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Mega Projects in Bangladesh and its Impact on National Economy

Thesis · October 2022

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.18097.25446

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Page 1 of

Mega Projects in
Bangladesh and its
Impact on
National
Economy

Author
Abu Hasnat
Undergraduate Student
Jahangirnagar University, Bangladesh
Page 2 of

Table of Content

Particulars Page

Part - 01 1.1 Introduction 07

Part - 02 2.1 list of the mega project in BD 09

2.2 Continues Running mega project 09

2.3 How many days of earning needed to complete 09

them
Part - 3 3.1 Impact on the economy 17
(Qualitative & Quantitative)
Part - 04 4.1 Project VS Megaproject 23

Part - 05 5.1 Planning procedure for megaproject 25

Part - 06 6.1 Budgeting procedure for mega project

Part - 07 7.1 How megaprojects impact on supply chain 27

Part - 08 8.1 Future Mega Project 29

Part - 9 Conclusion 29

Reference 38
Page 3 of

Chapter: ONE
Introduction Part
Page 4 of

Introduction

A megaproject is an extremely large-scale investment project. According to the Oxford

Handbook of Megaproject Management, "Megaprojects are large-scale, complex ventures
that typically cost $1 billion or more, take many years to develop and build, involve
multiple public and private stakeholders, are transformational, and impact millions of
people.

However, $1 billion is not a constraint in defining megaprojects; in some contexts a

relative approach is needed, such as in developing countries, where a much smaller project
(such as one with a $100 million budget) could constitute a megaproject.

Therefore, a more general definition is "Megaprojects are temporary endeavours (i.e.

projects) characterized by: large investment commitment, vast complexity (especially in
organizational terms), and long lasting impact on the economy, the environment, and
society".
Page 5 of

Part: TWO List of Mega

Projects in Bangladesh
Page 6 of
Page 7 of

 Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant

Start- November 2017 Rooppur 1
Open Date: Rooppur 1- 2024.

Rooppur 2- 2025
Cost- 1,13,000 Crore BDT

Capacity – 2400 MW

 Dhaka Elevated Expressway

 Dhaka Airport Third Terminal

Page 8 of

Cost: 21,300 Crore

Start: December 29 2019`
Land Area: 542,ooo square meter
End -2023

Karnaphuli Tunnel

Start: December 2016 End-

December 2022. Length- main
tunnel is 3.32km Cost: Tk10,374
crore.
Page 9 of

Part: THREE Impact On

Economy Qualitative &
Quantitative
Page 10 of

Padma Multipurpose Bridge

Padma Bridge is the highest priority and largest investment project of Bangladesh. It is a
multipurpose road-rail bridge across the Padma River, the main distributary of Ganges,
under construction in Bangladesh with its own resources. It connects
Louhajong,Munshiganj to Shariatpur and Madaripur, linking the south-west of the country,
to northern and eastern regions.

Realistic impact of this project:

 It has removed the last major physical barrier in the road connection between Dhaka
and the Southwest region of Bangladesh.
 It has also reduced the problem of limited ferry capacity and long waiting time.
Because ferry services are sometimes interrupted for days during fog and high
floods.
 Through the construction of the Padma Bridge the unreliable and unsafe ferry
connection will be replaced by a reliable and safe fixed river crossing.
 Increased cargo movement between Dhaka and the Mongla Port will also reduce
congestion in the port of Chattogram.

Economic impact of this project:

 The bridge will help to increase the annual GDP of the south by 2 percent and the overall
GDP of the country by more than 1 percent.
 It will also connect the port of Mongla and the port of Payra, respectively the second and
thirdlargest ports in the country, with the capital.
 Agriculture and industry will be benefited from new business opportunities brought about by
improved transportation. New industrial units will be established, creating a large number of
job possibilities.
 World Bank predicted that the poverty reduction rate will increase by 1 percentage point in
the region and by 0.8 percentage points at the national level.
 It is expected that the travel time between the Dhaka division and the south-western region
will be saved by about two hours for cars and buses and over 10 hours for trucks. A 10 per
cent
Page 11 of

reduction in travel time to and from Dhaka will lead to a rise in the region's economic output
by 5.5 per cent.

Environmental impact of this project:

 The bridge could be the source of energy where solar and wind are the major
element, this would help the countries power generation lacking.
 Loss of land and Involuntary resettlement.
 Loss of aquatic biodiversity, terrestrial biodiversity, vegetation.
 Air and Noise Pollution.

Padma Rail Link

The Padma Multipurpose Bridge provides four lanes for road traffic on top deck and in
bottom deck a Broad-gauge Single Railway Track. With the view to connect Dhaka with
South-west part of the country within shortest possible period.

Realistic impact of this project:

 Improve accessibility to the Dhaka city with Munshiganj, Shariatpur, Madaripur

and Narail districts.
 Connectivity between Dhaka-Jessore-Khulna with 212.05 km shorter route.
 A higher quality of service and better amenities to passengers.
 It will create opportunity to construct 2nd line in this route and connect Barisal &
Payra Deep Sea Port in future.

