ELECTROCHEMISTRY

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Electrical
Chemical Energy
Energy

 It is the study of production of electricity from energy

released during spontaneous chemical reactions and the use
of electrical energy to bring about chemical
transformations including non-spontaneous processes.
 Electrochemistry is important for creating new
technologies that are eco-friendly because of more
efficient and less pollutant.
1 Electrochemical Cells

2 Galvanic Cells

3 Nernst Equation

Conductance of
4 Electrolytic
Solutions

5 Electrolytic Cells , Electrolysis

and Faraday’s laws

6 Batteries and Fuel Cells

7 Corrosion 3
 NEET PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS ANALYSIS

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020TOTAL
YEAR AND CONCEPT WISE AIPMT NEET PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
1
1) ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS - GALVANIC CELLS 1
2 1 1
2) MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRODE POTENTIAL ( STANDARD HYDROGEN 4
ELECTRODE )
1 1 1
3) NERNST EQUATION & IT'S APPLICATIONS 3
1 1 1
4) EQULIBRIUM CONSTANT FROM NERST EQUATION 4
ELECTROCHEMISTRY

1 2 1 1 1 1
7
5) ELECTRO - CHEMICAL CELL & GIBBS ENERGY OF THE REACTION

6) CONDUCTANCE OF ELECTROLYTIC SOLUTIONS

1 1
7) MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY 2
8) MEASUTREMENT OF THE CONDUCTIVITY OF IONIC SOLUTIONS

9) VARIATION OF CONDUCTIVITY & MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY WITH

CONCENTRATION
1 1 2 2
10) SRP AND SOP AND ITS APPLICATIONS 6
1 1 1 2
11) KOHLRAUSCH'S LAW & IT'S APPLICATIONS 5
1 1 2 1
12) ELECTROLYTIC CELLS & ELECTROLYSIS 5
2 1 1 1 2 1
13) FARADAY'S LAWS OF ELECTROLYSIS 8
14) BATTERIES - PRIMARY & SECONDARY BATTERIES
1 1 1
15) FUEL CELLS 3
16) CORROSION
 Depending on the nature of the material, conductors is classified into

1. Metallic conductors or Electronic conductors.

2. Electrolytic conductors.
3. Mixed conductors.
Metallic conductors:
 Electrical conductors conduct electricity due to mobility of free electrons
 The electronic conductance depends on….
 The nature , structure , density , and temperature and valency of the metal
 It also depends upon the composition of the alloy formed between metals.

 Eg : Metals , alloys , graphite and salts like cadmium sulphide , copper sulphide , etc
Metallic conductance:
 Temperature
1
∵ Metallic conductance 
Temperature

 The composition of the metallic conductors remains unchanged by

conductance of electric current.
Electrolytic conductors:
 Electrolytic conductors conduct electricity due to mobility of free ions

 The conductance or the conductivity of electrolytic solution depends on,

(i) Nature of electrolyte
(ii) Size and solvation of the ions formed in the dissociation of the electrolyte.

(iii) The nature and viscosity of the solvent.

(vi) Concentration of electrolyte.
(v) Temperature (∵ Electrolytic conductance α Temperature )

Examples : Aqueous solutions of salts, acids and bases , fused salts like NaCl, KCl, etc
Mixed conductors:

 Mixed conductors conduct electricity

due to mobility of free electrons and
free ions.
Examples : Sodium in liquid ammonia
THINK ABOUT IT:
1) Sodium in liquid ammonia is

2) A solution of sodium metal in liquid Ammonia is strongly reducing

due to
THINK ABOUT IT: Choose wrong statement
1) Electrical conductance of an electrolytic conductor increase with increase in temperature.
2) Electrical conductance of a metallic conductor increase with increase in temperature.
3) Electrical conductance of a metallic conductor decrease with increase in temperature.
4) Degree of dissociation of an electrolyte increase with dilution

Solution :

As temperature increases, vibrations of atoms takes place and will increase resistance and decreases conduction
Conductance of Electrolytic solutions:
Before we consider the subject of conductance of electrolytic solution, it
is necessary to define a few terms.
They are
1. Resistance
2. Specific resistance
3. Conductance
4. Specific conductance
Conductance of Electrolytic solutions:
1. Resistance: The difficulty offered by the medium to the flow of electric current is known as
resistance. It is denoted by ‘R’.

Electric resistance of an object is directly proportional to it’s length ‘l’ and is inversely
proportional to its area of cross section ‘A’

l ×𝒍
i.e. R   R = A
A

Where, = resistivity or specific resistivity. Its units ohm-m (in SI system)
Conductance of Electrolytic solutions:
2. Specific resistance It is denoted by ‘’.
Specific resistance of a substance is its resistance when it is one meter long and it’s area of cross
section is one m2.
RA
i.e.  = If A = 1; l= 1
l
 = R
Units of  =  m (or)  cm
Conductance of Electrolytic solutions:
4. Conductivity It is denoted by ‘K’. (K = Kappa A Greek word)
Specific conductance of an object is it’s conductance when it is 1m long and it’s area of cross
section is 1m2.

Gl
i.e. K =
A
If l = 1; A = 1  K = G

Units of ‘K’ = ohm-1m-1 (or) ohm-1 cm-1

Sieman m-1 (or) sieman cm-1
Conductance of Electrolytic solutions:
3. Conductance:

The inverse of resistance ‘R’ is called conductance.

i.e. G = 1 = A
R 𝒍
A 1
=K ∵ = K = specific conductance
𝒍 

Units of ‘G’ = -1

= siemen ( s ) = ohm-1 (−1 ) (∵ SI unit )

 The magnitude of conductivity varies a great deal and depends on the….
1. Nature of the material
2. Temperature
3. Pressure

Intext Question 3.7

Why does the conductivity of a solution

decreases with dilution?
1. Units of the specific resistance…

a) ohm

b) ohm.m

c) ohm-1.m

d) ohm-1.m-1
2. Units of the conductivity…

a) ohm

b) ohm-1 - m-1

c) ohm-1 - m

d) ohm-m
Measurement of the conductivity of ionic solutions :
 Here, two problems are raised in the measurement of the
conductivity of ionic solutions.
(i) Direct current (DC) [passage of it, electrolyte is decomposed]

(ii) A solution cannot be connected to the measuring bridge like a

metallic wire or other solid conductors.
Measurement of the conductivity of ionic solutions :
 First problem is overcome by using “AC” (alternating current)
instead of “DC”.
 Second problem is solved by using specially designed vessel called ‘
conductivity cell’
CONSTRUCTION OF CONDUCTIVITY CELL:
 Cell consists of two platinum electrodes coated with platinum black.
 These electrodes have area of cross section equal to ‘A’ and

 Separate by a distance ‘l’ as shown in figure.

