SELF-LEARNING MATERIAL

RESEARCH 1 with STATISTICS – GRADE 9 (STE)

Lesson 1 – Sampling Designs

MELCs/OBJECTIVE/S:
 Define population and sample
 Determine sample size from a given population
 Explain different types of sampling

Name of Learner: _______________________________________________ Date:_________

Grade & Section: Grade 9 – St. Catherine of Siena

A. PREPARATORY ACTIVITIES
Prayer
Lord true source of light and wisdom, give me a keen sense of understanding, a
retentive memory and the capacity to grasp things correctly. Grant me the grace to
be accurate in my expositions and the skills to express myself with thoroughness
and clarity. Be with me at the start of my work, guide its progress and bring it to
completion. Grant this through Christ, our Lord. Amen

Reminders before doing this SLM

 Do your work diligently and refrain from doing other stuffs while doing this SLM.
 Manage your time while working; follow your class schedule.
 Review your answers before submission.
 Be on time on submitting your SLM.
 Keep an open line for communication, message or call your subject teacher for questions,
clarifications and concerns to be addressed.

B. DEVELOPMENTAL ACTIVITIES
Population vs Sample
First, you need to understand the difference between a population and a sample, and identify
the target population of your research.

 The population is the entire group that you want to draw conclusions about.
 A population is any group of individuals that have one or more characteristics in
common that re of interest to the researcher. (Ariola, 2014)
 The sample is the specific group of individuals that you will collect data from.
 A sample is a small proportion of a population selected for observation and analysis.
Ariola, 2014)

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The population can be defined in terms of geographical location, age, income, and many other
characteristics. It can be very broad or quite narrow: maybe you want to make inferences about
the whole adult population of your country; maybe your research focuses on customers of a
certain company, patients with a specific health condition, or students in a single school. It is
important to carefully define your target population according to the purpose and practicalities of
your project.

If the population is very large, demographically mixed, and geographically dispersed, it might be
difficult to gain access to a representative sample.

Sampling is a process of choosing a representative portion of a population. Sevilla (2006) as

mentioned by Laruan (2016), defines sampling as the process of taking part of the population,
observing the representative groups for the purpose of making generalizations.

Sampling procedure/sampling design is the process of determining the appropriateness of

sampling.

Sample size
The number of individuals in your sample depends on the size of the population, and on how
precisely you want the results to represent the population as a whole.

You can use a sample size calculator to determine how big your sample should be. In general,
the larger the sample size, the more accurately and confidently you can make inferences about
the whole population.

Benefits of Sampling (Calmorin, 2016)

1. Sampling is economical, cheaper, and faster.

2. It saves time, money, and effort.

3. It is more accurate.

4. It gives more comprehensive information.

5. It is more effective.

Limitations of Sampling (Calmorin, 2016)

1. Sample data require more care in organizing detailed sub-classification due to number of
subjects.

2. Complicated sampling plans are difficult to prepare.

3. The characteristics to be observed infrequently occurs in a population.

4. If sampling plan is not accurately designed and followed, the results may give wrong
impression.

5. Sampling requires experts to conduct the study in an area. If this is lacking, the results
may be invalid.

Basic Types of Sampling

A. Probability / Random Sampling

B. Non-probability / Non Random Sampling

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A. Probability / Random Sampling Methods
Probability sampling means that every member of the population has a chance of being
selected. It is mainly used in quantitative research. If you want to produce results that are
representative of the whole population, you need to use a probability sampling technique.

Types of Probability Sampling

1. Simple Random Sampling (SRS). It is the basic and best-known probability sampling
design. It gives each unit of population an equal probability or chance of being chosen for the
sample. Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. Your sampling
frame should include the whole population.

It is the least sophisticated of all sampling procedures. Examples of this are the roulette wheel
method, lottery method, and table for random numbers (for big population usually 1000 or more)
The Roulette Wheel Method. If the population is small – seventy-five or fewer individuals –
each individual may be assigned a number in some orderly sequence: alphabetically by
surname, by birthdate (youngest to oldest or the reverse), by weight, or by any systematic
arrangement. Corresponding numbers are on a roulette wheel. A spin of the wheel and its
fortuitous stopping at a particular number selects the individual assigned to that number as a
unit within the sample. The process of spinning the wheel and selecting the sample goes on until
all the individuals needed to compose the sample have been chosen.

The Lottery Method. The population is arranged sequentially and assigned numerical
identifications. Corresponding numbers are written on a piece of paper, rolled and put into
revolving drum or closed container and shuffled so that they are thoroughly mixed. The rolled
paper is drawn one at a time and the number selected is recorded. The procedure is repeated
until sample size is chosen.

