4.1 Scaffold

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH WEBINAR
Raffy B. Empuerto
CELLPHONE #09436881169
DOLE Accredited OSH Practitioner
Environment Health and Safety

EHS SUPERVISOR- 3yrs
EHS SUPERINTENDENT-3yrs
EHS OFFICER- CEBU- 2yrs
Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.

TEMPORARY STRUCTURES

Definition
SCAFFOLD means any temporary elevated
platform (made of timber, metal or bamboo)
and its supporting structure (including points
of anchorage)
 used for supporting employees or materials
or both in the course of any construction works.
Note: Revised Rule 1414.4 of Standard

Note: Check Rule 1414.4 of Standard
D.O. 128-13 series of 2013 (May 3, 2013)
Timber & Bamboo max of 20 m
Timber & Bamboo max of 6 m
10 m- Requires Structural Engineer
For metal- 6 m up requires Structural Engineer
Design
Design (SED)
For metal- 20 m requires SED
DOLE Dept. Order 128-13 s. 2013
 Signed 30 April
2013 by Secretary
Rosalinda
Dimapilis-Baldoz
 Amending Rule
1414 OSHS
Standards (1989)
Construction Statistic Video

A Scaffold is defined as any

temporary elevated work platform
(supported or suspended) and its
supporting structure (including
points of anchorage) used for
supporting employees or materials
or both.
5
Scaffold vs. False Work

 SCAFFOLD – is a temporary or movable platform
supported from the ground or suspended, used for
access and/or working at considerable heights
above the ground.
 FALSE WORK - Any temporary structure used to
support a permanent structure while it is not self-
supporting. False work also includes temporary
support structures for formwork used to mould
concrete to form a desired shape and
scaffolding to give workers access to the structure
being constructed.
FORMWORKS & SCAFFOLDING

RELATIONSHIP
Formworks - is the temporary structure needed

to support the freshly placed concrete, all
live loads during construction including its
own weight.
Scaffolding - a temporary structure used to

support people and material in the
construction or repair of buildings and
other large structure.

Function (Purpose)
 As a working platform
• So that the worker can stand on the platform to
perform their work easily and safely
• So that the workers can place their materials and
logistics to carry out their job
• To sustain quality, time & safety
 As a platform and walking passage
• Scaffolding support the platform used by the worker
as their walking path to transport the materials and
logistics
Scaffold Accidents
An estimated 2.3 Million construction workers or 65%
of the construction industry work on scaffolds
frequently
OSHA statistics report that about 28% of the scaffold
accidents that occur are the result of construction
deficiencies
These deficiencies include:
 Substandard components
 Omitting essential components
 Failing to complete the assembly
 Incompetent Scaffolder
Scaffold Accidents
 Of the fatalities that occurred, 23% occurred as a result
of construction deficiencies
 18% happened as a result of electrocutions
 14% occurred while climbing
 10% due to structural failure of scaffolds
 10% were from falling objects
 10% happened because of falls while working on the
platform
 8% occurred while assembling/disassembling the
scaffolding
 Health related
Hazards in the Use of Scaffolds
 Falls from elevation

 Struck by falling tools /
debris
 Scaffold collapse
 & Electrocution

Recommended
Measures
To prevent Falls from elevation
• Use guardrails
• Use fall arrest systems
To avoid Struck by falling tools or debris
• Barricade the area below the scaffold and forbid entry
• Use panels or screens
• & Build a canopy or net

Measures (Cont…)
 To avoid Scaffold collapse
•Scaffold must be properly built
•Do not overload with people or equipment (Safe
Work Load)
•Use personal fall arrest systems
•Have a competent person to check scaffold
To prevent Electrocution
•Honor clearance distances required between
power lines and scaffolding
•De-energize the lines
•Install protective covering

Suspended Scaffold
• 2.2.5 Shall be designed and inspected by a structural
engineer if site fabricated.

Competent Person
• 2.2.6 No scaffold shall be erected, moved, dismantled
or altered except under the supervision of a
competent person.
• Competent Person – refers to one who is capable of
identifying existing and potential hazards in the
surroundings or working conditions and who has the
authority to take prompt corrective action to
eliminate them; person must be a holder of Scaffold
Erector NC II and COSH training. (Rule 1414.14:
14.1.2)

Qualified Person
• Refers to one who, by possession of a
recognized technical degree, certificate or
professional standing, or who by extensive
knowledge, training and experience, has
successfully demonstrated his/her ability to
solve or resolved problems related to the
subject matter, the work or the project.