 From these resistance (R)=  l = 1 l

A K A
CONSTRUCTION OF CONDUCTIVITY CELL:
 Every cell has its own resistance power in terms it is cell constant.

Cell constant :
 The quantity l/A is called cell constant

 Denoted by G*

i.e., G * = l (Or) G * = RK
A
CONSTRUCTION OF CONDUCTIVITY CELL:
Where
R= resistance
K=specific conductance
Units of cell constant cm-1 (or) m-1
 Finding of l/A value is so difficult. However, it can be determined
by measuring the resistance of the cell containing a solution whose
conductivity is already known.
1. If the specific conductance and conductance of a solution are same then its cell constant is equal to …

a) 1

b) 0

c) 10

d) 100
2. Units of the cell constant…

a) m

b) ohm.m

c) m-1

d) ohm-1.m-1
3. Electrolytic conductance is due to the…

a) flow of ions

b) flow of electrons

c) flow of substance

d) flow of substance and ions

4. Electrolytic conductance depends on…
1) temperature

2) concentration

3) size of the ions

4) nature of the solvent

a) 1 & 2 b) 1 , 2 & 3
c) 1 & 3 d) 1 , 2 , 3 & 4
 c 2
Ka 
1

Ostwald’s Dilution Law:

 An electrolyte in aqueous solution breaks up into two oppositely charged ions and the ions are in
equilibrium with the unionised electrolyte
𝑨𝑩 ⇋ 𝑨+ +𝑩−
 The process of splitting of the electrolyte into ions is called ionisation or dissociation. The fraction of total
number of molecules present as ions in the solution is called degree of dissociation. It is denoted by ‘α’

Number of moles of electrolyte as ions


Total number of moles of electrolyte

 The equilibrium constant for the dissociation of electrolyte (K) is related to the concentration(C) as

𝑐𝛼 2
𝐾𝑎 =
1−𝛼
 Depending on the magnitude of their (material) conductivity, they
are classified into
1. conductors
2. Insulators
3. Semi conductors
4. Super conductors
Conductors
 Metals and their alloys have large
conductivity and are known as
conductors.
 Their conductivity ranges from 104 to 107 ohm-1 m-1
Ex :
All metals, alloys of metals, certain non-metals like carbon-black,
graphite and some organic polymers like polyaniline, polypyrrole and
polythiophene etc.
Insulators
 Substances like glass, ceramics etc
having very low conductivity are known
as insulators.
 Their conductivity ranges from 10-20 to 10-10 ohm-1 m-1
Semi conductors
 Substance like silicon, doped silicon and
gallium arsenide having resistivity in the
range 1-106 ohm.cm are called
semi conductors.
 These are very important materials used in electronic industry.
Super conductors

 The substance having zero resistivity or

infinite conductivity are super conductors.

Ex :
 A number of ceramic materials and mixed metal oxides act as super
conductors at 150k.
Molar conductivity ( m ) :

 Specific conductivity of 1 molar electrolytic solution is molar conductivity.

Or

 Molar conductivity of a solution at a given concentration is the conductance (of the volume v) of
solution containing one mole of electrolyte. Kept between two electrodes with area of cross section
‘a’ distance of unit length ‘l’
Molar conductivity ( m ) :
K
i.e.,  m = NOTE:
C
 m =
KA
= k
1 S m2 mol-1 = 104 S cm2 mol-1
l
m = KV ( ∵ l = 1; A = v )
(or)
1 S cm2 mol-1 = 10-4 S cm2 mol-1
K S m−1
m S m2 mol−1 =
1000Lm−𝟑 × molarity mol L−1

2 −1 K S cm−1 × 1000cm3 / L
m S cm mol =
molarity mol / L
EQUIVALENT CONDUCTANCE ( e)
The conductance of a volume of the solution containing one gram equivalent of the
electrolyte placed between a two parallel electrodes separated by a distance of unit length is
called equivalent conductance
K
i.e.,  e =
C
KA
 e = = k
l
 e = KV ( ∵ l = 1; A = v )

K S m−1
e S m2 eq−1 =
1000Lm−𝟑 × normality eq L−1

2 −1 K S cm−1 × 1000cm3 / L
e S cm eq =
normality 𝒆𝒒 / L
 Relation between molar conductivity and equivalent conductivity is

c  n f  e
  Molarity   Normality
Teasers :
 The conductivity of solutions of different electrolytes in the same solvent and at a given
temperature differs due to charge.
 Size of the ions into which they dissociate, the concentration of ions ease with which the ions move
under a potential gradient.
 Therefore, it becomes necessary to define a physically more meaningful quantity, called molar
conductivity.
Ohm’s Law:
The current flowing in a circuit is directly proportional to the applied potential
difference and inversely proportional to the resistance in the circuit.
Ohm’s law mathematically represented as ,
V = IR ⇒ I = V/R ⇒R=V/I
Where V = voltage expressed in Volts
I = Current expressed in amperes
R = Resistance expressed in Ohms
Conductivity of ionic solutions or electrolytic solution :
 The conductvity or resistance of an electrolytic solution can be
measured from the following diagram (Wheat stone bridge)
Conductivity of ionic solutions or electrolytic solution :
 It consists of two resistances R3 and R4 , a variable resistance R1 .
 The conductivity cell having the solution of unknown resistance R2 .
 An oscillator ‘O’ (a source for A.C. Power in the range 550 to 5000
cycle/sec ) is connected to the bridge.
 P is a detector of null point.
Conductivity of ionic solutions (or) electrolytic solution :
 From this set up unknown resistance (R2 )
R1R4
=
R3
 Once the cell constant and the resistance of the solution in the cell
are determined, the conductivity of the solution is given by the
equation.
G∗
K =
R
NCERT SOLVED EXAMPLE:3.4
Resistance of a conductivity cell filled with 0.1M KCl solution is 100 ohm. If the resistance
of the same solution when filled with 0.02M KCl solution is 520 ohm, calculate the
conductivity and molar conductivity of0.02M KCl solution The conductivity of 0.1M KCl
solution is 1.29 S/m