The Table of Random Numbers Method. The table of random numbers method consists of
digits so selected that no systematic relations exists between any sequence of digit in the table,
regardless of whether the table is read horizontally, vertically, left, or right, or in other ways. To
draw a sample by using table of random numbers, a technique must be used for assigning a
number to each individual in a population. Table of random numbers is applicable to a large
number of populations. It is perhaps the most frequently used method for the random selection
of a sample.

2. Systematic sampling. Systematic sampling is similar to simple random sampling, but it is

usually slightly easier to conduct. Every member of the population is listed with a number, but
instead of randomly generating numbers, individuals are chosen at regular intervals. The sample
is drawn by listing all population units in arbitrary order and by selecting every nth unit, starting
with randomly selected number, until the desired sample size is reached. Example: every 4 th of
the set.

3. Stratified sampling. Stratified sampling involves dividing the population into subpopulations

that may differ in important ways. It allows you draw more precise conclusions by ensuring that
every subgroup is properly represented in the sample.
To use this sampling method, you divide the population into subgroups (called strata) based on
the relevant characteristic (e.g. gender, age range, income bracket, job role).

Based on the overall proportions of the population, you calculate how many people should be
sampled from each subgroup. Then you use random or systematic sampling to select a sample
from each subgroup.

Example
The company has 800 female employees and 200 male employees. You want to ensure that the
sample reflects the gender balance of the company, so you sort the population into two strata
based on gender. Then you use random sampling on each group, selecting 80 women and 20
men, which gives you a representative sample of 100 people.

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4. Cluster sampling. Cluster sampling is sometimes referred to as an “area sampling” because
it is frequently applied on a geographical basis. It also involves dividing the population into
subgroups, clusters or small units, but each subgroup should have similar characteristics to the
whole sample. Instead of sampling individuals from each subgroup, you randomly select entire
subgroups.
If it is practically possible, you might include every individual from each sampled cluster. If the
clusters themselves are large, you can also sample individuals from within each cluster using
one of the techniques above.

This method is good for dealing with large and dispersed populations, but there is more risk of
error in the sample, as there could be substantial differences between clusters. It’s difficult to
guarantee that the sampled clusters are really representative of the whole population.

Example
The company has offices in 10 cities across the country (all with roughly the same number of
employees in similar roles). You don’t have the capacity to travel to every office to collect your
data, so you use random sampling to select 3 offices – these are your clusters.

5. Multistage sampling. This type is done in several stages. It can be two-stage, three-stage,
four-stage, and so on depending on the number sampling to be used. The population individuals
are arranged in hierarchy of units, and sampling in done consecutively.
For example, in a national study, the regions are selected as first stage; provinces as second
stage; municipalities, third stage; and barangays, fourth stage. Hence, there are four stages. At
each stage, simple random, systematic, or stratified techniques may be used.

B. Non-probability /Non RandomSampling Methods

In a non-probability sample, individuals are selected based on non-random criteria, and not
every individual has a chance of being included.

This type of sample is easier and cheaper to access, but it has a higher risk of sampling bias,
and you can’t use it to make valid statistical inferences about the whole population.

Non-probability sampling techniques are often appropriate for exploratory and qualitative

research. In these types of research, the aim is not to test a hypothesis about a broad
population, but to develop an initial understanding of a small or under-researched population.

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1. Purposive sampling. This type of sampling involves the researcher using their judgement to
select a sample that is most useful to the purposes of the research.
It is often used in qualitative research, where the researcher wants to gain detailed knowledge
about a specific phenomenon rather than make statistical inferences. An effective purposive
sample must have clear criteria and rationale for inclusion. Whoever qualifies and is available is
taken until the desired number of sample is attained.

Example
You want to know more about the opinions and experiences of disabled students at your
university, so you purposefully select a number of students with different support needs in order
to gather a varied range of data on their experiences with student services.

2. Convenience /Accidental sampling. A convenience sample simply includes the individuals

who happen to be most accessible to the researcher.
This is an easy and inexpensive way to gather initial data, but there is no way to tell if the
sample is representative of the population, so it can’t produce generalizable results.

Example
You are researching opinions about student support services in your university, so after each of
your classes, you ask your fellow students to complete a survey on the topic. This is a
convenient way to gather data, but as you only surveyed students taking the same classes as
you at the same level, the sample is not representative of all the students at your university.