Economic impact of this project:

 Introduction of national, regional and International Freight and BG container train

service as this route will be free from speed and load restriction for carrying
containers. That will have positive effect on the economy.
 To contribute in the socio-economic development in that region and thus minimize
regional disparity. To contribute GDP growth of approximate 1%.
 Padma Rail Link Project is expected to turn Bangladesh into a sub-route of the
transAsian rail network. By doing so, Bangladesh will be able to maintain a railway
network with Bhutan, Nepal and India.

Environmental impact of this project:

Page 12 of

 Present environmental impact assessment on resettlement habitats of Padma Bridge.

 It will reduce air pollution, Crowd, Dust and fume.

Dhaka Metro Rail (MRT line 6)

Dhaka Metro is projected to serve more than 60,000 passengers per hour, with wait times
of approximately 4 minutes. That will ease the transportation and speed up daily life for the
people of Dhaka.

Realistic impact of this project:

 Over 15 million people of the city may get rid of the curse of the traffic jams by the
giant metro rail project.
 The entire route will be able to be travelled in less than 40 minutes while the normal
public buses require three to 3-and-half hours on travel between Uttara and
Motijheel/Kamalapur.
 It will reduce the number of private cars on Dhaka's streets as well as their
potentially 7-hour-long standstills.
 The system plans to use magnetic contactless Integrated Circuit that will increase
safety and increase efficiency.

Economic impact of this project:

 Metro Rail project will save $2.4 Billion each year. which is equal to 1.5% of the
national GDP and 17% of the total tax revenue of Bangladesh, citing a government
estimation.
 The traffic congestion in Dhaka is causing a loss of $4.4 billion annually, also 3.8
million working hours are being wasted every day. Metro project will change the
look of Dhaka city and play a revolutionary role in the city's traffic system.

Environmental impact of this project:

 The rail has capacity of carrying 60,000 passengers per hour, that will reduce the
usage of Buses. In this way it will reduce air pollution, Crowd, Dust and fume.
 It will also reduce traffic jam.
 Page 13 of

The Payra deep sea port:

The Port of Payra is a seaport located at Kalapara in Patuakhali, Bangladesh. It was
established by an Act of Parliament in 2013. The port was officially inaugurated in 2016. It
is located on the Ramnabad Channel near the Bay of Bengal

Realistic Impact:

 Many foreign investors will feel comfortable investing here.

 It is many times bigger than the Chattogram sea port, so the cargo of 3 ships can be
unloaded here at the same time. As a result, the product will be able to reach the
consumer quickly.
 As the sea port is near from Dhaka, it is possible to reach the goods quickly and the
goods will reach Dhaka from payra sea port in on time.

Economic Impact:

 Annual revenue was US$32 million (2019)

 A revenue of Tk 354 crore has been generated from the operation of 169 foreign
merchant ships.
 Bangladesh's market share in the global ship-building sector, on the other hand, is
around USD 400 billion. If this sector develops around the Payra Port, we believe
Bangladesh will soon be the world's second-largest exporter.
 It is expected that the development of this port will substantially stimulate the
economy, resulting in a 2 percent GDP increase.

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Railway Bridge:

As the country celebrates the milestone of Padma Bridge opening, the longest bridge in
Bangladesh, another historic achievement in the form of the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib
Railway Bridge over Jamuna river – the biggest Bangladesh Railway project – is in the
offing. The 4.8km long rail bridge is being constructed on 50 pillars.
 Page 14 of

Realistic Impact:

 The standard of living of the people of North Bengal will improve.

 The people of North Bengal will no longer move towards Dhaka because new
industries and factories will be built there.
 Investors will feel motivated to invest.
 Now, only 38 trains have been running between railway's east zone and west zone
through the Bangabandhu multipurpose bridge daily, while at least 88 to 90 trains
can easily move through the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib rail bridge every day

Economic Impact:

 the dual-gauge double-track railway bridge will save at least 20 minutes of

commute time as no train will have to wait for line crossing.
 the trains will run at a speed of 100kmph to 120kmph on the railway bridge
compared to the present speed of 10kmph on the Bangabandhu Bridge.

Environmental Impact:

 Due to its construction, many people will be able to reach together by using one
train, which will reduce bus traffic, reduce environmental pollution and save fuel
oil.
 As a result, the river Yamuna will have to be controlled and the water level will rise
as a result.

Dhaka Elevated Expressway

Dhaka Elevated Expressway is Bangladesh's first elevated expressway project, which will
connect from Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport and end at Dhaka-Chittagong Highway
near Kutubkhali. It is one of the largest infrastructure projects taken up by the incumbent
 Page 15 of

government to ease traffic congestion in the capital. It will be 46.73 km (153,300 ft) long

including the connecting roads and will cost around ৳122 billion (US$1.3 billion)

Realistic Impact of this Project

 The main objective of this project is to bypass Dhaka vertically in the fastest
possible way, which would significantly reduce the traffic load inside the capital.
 The four lane Elevated Expressway will improve accessibility to the Shahjalal
airport with Kutubkhali via Mohakhali, Tejgaon and Kamalapur of Dhaka,
BangladeshThis expressway will allowing the private cars and motorbikes to travel
from north to south in just 20 minutes.
 Ahmed Shaaek, scheduling and office engineer, said, "The traffic in Dhaka is a
nightmare at the moment.