HINT:
Cell constant = 𝐺 ∗ = coductivity × resistance
Conductivity of 0.02M KCl solution = cell constant/resistance
𝑘
Molar conductivity = 𝜆𝑚 =
𝑐
NCERT SOLVED EXAMPLE:3.5

The electrical resistance of a column of 0.05 mol/L NaOH solution of diameter 1 cm and 50
Cm length is 5.55 x 103 ohm. Calculate its resistivity , conductivity and molar conductivity.
HINT:
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2

𝑅𝐴
𝜌=
𝑙
1
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑘 =
𝜌
𝑘 × 1000
𝜆𝑚 =
𝑐
THINK
ABOUT
IT 1) 125.47 cm 2) 120.47 ohm cm
3) 102.47 ohm cm 4) 12.547 ohm cm
HINT:
𝐀 = 𝛑𝐫 𝟐
𝑹𝑨
𝝆=
𝒍
1) Specific conductance of 0.1 M Nitric acid is 6.3 X 10-2 ohm-1 cm-1. The
molar conductance of the solution is

1) 630 ohm-1 cm2

2) 315 ohm-1 cm2
3) 100 ohm-1 cm2
4) 6300 ohm-1 cm2
ANS : 1
2) The molar conductivity of a 0.5 mol dm-3 solution of AgNO3 with electrolytic conductivity of 5.76 X 10-3 S
cm-1 at 298 K is (NEET 2016)

1) 2.88 S cm2/mol
2) 11.52 S cm2/mol
3) 0.086 S cm2/mol
4) 28.8 S cm2/mol
ANS : 2
3) The resistance of 1M solution of acetic acid is 250 ohm when measured in a cell of cell
constant 1.15 cm-1. The molar conductance (in ohm-1 cm2 mol-1) of 1M acetic acid is
1) 4.6
2) 9.2
3) 18.4
4) 0.023
ANS : 3
4) The molar conductivity of 0.1M acetic acid at 298K is
5.2 S cm2 mol-1.Then molar conductivity of 0.001M acetic
acid at the same temperature in S cm2 mol-1 is

1) 5.2
2) 3.6
3) 49.2
4) 390.5
ANS: 3
 THINK YOURSELF
 The molar conductivity of 0.20M
solution of KCl at 298K is 0.0248 S/cm
. Calculate its molar conductivity.

 0.05M NaOH solution offered a resistance of 31.6 ohm in a conductivity cell at 298K.If the cell
constant of the conductivity cell is 0.367 cm-1, the molar conductivity of the NaOH solution is
 Resistance of a conductivity cell filled with a solution of an electrolyte of concentration
0.1M is 100 ohm. The conductivity of this solution is 1.29 S m -1. Resistance of the same
cell when filled with 0.02M of the same cell is 520 ohm. The Molar conductivity of 0.02M
solution of the electrolyte will be
1) The specific conductance of 0.1N KCl solution is 0.14807 ohm-1 m-1.The
equivalent conductance of 0.1 N KCl solution is
1) 16.3 ohm-1 cm2 eq-1
2) 32.6 ohm-1 cm2 eq-1
3) 0.0163 ohm-1 cm2 eq-1
4) 8.15 ohm-1 cm2 eq-1
ANS : 1
2) Conductance of Al+3 is ‘ x ‘ S cm2 geq-1 and that of SO4-2 is ‘ y’ S cm2 geq-1. Molar conductance of
Aluminium sulphate is ……. S m2 mol-1.
1) (x + y)/6
2) x + y
3) 6(x + y)
4) (2x + 3y)
ANS : 3
3) A solution of concentration ‘c’ g equiv / litre has a specific resistance R. the equivalent
conductance of the solution is:

𝑹 𝑪 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑹
1) 2) 3) 4)
𝑪 𝑹 𝑹𝑪 𝑪

ANS : 3
4) Resistance of 0.2 M solution of an electrolyte is 50 Ω. The specific conductance of the solution is
1.3 S 𝒎−𝟏. If resistance electrolyte is 260 Ω, its molar conductivity is
1) 6250 S 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏 2) 6.25×𝟏𝟎−𝟒 S 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏
3) 6.25×𝟏𝟎−𝟑 S 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏 4) 62.5 S 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏
ANS : 2
5) The conductivity o 0.1M KCl solution is 1.29 S cm -1. If the resistance of the
cell filled with 0.1M KCl is 100 ohm, calculate the cell constant.

1) 129 m-1
2) 1.29 cm-1
3) 1290 m-1
4) Both 1 and 2
ANS : 4
 THINK YOURSELF
1) The resistance of a conductivity cell containing 0.001M KCl
solution at 298 K is 1500 ohm. W hat is the cell constant if
conductivity of 0.001M KCl solution at 298 K is 0.000146
S/cm.
2) The specific conductance of a 0.1N KCl solution at 23oC is 0.012 ohm-1 cm-1.The resistance of cell
containing the solution at the same temperature was found to be 55 ohm. The cell constant will be:

3) The resistance of 0.1N KCl solution is found 702 ohm when measured in a conductivity cell. The specific
conductance of 0.1N KCl solution is 0.14807 ohm-1 m-1. Calculate the cell constant:
4) The distance between two electrodes of a cell is 2.5 cm and area of each electrode is 5 cm2 the cell
constant (in cm-1) is
Effect of concentration or dilution on conductivity and molar conductivity:

 Both conductivity and molar conductivity change with the concentration of the electrolyte.
 Conductivity always decreases with decrease in concentration for both weak and strong
electrolytes, because number of ions per unit volume that carry the current in a solution decrease
on dilution.
Effect of concentration or dilution on conductivity and molar conductivity:
 Molar conductivity increases with decrease in concentration or increase in dilution.

 This is because the total volume ‘V’ of solution containing a given mole of electrolyte also
increases (∵ 𝚲m = 𝛋v)
TEASER :
Limiting molar conductivity :
 When a concentration of electrolyte approaches zero, the molar conductivity is known as
limiting molar conductivity.
 Represent as ˄0m
 Molar conductivity also depends on strength of electrolyte.
TEASER :
Limiting molar conductivity :
 Based on the nature of molar conductivity electrolytes are classified
into
(1) Strong electrolytes

(2) Weak electrolytes

Strong electrolyte :
 For strong electrolytes, ^m increases slowly with dilution and can be
given as

 m = 0m -A C
Equation (1) is called Debye Huckel onsagar equation.

By plotting the graph between m and C

Strong electrolyte :

m Slope = -A

0m

𝑪
Strong electrolyte :

 Graph shows that a straight line with intercept equal to m0 and slope equal to ‘-A’.

