RAGHU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Python Programming
Unit-II

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 Decision Making
• if
• if else
• elif
• Nested if
• loops

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 if - statement

if statement syntax:
if test expression:
statement(s)

In Python, the body of the if statement is indicated by the indentation. Body starts with an
indentation and the first un indented line marks the end.
Example:
num = 3
if num > 0:
print(num, "is a positive number.")
print("This is always printed.")
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 if else
Syntax of if...else:
if test expression:
Body of if
else:
Body of else

body of if only when test condition is True. If the condition is False, body of else is
executed. Indentation is used to separate the blocks.

Example:
if num >= 0:
print("Positive or Zero")
else:
print("Negative number")

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 elif
Syntax of if...elif...else:
if test expression:
Body of if
elif test expression:
Body of elif
else:
Body of else
• The elif is short form for else if. It allows us to check for multiple expressions.
• If the condition for if is False, it checks the condition of the next elif block and so on.
• If all the conditions are False, body of else is executed.
• Only one block among the several if...elif...else blocks is executed according to the
condition.

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 Multiple elif blocks

• The if block can have only one else block. But it can have
multiple elif blocks.
Example:
if num > 0:
print("Positive number")
elif num == 0:
print("Zero")
else:
print("Negative number")

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 Nested if

• We can have a if...elif...else statement inside

another if...elif...else statement. This is called nesting in computer
programming.

• Any number of these statements can be nested inside one another.

Indentation is the only way to figure out the level of nesting.

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 Loops

Loops are often used when we have a piece of code that we need to repeat for
(i) N number of times or (ii) until a condition becomes true or false

Concepts in loops:
• For loop
• While loop
• Nested loops
• Break
• Continue

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 for loop
for, is often used when we have a piece of code which we want to repeat "n" number
of times.
Syntax:
for variable in range(start,end[,step]):
body of the for loop
Example:
for i in range(1,5):
print(i)
Output:
1
2
3
4

Range function iterates i value starting from 1st argument up to but not including 2nd
argument. So i value is iterated only up to 4, but not 5
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 for loop
The third argument in range function indicates the difference between each
number in the sequence:

Example:
for i in range(1,10,2):
print(i)
Output:
1
3
5
7
9

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 for loop
Difference can also have a negative value
Example:
for i in range(0,-10,-2):
print(i)

Output:
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
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 while loop
A while loop statement in Python programming language repeatedly executes a target
statement as long as a given condition is true.
Syntax:
while test_expression:
body
Example:
n = 10
i=1
while i <=n:
if(i%2!=0):
print(i,end=" ")
i=i+1
Output:
13579

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 Nested loops
Python programming language allows to use one loop inside another loop.

Syntax for nested for loop:

for iterating_var in sequence:
for iterating_var in sequence:
statements(s)
statements(s)

syntax for a nested while loop:

while expression:
while expression:
statement(s)
statement(s)

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 Nested loops
Example :
n=5
for row in range(1,n+1):
for col in range(1,row+1):
print(row,end=" ")
print()

Output:
1
22
333
4444
55555
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 Break statement
The break statement terminates the loop containing it. Control of the program
flows to the statement immediately after the body of the loop.

Example:
for val in "string":
if val == "i":
break
print(val)
Output:
s
t
r
• If break statement is inside a nested loop (loop inside another loop), break will
terminate the innermost loop.

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 Continue Statement
The continue statement is used to skip the rest of the code inside a loop for the
current iteration only. Loop does not terminate but continues on with the next
iteration.

Example:
for val in "string":
if val == "i":
continue
print(val)
Output:
s
t
r
n
g

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 pass
• The pass statement is a null operation; nothing happens when it executes.

• The pass statement in Python is used when a statement is required syntactically but you
do not want any command or code to execute.

• Sometimes there may be situations so that we do not want to execute any statement when
a particular condition is true or false.

• Example: Consider the code shown in next slide.

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 pass - Example

x=5
y=10
if(x==y):
else:
print("not equal")

Here we do not want to execute any statement when the if condition becomes true,
but when this code is executed, we get an error saying “expected and indented block”.

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 pass - Example
In such cases we can use pass keyword:

x=5
y=10
if(x==y):
pass
else:
print("not equal")

pass keyword can be used in all the control flow statements like if, elif, else, for ,while.

