DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

**********************************************

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LAB

(MEL411)

LABORATORY RECORD

(2019 Scheme)

AWH ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

KUTTIKATTOOR, KOZHIKODE-673008, Kerala, India
(Approved by AICTE & affiliated to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University)
 LABORATORY RECORD

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LAB

(MEL411)

AWH ENGINEERING COLLEGE

KUTTIKATTOOR, KOZHIKODE-673008, Kerala, India
(Approved by AICTE & affiliated to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University)
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that

Mr./Ms...........................................................................................................................................................
With enrollment no. ................................................................ during the academic year
................................

Date of Submission: ......................... Staff In charge: ...........................

Head of Department: ...........................................

 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

REMARKS
S.NO NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT PAGE NO MARKS

1 Motorized Gyroscope
2 Whirling Of Speed Of Shaft

3 Experiment On Performance Characteristic Curves Of

Watt Governor

4 Speed Torque Characteristics Of Dc Servomotor

5 Study Of Liquid Penetrant Test

6 3D Printing
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EXPNO:

DATE:
MOTORIZED GYROSCOPE

AIM:
To determine the Gyroscopic couple of rotating masses and to verify the gyroscopic principle

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Power source
2. Stop watch
3. Set of weights
4. Control panel

TEHNICAL SPECIFICATION:
1. Mass of the rotor/disc (m) - 5 kg
2. Diameter of rotor (d) - 290 mm
3. Thickness of rotor (t) - 10 mm
4. Distance between mass applied to center of load= mm

PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the power supply
2. Set the required speed by the regulator at constant
3. Add the load viz 0.5 kg, 1 kg…
4. Start the stopwatch and note down the readings
5. Watch the angular displacement at particular time interval
6. Take the readings for different speeds and loads.

TABULATION:

S speed of Weight Time taken Angular Angle of Gyroscopic Gyroscopic

NO the rotor applied for velocity precision couple ‘Cthe’ couple
in ‘kg’ precision in ‘θP’ Nm ‘Cexp’
‘sec’ rad/sec Nm
RPM
1.
2.
3.
CALCULATIONS SET NO:

1. Moment of inertia of rotor

I= 𝑘𝑔𝑚 =
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Where, m= mass of the rotor in kg=

r = radius of rotor in ‘m’=

2. Angular velocity

ɷ= 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑠
Where, N= speed of the rotor in ‘RPM’=

3. Angle of precision

𝜃 =θx
Where, θ= angle of rotation in degrees

4. Angular velocity of precision

ɷ = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑠

Where, t= time taken for precision=

5. Gyroscopic couplethe
Cthe= I x ɷ x ɷ Nm

6. Gyroscopic coupleexp
Cexp= External mass x L Nm

RESULT:
Gyroscopic rule of a plane rotating disc was verified .The value of gyroscopic couple of rotating masses
experiment and theoretical determined.
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EXPNO:
DATE:
WHIRLING OF SPEED OF SHAFT

AIM:
To determine the critical speed of shaft of various sizes and to compare it with the theoretical values.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Power source
Vernier caliper
Shaft
Control panel

TEHNICAL SPECIFICATION:
Shaft diameter (d) - 3, 4 & 6 mm
Length of the shaft (L) - 950 mm
𝑘𝑔
Density of material (ρ) - 7860 𝑚
Young’s modulus (E) - 2.1 x 10 𝑁
𝑚
PROCEDURE:
Take the shaft and measure its diameter and length
To fix the shaft at both ends
Switch on the motor and increase the speed
Note down the speed and deflection at which the vibration is maximum. This speed is known as critical
speed or whirling speed.
Repeat the same procedure for all shaft
Tabulate the readings and calculate the theoretical speed of the shaft.
Compare the experimental value with theoretical value.
TABULATION

S NO Dia of shaft in Length of Actual critical Deflection of Theoritical Efficiency

‘m’ shaft in speed in shaft in critical speed in
‘m’ RPM ‘m’ ‘RPM’
1.
2.
3.

CALCULATION SET NO:

Moment of inertia of shaft

I= 𝑚
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Where, d= diameter of the shaft =

Mass of shaft per meter length

𝑚 =AxLxρ kg

Where, A= area of the shaft=

L = length of the shaft=
ρ = density of shaft material=

Static deflection due to mass of shaft

𝛿 = m

Where, W= weight of the shaft in ‘N’=

L = length of the shaft=

Frequency of the shaft

.
𝐹= Hz
.