 For strong electrolytes, ^m increases slowly with dilution and can be given as
m =m0 -A 𝒄
 The value of the constant ‘A’ for a given solvent and temperature depends on the type of
electrolyte i.e., number of ions produced by dissociation of electrolyte.
TEASER: 1
NaCl  1 : 1
CaCl2  2 : 1 Electrolytes
MgSO4  2 : 2
( As per the charge of ions)

TEASER: 1
 All electrolytes of particular type have the same value for ‘A’.
1. In Debye Huckel onsagar equation slope, intercepts are…

a) A, 0m

b) - 0m

c) -A, 0m

d) -A, -0m
2. The correct Debye Huckel onsagar equation is…

a) m = 0m+ A 𝑪

b) m = -0m- A 𝑪

c) m = -0m+ A.C

d) m =0m- A 𝑪
Weak electrolyte :
 Weak electrolyte like CH3COOH (Acetic acid) has lower degree of dissociation at higher
concentrations.
 In such electrolytes, the change in ^m with dilution is due to increase in the degree of dissociation
and consequently the no. of ions in total volume of solution that contains 1 mole of electrolyte.
 For weak electrolyte 𝚲m increases steeply on dilution as shown in graph or figure.

 But, at limiting concentration or infinite dilution electrolyte dissociates completely (𝜶=1). At such
low concentration the conductivity of the solution is so low that it cannot be measured
experimentally.
Weak electrolyte :

m
CH3COOH

𝒄(mol litre-1)
 VARIATION OF EQUIVALENT CONDUCTANCE WITH
CONCENTRATION AND SQUARE ROOT OF CONCENTRATION
Kohlrausch's law of independent migration of ions:
 Limiting molar conductivity of electrolyte can be represented as the sum of the individual
contribution of the anion and cation of the electrolyte at limiting molar concentration.
i.e., for NaCl electrolyte
0m ( NaCl) = 𝟎𝑵𝒂+ + +  0Cl

 If an electrolyte on dissociation gives V+ cations and V- anions then its limiting molar conductivity
is given by 0
 m = V+ 0+ + V- 0 -
 Where, 𝜆0+ and 𝜆0- are limiting molar conductivity of the cation and anion respectively.
NCERT SOLVED EXAMPLE 3.7
Calculate ˄0m for CaCl2 from the data given
𝟎𝑪𝒂+𝟐 = 119.0 s cm2 mol−1
 0  = 76.3 s cm2 mol−1
Cl
1) 217.6 2) 271.6 3) 27.16 4) 21.76

Answer:
0m (CaCl ) = 𝟎𝑪𝒂+𝟐 + 2 𝟎𝑪𝒍−
2
= 119.0 + 2 ( 76.3 )
= 119.0 + 152.6
= 271.6 s cm2 mol−1
Application of Kohlrausch’s law:

(i) ^m for weak electrolyte is obtained by using Kohlrausch’s law of

independent migration of ions.
Application of Kohlrausch’s law:
For example

0m CH3COOH =  𝐦
𝟎
CH3COONa +  m HCl -  m NaCl
0 0

= 0 + Na+ +  0 + +  0 −   0 +   Cl −
CH3COO 𝐇 𝐂𝐥 𝐍𝐚

= 0 +  0+
CH3COO H
NCERT SOLVED EXAMPLE 3.8
˄0m for NaCl, HCl and NaAc are 126.4, 425.9 and 91.0 s cm2 mol-1
respectively. Calculate ˄m0 for HAc.
1) 390.5 2) 400 3) 380 4) 375.8
Answer:
0m(HAc) =  0 +  0 +  0− 0 +  0 +0 −
+  Na
H+ Cl− Ac Na Cl

= 425.9 + 91.0  126.4

= 390.5 s cm2 mol−1
(ii) Relation between α, m, 0m ∧c and ∧o

m 𝛬𝑐
α= 0 =
m 𝛬𝑜
Where,

𝜶 = degree of dissociation
^m = molar conductance at any concentration. ˄0m = limiting molar conductance.
𝜦𝒄 = equivalent conductance at any concentration 𝚲𝐨 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞
Intext Question 3.8

Suggest a way to determine the λom value of

water.
(iii) Relation between
Ka, α, C is
𝐜𝛂𝟐 𝐜𝚲𝟐𝐦 𝐜𝚲𝟐𝐦
𝐊𝐚 = = = 𝐨 𝐨
𝟏−𝛂 𝟐 𝚲 𝚲𝐦 𝚲𝐦 − 𝚲𝐦
𝚲𝐨𝐦 𝟏 − 𝐨𝐦
𝚲𝐦
Where,
Ka= dissociation constant

C = concentration
𝜶 = degree of dissociation
NCERT SOLVED EXAMPLE3.9:
The conductivity of 0.001208 mol/L acetic acid is 4.95 X 10-5 S/Cm.
calculate its dissociation constant if molar conductivity at
infinite dilution for acetic acid is 390.5 S Cm2 mol-1 .

ANSWER:

k 4.95 105 S cm 1 1000 cm3

m     48.15 S cm 2
mol 1

c 0.001028 mol L1 L

mc 48.15 S cm 2 mol 1
 o   0.1233
m 390.15 S cm mol
2 1

c 2 0.001028 mol L   0.1233

1 2

K   1.78  105 mol L1

1 1  0.1233
THINK YOURSELF
Conductivity of 0.00241 M acetic acid 7.986 X 105 S/cm. Calculate its molar
is
Conductivity and if molar conductivity at infinite dilution is 390.5 S Cm2 mol-1
What is its dissociation constant?
Intext Question 3.9

The molar conductivity of 0.025M HCOOH IS 46.1 S Cm 2 mol-1. Calculate its degree of
dissociation and dissociation constant. Given λo (H+) = 349.6 S Cm2 mol-1 and λo(HCCO-) =
56.6 Cm2 mol-1 .
Hint:

𝜆𝑐𝑚 𝐻𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
𝛼= 0
𝜆𝑚 𝐻𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
𝑐𝛼 2
𝐾𝑎 =
1−𝛼
Calculation of solubility of sparingly soluble salt :
Solutions are saturated at infinite dilution. So that, ^m = ^m 0 and
molarity = solubility
k ×1000
Thus, 0m =
solubility

(or)

k × 1000
Solubility =
 0m
Question:4

The specific conductance at 250 C of a saturated solution of

AgCl in water is 1.826 x 10-6 mho cm-1 . If limiting molar
conductivity of AgCl is 138.26 mho cm2 mol-1 . Find out the
solubility of AgCl in water in grams per liter.