Economic Impact of this Project

 the project will have a positive impact on GDP, growing annually by between 5-7%
for the last decade.
 Its overall progress was recorded 44.8% since its commencement in January 2020.

Environmental Impact of the Project

 The way green spaces are declining is alarming. The green spaces with dense forest
declined from 17 percent to 2 percent.
 This has an adverse impact on the lives of the city residents.
 The decline in green spaces causes a top contributor to the rising temperature of
Dhaka city.

Dhaka To Chittagong Express Railway

Dhaka To Chittagong Express Railway proposed 231.9 kilometer new railway, trains will
first go to Moynamati in Comilla via Fatullah of Narayanganj and Daudkandi and
Mohanpur and then run parallel with the existing Comilla-Chittagong track. The express
railway project will cost $4 billion and will take five years to complete.
 Page 16 of

Realistic Impact of this Project

 There will be Accessible 10 new stations in Narayanganj, Daudkandi, Mohanpur,

Mainamati, Laksam, Mazar, Kalidaha, Mirsharai, Dharmopur, Salimpur on this
track.
 It reduce travel time and cost.
 It also reduce vehicle handling and accident related cost.
 Creating employment for unemployed people.

Economic Impact of this Project

 It’s create employment for 4000 people during the railway construction period and
12500 people are fields related job.
 It also contribute social and economic benefit, The estimated benefit – cost ratio
(BCR) was 1.23 that net present value was 762.34 million USD.

Environmental Impact of this Project

 It’s exception is global energy crisis and  Environmental pollution.

Karnaphuli Tunnel

Economic impact :

The tunnel will essentially transform Chittagong into a ‘one city, two towns’ model like
Shanghai, China. Once the tunnel is built, the communication system will become faster
and easier in Cox’s Bazar district, including Anwara, Banshkhali, Patia, and Chandanish
with Chittagong city. The distance from Shah Amanat International Airport, which is
located in the main city of Chittagong, to Anwara Upazila via Chittagong-Cox’s Bazar
highway is about 34.6 km which takes 2 to 3 hours to travel. On the other hand, the
distance of Bangabandhu Tunnel from the airport is only 2 km, and after becoming fully
functional, it will take only 30 minutes to reach Anwara from the airport. After completion
of the project, Chittagong Airport, Chittagong Port, and Patenga-Anwara link, as well as
the under-construction bay terminal, Mirsarai Economic Zone, CUFL, Karnaphuli
Fertilizer Company Limited, China EPZ, and Cox’s Bazar coal power plant will also be
served via the tunnel and its approach road, which
 Page 17 of

will simultaneously reduce both travel time and cost. On the other hand, the distance of two
different routes from Chittagong city to the tourist city Cox’s Bazar is 148 km, and 152 km,
respectively. Moreover, the distance from Dhaka to Cox’s Bazar by road is 398 km which
takes about 9 hours to cover. By using the Bangabandhu Tunnel, the distance from Dhaka
to Cox’s Bazar will be reduced by at least 50 km. Cox’s Bazar district is located in the
southernmost part of the country, and it is recognized as the tourist city of Bangladesh.
Because, Cox’s Bazar, the world’s largest natural beach, attracts about 10 million tourists
every year, of which 17 percent are local tourists. However, one has to travel a long way to
reach this tourist city from Dhaka or the north-western part of the country. Besides, since
there is no international airport in Cox’s Bazar, and there is no direct flight from
Chittagong Airport to Cox’s Bazar, foreign tourists often have to reach Cox’s Bazar by
road from Chittagong Airport, which is quite timeconsuming. According to a source from
Bangladesh Bridge Authority, if the Karnaphuli tunnel is fully functional, the distance from
Chittagong city to Cox’s Bazar will be reduced by about 15 km, which will further reduce
the time of tourists as well as traffic congestion. Moreover, it will also help to further
enrich the tourism of Cox’s Bazar.

Apart from Cox’s Bazar, the Karnaphuli Tunnel Feasibility Report has proposed
recreational activities at Parkir Char on the eastern side of the Karnaphuli River and South
Patenga on the western side, which is under the latest development. Coastal-related tourist
facility development, existing Patenga sea beach upgradation, and new site development on
about 1700 acres of land in the Char area of Parki are also highlighted in this report. An
area on the west side of the beach will be reserved only for camping, picnics, annual
sporting events, and other community events. On the other hand, certain areas on the
eastern side of Patenga Road have been allocated for amusement parks. Apart from turning
the area between the Chittagong airport and the industrial area into a water-based tourist
site, the report also suggested developing a 1-km harbourfront public promenade from the
airport to the naval installation. Chittagong will also become a tourist destination if the
initiatives being taken for new development along with further upgrading of the existing
tourist spots around the Bangabandhu Tunnel are completed, and it will further enrich the
tourism sector of the country.

Realistic Impact :

Due to the Bangabandhu Tunnel, special industrial development activities are also going on in
Page 18 of

Chittagong. According to the Bangabandhu Tunnel Feasibility Test report, out of the 6055
acres of industrial area in Chittagong city, 5,188 acres of land is west of the Karnaphuli
river, and only 867 acres is on the east bank.