Theoretical speed of shaft

𝑁 = 𝐹 x 60 RPM
Where, 𝐹 = frequency of shaft in Hz / rps. =

Efficiency of whirling shaft

η= x 100

RESULT:
Actual critical speed of the shaft is found out by rpm indicaor and compared with the theoretical speed
and the efficiency of whirling of shaft is obtained.
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EXPNO:
DATE:
EXPERIMENT ON PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTIC
CURVESOF WATT GOVERNOR
AIM:
To determine the governor effect of watt governor .Plot following graphs

Radius of rotation Vs Force

Sleeve Displacement Vs Force

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Governor setup

2. Speed regulator
SPECIFICATIONS:

1. Length of each link ‘L‘ = 125 mm

2. Initial height of governor (ho) = 100 mm

3. Mass of each ball (m) = 0.25 kg

4. Initial radius of rotation ro= mm

5. Initial displacement XO = mm

PROCEDURE:

Starting Procedure:

1. Assemble the governor to be tested.

2. Complete the electrical connections.

3. Switch ON the main power.

4. Note down the initial reading of pointer on the scale.

5. Switch On the rotary switch.

6. Slowly increase the speed of governor until the sleeve is lifted from its initial position by rotating
Variac.

7. Let the governor be stabilized.

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8. Increase the speed of governor in steps to get the different positions of sleeve lift at different

RPM.

9. Increase the speed of governor in steps to get the different positions of sleeve lift at

different RPM.

Closing Procedure:

1. Decrease the speed of governor gradually by bringing the Variac to zero position and then switch
off the motor.

2. Switch OFF all switches.

3. Disconnect all the connections.

4. Draw the graph for governor as stated further in manual.

5. Repeat the experiment for different type of governor.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
SI No Speed in RPM Sleeve Height of Angular Range of Angle of Centrifugal
displacemen governor velocity rotaion ‘r’ inclination force ‘F’
t “x1” ‘h’ ɷ mm of the arm N
θ

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
CALCULATIONS SET NO:
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Angular velocity ɷ= rad/s

Height of the governor (h) = ho - ( ) mm

Initial governor height ho= mm

Xo=Intial displacement in mm =

X1=Sleeve displacement in mm =

X= X1- Xo

Height of the governor (h) =

Angle of inclination of the arm cos θ =

θ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )

Radius of rotation, r = 50 + L sin α

Centrifugal force ‘F’ = m x ɷ x r N

Where, m = mass of ball assembly

r = Radius of rotation
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RESULT:

Governor effect is successfully calculated for watt governor following graph are plotted.

Radius of rotation Vs Force

Sleeve Displacement Vs Force
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EXPNO:
DATE:

SPEED TORQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERVOMOTOR

AIM:

Experiment to draw speed torque characteristic of a D.C. servomotor

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

DC SERVO MOTOR SPECIFICATION:

Type: Permanent Magnet type
Voltage: 24VDC
Torque: 400 gm-cm
Speed: 4400RPM
Radius of pulley:2.5cm
FRONT PANEL DETAILS:
1. Power: Main ON/OFF switch to the unit with built in indicator
2. RPM meter: Meter to display the speed in rpm.
3. Ammeter: Meter to display the load current in amps.
4. Servomotor ON/OFF:DC supply ON/OFF switch to the servomotor
5. Speed: Potentiometer to vary the speed of the DC Servomotor
6.24 VDC: 1.5V to 24V supply terminals for the DC
7. Tachogen: Tacho generator output points
8. Fuse: 2A glass fuse for power supply protection
PROCEDURE
1. Study all the controls in front panel.
2. Adjust zero reading in both the balances.
3. Servo Motor supply switch is kept in OFF position. Spring balance at zero reading and speed potentiometer
at minimum position.
4. Switch ON the mains supply to the unit, both the motors starts rotating and its speed is indicated by the RPM
meter, Now vary the speed potentiometer to the maximum position and check the dc voltage it should be 24V.
If it is slightly more, adjust it for 24V. At this voltage note down the speed and current.
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5. Slowly, start loading the motor by adjusting the wheel and note down current, speed, W1, W2 spring
balanced reading for every 25gm to 50 gm of load.
6. Load the motor up to 200gm, since its torque is 400gm cm and radius of break drum is 2cm. Now increase
the load fully and set the DC voltage up to 75% of its rated voltage i.e. 18V and repeat the above steps.
7. Set the DC voltage to 50% of rated voltage and repeat the above step.
8. Draw the graph of speed Vs torque for different voltage settings.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
For 100% of rated voltage = 24V

For 60% of rated voltage = 14V

For 40% of rated voltage = 10V

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CALCULATIONS:SET NO
For 100% of rated voltage = 24V
Radius of pulley: 2.5cm

Torque T=W*r

W=W1-W2

Torque T=W*r

For 60% of rated voltage = 14V

Radius of pulley: 2.5cm

Torque T=W*r

W=W1-W2

Torque T=W*r

For 40% of rated voltage = 10V

Radius of pulley: 2.5cm

Torque T=W*r

W=W1-W2

Torque T=W*r
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Sample Graph

RESULT:

Speed torque characteristic of a D.C. servomotor Plotted

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EXPNO:
DATE:

STUDY OF LIQUID PENETRANT TEST

Objective

Liquid penetrant processes are non-destructive testing methods for detecting discontinuities that are open to surface.
They may be effectively used in the inspection of both ferrous and non-ferrous metals and on non-porous, non-metallic
materials, such as ceramics, plastics and glass. Surface discontinuities, such as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts and
laminations are indicated by these methods. Flaw detection with the help of liquid penetrant is being increasingly used in
various industries in the country and recommendations of a general character providing guidance on the applications of
these methods are considered necessary.

Apparatus Required

Surface Cleanser, Developer and Penetrant

THEORY
Dye Penetrant Inspection (DPI), also called Liquid Penetrant Inspection (LPI) or Penetrant Testing (PT), is one of the
oldest and simplest NDT methods where its earliest versions (using kerosene and oil mixture) dates back to the 19th
century. Liquid penetrant inspection is used to detect any surface-connected discontinuities such as cracks from fatigue,
quenching, and grinding, as well as fractures, porosity, incomplete fusion, and flaws in joints. DPI is based upon
capillary action, where surface tension fluid low penetrates into clean and dry surface-breaking discontinuities. Penetrant
may be applied to the test component by dipping, spraying, or brushing. After adequate penetration time has been
allowed, the excess penetrant is removed, a developer is applied. The developer helps to draw penetrant out of the flaw
where an invisible indication becomes visible to the inspector. Inspection is performed under ultraviolet or white light,
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depending upon the type of dye used - fluorescent or non- fluorescent (visible). Penetrants are classified into sensitivity
levels. Visible penetrants are typically red in colour, and represent the lowest sensitivity. Fluorescent penetrants contain
two or more dyes that fluoresce when excited by ultraviolet (UV-A) radiation (also known as black light). Since
Fluorescent penetrant inspection is performed in a darkened environment, and the excited dyes emit brilliant yellow-

green light that contrasts strongly against the dark background, this material is more sensitive to defects. When selecting
a sensitivity level one must consider many factors, including the environment under which the test will be performed, the
surface finish of the specimen, and the size of defects sought. One must also assure that the test chemicals are compatible
with the sample so that the examination will not cause permanent staining, or degradation. This technique can be quite
portable, because in its simplest form the inspection requires only 3 aerosol spray cans, some lint free cloths, and
adequate visible light. Stationary systems with dedicated application, wash, and development stations, are costly and
complicated, but result in better sensitivity and higher samples through-put
PROCEDURES
a) Pre-clean part.
This can range from grinding and wire brushing to merely wiping the part with a rag moistened with the cleaner/
remover. The surface needs to be free of dirt, rust, scale, paint, oil, and grease, and be smooth enough to wipe off the
penetrant without leaving residue.

b) Apply penetrant.
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c) Remove penetrant.
All penetrant should be removed with clean, dry, lint-free rags until thoroughly clean. The part or material
should be rubbed vigorously until the penetrant is not visible on the dry rags. Next, cleaner/ remover should
be sprayed on another clean, dry, lint-free rag and used to vigorously rub the part again until there is no
penetrant visible on the rag.

d) Apply developer.
A thin, light coating of developer should be sprayed on the part being examined. A dwell time needs to be
observed to allow time for the dye to exit the flaws and create an indication (flaw) in the developer. The
dwell time for developer is typically 10 to 60 minutes. The developer manufacturer’s recommendations and
written procedure should be followed closely.
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EXPNO:
DATE:
3D PRINTER

AIM:
To develop the object using 3D printer

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1.3D Printer
SPECIFICATIONS:

Printing size=220x220x250mm

Precision = 0.1mm

Slice Thickness=0.1mm -0.4mm

Nozzle Diameter=Standard 0.4 mm

Nozzle Temperature=<250 C

Bed Temperature=<100 C

Filament=1.75mmPLA

Printing Speed=<180 mm/s, Normal 30-60mm/s

Filament Format=STL,OBJ,AMF

PROCEDURE:
Step:-1 Prepare the design Model using Designing Software (Solids Work, AutoCAD etc.)
Step:-2 convert the designed Model file in Stl, obj format.
Step:-3 prepare the design model for printing Using Software Idea Maker and Ultimate. Then set all
Parameter (nozzle temp., build task temp and support) and also repair your design using software option.
Then after generate the file in geode format
Step:-4 ON the 3D Printer and load the filament in nozzle and give the command print by using
3D Printing Machine

RESULT:

The object developed using 3D Printer.

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