Scaffold Erector
• 2.2.8 All personnel involved in scaffolding shall have
appropriate training and certification. Manufacturer’s
training shall be limited to the erection of
manufacturer’s equipment only.
• 14.2 Scaffold erectors shall have the following
certification:
• One Day Worker’s Safety Orientation from DOLE or
accredited safety training organization (STO)
• Holder of TESDA Scaffold Erection NC II

ELECTROCUTION
• Avoid power lines
• Check all wires for adequate insulation
• Observed proper distance from power sources
18
Clearance from Power Lines

Minimum
Line Voltage
Distance
Less than 300 volts 3 feet (0.9 m)
300 volts to 50 KV 10 feet (3 m)
more than 50 KV 10 feet (3 m) plus 0.4

inches for each 1 KV
over 50 KV

Example
• Line Voltage = 60 KV
• 50 KV = 10 feet
• 10 KV = 10 x 0.4 = 4 in
• 4 in x 1 ft / 12 in = 0.33 ft
Answer : 10 feet and 4 inches

10.33 feet

Selection of a
Scaffolding System
Basic considerations
• Weight of workers, tools, materials and
equipment
(according to ANSI A10.8: 200 lbs (91 KG) /
worker and 50 lbs (23 KG) for weight of tools
• Site conditions
• Height of scaffold
• Type of work that will be done
• Duration of work

Selection (Cont…)
• Weather conditions
• Requirements for pedestrian traffic
• Means of access to the scaffold
• Configuration/design of the building or structure
being worked on
• Special erection or dismantling circumstances

Classification of Scaffolds
Supported Scaffolds
Suspended Scaffolds

SUPPORTED SCAFFOLD


Supported Scaffolds
Supported scaffolds consist of one or more platforms
supported by outrigger beams, brackets, poles, legs,
uprights, posts, frames, or similar rigid support.
Types of supported scaffolds:
 Frame Scaffold or  Ladder Jack

Fabricated frame  Tube and Coupler
 Manually Propelled /  Pole
Mobile  Special
 Pump jack

Scaffolding Parts
Main Frame
Ladder Cross Brace Joint Pin

Scaffolding Parts
Cat-walk Panel Cantilever Support
Adjustable Base Base Plate & Castor

Plate Wheels

SCAFFOLD PARTS
FRAME
SCAFFOLD
PARTS


Supported Scaffolds
• Frame or Fabricated
• Fabricated frame scaffolds
are the most common type
of scaffold because they
are versatile, economical,
and easy to use.
• Frequently used in one or
two tiers by residential
contractors, painters, etc.,
but their modular frames
can also be stacked
several stories high for use
on large-scale construction
jobs.

Supported Scaffolds
• Mobile
• Mobile scaffolds are a type
of supported scaffold set on
wheels or casters. They are
designed to be easily
moved and are commonly
used for things like painting
and plastering, where
workers must frequently
change position.

Supported Scaffolds
• Pump jack
• Pump jacks are a uniquely
designed scaffold consisting
of a platform supported by
moveable brackets on
vertical poles. The brackets
are designed to be raised
and lowered in a manner
similar to an automobile jack.
• Pump jacks are appealing for
certain applications because
they are easily adjusted to
variable heights, and are
relatively inexpensive.

Supported Scaffolds
• Tube and Coupler
• Tube and coupler
scaffolds are so-named
because they are built
from tubing connected by
coupling devices.
• Due to their strength,
they are frequently used
where heavy loads need
to be carried, or where
multiple platforms must
reach several stories
high.
• Their versatility, which enables
them to be assembled in multiple
directions in a variety of settings,
also makes them hard to build
correctly.
Supported Scaffolds
 Pole or Wood Pole
• Pole scaffolds are a type of
supported scaffold in which every
structural component, from
uprights to braces to platforms, is
made of wood.
• Two kinds: single-pole, which are
supported on their interior side by
a structure or wall, and double-
pole, which are supported by
double uprights independent of
any structure.
• Seldom used because it cannot
easily be reused, pole scaffolds
are considered old-fashioned and
are rarely used today.