Of the 6055 acres of industrial area in Chittagong city, 5,188 acres of land is west of the
Karnaphuli river, and only 867 acres is on the east bank.

As against 47 percent agricultural land in Anwara and surrounding areas on the east bank of
Karnaphuli River, less than 2 (1.7%) percent of the land is used for industrial purposes
(Manufacturing & Processing). However, about 9 thousand (8,981) acres of land can be
developed as an industrial zone in the Anwara only after the tunnel is opened. Meanwhile,
the Mustafa Hakim Group has set up a steel plant and an oxygen plant on the south bank of
the Karnaphuli River at the cost of BDT 1500 crore surrounding the tunnel, which currently
employs around 2,000 people. Apart from this, several companies such as Super
Pharmaceutical Limited, Partex Petro Limited, Acorn Infrastructure Service Limited, and
BN Lubricant are currently operational in the Juldha area of Karnaphuli. On the other hand,
Bellamy Textiles, ATP International Limited, GSL Exports, Benchmark Apparel, and USA
Battery Factory have already started their production in Khwajanagar and Ichanagar. Apart
from this, a garment factory named “HS Composite Textile” is being constructed near the
approach road for the tunnel, which is likely to provide employment to at least three to five
thousand people. Besides, the country’s leading industrial companies like Akiz Group,
Four H Group, Diamond Cement, S Alam Group, and Pertex Group

have already purchased land in Anwara and Karnaphuli areas to set up their factories.
Besides, the work of establishing the country’s first specialized G-2-G Economic Zone
Chinese Economic Zone on 781 acres of land in Chittagong’s Anwara Upazila is underway,
which will create employment for at least 2 lakh people after its completion. Moreover,
according to a source from Bangladesh Economic Zones Authority, more than 60 local and
foreign companies have already shown interest in investing about 280 million dollars in
this economic zone. By doing this, massive industrialization will happen on both sides of
the entire Karnaphuli river around the tunnel. It will simultaneously turn Chittagong into a
business hub and create massive employment for the people of Anwara and Patenga.

The Karnaphuli Tunnel transformed Chittagong into a business hub and has massively
improvement employment.
Page 19 of

Besides, the Karnaphuli tunnel will play an important role in Chittagong as well as the
overall economy of the country. According to the feasibility report of the tunnel, the tunnel
will directly contribute 0.166 percent to the country’s GDP every year for the next 50
years. Because, once the tunnel is completed, Chittagong port, one of the country’s
commercial ports, and Matarbari deep sea port will benefit directly. According to the
Karnaphuli Tunnel Feasibility Report, the cargo handling capacity of the port will increase
to 320 million tonnes per annum by 2055 after the Matarbari Deep Sea Port becomes
operational. From there, the Dhaka-Chittagong highway has to be used to transport these
goods by trucks to different parts of the country.

Environmental Impact :

In every mega project , there are used lots of plastic , iron , chemical materials . Certainly ,
there must be used those materials which may caused a great pollution in river which is
alarming for the people of the country.

Dhaka Elevated Expressway

Economic Impact :

The major parameters considered for assessment of socio-economic impacts of

projectactivities include: (i) Loss of income, (ii) Temporary dislocation/ displacement, (iii)
Trafficcongestion, (iv) Safety, and (v) Employment.Loss of income could result from
inability to perform certain income generating activities during construction operations,
e.g., due to closing of markets/ shops/ offices located closeto the Expressway alignment
due to safety considerations. Apart from permanentdisplacement of people currently living
on lands to be acquired for the project, some peopleliving/working close to the Expressway
alignment may have to move away temporarilyduring construction activities due to safety
risks or other considerations ( privacy, noise/air/ vibration pollution).The Expressway
alignment passes over a number of major roads, level crossings, flyover/elevated road and
foot overpass. Besides, two
 Page 20 of

Links of the Expressway are to be constructedover very busy roads of the city. There are 31
entry and exit ramps of the Expressway, which connect it with major existing roads of the
city. Significant traffic disruption is likely duringconstruction of Expressway over roads/
flyovers/foot overpasses, construction of the twoelevated Links along busy roads, and
construction of the entry and exit ramps on busy roads.Temporary traffic congestion during
the construction phase may result from increased movement of vehicles carrying materials
and equipment to and from the site. Traffic congestion may be aggravated if materials (e.g.,
construction materials) are stored on the street and equipment /machines/vehicles are
kept/parked on the street.As noted earlier, the Expressway would passes over a number of
major roads, levelcrossings, flyover/ elevated road and foot over-bridge. In addition to
regular safety measures, special construction methodology would have to be followed to
ensure safety during construction of Expressway over live railway tracks, over and along
major busy roads. Occupational health and safety is an important issue during construction
phase.Generalconstruction activities pose safety risks, which should be addressed as part of
occupational health and safety plan.

