UNIT-3

OPERATING SYSTEM AND

WORD PROCESSING
An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and computer hardware.
An operating system is a software which performs all the basic tasks like file management,
memory management, process management, handling input and output, and controlling
peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers.
An operating system is software that enables applications to interact with a computer's
hardware. The software that contains the core components of the operating system is called
the kernel.
The primary purposes of an Operating System are to enable applications (spftwares) to
interact with a computer's hardware and to manage a system's hardware and software
resources.
Some popular Operating Systems include Linux Operating System, Windows Operating
System, VMS, OS/400, AIX, z/OS, etc. Today, Operating systems is found almost in every
device like mobile phones, personal computers, mainframe computers, automobiles, TV,
Toys etc.

An operating system is the fundamental basis of all other application programs. Operating
system is an intermediary between the users and the hardware.
Operating system controls and coordinates the use of hardware among application programs.
The major services of an operating system are −

 Memory management
 Disk access
 Creating user interface
 Managing the different programs operating parallel
 Likewise, it controls and manage the hardware’s working

Applications of Operating System

Following are the major applications of an operating system −
 An operating system is accountable for the formation and deletion of files and
directories.
  An operating system manages the process of deletion, suspension, resumption,
and synchronization.
 An operating system manages memory space by allocation and de-allocation.
 An operating system stores, organizes, and names and protects the existing
files.
 Further, an operating system manages all the components and devices of the
computers system including modemIn case, if any device fails, the operating
system detects and notify.
 An operating system protects from destruction as well as from unauthorized
use.
 An operating system facilitates the interface to user and hardware.
 Architecture
 We can draw a generic architecture diagram of an Operating System which is as
follows:

Types of Operating System

Following are the major types of operating system −

 Disk Operating System (DOS)

 Windows Operating System
 Unix Operating System
 s, printers, plotters, etc.
 In case, if any device fails, the operating system detects and notify.

Disk Operating System

MS-DOS is one of the oldest and widely used operating system. DOS is a set of computer
programs, the major functions of which are file management, allocation of system resources,
providing essential features to control hardware devices.
DOS commands can be typed in either upper case or lower case.
Features of DOS
Following are the significant features of DOS −

 It is a single user system.

 It controls program.
 It is machine independence.
 It manages (computer) files.
 It manages input and output system.
 It manages (computer) memory.
 It provides command processing facilities.
 It operates with Assembler.
Types of DOS Commands
Following are the major types of DOS Command −
 Internal Commands − Commands such as DEL, COPY, TYPE, etc. are the
internal commands that remain stored in computer memory.
 External Commands − Commands like FORMAT, DISKCOPY, etc. are the
external commands and remain stored on the disk.
 Some DOS commands
append Causes MS-DOS to look in other directories when editing a file

assign Assign a drive letter to an alternate letter.

break Enable and disable Ctrl+C feature.

cls Clears the screen

color Change the foreground and background color Internal

of the MS-DOS window.

command Opens the command interpreter.

 copy Copy one or more files to an alternate

date View or change the systems date.

Windows Operating System

The operating system window is the extension of the disk operating system.
It is the most popular and simplest operating system; it can be used by any person who can
read and understand basic English, as it does not require any special training.
However, the Windows Operating System requires DOS to run the various application
programs initially. Because of this reason, DOS should be installed into the memory and then
window can be executed.
Elements of Windows OS
Following are the significant element of Windows Operating System (WOS) −

 Graphical User Interface

 Icons (pictures, documents, application, program icons, etc.)
 Taskbar
 Start button
 Windows explorer
 Mouse button
 Hardware compatibility
 Software compatibility
 Help, etc.
Versions of Windows Operating System
Following are the different versions of Windows Operating System −

Version Year Version Year

Window 1.01 1985 Windows XP Professional x64 2005

Windows NT 3.1 1993 Windows Vista 2007

Windows 95 1995 Windows 7 2009

Windows 98 1998 Windows 8 2012

Windows 2000 2000 Windows 10 2015

 Windows ME 2000 Windows Server 2016 2016

Windows XP 2001

Unix Operating System

The Unix Operating System is the earliest operating system developed in 1970s. Let us
consider the following points relating to the Unix Operating System −
 It is an operating system that has multitasking features.
 It has multiuser computer operating systems.
 It runs practically on every sort of hardware and provides stimulus to the open
source movement.
 It has comparative complex functionality and hence an untrained user cannot
use it; only the one who has taken training can use this system.
 Another drawback of this system is, it does not give notice or warn about the
consequences of a user’s action (whether user’s action is right or wrong).
 cat --- for creating and displaying short files
 chmod --- change permissions
 cd --- change directory
 cp --- for copying files
 date --- display date
 echo --- echo argument
 ftp --- connect to a remote machine to download or upload files
 grep --- search file
 head --- display first part of file
 ls --- see what files you have
 lpr --- standard print command (see also print )
 more --- use to read files
 mkdir --- create directory