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 Data Structures
• A data structure is a data organization and storage format that enables efficient access
and modification.
• A data structure is a group of data elements that are put together under one name.
• Data structure defines a particular way of storing and organizing data in a computer
so that it can be used efficiently.
• More precisely, a data structure is a collection of data values, the relationships among
them, and the functions or operations that can be applied to the data.
• Sequence is the most basic data structure in Python. In sequence, each element has a specific
index. This index value starts from zero and is automatically incremented for the next element.
In Python, sequence is the generic term for an ordered set.

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 Data Structures in Python

• List

• Tuple

• Set

• Dictionary

• Comprehension

Python Programming Raghu Engineering College Slide 21

 List
• A list is a data structure in Python that is a mutable, or changeable, ordered sequence of
elements. Each element or value that is inside of a list is called an item.

• It is a sequence in which elements are written as a list of comma-separated values

(items) between square brackets.

• The key feature of a list is that it can have elements that belong to different data types.

• Syntax to create a list,

list_name=[item1,item2,item3,item4,….]

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 List

Program: Program:
l=[10,16,1000,98] l=[10,16.53,"hello"]
print(l) print(l)

Sample output: Sample output:

[10, 16, 1000, 98] [10, 16.53, 'hello']

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 List

•Each item in a list corresponds to an index number, which is an

integer value, starting with the index number 0.

• Python allows negative indexing for its sequences.

•The index of -1 refers to the last item, -2 to the second last item
and so on.

•We can access the list item by its index as below,

list_name[index_value]

Python Programming Raghu Engineering College Slide 24

 List

list1 = ['tiger','lion','dog','cat','horse']

For this list:

• list1[0] is ‘tiger’
• list1[1] is ‘lion’
• list1[-1] is ‘horse’
• list1[-2] is ‘cat’

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 List : using slice operator

• Similar to strings, lists can also be sliced and concatenated.

• To access values in lists, square brackets are used to slice along with
the index or indices to get value stored at that index.

• The syntax for the slice operation is given as, seq =

List[start:stop:step]

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 List : using slice operator

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 List : using slice operator

>>> a=[5,10,15,20,25] Using + and * on lists:

>>> a[:3] >>>a=[1,2,3]

>>> b=[4,5]
[5, 10, 15]
>>> a+b
>>> a[2:]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[15, 20, 25]
>>> b*3
>>> a[:]
[4, 5, 4, 5, 4, 5]
[5, 10, 15, 20, 25]
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 List

We can reverse a list, just by providing -1 for step:

>>> x=[12,10,6,19,13]
>>> x[::-1]
[13, 19, 6, 10, 12]

A List can contain another list as member:

>>> list1=[1,2]
>>> list2=[1.5,3,list1]
>>> list2
[1.5, 3, [1, 2]]
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 List

Presence of a item in a list can be

tested using in operator:
Syntax: item in list_name >>> x=[5,'6',7,'8']
>>> x=[1,2,3,4]
>>> 6 in x
>>> 2 in x
True False
>>> 10 in x
>>> '6' in x
False
True
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 Traversing a List

• The most common way to traverse the elements of a list is with

a for loop.
• This works well if you only need to read the elements of the list.
• But if you want to write or update the elements, you need the indices.
• Syntax:

for variable in list_name: for variable in range(0,len(list_name):

#statements #statements

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 Traversing a List: Example

Program: Program:
x=[5,10,15,20,25] x=[5,10,15,20,25]
for i in x: for i in range(0,len(x)):
print(i,end=" ") print(x[i],end=" ")

Sample Output: Sample Output:

5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25

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 Traversing a List: Example

Program:
cities=["vizag","hyderabad","delhi","mumbai"]
for city in cities:
print(city,end=" ")

Sample Output:
vizag hyderabad delhi mumbai

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 Reading a List at run time
• To read a list of values separated by space at run time:
• Syntax: list_name=list(input().split())
l = list(input().split())

• split() function assumes the default argument as space. Instead of space, any
other symbol can also be used as a separator between values as shown
below:
l = list(input().split(“,”))
Here user needs to enter list of values separated by comma.