Hint:

Solubility (s) K ×1000

=
 0m
1. According to Kohlrausch’s law, the limiting value of molar conductivity of an electrolyte A2B3 is…
 
a) A + B+3
+3

 
b) A+3 - B−2
 
c) 2A+3 + B−2
 
d) 2A+3 + 3B−2

ANS : d
 2) If the values of ^𝟎 of 𝑵𝑯𝟒 Cl, NaOH and NaCl are 130, 217 and 109𝒐𝒉𝒎− . 𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗−𝟏
respectively, the ^𝟎 of 𝑵𝑯𝟒 OH is 𝒐𝒉𝒎− . 𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗−𝟏 is
1) 238 2) 196 3) 22 4) 4.56
ANS : 1
3) At a certain temperature and at infinite dilution, the equivalent of sodium benzoate,
hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride are 240, 349 and 229 𝒐𝒉𝒎− 𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗−𝟏 respectively.
The equivalent conductance of benzoic acid is
1) 80 2) 328 3) 360 4) 408
ANS : 3
4) At 𝟐𝟓𝟎 C the molar conductance's at infinite dilution for the strong electrolytes NaOH, NaCl and
Ba𝑪𝒍𝟐 are 248 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟒 , 126 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟒 and 280 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑺𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏 respectively, λ𝟎𝒎 Ba(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 in
𝑺𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝟏 is

1) 52.4×𝟏𝟎−𝟒 2) 524×𝟏𝟎−𝟒 3) 402×𝟏𝟎−𝟒 4) 262×𝟏𝟎−𝟒

ANS : 2
5) The equivalent conductance of two strong electrolytes at infinite dilution at 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝑪 are given
below . What additional information is needed to calculate ⋀𝟎𝒆𝒒 of aqueous solution of acetic
acid?
˄𝟎𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑵𝒂 = 91.0S 𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝒆𝒒−𝟏 ˄𝟎𝑯𝑪𝒍 = 426.2 S 𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝒆𝒒−𝟏

1) ˄𝟎𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍 2) ˄𝟎𝑪𝑯𝟑 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑲 3) ˄𝟎𝑯+ 4) ˄𝟎𝑪𝒍𝑪𝑯𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯

ANS : 1
6) At 298 K the molar conductivities at infinite dilution (˄𝟎𝒎) of 𝑵𝑯𝟒 Cl, KOH and KCl are 152.
8,272.6 and 149.8 S 𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍− respectively. The ˄𝟎𝒎 of 𝑵𝑯𝟒 OH in S 𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍− and
% dissociation of 0.01 M 𝑵𝑯𝟒 𝑶𝑯 with ˄𝒎 =25.1 𝑪𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍− at the same temperature are

1) 275.6, 9.1 2) 269.6,9.6 3) 30.84 4) 275. 6,0.9

ANS : 1
 7) The degree of ionization of 0.10M lactic acid is 4.0% (E= 2013)

H H

H3C C COOH 𝑯+
(𝒂𝒒) + H3C C CO𝐎−

OH(aq) OH(aq)

The value of 𝑲𝒄 is

1) 1.66×𝟏𝟎−𝟓 2) 1.66×𝟏𝟎−𝟒 3) 1.66×𝟏𝟎−𝟑 4) 1.66×𝟏𝟎−𝟐

ANS :2
8)The specific conductance at 298 K of AgCl is 1.826×𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒐𝒉𝒎−𝟏 𝒄𝒎−𝟏 . The ionic conductance's
of 𝑨𝒈+ and 𝑪𝒍− are 61.92 and 76.34 respectively. What is the solubility of AgCl in water?
1) 1.1×𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝒈𝑳− 2) 1.9×𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒈𝑳− 3) 1.3×𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒈𝑳− 4) 2.1×𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒈𝑳−

ANS :2
9) At 25oC molar conductance of 0.1 malar aqueous solution of ammonium hydroxide is 9.54 ohm-1 cm2 mol-1
and at infinite dilute solution, its molar conductance is 238 ohm-1 cm2 mol-1. The degree of ionisation of
ammonium hydroxide at the same concentration and temperature:

1) 2.080% 2) 20.800% 3) 4.008% 4) 40.800%

ANS : 3
10) The equivalent conductance of M/32 solution of a weak monobasic acid is 8.0 mho cm2
and at infinite dilution is 400 mho cm2.The dissociation constant of this acid is:

1) 1.25 x 10-5 2) 1.25 x 10-6 3) 6.25 x 10-4 4) 1.25 x 10-4

ANS : 1
11) Which of the following ion has exceptionally higher mobility in aqueous solution?
1) H+ 2) K+ 3) NH2- 4) OH-

ANS : 1
ELECTROLYSIS:
The decomposition of a chemical compound in the molten state or solution state into its
constituent elements under the influence of an applied electromotive force (EMF) is called
electrolysis
Products of electrolysis :
 It depends on
(i) Nature of the electrolyte
(ii) Electrodes
Nature of the electrolyte :
 Various electrolytes on electrolysis give different products. It depends on condition also.
Electrode :
 It is in two ways.

Case (i) :
If the electrode is inert (eg :Pt or Au) it does not participate in the chemical reaction and thus acts
only as source or sinks for electrons.

Case (ii) :
If the electrodes are reactive, they participate in the electrode reaction.
 Electrolytic cell

+ Anode - Cathode
 Oxidation  Reduction

 More E0oxid , get  More E0reduct , get

Oxidized easily reduced easily

CARE/RED CAT: REDUCTION TAKESPLATE AT CATHODE

ANOX: OXIDATION TAKESPLACE AT ANODE
 Discharge potentials for various anions:
𝐅 − > 𝐏𝐎−𝟑 −𝟐 − − − −
𝟒 > 𝐒𝐎𝟒 > 𝐍𝐎𝟑 > 𝐎𝐇 > 𝐂𝐥 > 𝐁𝐫 > 𝐈
−

ORDER OF DEPOSITION OF IONS:

I− > Br− > Cl− > OH− > 𝑵𝑶− 𝟐− 𝟐− 𝟑−
𝟑 > 𝑺𝑶𝟑 > 𝑺𝑶𝟒 > 𝑷𝑶𝟒 > F
−

Increasing order of Reduction potential :

All metals, more reactive than Hydrogen [Ered0 <0] < Hydrogen [Ered0 =zero]< metals less reactive than Hydrogen [Ered0 >0].