Supported Scaffolds
Outrigger Scaffold
37

Supported Scaffolds Tools

 Scaffolding Tool Belts
 Scaffolding Spanners
 Tool Safety Lanyard
 Scaffolding Level-
Stabila
 Impact Wrenches
38

Safety Elements of Supported Scaffold

 Base section
 Support structure
 Access
 Fall protection
 Platform
 Stability Protection (Guys, Ties, Etc.)
 Electrical Hazards
 Personnel training and supervision
Improper Base
Support

Improper Base Support

This support is not adequate!

Good Support
Base plate
Mud sills

Frame Scaffolds Pointers

 Assure Stability  Capacity
• four (4) times the
• Base Plates nailed
maximum intended load
to mud sill
 Braces
• Mud Sills
• Frames and panels must
• Firm Foundation be connected by cross,
 Plumbed and braced horizontal or diagonal
to prevent swaying and braces
displacement • Plumbed and leveled
• Secured to prevent
dislodging

Mobile Scaffolds
 Mobile or Rolling Scaffolds
Scaffolds which need to be moved
frequently should be equipped with
castors or wheels.

Scaffold Platform Construction

Platforms must:
•be fully planked or
decked with no more
than 1 inch gaps
•be able to support its
weight & 4 times
maximum load
•be at least 18 inches
wide (.45 m; .70 m if
used for material
passage)
This is not a properly
constructed scaffold

Platform (Cont…)
• No large gaps in front edge
of platforms
• Each abutted end of plank
must rest on a separate
support surface
• Overlap platforms at least
12 inches over supports,
unless restrained to prevent
movement
• Deflection < 1/60 of span, L Planks not properly
overlapped

Platform (Cont…)
•No paint on wood platforms
•Fully planked
•Component pieces used must
match and be of the same type
•Erect on stable and level ground
•Lock wheels and braces

Platform Ends
Each end of a
platform, unless
cleated or otherwise
restrained by hooks,
must extend over its
support by at least 6
inches
No Cleats
Scaffold Height
The height of the scaffold
should not be more than
20’ four times its minimum
base dimension unless
guys, ties, or braces are
used
5’

Supported Scaffolds
Higher than 4:1 ratio, should be restrained from
tipping by ties and braces.
• 4:1 height from bottom and top most

Tube and Coupler Scaffold

• Tube and coupler scaffolds over 6 meters must be:
 Designed by a Structural Engineer
 Constructed and loaded in accordance with the design
• Couplers must be made of structural metal such as;

 Malleable iron
 Structural Grade Aluminum
• Gray cast iron is prohibited
52

Tube and Coupler scaffolds

• Transverse bracing forming an “X” must be
installed at scaffold ends
 Every 3rd set of post
 Every 4th runner
• Longitudinal bracing must be installed

diagonally at
• 45 degree angle
• Every 5th post repeatedly
• Anchoring

Tube and Coupler Scaffolds
Transverse bracing
Longitudinal
Bracing
Wall Ties
Runner
Bearer Post
54

Safety Considerations
Fittings and Accessories
• To install all the parts, fittings and accessories
Base Plates and Screw Jacks

• Rule of thumb is to use the 2:1 ratio, the outside
(visible) length of exposed screw to inside screw length.
Erection and Dismantling
• By trained personnel only
55

Suspended Scaffolds
Suspended scaffolds are platforms suspended by
ropes, or other non-rigid means, from an overhead
structure.
Types of suspended scaffolds:
 Two-point (swing stage)  Interior Hung

 Single-point adjustable  Needle beam
 Catenary  Multi-level
 Multi-point adjustable  Float (ship)

SUSPENDED SCAFFOLD


Suspended Scaffolds
 Two point (Swing stage)
• Two-point adjustable
suspension scaffolds, also
known as swing-stage
scaffolds.
• Most common type of
suspended scaffold.
• Hung by ropes or cables
connected to stirrups at
each end of the platform,
• Used by window washers
on skyscrapers.