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 Reading a List at run time: Examples

Program: Program:
l = list(input().split()) l = list(input().split(","))
print(l) print(l)

Sample Input: Sample Input:

abc xyz hello pqr abc,xyz,hello,pqr

Sample Output: Sample Output:

['abc', 'xyz', 'hello', 'pqr'] ['abc', 'xyz', 'hello', 'pqr']
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 Reading a List at run time: Examples

Converting to int while reading: Converting to float while reading:

Program: Program:
il=list(map(int,input().split())) il=list(map(float,input().split(",")))
print(il) print(il)

Sample Input: Sample Input:

10 20 30 40 50 10,20,30,40,50
Sample Output: Sample Output:
[10, 20, 30, 40, 50] [10.0, 20.0, 30.0, 40.0, 50.0]
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 Modifying items in Lists

• Once created, one or more elements of a list can be easily updated by

using the index on the left-hand side of the assignment operator.

• You can also append new values in the list and remove existing value(s)
from the list using the append() method and del statement respectively.

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 Modifying items in Lists

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 Modifying items in Lists

using insert() using pop()

Syntax: Syntax: list_name.pop(index)
list_name.insert(index,item) Program:
Program: l=[5,10,15,20,25]
l=[5,10,15,20,25] l.pop(2)
l.insert(2,30) print(l)
print(l) Sample Output:
Sample Output: [5, 10, 20, 25]
[5, 10, 30, 15, 20, 25]

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 List Methods

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 List Methods

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 List Methods

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 List Methods
• len(list): Gives the total length of the list.

• max(list) : Returns item from the list with max value.

• min(list): Returns item from the list with min value.

• list(seq): Converts a sequence into list.

• sum(list): Returns the arithmetic total of all items in list,

items must be numeric

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 List Methods: Examples

Program: Program:
s="hello" list1=[1,2,3,4]
print(s) print(sum(list1))
l=list(s)
print(l) Sample Output:
Sample Output: 10
hello
['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']

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 List: Example on looping in list

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 Nested Lists

Nested list is a list within another list.

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 Nested Lists: Traversing

Program: Program:
l=[[1,2,3],[4,5,6]] l=[[1,2,3],['abc','xyz'],[4,5,6]]
print(l[0][2]) print(l[1][1])
print(l[1][0]) print(l[1][1][2])
print(l[1][1]) print(l[2])
Sample Output: Sample Output:
3 xyz
4 z
5 [4, 5, 6]
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 Nested Lists: Traversing

Program:
a=[[1,2,3,4],[5,6],[7,8,9]]
for i in range(len(a)):
for j in range(len(a[i])):
print(a[i][j],end=" ")
print()
Sample Output:
1234
56
789

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 Nested Lists: Traversing

Program:
a=[[1,2,3,4],[5,6],[7,8,9]]
for row in a:
for ele in row:
print(ele,end=" ")
print()
Sample Output:
1234
56
789

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 Reading a Nested List at run time

Program:
r=int(input()) # r represents number of rows(or number of lines)
list2d=[] # list2d represents variable name of a 2d list
for i in range(r): # repeating for r times
list1d=list(map(int,input().split())) # reading each line into 1d list
list2d.append(list1d) # appending 1d list into a 2d list
print(list2d)

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 Nested List: Output for program in last slide

Sample input2:
Sample input1: 4
3 12
1234 3456
9
5678
3614721
2341
Sample output2:
Sample output1: [[1, 2], [3, 4, 5, 6], [9], [3, 6, 1, 4, 7,
[[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8], [2, 3, 4, 1]] 2, 1]]
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 Cloning Lists
• If we try to copy one list into the other by using assignment operator, now both the lists will
be allocated same addresses.

• Only a reference is created, not another copy of list.

• This means that both the lists will be treated as same objects.

• So if a change is made in one list, it will be reflected to the other list also.
list1=[10,20,30,40,50]
list2=list1 #copying using assignment operator

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 Cloning Lists

• If we want to modify a list and also keep a copy of the original list, then we
should create a separate copy of the list (not just the reference).
• This process is called cloning. In this cloning process the new list called as
Shallow copy
• The slice operation or copy() function is used to clone a list.

list2=list1[:] #copying using slice operator

or
list2=list1.copy()
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 Cloning Lists

Program: Program:
list1=[10,20,30,40,50] list1=[10,20,30,40,50]
list2=list1 list2=list1[:] #copying using slice
list2[1]=25 #both lists are modified list2[1]=25 #only list2 is modified
print(list1) print(list1)
print(list2) print(list2)
Sample Output: Sample Output:
[10, 25, 30, 40, 50] [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
[10, 25, 30, 40, 50] [10, 25, 30, 40, 50]
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 List Comprehensions
• Python also supports computed lists called list comprehensions having
the following syntax.