Realistic Impact :
According to a recent BUET study, in 2022, over 6 million working hours are being
wasted on Dhaka roads every day. The unbearable traffic mess in the capital Dhaka is not
only ruining people's suffering and working hours but also GDP and per capita income.
According to a research report by BIDS, the annual loss due to traffic mess in Dhaka alone
is 2.9 percent of the gross domestic product(GDP).

As a new base year, the fall in financial value is Tk 101,036crore. Besides, five million
working hours are being wasted daily in Dhaka alone due to snarl-up whose financial loss
is about thirty. six thousands crore taka a year

In addition, the immense suffering and wastage of time of people moving from one place to
another in Dhaka city has now reached a paranormal level where one has to wait for hours
to Every day when you get on the road, you have to fall into miserable traffic tie-up. The
traffic
 Page 21 of

congestion, the hours of public transport being stuck for hours, will change in a few months.
The mammoth project of the government to alleviate traffic mess in the capital is the
construction of Dhaka Elevated Expressway.

Dhaka Elevated Expressway will combat metropolis snarl-up

Starting from Shahjalal International Airport it will end at Kutubkhali on the Dhaka-
Chittagong Highway. A leading part of the colossal project from the airport to Tejgaon
Railgate will be launched in coming out this December.

With the opening of this expressway, the road-scenario in the capital will be changed.
Traffic congestion will be consolidated, people's suffering on the street will be waned.
About 60,000 vehicles will be able to pass through it every day.

Once the project is accomplished, Jatrabari can be reached in just fifteen to twenty minutes
from the airport. While it is fully operational, the snarl-up scene in the capital Dhaka will
be attenuated. The government has taken miscellaneous initiatives to make the capital
Dhaka a modern city. If the project is substantiated, the city dwellers will be relieved from
the misery of the endurance. The project will work like a silver bullet to build a latter
Dhaka free from traffic congestion. This will augment the connectivity and traffic capacity
of the north-south part of Dhaka City. Furthermore, establishing advanced services in the
Asian HighwayCorridor, it will also enhance regional connectivity. After the
implementation, the project will have a significant impact on GDP.The elevated
expressway will serve as an alternative road north-south of Dhaka. It will connect
Hemayetpur-Kadamtali-Nimtali- SirajdikhanMadanganj-Dhaka-Chittagong Highway-
Madanpur directly.

Environmental Impact :
Page 22 of

Phase Ecological Impacts:The project activities are likely to have minor impact on the
ecological parameters. Areasalong Tranche-1 of the Expressway have moderate number of
planted trees beside the railline (Kawla to Khilkhat and Banani area) that have economic
and aesthetic values. InTranche-2, there is a park a small park (on the western side of Pan
Pacific Sonargaon Hotel /near Panthopath area) with varieties of planted floral species; this
entire park will be usedfor construction of DEE infrastructure. In Tranche-3, notable
number of planted trees also exists (Kamalapur Rail Station Area) In Tranche -1, fish
culture is practiced in some pondsthat have few native fish species; these ponds are likely
to be filled up during constructionphase of the DEE. Cutting of trees for clearing the right
of way would be necessary in somesections of the DEE. However, construction of the DEE
is not likely to affect the overallecology of the area in any significant manner

Physicochemical Impacts: Major physicochemical parameters considered for assessment of

environmental impacts ofproject activities include: (i) Noise pollution, (ii) Air pollution,
(iii) Vibration, (iv) Possibledrainage congestion, and (v Generation and disposal of
wastes.Noise and air pollution and vibration are important considerations, particularly
where the Expressway alignment runs close to human habitations. Noise pollution and
vibration duringthe construction phase may result from movement of vehicles carrying
materials andequipment to and from the project sites, demolition works, operation of
machines andequipment (e.g., concrete mixing machines, aggregate crushers), and different
construction activities. A detailed assessment of noise levels generated from the major
equipment to beused during construction phase has been made using a noise model.
Localized andtemporary air pollution may generate from earthworks (e.g., excavation,
filling) during sitepreparation, movement of vehicles and demolition activities. However,
the air pollutiongenerated from these activities is likely to be localized (affecting
immediate surroundings ofthe project sites).
Drainage congestion may result from possible obstruction to natural flow of drainage
waterduring construction activities. During construction phase, problems related to
sanitation andsolid waste may result from improper/inappropriate facilities at the labor
sheds.Demolitionof the existing structures will also produce huge quantity of debris, which
would have to beproperly disposed of.
 Page 23 of

Matarbari deep sea port

Economic Impact :

The existing yearly container handling capacity of the Chattogram Port is 3.1 million
Twentyfoot Equivalent Units (TEUs) container. The growing demand will exceed the
existing handling capacity within next year. We have to increase the handling capacity by
more 4 billion TEUs within 2033. Mongla and Payra port will not able to meet the growing
demand. So, Matarbari and Bay Terminal are likely to be the solution. The Matarbari Port
is likely to add 2 to 3 percent GDP in the country's economy.

Realistic Impact :

This port will minimize the pressure on the Chattogram Port alongside meeting the growing
demand of the country's import and export activities. Goods transportation to and from the
potential industrial estates at Matarbari and Moheshkhali will also be facilitated once this
port is established.