Suspended Scaffolds
• Single Point Adjustable
• A single-point adjustable
scaffold consists of a
platform suspended by one
rope from an overhead
support and equipped with
means to permit the
movement of the platform
to desired work levels.
• Used by window washers to
clean the outside of a
skyscraper (also known as
a boatswain's chair).

Suspended Scaffolds
• Catenary
• A catenary scaffold is a
scaffold consisting of a
platform supported by two
essentially horizontal and
parallel ropes attached to
structural members of a
building or other structure.

Suspended Scaffolds
• Multi-point Adjustable
• A multi-point adjustable
scaffold consists of a
platform (or platforms)
suspended by more than
two ropes from overhead
supports and equipped with
means to raise and lower
the platform(s) to desired
work levels.
• An example of this type of
scaffold is a chimney hoist,
used in chimney-cleaning
operations.

Suspended Scaffolds
 Multi-level
• A multi-level scaffold is
a two-point or multi-
point adjustable
suspension scaffold
with a series of
platforms at various
levels resting on
common stirrups.

Safety Elements of Suspended Scaffold

• Anchorage
• Support
• Access
• Fall protection
• Platform
• Stability
• Electrical Hazards
• Personnel training and supervision

Anchorage
Tiebacks
• Must be secured to a
structurally sound
anchorage on the building
or structure
• Tiebacks must be A parapet hook tieback
equivalent in strength to the
suspension ropes and  Must be installed
hoisting rope. perpendicular to the face of
the building or structure , or
opposing angle tiebacks must
be installed. Single tiebacks
installed at an angle are
prohibited.
Clip Type

Tiebacks Anchorage

Counterweights
Suspended scaffold outrigger beams must be
stabilized by: Counterweights, or Bolts or other
direct connections to the floor or deck.
• Counterweights used to balance adjustable
suspension scaffolds must be capable of resisting:
• At least 4 times the tipping moment imposed by the
scaffold when it is operating at the rated
(accelerated) load of the hoist, or
• A minimum of 1½ times the tipping moment
imposed by the scaffold when it is operating at the
stall (steady) load of the hoist, whichever is greater.

Counterweights
• Fall protection must be
independent of the scaffold.
If the counterweights had
come completely loose, what
would have secured the
lifelines when the scaffold
came down?
• These counterweights
are supposed to be
secured to the outrigger
system by a steel plate
clamped with bolts...

Counterweights
• Only items specifically designed as counterweights
may be used to counterweight scaffold systems.
• Masonry units, rolls of roofing felt, and other similar
construction materials shall not be used as
counterweights.
• Counterweights must not be made of flowable
materials such as sand, gravel, and similar materials
that can be easily dislocated.
• Counterweights must be secured by mechanical
means to the outrigger beams to prevent accidental
displacement.
• Counterweights must not be removed from an
outrigger beam until the scaffold is disassembled.
Suspended (Cont…)
 Suspension Ropes:
• Support at least 6 times maximum load
• Drum hoists must contain at least 4 wraps of rope at
the lowest point
• Wire rope must be replaced under the following
conditions:
• 6 randomly broken wires in one rope lay or three broken
wires in one strand in one lay
• One third of the original diameter of the outside wires is
lost
• Heat damage
• Physical damage such as kinks, flattening

Wire Rope
• This wire rope has "bird-
caged" and become
unsuitable for use.
• The constant rotation of

this rope as it ran
through the hoist has
caused the free end to
twist and split.

Proper Scaffold Access
Provide access
when scaffold
platforms are
more than 2 feet
above or below a
point of access

Permitted types of Access

Portable,
Scaffold
hook- on and
with direct
attachable
access
ladders
Frame
scaffold Stair
with tower with
portable stair rail
ladder

Access (Cont…)
• No access by
crossbraces
• When using
ladders,
bottom rung no
more than 24
inches high
Do not access
End Frame by crossbraces

Ladder Safety
“No matter how quickly a job can be done,
there is always time to fall”

Unsafe practice



Formworks

Scaffolding Tagging
• A visual warning system to display the status of
scaffolding.
• Workers will be able to identify if it is safe or unsafe
to use.


