitoring

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC110 Diploma in Civil Engineering

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC110 Diploma in Civil Engineering

CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EC110 Diploma in Civil Engineering

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANT

What can be done

What might happen?

Project Planning Construction & Implementation

• The ‘operationalisation’ of the EIA report