DECREASING ORDER OF DISCHARGE POTENTIALS FOR VARIOUS CATIONS

𝐋𝐢+ > 𝐊 + > 𝐍𝐚+ > 𝐂𝐚+𝟐 > 𝐌𝐠+𝟐 > 𝐀𝐥+𝟑 > 𝐌𝐧+𝟐 > 𝐙𝐧+𝟐 > 𝐂𝐫 +𝟑 > 𝐅𝐞+𝟐 > 𝐇+ > 𝐂𝐮+𝟐 > 𝐀𝐠 + > 𝐇𝐠 +𝟐 > 𝐏𝐭 +𝟐 > 𝐀𝐮+𝟑

ORDER OF DEPOSITION OF CATIONS:

𝐀𝐮+𝟑 > 𝐏𝐭 +𝟐 > 𝐀𝐠 + > 𝐇𝐠 +𝟐 > 𝐂𝐮+𝟐 > 𝐇+ > 𝐅𝐞+𝟐 > 𝐂𝐫 +𝟑 > 𝐙𝐧+𝟐 > 𝐌𝐧+𝟐 > 𝐀𝐥+𝟑 > 𝐌𝐠 +𝟐 > 𝐂𝐚+𝟐 > 𝐍𝐚+ > 𝐊 + > 𝐋𝐢+
NOTE:
1) If two or more cations are present in the electrolytic solution,
Cations having more value of “SRP” will be discharged first at cathode.
1) If two or more anions are present in the electrolytic solution,
Cations having more value of “SOP” will be discharged first at anode.

For aqueous solution of salt :

 If the metal is less reactive [like (Ag, Cu)] than Hydrogen, it will get deposited at cathode.
 If the metal is more reactive than Hydrogen, H2 gas will be liberated at cathode.

For aqueous solution of salt :

 In aqueous solution of the SO4-2 , NO3- anions are not oxidized, here water undergoes
electrolysis to produce O2 (Oxygen) at anode.

For this electrolysis, electro chemical series is very useful.

Useful conclusions:
• A negative 𝑬𝟎 means that the redox couple is a stronger reducing agent than the 𝑯+ /𝑯𝟐 couple
• A positive 𝑬𝟎 means that the redox couple is a weaker reducing agent than the 𝑯+ /𝑯𝟐 couple
• The metal with higher negative potential displaces a metal with lower negative potential or
positive potential from aqueous salt solution of the metal.
Eg: Zn + CuS𝐎𝟒  ZnS𝐎𝟒 + Cu
• The metal above hydrogen displace hydrogen from dilute acids
Eg: Na, Zn etc., displaces hydrogen from acid
• Low SRP metal is stored in high SRP solution

Eg: ZnS𝐎𝟒 solution stored in copper pot but CuSO4 solution not stored in Zn pot.
 OVER POTENTIAL
Over Potential:

Extra potential required to initiate a reaction at a required rate is called “Over Potential”.
Example: Aqueous NaCl solution is electrolysed using inert electrodes
At Anode: 2 Cl- → Cl2 + 2 e-, Eo = - 1.36 V but not
2 H2O → O2(g) + 4 H+(aq) + 4 e-, Eo = -1.23 V
Based on electrode potential value water should be discharged but not chloride ion.
But it is chloride ion discharged(oxidised) at anode. This is because formation of O2 from
H2O is kinetically very slow and it requires overpotential. Hence OH- ions remains in the
solution.
NOTE: When very dilute solution of NaCl is subjected to electrolysis, H2O is oxidised to O2
but not 2Cl- → Cl2 because the number of Cl- ions available in the solution is very less, i.e
[Cl-] is very less
ELECTROLYSIS OF MOLTEN NaCl:

NaCl → Na+ + Cl-

AT CATHODE: REDUCTION

Na+ +1e-→Na
AT ANODE: OXIDATION

Cl- → ½ Cl2 + 1 e-
NET REACTION: Na+ + Cl-→ Na + ½ Cl2
ELECTROLYSIS OF MOLTEN NaBr: ELECTROLYSIS OF MOLTEN PbBr2 :
NaBr → Na+ + Br- PbBr2 → Pb+2 + 2Br -
AT CATHODE: REDUCTION AT CATHODE: REDUCTION
Na+ +1e-→Na Pb+2 + 2 e- → Pb
AT ANODE: OXIDATION AT ANODE: OXIDATION
Br- → ½ Br2 + 1 e- 2 Br- → Br2 + 2 e-
NET REACTION: Na+ + Br -→ Na + ½ Br2 NET REACTION: Pb+2 + 2Br -→ Pb + Br2
NOTE:
Cations move towards cathode and
gets reduced.
Anions move towards anode and gets
ELECTROLYSIS OF FUSED NaOH:
4 NaOH → 4 Na+ + 4 OH-
AT CATHODE: REDUCTION

4 Na+ +4 e-→ 4 Na
AT ANODE: OXIDATION

4 OH- → O2 + H2O + 4 e-
NET REACTION: 4 Na+ + 4 OH -→ 4 Na + O2 + H2O
 ELECTROLYSIS OF AQUEOUS ELECTROLYTES IN THE
PRESENCE OF INERT ELECTRODES
ELECTROLYSIS OF AQUEOUS KCl: ELECTROLYSIS OF AQUEOUS K2SO4:
KCl (aq) → K+ (aq) + Cl – (aq) K2SO4 (aq) → 2K+ (aq)+ SO4-2 (aq)
AT CATHODE: REDUCTION AT CATHODE: REDUCTION
2 H2O + 2 e- → H2(g) + 2 OH-(aq) 4 H2O + 4 e- → 2 H2 (g) + 4 OH- (aq)
AT ANODE: OXIDATION AT ANODE: OXIDATION
2 Cl- (aq) →2 Cl2 (aq) + 2 e- 2 H2O → O2 (g) + 4 H+ (aq) + 4 e-
ELECTROLYSIS OF AQUEOUS CuSO4 : ELECTROLYSIS OF AQUEOUS CuCl2:
CuSO4 (aq) → Cu+2 (aq) SO4-2 (aq) CuCl2(aq) → Cu+2 (aq) + 2 Cl- (aq)
AT CATHODE: REDUCTION AT CATHODE: REDUCTION
Cu+2 (aq) + 2 e - → Cu (s) Cu+2 (aq) + 2 e - → Cu (s)
AT ANODE: OXIDATION AT ANODE: OXIDATION
2 H2O → O2 (g) + 4 H+ (aq) + 4 e- 2 Cl- (aq)→2 Cl2 (g)+ 2 e-
ELECTROLYSIS OF AQUEOUS ELECTROLYTES IN THE
PRESENCE OF REACTIVE ELECTRODES
ELECTROLYSIS OF AQUEOUS CuSO4 IN
THE PRESENCE OF “Cu” ELECTRODE :
CuSO4 (aq) → Cu+2 (aq) SO4-2 (aq)
AT CATHODE: REDUCTION