• List = [expression for variable in sequence]

• Where, the expression is evaluated once, for every item in the sequence.

• This is mainly beneficial to make new lists where each element is

obtained by applying some operations to each member of another
sequence or iterable.

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 List Comprehensions

Program: Program:
squares=[] squares=[i**2 for in range(11)]
for i in range(11): print(squares)
squares.append(i**2)
print(squares) Sample Output:
[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81,
Sample Output: 100]
[0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81,
100]

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 List Comprehensions

Program: Program:
odds=[] l=range(1,11)
for i in range(1,11): odd=[x for x in l if x%2==1]
if i%2!=0: print(odd)
odds.append(i)
print(odds) Sample Output:
Sample Output: [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]

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 Task on List Comprehension

• Write a program to generate a list of prime numbers

between 1 to 100 using list comprehension
• L=[i for i in range(2,101) if 0 not in[i%j for j in
range(2,i//2+1)]]

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 Using sorted() and sort() functions

• The sorted() method sorts the elements of a given iterable in a specific

order - Ascending or Descending.

• A list also has sort() method which performs the same way as sorted().

• Only difference being, sort() method doesn't return any value and
changes the original list itself where as sorted() method only returns
sorted list but it does not change the original list.

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 Using sorted() and sort() functions

Program: Program:
l=[50,20,40,10,30] l=[50,20,40,10,30]
print(sorted(l)) l.sort()
print(l) #original list not sorted print(l) #original list sorted

Sample Output: Sample Output:

[10, 20, 30, 40, 50] [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
[50, 20, 40, 10, 30]

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 Using sorted() and sort() functions

Program: Program:
l=['mech','eee','ece','civil','cse'] l=['mech','eee','ece','civil','cse']
l.sort()#strings sorted alphabetically print(sorted(l))
print(l) print(l)

Sample Output: Sample Output:

['civil', 'cse', 'ece', 'eee', 'mech'] ['civil', 'cse', 'ece', 'eee', 'mech']
['mech', 'eee', 'ece', 'civil', 'cse']

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 Using sorted() and sort() functions

Program: Program:
l=['mech','eee','ece','civil','cse'] l=[50,20,10,40,30]
l.sort(reverse=True) #descending print(sorted(l,reverse=True))
print(l) print(l)

Sample Output: Sample Output:

['mech', 'eee', 'ece', 'cse', 'civil'] [50, 40, 30, 20, 10]
[50, 20, 10, 40, 30]

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 enumerate() function
enumerate() function is used when we want to print both index as well as
an item in the list.

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 enumerate() function
Program:
fruits=['apple','banana','gauva','papaya','kiwi','lime','orange','melon','raspberry','strawberry']
fr=enumerate(fruits)
print(list(fr))
fr=enumerate(fruits,5)
print(list(fr))
Sample Output:
[(0, 'apple'), (1, 'banana'), (2, 'gauva'), (3, 'papaya'), (4, 'kiwi'), (5, 'lime'), (6, 'orange'), (7, 'melon'),
(8, 'raspberry'), (9, 'strawberry')]
[(5, 'apple'), (6, 'banana'), (7, 'gauva'), (8, 'papaya'), (9, 'kiwi'), (10, 'lime'), (11, 'orange'), (12,
'melon'), (13, 'raspberry'), (14, 'strawberry')]

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 Tuple
• Like lists, tuple is another data structure supported by Python. It is very
similar to lists but differs in two things.

• First, a tuple is a sequence of immutable objects.

• This means that while you can change the value of one or more items in
a list, you cannot change the values in a tuple.

• Second, tuples use parentheses to define its elements whereas lists use
square brackets.

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 Creating Tuple
• Creating a tuple is very simple and almost similar to creating a list.

• For creating a tuple, generally we need to just put the different comma-
separated values within a parentheses as shown below:

t = (val1, val2,….. )

Example: t=(10,20,30,40,50)

• t[2]=55 is not possible because tuple is mutable.