Definitions
We can have a number of definitions of an Operating System. Let's go through few of them:
An Operting System is the low-level software that supports a computer's basic functions, such as
scheduling tasks and controlling peripherals.
We can refine this definition as follows:
An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the user and the computer
hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs.
Following is another definition taken from Wikipedia:
An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware, software
resources, and provides common services for computer programs.
What is MS Word?

Used to make professional-quality documents, letters, reports, etc., MS Word is a word processor
developed by Microsoft. It has advanced features which allow you to format and edit your files
and documents in the best possible way. 

Since MS Word is one of the most used programs of the Office Suite, some basic information
regarding its creation and development has been given below:

 Charles Simonyi, a developer and Richard Brodie, a software engineer, were the two
creators of MS Word
 This program was initially named “Multi-Tool Word” but later, was renamed as MS Word
 It was introduced in 1983
 Word for Windows is available standalone or as a part of MS Office suite
 MS Word for Mac was introduced by Microsoft as Word 1.0 in 1985
 The extension for any word file is “.doc”
 Where to find MS Word on your personal computer?
 Follow these simple steps to open MS Word on your personal computer:
 Start → All Programs → MS Office → MS Word.
 What are the uses of MS Word?
 MS Word enables users to do write-ups, create documents, resumes, contracts, etc. This
is one of the most commonly used programs under the Office suite. 
 How to create an MS Word document?
 To create an MS Word doc, follow the steps mentioned above to open Microsoft Word.
Then once the program is open, click on “File” followed by “New”. This opens a new doc
where something new can be created.

Features of MS Word

 Home
This has options like font colour, font size, font style, alignment, bullets, line spacing, etc. All the
basic elements which one may need to edit their document is available under the Home option.

 Insert
Tables, shapes, images, charts, graphs, header, footer, page number, etc. can all be entered in the
document. They are included in the “Insert” category.

 Design
The template or the design in which you want your document to be created can be selected
under the Design tab. Choosing an appropriate tab will enhance the appearance of your
document.
  Page Layout
Under the Page Layout tab comes options like margins, orientation, columns, lines, indentation,
spacing, etc. 

 References
This tab is the most useful for those who are creating a thesis or writing books or lengthy
documents. Options like citation, footnote, table of contents, caption, bibliography, etc. can be
found under this tab.

 Review
Spell check, grammar, Thesaurus, word count, language, translation, comments, etc. can all be
tracked under the review tab. This acts as an advantage for those who get their documents
reviewed on MS Word.

Apart from all the above-mentioned features, the page can be set in different views and layouts,
which can be added and optimised using the View tab on the Word document. Margins and
scales are also available for the benefit of the users. 

Uses of MS Word
Given below are the different fields in which MS Word is used and simplifies the work of an
individual:

 In Education: It is considered as one of the simplest tools which can be used by both
teachers and students. Creating notes is easier using MS Word as they can be made
more interactive by adding shapes and images. It is also convenient to make
assignments on MS Word and submitting them online

 In Workplace: Submitting letters, bills, creating reports, letterheads, sample documents,

can all easily be done using MS Word

 Creating & Updating Resume: One of the best tools to create your resumes and is easy
to edit and make changes in it as per your experience
 For Authors: Since separate options are available for bibliography, table of contents, etc.,
it is the best tool which can be used by authors for writing books and adjusting it as per
the layout and alignment of your choice

MS-EXCEL
FEATURES OF MS EXCEL
An Introduction To MS PowerPoint
MS PowerPoint is a program that is included in the Microsoft Office suite. It is used to make
presentations for personal and professional purposes.
Given below are a few important things that one must know about the development and
introduction of Microsoft PowerPoint:

 The program was created in a software company named Forethought, Inc. by Robert
Gaskins and Dennis Austin. 
 It was released on April 20, 1987, and after 3 months of its creation, it was acquired by
Microsoft.
 The first version of this program, when introduced by Microsoft was MS PowerPoint 2.0
(1990).
  It is a presentation-based program that uses graphics, videos, etc. to make a
presentation more interactive and interesting.
 The file extension of a saved Powerpoint presentation is “.ppt”.
 A PowerPoint presentation comprising slides and other features is also known as PPT.
Gradually, with each version, the program was more creative and more interactive. Various other
features were added in PowerPoint which massively increased the requirement and use of this
MS Office program.