Scaffold Inspection
Competent person
inspects scaffolds for
visible defects before
each shift and after any
alterations
Defective parts must be

immediately repaired
Deformed bearer

Removing / Dismantling of Scaffolds
 Must be done by trained personnel

 Proceed in reverse order to its
erection
 Workers should wear a safety
harness and lanyard tied off to a
secured anchor before attempting to
loosen stuck or jammed parts.
 Do not hammer or pry apart the
scaffold components.
 Scaffold components should be

maintained
TO AVOID COLLAPSE
• Adequate bracing /support
• Done by a competent individual
• Protection from moving equipments
86
Scaffolding Do’s and Don’ts

 Don’t stand length of tubes or frames against wall
nor leave them unattended.
 Don’t straighten deformed tubes or frames by
heating. Excessively bent tubes should be discarded.
 Don’t use excessively corroded tubes or frames


 Don’t mix different systems in the same scaffolds.
 Use sufficient quantity of components for scaffolds.


LOADING:
 Don’t overload any scaffold or platform

 Spread out the load on a platform. If necessary,
place concentrated load as near the standard as
possible.

CONSTRUCTION:
 Scaffold should be plumbed as well as leveled

 Place scaffold standards or frames systematically
on sole boards.
 Don’t use bending stresses to scaffold members.
 Arrange tubes so that they converge at the same
nodal points.


 Don’t cover a scaffold with a sheeting unless it is
designed to be used for such purpose.
 Insert a temporary tie or brace before removing any
tie or brace from the scaffold.
 Replace tie or brace after you have finished your
job.
 Remove all materials and loose objects from a
mobile scaffold before moving the scaffold.
 Don’t ride on a mobile scaffold. Push only from the
ground level.


DISMANTLING
 Don’t throw scaffold members from height.
 Don’t dismantle the scaffold unless you know the

sequence. Instability and collapse may result from
the removal of the wrong tie or the premature
removal of certain members.

Review
• Scaffoldings
• Good construction, sound materials and
strength.
• Timber – not painted
• Timber/bamboo – max. 6m height

(Cont…)
• Bamboo Scaffolds – used for painting and
light construction works.
• To carry 4 x the imposed load
• Only one worker per span
• Maximum span = 8 feet

(Cont…)
Maintenance
• Properly maintained
Supervision and Inspection
• Scaffolds shall be erected, altered or
dismantled only under the supervision of
competent person.
• Inspection before use
• Lumber with 2 nail-holes along its width and 4
nail-holes along its length shall be discarded.

(Cont…)
Platforms, Runways and Ramps with a fall of
more than 2m shall be:
• Provided with guardrails
• Free from obstructions, rubbish, projecting nails
• Securely fastened and braced
• At least 2” thick planks
Slope of runway or ramp shall not exceed the
slope of 2 in 3.


SCAFFOLDING
TRAINING VIDEO

Scaffold Checklist

Ladder Checklist/ Permit

WORKING FROM ELEVATED WORK SURFACES
IF IT CAN’T BE DONE
SAFELY, DON’T DO IT
AT ALL
101

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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH WEBINAR

DOLE Accredited OSH Practitioner

Environment Health and Safety

Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.

Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.

Note: Revised Rule 1414.4 of Standard

DOLE Dept. Order 128-13 s. 2013

Construction Statistic Video

A Scaffold is defined as any

Scaffold vs. False Work

FORMWORKS & SCAFFOLDING

Formworks - is the temporary structure needed

Scaffolding - a temporary structure used to

Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.

Hazards in the Use of Scaffolds

 Falls from elevation

Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.

Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.

Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.

Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.

Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.

Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.

Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.

Clearance from Power Lines

Less than 300 volts 3 feet (0.9 m)

300 volts to 50 KV 10 feet (3 m)

more than 50 KV 10 feet (3 m) plus 0.4

Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.

Answer : 10 feet and 4 inches

Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.

Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.

Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.

Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.

Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.

Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.

 Frame Scaffold or  Ladder Jack

Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.

Ladder Cross Brace Joint Pin

Cat-walk Panel Cantilever Support

Adjustable Base Base Plate & Castor

Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.

Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.

Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.

Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.

Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.

Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.

Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.

Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.

Supported Scaffolds Tools

Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.

Safety Elements of Supported Scaffold

Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.

Improper Base Support

Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.

This support is not adequate!

Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.

Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.

Frame Scaffolds Pointers

Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.

Construction Manpower Development Foundation with Cebu Contractors Association Inc.