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 Accessing Values in a Tuple
• Like other sequences (strings and lists) covered so far, indices in a tuple
also starts at 0.

• We can even perform operations like slice, concatenate, etc. on a tuple

• For example, to access values in tuple, slice operation is used along with
the index or indices to obtain value stored at that index

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 Accessing Values in a Tuple

Program:
t=(10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80) Sample Output:
print(t[2:4]) (30, 40)
print(t[1:]) (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80)
print(t[:5]) (10, 20, 30, 40, 50)
print(t[-2]) 70

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 Updating a Tuple
Tuples are immutable which means you cannot update or change the values
of tuple elements but two tuples can be concatenated as shown:

Program:
t1=(10,20,30,40,50)
t2=("abc","xyz")
t3=t1+t2
print(t3)
Sample Output:
(10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 'abc', 'xyz')

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 Deleting a Tuple
Since tuple is an immutable data structure, you cannot delete value(s) from
it, but an entire tuple can be removed.

t1=(10,20,30,40,50)
del t1[2] or t1.remove(30) will not work

instead, del t1 can be used which deletes the entire tuple.

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 Tuple Operations

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 Tuple Assignment

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 Tuples : index() and count()
• index() and count() methods can be used just like lists.
• The index of an element in the tuple can be obtained by using the index()
method.
• Syntax: tuple.index(obj) where obj is the object to be found out.

• count() method can be used to find out the number of occurences of an

element within a sequence.
• Syntax: tuple.count(obj) where obj is the object to count.

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 The zip() function
• The zip() is a built-in function that takes two or more sequences and
"zips" them into a list of tuples.

• The tuple thus, formed has one element from each sequence.

• The * operator can be used in conjunction with zip() to unzip the list.

zip(*zippedList)
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 The zip() function

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 unzipping sequences

The * operator can be used in conjunction

with zip() to unzip the list.
Program: Sample Output:
coordinate = ['x', 'y', 'z']
[('x', 3), ('y', 4), ('z', 5)]
value = [3, 4, 5]
result = zip(coordinate, value) c = ('x', 'y', 'z')
resultList = list(result) v = (3, 4, 5)
print(resultList)
c, v = zip(*resultList)
print('c =', c)
print('v =', v)
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 Sets
• Sets is another data structure supported by Python. Basically, sets are
same as lists but with a difference that sets are lists with no duplicate
entries.

• Technically, a set is a mutable. This means that we can easily add or

remove items from it.

• A set is created by placing all the elements inside curly brackets {},
separated by comma or by using the built-in function set().

Python Programming Raghu Engineering College Slide 77

 Sets
• Syntax for creating a set:

• Example: To create a set:

Python Programming Raghu Engineering College Slide 78

 Sets
• A set is an unordered collection of elements, which means the order of
items within a set need not be preserved.

• Example:
• st = {1,2,3,4,5}
• When we print st, {1,2,3,4,5} may not be printed in order, but all the
values will be printed definitely without any duplicates.

• Set items cannot be accessed using indices.

Python Programming Raghu Engineering College Slide 79

 Sets

Program: Program:
st={1,2,'cse','ece',2,3,'cse'} t=(1,2,'cse','ece',2,3,'cse')
print(st) st=set(t) #converts tuple to set
print(t)
Sample output: print(st)
{1, 2, 3, 'cse', 'ece'} Sample output:
(1, 2, 'cse', 'ece', 2, 3, 'cse')
{1, 2, 3, 'ece', 'cse'}

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 Sets
Program:
Similarly a list can also be l=[1,2,'cse','ece',2,3,'cse']
converted into a set: st=set(l) #converting list to set
print(l)
Syntax: print(st)
set_variable = set(list variable)
or Sample output:
set_variable = set([list values]) [1, 2, 'cse', 'ece', 2, 3, 'cse']
{1, 2, 3, 'ece', 'cse'}

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 Set functions: update()
Program:
Update(): s1={1,2,3,4,5}
Adds elements of one set into s2={6,7,8}
the other set. s1.update(s2)
print(s1)
Syntax: print(s2)
set1.update(set2)
Sample output:
Adds elements of set2 into set1 {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
{8, 6, 7}
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 Set functions: add()
Program:
add(): s1={1,2,3,4,5}
Adds one element to a set. s1.add(7)
print(s1)
Syntax:
set.add(element) Sample output:
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7}

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 Set functions: remove()

remove(): Program:
syntax: s1={1,2,3,4,5}
s.remove(x) s1.remove(3)
print(s1)
removes element x from set s.
Returns keyerror if x is not Sample output:
present. {1, 2, 4, 5}

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 Set functions: discard()

discard(): Program:
s1={1,2,4,5}
syntax: s1.discard(3)
s.discard(x) print(s1)

same as remove() but does not Sample output:

return an error if x is not {1, 2, 4, 5}
present.