Environmental Impact :

The deep sea port was proposed to receive imported coal for the proposed 1,200 MW
Matarbari power station. The surrundings of matarbari deep sea –port will may face a
hazardous environment due to coal . Eventually , there is a huge risk about environment
because of importing coal for the powerplant.
Page 24 of
Page 25 of

Part: FOUR Project vs

Megaproject

Key difference between project and mega project

Project Megaproject
1. Projects are defined as temporary 1. Mega-projects are large-scale,
endeavours or effort which create costing billions, affecting more than
1 million people, and usually
unique outputs. running for several years.

2. Less complex than Mega projects. 2. Megaprojects are significantly

more complex than projects.
Page 26 of

3. They have defined durations and 3. thus managers of Mega-projects

specific objectives, with a single must deal with significant
point of responsibility in the Project challenges related to delivering
Manager, and are usually focused benefits, budgets, and schedules.
on delivering organisational-change
or a specific asset.

4. Scope may be defined or 4. In comparison to projects,

progressively elaborated through Megaprojects fail more often, and
the project lifecycle, and success is more significantly due to their size,
based on delivery on Triple- thus Project Management is more
constraints. Projects are therefore critical, and Project Managers'
smaller-scale than Mega-projects, communication skills are critical
programs or portfolios, and their due to the greater number and
objectives are formed differently. variety of stakeholders involved.

5. Project Managers require specific 5. Mega-projects require unique

personal and team management management approaches to ensure
skills to lead and support their value delivery and achievement of
teams in order to deliver the project objectives.
successfully.
Page 27 of

Part: FIVE Planning

Procedure For
Megaproject

We believe that the planning and organization of a project sets the stage or blueprint for
everything. During planning and organization, we set a course for the project and make a
course correction. The planning of megaprojects should consider project management
variables, while also accepting complexity and non-linearity, addressing the power of the
context, as well as the influence of the stakeholders involved, reflecting the actual criteria
used in the decision-making process. We turn our attention to the first phase of mega-
project management by the eight best practices of early planning and organizing.
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 Assign the project team early

Assign members of the project team right from the very start. Often, construction
owners make the mistake of utilizing different teams during the various stages of a
project. It’s best to assign a core team that will remain involved throughout the
project to promote accountability, transparency, and responsibility.
 Choose the right project delivery strategy
Once the project clears strategic planning and moves into the pre-feasibility stage,
the project team will need to decide on a specific project delivery strategy. Selecting
the right delivery strategy will drive the project’s cost, schedule, quality of design,
construction approach, and long-term maintenance demands.
 Develop realistic estimates
Project teams need to be both cautious and realistic when developing project
estimates. Because company executives are naturally enthusiastic about a project’s
expected benefits, they also can be highly optimistic about cost and time restriction.
The core team identify significant estimating errors and omissions. Develop pricing
models based on a range of possible outcomes.
 Actively manage project risks
Risk management is a fashionable word in business today! Risk management is
about identifying risks, both internal and external, to the successful completion and
implementation of the project. Early risk planning and identification of risks during
the pre-feasibility and feasibility stages of the project are essential in the
development of a complete and accurate estimate of the project’s time and cost.
Good stakeholder communication and risk management practices can mitigate many
project risks, whether internal or external to the project.

 Develop project-specific policies and procedures

As any experienced project manager knows, the success of a mega-project depends
on successful assistance within the extended project team. Assistance requires a
strong set of policies and procedures, clear roles and responsibilities, and frequent
communication through approved channels. While your country may have policies,
guidelines, and procedures for managing large capital projects, it is recommended
that the project team develop fitted policies and procedures appropriate to the
specific needs and circumstances of the mega-project.
Page 29 of

 Assign project-specific roles and responsibilities

Your project team will function most effectively if each member understands his or
her specific roles and responsibilities. Develop the organizational chart so that all
the key players and third-party resources are clearly and fully identified, and include
clear indication of hierarchical reporting relationships.
 Implementation of the Plan
And finally, we come to the last step of the planning process, implementation of the
plan. This is when all the other functions of megaproject come into play and the
plan is put into action to achieve the objectives of the Megaproject.

Early planning and organizing will pay off: You can’t manage a mega-project simply by
drawing on industry experience, following project management principles, and applying
technology. A successful mega-project is the result, in part, of an effective planning and
organizing effort. Bangladesh brings her own unique sets of complexities to projects, and
having a thorough understanding of this through effective early-stage project management
will greatly facilitate a smooth-running mega-project, minimizing the potential ‘mega risk’.
Page 30 of

Part: SIX Budgeting

Procedure For
Megaproject

The budget is your plan, which acts as a baseline to measure your performance as you
collect the actual costs once the Megaproject has been started. So, A Megaproject budget is
the total projected costs needed to complete a megaproject over a defined period of time.
It’s used to estimate what the costs of the megaproject will be for every phase of the
megaproject. The project budget will include such things as labor costs, material
procurement costs and operating costs. A megaproject without a budget is like a car
without fuel. Funding is essential to get the megaproject started and set all resources in
motion. If we don’t have the funds, we’re not going
Page 31 of

to complete the megaproject successfully. Because of this reason project planning and
budget is so important and it’s the lifeblood of any types of projects.