3. Quota sampling. It is the non-probability equivalent of stratified sampling. Instead of

randomly selecting from strata that cover the whole population, researchers choose a "quota" of
participants from different subgroups using a non-probability method. For instance, in a
company whose employees are 20% male and 80% female, you might choose to interview a
quota of 20 men and 80 women to get a proportional balance. This type of design is popular in
the field of opinion research because it is done by merely finding the person with the requisite
characteristics.

4. Snowball sampling. If the population is hard to access, snowball sampling can be used to
recruit participants via other participants. This design requires identification of few persons who
meet the requisite characteristics important to the study. These persons act as informants to
identify others who qualify for inclusion in the sample who, in turn, lead to more persons who
can be interviewed. This process continues until the desired number of respondents is reached.
The term “snowball” stems from the analogy of a snowball, which begins small but becomes
bigger and bigger as it rolls down the hill.

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Example
You are researching experiences of homelessness in your city. Since there is no list of all
homeless people in the city, probability sampling isn’t possible. You meet one person who
agrees to participate in the research, and she puts you in contact with other homeless people
that she knows in the area.

Determination of Sample Size (Laruan, 2016)

In order to determine the sample size of the population, a formula by Slovin (1960) is
recommended Sevilla (2006) as mentioned by Laruan (2016),

N
n=
1+ Ne 2

Where:
n = a sample size
N = population size
e = desired margin or error (1%, 2%, 3%, 5%)

Example:
Situation: Sta. Cruz Elementary School and the Sangguniang Barangay will assess the Health Care
Program among the 9,000 population. The school head asks the help of the teachers to assist him in
getting the sample of the population. He uses 2% margin of error. How many residents are included in
the sample?
N = 9,000 e = 2% or 0.02 n=?

9,000
n=
1+ 9,000(.02) 2

9,000
n=
1+ 9,000(.0004)

9,000
n=
1+3.60

9,000
n=
4.60

n=1,956.52∨n=1,957

The sample size for the population of 9000 is 1,957.

Note: This formula applies only when the distribution of the population is normal. Where the
normal approximation of your population is small or poor, this sample formula does not apply.

Important Considerations in Sampling

1. Identification of the population
2. Determination of the required sample size
3. Selection of the sample

The larger the sample, the better. But such a generalized rule is not too helpful to a researcher
who has practical decision to make with respect to a specific situation.

According to Dr. Milagros Ibe, Dean of the Graduate School of Miriam College, as cited by Ariola
(2014), 5 percent is an allowable error for smaller samples and 1 percent for bigger samples.

For Descriptive studies 10% of the population (if large) is the minimum acceptable sample size,
while 25% sample of the population if it is large enough.

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For correlational studies, 30 subjects are advised.

For causal-comparative method or ex-post facto design – 15 sample size per group is desired.

In experimental methods, 15 subjects per group; while other authorities may allow 10 subjects
per group.

Studies involving non-human subjects, economic reasons warrant limitation of sample size.
Closing Prayer

May God the Father bless us, may God the Son heal us, may God the Holy Spirit enlighten us, and
give us eyes to see with, ears to hear with, hands to do the work of God with, feet to walk with, and
mouth to preach the word of salvation with, And may the angel of peace watch over us and lead us
at last, to the Lord's gift to the kingdom. Amen

REFERENCES
Ariola, M.M. (2014). Research and Statistics with Thesis and Dissertation Writing. Manila: Unlimited Books Library Services &
Publications, Inc.
Calmorin, L.P. (2016). Research and Thesis Writing with Statistics Computer Application. Quezon City: Rex Book Store
Laruan, N.G. (2016). Modules in Introduction to Research. Iloilo City: Malones Printing Press & Pub. House
McCombes, Shona. An introduction to sampling methods Published on September 19, 2019, revised on October 2, 2020.
Retrived December 22, 2020 from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/sampling-methods/
 ACTIVITY SHEET
RESEARCH 1 with STATISTICS – GRADE 9 (STE)
Lesson 1 – Sampling Designs

Name of Learner: ______________________________________Date:___________

Grade & Section: Grade 9 – St. Catherine of Siena
Answer the following:
1-10. Differentiate random from non-random sampling.

11-20. Enumerate and briefly discuss the features of each type of random sampling.

21-30. Enumerate and briefly discuss the features of each type of non-random sampling.

Determine the Sample size of the following population. (Use extra paper and submit the
computation during retrieval of modules)
31-35. 6,000 with 5% desired margin of error
35-40. 825 with 3% desired margin of error
41-45. 2500 with 2% desired margin of error
46-50. 500 with 1% desired margin of error

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