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 Set functions: pop()

pop(): Program:
s1={1,2,3,4,5}
syntax: print(s1.pop())
s.pop() print(s1)

removes and returns any Sample output:

arbitrary element from s. 1
keyerror is raised if s is empty. {2, 3, 4, 5}

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 Set functions: clear()
Program:
clear(): s={1,2,3,4,5}
s.clear()
syntax: print(s)
s.clear() s.add(2)
print(s)
Removes all elements from the
set. Sample output:
Only elements are deleted, not set()
entire set. {2}
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 Set functions: len()

len(): Program:
s={1,2,3,4,5}
syntax: print(len(s))
len(s)
Sample output:
Returns the length of a set s. 5

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 Set operations: in

in: Program:
s={1,2,3,4,5}
syntax: print(7 in s)
x in s
Sample output:
Returns True if x is present in s, False
False otherwise

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 Set operations: not in

not in: Program:

s={1,2,3,4,5}
syntax: print(7 not in s)
x not in s
Sample output:
Returns True if x is not present in True
s,
False otherwise

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 Set functions: issubset()

issubset(): Program:
s={1,2,3,4,5}
syntax: t={1,2,3}
s.issubset(t) print(s.issubset(t))
or
s<=t Sample output:
False
Returns True if s is subset of t,
False otherwise
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 Set functions: issuperset()

issuperset(): Program:
s={1,2,3,4}
syntax: t={1,2,3}
s.issuperset(t) print(s>=t)
or
s>=t Sample output:
True
Returns True if s is superset of t,
False otherwise
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 Set functions: union()

union(): Program:
syntax: s={1,2,3,4,'abc','def'}
s. union(t) t={1,2,3,6,'abc',9}
or print(s.union(t))
s|t
Sample output:
Returns a new set that has {1, 2, 3, 'abc', 4, 'def', 6, 9}
elements from both sets s and t

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 Set functions: intersection()

intersection(): Program:
syntax: s={1,2,3,4,'abc','def'}
s.intersection(t) t={1,2,3,6,'abc',9}
or print(s&t)
s&t
Sample output:
Returns a new set that has {1, 2, 3, 'abc'}
elements which are common to
both sets s and t.
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 Set functions: intersection_update()

intersection_update(): Program:
s={1,2,3,4,'abc','def'}
syntax: t={1,2,3,6,'abc',9}
s. intersection_update(t) s.intersection_update(t)
print(s)
Returns a set s that has elements
which are common to both sets s Sample output:
and t. {1, 2, 3, 'abc'}
s is updated with new values.
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 Set functions: difference()

difference(): Program:
s={1,2,3,4,5,6}
syntax: t={2,5,10,15}
s. difference(t) z=s-t
or print(z)
s-t
Sample output:
Returns a new set that has {1, 3, 4, 6}
elements in s but not in t.
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 Set functions: difference_update()

difference_update(): Program:
s={1,2,3,4,5,6}
syntax: t={2,5,10,15}
s. difference_update(t) s.difference_update(t)
print(s)
Returns a set s that has elements
in s but not in t. And update s Sample output:
with new values. {1, 3, 4, 6}

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 Set functions: symmetric_difference()

symmetric_difference(): Program:
s={1,2,3,4,5,6}
syntax: t={2,5,10,15}
s. symmetric_difference(t) z=s.symmetric_difference(t)
or print(z)
s^t
Sample output:
Returns a new set with elements {1, 3, 4, 6, 10, 15}
in either s or t but not both.
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 Set functions: symmetric_difference_update()

symmetric_difference_udpate(): Program:
s={1,2,3,4,5,6}
syntax: t={2,5,10,15}
s. s.symmetric_difference_update(
symmetric_difference_update(t) t)
print(s)
Returns a set s with elements in Sample output:
either s or t but not both. {1, 3, 4, 6, 10, 15}