Cu+2 (aq) + 2 e - → Cu (s) [PURE METAL]

AT ANODE: OXIDATION
Cu (IMPURE Cu from active electrode) → Cu+2 + 2 e-

Electrochemical purification.
 TO GET
PRODUCTS AT
CATODE TRICK
1) SRP OF H2O > SRP of cations of
1st , 2nd and 13th group elements
Eg : Na+, K+ , Ca+2 , Mg+2 , Al+3 etc
So reduction of H2O occurs at
cathode
2) SRP OF H2O < SRP of cations
other than 1st , 2nd and 13th group
elements.
Eg : Cu+2 , Ag+ , Zn+2 , Au+3
etc
So reduction of water doesn’t occur
at cathode
 TO GET
PRODUCTS AT
ANODE TRICK
1) SOP OF H2O > SOP of F- , NO3-,
SO3-2, SO4-2,S2O3-2 etc
So oxidation of H2O occurs at anode

2) SOP OF H2O < SRP of Cl-,

Br- and I-- etc
So oxidation of water doesn’t occur
at anode
1) On electrolysis of dilute sulphuric acid using Platinum
(Pt) electrode, the product obtained at anode will be :
(NEET 2020)
1) Oxygen gas
2) 𝐻2 𝑆 gas
3) 𝑆𝑂2 gas
4) Hydrogen gas
ANS:1
2) During the electrolysis of Copper sulphate aqueous solution using copper electrode, the reaction
taking place at the cathode is :
1) Cu → 𝑪𝒖𝟐+
(𝒂𝒒) + 𝟐𝒆
−
2) 𝑪𝒖𝟐+ −
(𝒂𝒒) + 𝟐𝒆 → 𝑪𝒖(𝒔)
𝟏
3) 𝑯+ −
(𝒂𝒒) + 𝒆 → 𝑯 4) 𝑺𝒐𝟐−
𝟏 −
𝟐 𝟐(𝒈) 𝟒(𝒂𝒒) → 𝑺𝑶𝟑(𝒈) + 𝑶𝟐(𝒈) 𝟐𝒆
𝟐
ANS : 2
3) Statement1: zinc displace copper from copper sulphate solution.
Statement2: lesser number of ions are available per g equivalent at higher concentration.
1) Statement -1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is a correct explanation for statement-1
2) Statement -1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for statement-1
3) Statement -1 is true, statement-2 is False
4) Statement -1 is False, statement-2 is true
ANS : 1
4) Which of the following ions are discharged when an aqueous solution of sodium chloride is
electrolysed using platinum electrodes?

1) sodium and hydrogen 2) sodium and chloride

3) hydrogen and chloride 4) hydroxyl and chloride
ANS : 3
5) Which of the following ions is electrolysed discharged at the anode when an aqueous solution
of sulphuric acid is electrolysed?

1) Hydrogen 2) Hydroxyl 3) oxygen 4) sulphate

ANS : 3
6) Aqueous solution of AgNO3 is electrolysed using inert electrodes. At the end of electrolysis...

1) the pH of the solution increases

2) the pH of the solution decreases

3) the pH of the solution remains unchanged
4) the pH of the solution becomes 14
ANS : 2
7) The electrolysis of which electrolyte gives the same products in the fused state as well as in the
aqueous solution state

1) NaCl 2) KCl 3) AuCl3 4) BaCl2

ANS : 3
8) When aqueous CaI2 is electrolyzed,...
1) the pH of the solution increases

2) the pH of the solution decreases

3) the pH of the solution remains constant
4) the concentration of Ca2+ ions decreases
ANS : 1
9) The two aqueous solutions : A(AgNO3) and B(LiCl) were
electrolysed using Pt., electrodes. The pH of the resulting solution
will
1) Increases in A and decrease in B
2) Decreases in both
3) Increase in both
4) Decrease in A and increase in B
ANS : 4
10) Aqueous solution of CuSO4 is electrolysed using Pt electrodes. The
reaction that occurs at the anode is...
1) Cu  Cu2+ + 2e-
2) 4O𝑯−  2H2O + O2 + 4𝒆−

(𝒂𝒒) + 2e  Cu(s)
3) 𝑪𝒖𝟐+ -

4) 4H2O + 4e-  2H2 + 4O𝑯−

ANS : 2
11) During electrolysis of fused NaOH
1) H2 is liberated at cathode 2) O2 is liberated at cathode
3) H2 is liberated at anode 4) O2 is liberated at anode

ANS : 4
 THINK YOURSELF
Predict the products of electrolysis in each of the following :
(i) An aqueous solution of silver nitrate with silver electrodes.
(ii) An aqueous solution of silver nitrate with platinum electrodes.
(iii) A dilute solution of sulphuric with platinum electrodes
(iv) An aqueous solution of cupric chloride with platinum electrodes
Electrolytic cells and electrolysis
Electrolytic cell :

 A cell which uses external source of voltage to bring about a chemical

reaction is called electrolytic cell.
 It is an electro chemical process.
Electrolytic cells and electrolysis
Electrolytic cell : Uses :

 The electro chemical process is one of the greatest important aspects in the laboratory and the
chemical industry.
(for example in the extraction of metals from ore)

TEASER :
 1 mole positive charge is required to neutralise 1 mole of electron (or) 1 Faraday (or) 96500C .

 Mostly DC is used as external source of voltage.