Budgeting process for megaproject:

In Megaproject budgeting there are many components necessary to build a budget,

including direct and indirect costs, fixed and variable costs, labor and materials, travel,
equipment and space, licenses and whatever else may impact on our project expenses.

To meet all the financial needs of our megaproject, a project budget must be created
thoroughly, not missing any aspect that requires funding. To do this, we should have follow
seven essential steps, those are describe in bellow:

Use Historical Data: Your project is likely not the first to try and accomplish a
specific objective or goal. Looking back at similar projects and their budgets is a
great way to get a head start on building your budget.
Reference Lessons Learned: To further elaborate on historical data, we can learn
from their successes and mistakes. It provides a clear path that leads to more
accurate estimates. We also can learn about how they responded to changes and
kept their budget under control.
Leverage Your Experts: Another resource to build a project budget is to tap those
who have experience and knowledge—be they mentors, other project managers or
experts in the field. Reaching out to those who have created budgets can help you
stay on track and avoid unnecessary pitfalls.
Confirm Accuracy: Once you have your budget, you’re not done. You want to
take a look at it and make sure your figures are accurate. You can also seek those
experts and other project team members to check the budget and make sure it’s
right.
Baseline and Re-Baseline the Budget: Your project budget is the baseline by
which you’ll measure your project’s progress once it has started. It is a tool to
measure the variance of the project. But, as stated above, you’ll want to re-baseline
as changes occur in your project. Once the change control board approves any
change you need to rebaseline.
Page 32 of

Update in Real Time: Speaking of changes, the sooner you know about them, the
better. If your project planning software isn’t cloud-based and updating as soon as
your team changes its status, then you’re wasting valuable and expensive time.
Get on Track: Things change and projects go off track all the time. It’s the projects
that get back on track faster that are successful. If you manage your project
expenses using these building blocks you’re going to have a sound foundation for
your project’s success.
Page 33 of

Part: SEVEN How

Megaproject Impact on
Supply Chain

Effect on supply chain

We know that, what is megaproject. Megaprojects, sometimes called “major programs”, are
large-scale, complex ventures that typically cost more than 1 billion US Dollars, take many
years to build, involve multiple public and private stakeholders, are transformational, and
impact millions of people.
Page 34 of

In Bangladesh there are 10 megaprojects. This megaproject help supply chain to make it
process fast. Some megaprojects are: Padma Bridge Rail Link, Dhaka Elevated
Expressway, Chittagong Cox’s Bazar Rail Link, Dhaka Airport Third Terminal Etc.

These megaprojects help supply chain to make in process fast. We know the supply chin
process. Suppose, we buy raw materials from Cox's Bazar. But we know that the road is not
well condition in this purpose we can not purchase raw materials quickly. So, the whole
process of supply chain slow down. Because, When we purchase lately then we produce it
and sell it lately that's why the whole process of supply chain slow down. Suppose we want
to sell product in Barisal or Khulna. But we know that there is no option to go to Barisal
without ferry crossing and ferry crossing is a matter of time. It also makes the process of
supply chain slow.

But we know that, The Government of Bangladesh take some megaproject. These
megaproject help the supply chain. When there is a Padma Bridge, Rail line etc. Benefit
so we can easily and quickly purchase raw materials and sell the end goods to any area.
So, We know, that megaprojects help the process of supply chain. By using these
megaproject we can easily purchase product from any area and also sell this product to
any area. Which means our supply chain finish quickly.
Page 35 of

Part: EIGHT Future

Megaprojects

1) Bangabandhu Satellite-2
Bangabandhu Satellite-2 is the second geostationary communication and broadcasting satellite of
Bangladesh. Earlier in 2018 Bangabandhu-1 satellite was launched. It is scheduled to launch in 2023.
Type of campaign Communication
and
Page 36 of

broadcasting
satellites
directo Bangladesh Communication
r
Satellite Company Limited
website Bangladesh Communication
Satellite company Limited

Duration of campaign 18 Years

2) Tunnel under Jamuna

To secure 10,000 kilometers of waterways, illegal establishments have been removed from
nearby rivers, the state minister said, adding that 3,000 kilometers of waterways have
already been secured.

Khalid Mahmud also spoke about the government's consultation with the World Bank
regarding the proper management of the Jamuna River under a project named 'Jamuna
Economic Corridor'.

Afeasibility study will be carried out on the project. "If the survey shows positive results,
millions of hectares of land could be reclaimed, ending the long-standing riverbank erosion
problem. And a satellite city will be built on the land to be acquired in two phases --
Economic Corridor-1 and Economic Corridor-2."

The state minister also spokeabout the government's plan to procure three world-class
cruise vessels with helipad facilities by the end of 2023.

Presided over by BSRF President Tapan Biswas, the event was moderated by forum
General Secretary Masudul Hoque.