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 Set functions: copy()
Program:
copy(): s1={1,2,3,4,5,6}
s2=s1.copy()
syntax: s2.add(7)
s.copy() print(s1)
print(s2)
Returns a copy of set s.
Sample output:
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
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 Set functions: isdisjoint()
Program:
isdisjoint(): s={1,2,3,4,5,6}
t={2,7,8}
syntax: print(s.isdisjoint(t))
s.isdisjoint(t)
Sample output:
Returns True if there are no False
common values in both the sets,
False otherwise

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 Set functions: all()
Program1:
all(): s={True,'2',True,True,6}
print(all(s))
syntax: Sample output1:
all(s) True
Program2:
Returns True if all elements in s={True,0,True,True,6}
the set are True, print(all(s))
False otherwise. Sample output2:
Returns True if the set is empty. False
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 Set functions: any()
Program1:
any(): s={1,0,2,0}
print(any(s))
syntax: Sample output1:
any(s) True
Program2:
Returns True if any of the s={0,0,0,0}
elements in the set are True, print(any(s))
False otherwise. Sample output2:
Returns False if the set is empty. False
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 Set functions: enumerate()

enumerate(): Program:
s={'a','b','c','d'}
syntax: for i in enumerate(s):
enumerate(s) print(i,end=" ")

Returns enumerate object which Sample output:

contains index as well as value of (0, 'd') (1, 'c') (2, 'b') (3, 'a')
all the items of set as pairs.

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 Set functions

• max(s): Returns the maximum value in a set.

• min(s): Returns the minimum value in a set.

• sum(s): Returns the sum of elements in a set.

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 Set functions: sorted()
Program:
sorted(): s={40,20,60,10}
l=sorted(s)
syntax: r=sorted(s,reverse=True)
sorted(s) print(l)
print(r)
Returns a new sorted list, but does print(s)
not sort the set as set is unordered. Sample output:
[10, 20, 40, 60]
[60, 40, 20, 10]
{40, 10, 20, 60}

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 Set operations: == and !=
Program1:
==: s={40,20,60,10}
syntax: t={40,20,60,10}
s==t print(s==t)
Returns True if both lists are equal, Sample output1:
False otherwise True
Program2:
!=: s={40,20,60,10}
syntax: t={40,20,60,10}
Returns True if both lists are not print(s!=t)
equal, Sample output2:
False otherwise. False

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 Dictionaries

• Dictionary is a data structure in which we store items as a pair of key and

value.

• Each key is separated from its value by a colon (:), and consecutive items
are separated by commas.

• The entire items in a dictionary are enclosed in curly brackets{}.

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 Dictionaries
The syntax for defining a dictionary is:
dictionary_name = {key_1: value_1, key_2: value_2, key_3: value_3,…}
Example:
d={'rollno':101,'name':'ram','percent':75.4}
print(d)
Output:
{'rollno': 101, 'name': 'ram', 'percent': 75.4}

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 Dictionaries: Accessing Values
Program:
d={'rollno':101,'name':'ram','percent':75.4}
print(d['rollno'])
print(d['name'])
print(d['percent'])

Sample output:
101
ram
75.4

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 Dictionary: Adding items
items to a dictionary can be added directly by using key, value pair:
syntax:
dictionary_name[key] = value
Program:
d={'rollno':101,'name':'ram','percent':75.4}
d['dept']='cse‘ #adding key, value pair
print(d)
Sample output:
{'rollno': 101, 'name': 'ram', 'percent': 75.4, 'dept': 'cse'}

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 Dictionary: Modifying values
value in a dictionary can be modified directly by using its key.
syntax:
dictionary_name[key] = value
Program:
d={'rollno':101,'name':'ram','percent':75.4}
d['percent']='85.9'
print(d)
Sample output:
{'rollno': 101, 'name': 'ram', 'percent': '85.9'}

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 Dictionary: Deleting items using del
del:
Program:
Syntax: d={'rollno':101,'name':'ram','percent':75.4}
del dictionary_variable[key] del d['name']
print(d)
Deletes the item which is
containing the specified key. Sample output:
{'rollno': 101, 'percent': 75.4}