Question: What is MS PowerPoint?

Answer: PowerPoint (PPT) is a powerful, easy-to-use presentation graphics software program

that allows you to create professional-looking electronic slide shows. 

Question: How to open MS PowerPoint on a personal computer?

Answer: Follow the steps below to open MS PowerPoint on a personal computer:

1. Click on the start button

2. Then choose “All Programs”
3. Next step is to select “MS Office”
4. Under MS Office, click on the “MS PowerPoint” 

A blank presentation is open on the screen. According to the requirement, a person can modify
the template for a presentation and start using the program.

Question: What is a PowerPoint presentation or PPT?

Answer: A combination of various slides depicting a graphical and visual interpretation of data,
to present information in a more creative and interactive manner is called a PowerPoint
presentation or PPT.

Question: What is a slide show in a PowerPoint presentation?

Answer: When all the slides of a PowerPoint presentation are set in series and then presented to
a group of people, where each slide appears one after the other, is a set pattern, this is known as
a PowerPoint slide show. 

Question: What all elements can be added to a slide?

Answer: The following elements can be added to a Powerpoint slide:

1. Clip Art
2. Graphs
3. Tables
4. Photographs
5. Charts
6. Media Clips
7. Videos

Features of MS PowerPoint
There are multiple features that are available in MS PowerPoint which can customise and
optimise a presentation. The same have been discussed below.
  Slide Layout
Multiple options and layouts are available based on which a presentation can be created. This
option is available under the “Home” section and one can select from the multiple layout options
provided

 Insert – Clipart, Video, Audio, etc.

Under the “Insert” category, multiple options are available where one can choose what feature
they want to insert in their presentation. This may include images, audio, video, header, footer,
symbols, shapes, etc. 

 Slide Design
MS PowerPoint has various themes using which background colour and designs or textures can
be added to a slide. This makes the presentation more colourful and attracts the attention of the
people looking at it.

This feature can be added using the “Design” category mentioned on the homepage of MS
PowerPoint. Although there are existing design templates available, in case someone wants to
add some new texture or colour, the option to customise the design is also available. Apart from
this, slide designs can also be downloaded online.

 Animations
During the slide show, the slides appear on the screen one after the other. In case, one wants to
add some animations to the way in which a slide presents itself, they can refer to the
“Animations” category. 

Uses of PowerPoint Presentation

PowerPoint presentations are useful for both personal and professional usage. Given below are
a few of the major fields where PPT is extremely useful:

 Education – With e-learning and smart classes being chosen as a common mode of
education today, PowerPoint presentations can help in making education more
interactive and attract students towards the modified version of studying

 Marketing – In the field of marketing, PowerPoint presentations can be extremely

important. Using graphs and charts, numbers can be shown more evidently and clearly
which may be ignored by the viewer if being read

 Business – To invite investors or to show the increase or decrease in profits, MS

PowerPoint can be used

 Creating Resumes – Digital resumes can be formed using MS PowerPoint. Different

patterns, photograph, etc. can be added to the resume
 Depicting Growth – Since both graphics and text can be added in a presentation,
depicting the growth of a company, business, student’s marks, etc. is easier using PPT
  The following table itemizes the most frequently
used shortcuts in PowerPoint.

To do this Press
Create new presentation. Ctrl+N
Add a new slide. Ctrl+M
Make selected text bold. Ctrl+B
Change the font size for selected text. Alt+H, F,
Open the Zoom dialog box. Alt+W, Q
Cut selected text, object, or slide. Ctrl+X
Copy selected text, object, or slide. Ctrl+C
Paste cut or copied text, object, or slide. Ctrl+V
Undo the last action. Ctrl+Z
Save the presentation. Ctrl+S
Insert a picture from your device. Alt+N, P,
Insert a shape. Alt+N, S,
Select a theme. Alt+G, H
Select a slide layout. Alt+H, L
Go to the next slide. Page dow
Go to the previous slide. Page up
Go to the Home tab. Alt+H
Go to the Insert tab. Alt+N
Start the slide show. F5
To do this Press
End the slide show. Esc
Close PowerPoint. Ctrl+Q