 Quantitative aspects of electrolysis

First law of Faraday’s electrolysis :

 The amount of substance that deposited or liberated at any electrode
during electrolysis is proportional to the quantity of electricity
passing through the electrolytic solution.
Let, Q= quantity of electricity in coulombs.

m= mass of substance
m  Q
m =e Q (∵ e= electro chemical equivalent)

But Q= It (∵ coloumbs = ampere × time in second)

First law of Faraday’s electrolysis :
m= e ct
Ect
 m = …….. (1)
96500

E
e = 96500 E= equivalent weight

Where e = electrochemical equivalent

Equation (1) is First law of Faradays electrolysis.
Second law of Faraday’s electrolysis :
 If same quantity of electricity is passing through the different
electrolytic solutions then the amount of substance deposited or
liberated at electrodes during electrolysis is proportional to their
chemical equivalent weights.
Second law of Faraday’s electrolysis :
Let, m1 , m2 = mass of substances
Then,
E1 , E2=equivalent weights

m1 E1 m1 m2
= or =
m2 E2 E1 E2
 NCERT SOLVED EXAMPLE 3.10
A solution of CuSO4 is electrolysed for 10 minutes with a current of 1.5
amperes. What is the mass of copper deposited at the cathode.
Hint: Equivalent weight of Cu+2 = 63.5
2
E ×Q 𝑬×𝑰×𝒕 𝑬×𝑪×𝒕
m =
96500 = 𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒐𝒓 𝟗𝟔𝟓𝟎𝟎
Intext Question 3.10

If a current of 0.5 ampere flows through a

metallic wire for two hours then how many
electrons would flow through the wire?
Intext Question 3.11:

Suggest s list of metals that are extracted electrolytically.

Intext Question 3.12:

Consider the reaction : Cr2O7-2 + 14 H+ + 6 e-→ 2 Cr+3 + 7H2O . What is the quantity of
electricity needed to reduce on mole of Cr2O7-2?
1) The number of Faradays required to produce 20g of calcium from
molten calcium chloride (Atomic mass of Ca=40 g/mol) is :
(NEET 2020)
1) 2
2) 3
3) 4
4) 1
ANS: 4
2) During the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride, the time required to produce 0.10 mol of
chlorine gas using a current of 3 amperes is :
(NEET 2016)
1) 55 minutes
2) 110 minutes
3) 220 minutes
4) 330 minutes
ANS : 2
3) The number of electrons delivered at the cathode during electrolysis by a current of 1 ampere
in 60 seconds is : (charge on electron = 1.60 x 10-19 C) (NEET 2016)
1) 6 x 1023
2) 6 x 1020
3) 3.75 x 1020
4) 7.48 x 1023
ANS : 3
4) During the electrolysis of acidulated water ,the mass of hydrogen obtained is x times that of
𝑶𝟐 and the volume of 𝑯𝟐 is y times that of 𝑶𝟐 . The ratio of y and x is
1) 16
2) 8
3) 0.125
4) 0.25
ANS : 1
5) A certain current liberated 0.504 gm of hydrogen in 2 hrs. How many grams
of copper can be liberated by the same current flowing for the same period of
time in copper sulphate solution?
1) 12.7 g
2) 16 g
3) 31.8 g
4) 63.5 g
ANS : 2
6) The passage of electricity through dilute 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 for 16 minutes and 5 sec
liberates a total of 224 ml of 𝑯𝟐 . The strength of the current in amperes will be
1) 5A
2) 3A
3) 4A
4) 2A
ANS : 4
7) When aq. Solution of 𝑪𝑯𝟑 COONa is electrolyzed, 22.4 lit of ethane is
liberated at STP at the anode. The number of coulombs of electricity passed is
1) 96500
2) 2 X 96500
3) 48250
4) 3 X 96500
ANS : 2
8) The time taken by the galvanic cell which operates almost ideally under
reversible conditions at a current of 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟔 A to deliver 1 mole of electrons is
1) 19.30×𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟎s
2) 4.825 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟎s
3) 9.65 ×𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟎s
4) 9.65 ×𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟏s
ANS : 3
9) One Faraday charge was passed through the electrolytic cell placed in series containing
solutions of 𝑨𝒈+, 𝑵𝒊𝟐+ and 𝑪𝒓𝟑+ then Ag Ni and Cr deposited will be (Atomic masses; Ag = 108,
Ni =59 and Cr = 52)

Ag Ni Cr
1) 108g 29.5 g 17.3 g
2) 108g 59 g 52 g
3) 108g 108 g 108 g
4) 108g 116g 156 g

KEY (1)
10) When same quantity of electricity is passed through aqueous Ag𝑵𝑶𝟑 and 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 solutions connected
in series, 5.04× 𝟏𝟎−𝟐g of 𝑯𝟐 is liberated. What is the mass of silver (in gram) deposited?
(Eq. wts. Of hydrogen =1.008, silver =108)
1) 54
2) 0.54
3) 5.4
4) 10.8
ANS : 3
11) When 6 ×𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟐 electrons are used in the electrolysis of metallic salt, 1.9gm
of the metal is deposited at the cathode. The atomic weight of that metal is 57.
so oxidation state of the metal in the metal is
1) +2
2) +3
3) +1
4) +4
ANS : 2
12) When 965 amp current is passed through aqueous solution of salt X using
platinum electrodes for 10 sec, the Volume of gasses liberated at the respective
electrodes is in 1:1 ratio. Then X is
1) Mg𝑺𝑶𝟒
2) AgCl
3) Mg𝑪𝒍𝟐
4) K𝑵𝑶𝟑
ANS : 3
13) The pH of 0.5 L of 1.0M NaCl after the electrolysis for 965 s using 5.0A
current (100% efficiency), is :
1)1.00
2) 13.00
3) 12.70
4) 1.30
ANS : 2
14) For the discharge of equal masses of the following ions, the number of electrons required is
maximum in the case of
1) H+ 2) Cu2+ 3) Ag+ 4) Al3+
ANS : 1
 THINK YOURSELF
Three electrolytic cells A,B,C containing solutions of zinc sulphate, silver nitrate and
copper sulphate respectively are connected in series. A steady current of 1.5 amperes
was passed through them until 1.45 g of silver deposited at the of cathode of cell B.
How long did the current flow? What mass of copper and zinc were deposited?
THINK YOURSELF
How much charge is required for the following reduction:
(i) 1 mol of Al+3 to Al
(ii) (ii) 1 mol of Cu+2 to Cu
(iii) 1 mol of MnO4- to Mn+2
 THINK YOURSELF
How much electricity in terms of Faraday is required to produce
(i) 20.0 g of Ca from molten calcium chloride?
(ii) 40.0 g of Al from molten alumina?
THINK YOURSELF
How much electricity is required in coulomb for the oxidation of
(i) One mole of water to oxygen gas?
(ii) One mole of ferrous oxide to ferric oxide
THINK YOURSELF
A solution of nickel nitrate is electrolysed between platinum
electrodes using a current of 5 amperes for 20 minutes. What
mass of Ni is deposited at the cathode?
THANK
YOU…