3) 2nd Padma Multipurpose Bridge

Major rivers, the Padma the Jamuna (Brahamaputra), the Gangas and Meghna have divided
Bangladesh geographically into four principal areas, namely the North Zone, the East zone,
the North-West zone and the South-West zone. The proposed Bridge site is located
immediately downstream of the confluence of the Ganges and Jamuna Rivers and forms a
complete nodal
Page 37 of

section. The present river width, as measured on the satellite images (January 2003), is around
4.8 km including a sand bar. Distributaries from the right flow near the proposed site of the
bridge, the ferry ghaat of Dalutdia is located at one of those outlets.

The proposed bridge will connect National Highways at the Paturia and Goalundo Sides
respectively, which are linked by the ferry services. These connecting roads are both in
good conditions and do not require improvements.

A pre-feasibility study was conducted in 1999. After that, Japan International Cooperation
Agency (JICA) conducted a feasibility study of a fixed river crossing, incorporating road,
railway, telecommunication and gas across the Padma River. The study was completed in
January 2005 and the consultant had submitted the final report in May 2005. In the study, 4
Crossing sites; Paturia-Goalundo, Dohar-Charbhadrasan, Mawa- Janjira and
ChadpurBhedaraganj) were considered based on a plan-form of the Padma river. All four
sites were subject to initial screening following which, two preferred sites; Paturia-
Goalundo and Mawa- Janjira were selected based on the comparative studies from physical,
technical, economic, local infrastructure and social/environmental perspective. The
Government has already taken steps necessary for the construction of the 1st Padma Bridge
at Mawa- Janjira location.

Some districts of Mid and Northwest region will take some time to cross the Padma river
through Mawa-Janjira point than Paturia-Goalundo location. To shorten the distance
between Meherpur, Chuadanga, Kushtia, Jhenadaha, Magura, Rajbari, Faridpur and parts
of Narail, Gopalganj, Jessore and Madaripur Districts with Dhaka and Eastern part of the
country it is imperative to construct 2nd Padma Bridge at Paturia-Goalundo location.

As a step to construct the bridge at Paturia-Goalundo, Government has already approved

the Preliminary Development Project Proposal (PDPP) in-principle.

4)Metro Rail In Chattogram :

The government has taken an initiative to construct metro rail in the Chittagong
metropolitan area to improve the traffic system in the port city.

Negotiations are on to start the feasibility study for the project, concerned officials told the FE.
Page 38 of

Recently, the Road Transport and Highways Division had talks with the Korea
International Cooperation Agency (KOICA) for the survey.

The Korean government has agreed to fund the project titled "Transport master plan and
preliminary feasibility study for urban metro rail transit construction of Chattogram
Metropolitan area".

The port city having a population of around 7.5 million is facing severe traffic congestion
in most parts of its 156 square km area.

The project will start after signing the terms of reference (ToR) by both parties, officials said.

Dhaka Urban Transport Coordination Authority (DTCA) of the Road and Transport
Division is coordinating with the KOICA for finalising the project worth US$6.0 million.

According to the draft ToR, the transport master plan and the preliminary feasibility study
will be completed in two years and the implementation period is proposed to be from 2022
to 2024

Recommendation
Page 39 of

Providing recommendations for Mega Projects is a tough job indeed. As there are specialist
teams who are continuously working for the improvement of every process. It is quite
difficult for freshers like us to prepare recommendations, but according to us there is a step
for which we would like to recommend some point. These recommendations will definitely
improve the overall process if implemented efficiently.

• Company should monitor materials cost of the market and update actual cost from
the budgeted cost.
• Management can largely depend on the group or team of the company to establish
their own goals and make a decision the activities those are needed to accomplish
these goals, to identify their own problems and solve the problem.
• The executives should be more caring to the maintenance service after handover of
the projects.
• Political parties should be more responsible in declaring any political activities.
• Government should monitor all the activities through official agents from time to
time and reducing the bureaucratic ladders.
 Page 40 of

Conclusion
We know that all that reality is very different from what we have learnt from our theory
books. A person can only recognize and get the idea of the world when he/she actually tries
to get involved in the processes.
For a country like Bangladesh, infrastructure-megaprojects are crucial drivers for
accelerating economic growth. The country has a higher GDP growth rate than other
neighboring countries like India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Bhutan.
In the last 12 years or so the country witnessed a good number of development projects
which can be termed as mega projects. The mega projects, whose completion is expected to
raise Bangladesh's GDP by as much as 4 per cent, are set to get about 48 per cent more
allocation in the upcoming fiscal year, as part of the government's push to ensure their
timely implementation Seven of the eight mega projects-- Padma bridge, Padma bridge rail
link, Dhaka mass rapid transit line-6 (Metro Rail), Chattogram-Cox's Bazar rail link,
Rooppur nuclear power plant, Matarbari 1200MW coal-fired power plant and the Payra
deep sea port are extremely crucial to the country's economic growth and hence the key
focus of the government now is their timely completion.
For such a developing economy, megaprojects are necessary for increasing GDP growth
rate. This growth rate in turn is important for capital accumulation and funding other
megaprojects in future.
 Page 41 of

Reference

1. https://www.forecast.app/,

2. https://businessinspection.com.bd/top-7-ongoing-mega-projects/

3. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaproject

4.https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_megaprojects_in_Bangladesh

5.https://roadsonline.com.au/protecting-the-supply-chain-in-mega-
infrastructureprojects/

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