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 Dictionary: Deleting items using clear()
clear():
Program:
Syntax: d={'rollno':101,'name':'ram','percent':75.4}
dictionary_variable.clear() d.clear()
print(d)
• Deletes all the items from
the list, but empty Sample output:
dictionary still exists. {}
• Dictionary is not removed
from memory.
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 Dictionary: Deleting all items using del
del:
Program:
Syntax: d={'rollno':101,'name':'ram','percent':75.4}
del dictionary_variable del d
print(d)
• del() can also be used for
deleting the entire Sample output:
dictionary. NameError: name 'd' is not defined
• Dictionary is completely
removed from memory.
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 Dictionary: accessing values
values():
Program:
Syntax: d={'rollno':101,'name':'ram','percent':75.4}
dictionary_variable.values() for val in d.values():
print(val,end=" ")
Returns a list of values from
the dictionary. Sample output:
101 ram 75.4

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 Dictionary: accessing keys
keys():
Program:
Syntax: d={'rollno':101,'name':'ram','percent':75.4}
dictionary_variable.keys() for k in d.keys():
print(k,end=" ")
Returns a list of keys from
the dictionary. Sample output:
rollno name percent

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 Dictionary: accessing items
items(): Program:
d={'rollno':101,'name':'ram','percent':75.4}
Syntax: for i in d.items():
dictionary_variable.items() print(i,end=" ")

Returns a list of tuples from Sample output:

dictionary with each tuple ('rollno', 101) ('name', 'ram') ('percent',
containing a key value pair. 75.4)

try for k,v in d.items() in the above code.

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 Dictionaries: functions()
len(dict):

Returns the length of dictionary, that is the number of key value pairs.

in and not in:

Checks whether a given key is present in dictionary or not.

dictionary.get(key):

Returns the value for the key passed as argument. If key is not present, returns None

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 Dictionary functions: str()
str(): Program:
d={'rollno':101,'name':'ram','percent':75.4}
Syntax: e=str(d)
str(dictionary) print(e)
print(e[0])
Returns a string
representation of the Sample output:
dictionary. {'rollno': 101, 'name': 'ram', 'percent': 75.4}
{

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 Dictionary functions: fromkeys()
fromkeys():
Program:
Syntax: students=['st1','st2','st3']
dict.fromkeys(seq[,val]) marks = dict.fromkeys(students,60)
print(marks)
• Creates a new dictionary with
keys from seq and values set to Sample output:
val. {'st1': 60, 'st2': 60, 'st3': 60}
• If no value is specified, None is
assigned as default value.
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 Dictionary functions: update()
update():
Program:
Syntax: d1={'rollno':101,'name':'ram','percent':75.4}
dict1.update(dict2) d2={'branch':'cse','marks':378}
d1.update(d2)
Adds the key value pairs of print(d1)
dict2 to key value pairs of
dict1. Sample output:
{'rollno': 101, 'name': 'ram', 'percent': 75.4,
'branch': 'cse', 'marks': 378}
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 Reading a Dictionary at run time

• First step in reading a dictionary is to read all the elements into a list.
• Now to create a dictionary from this list:
– starting from first element every alternative element should be a key.
– starting from second element every alternative element should be a value.
• This can be done by using the loop:
for i in range(0,len(list),2):
dict[key] = value

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 Reading a Dictionary at run time
consider, list = [rollno,101,name,ram,marks,76]

From this list to create a dictionary, we need to assign key value pairs as
shown below:
dict[‘rollno’] = 101 or dict[list[0]] = list[1]
dict[‘name’] = ‘ram’ or dict[list[2]] = list[3]
dict[‘marks’] = 76 or dict[list[4]] = list[5]
which is nothing but dict[list[i]] = list[i+1], where i is every alternative
index from starting to ending of list.

Python Programming Raghu Engineering College Slide 125

 Reading a Dictionary at run time
Program:
l=list(input().split(","))
d={}
for i in range(0,len(l),2):
d[l[i]]=l[i+1]
print(d)

Output:
rollno,101,name,ram,marks,76
{'rollno': '101', 'name': 'ram', 'marks': '76'}

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 list vs Dictionary
• First, a list is an ordered set of items. But, a dictionary is a data structure
that is used for matching one item(key) with another (value).

• Second, in lists, you can use indexing to access a particular item. But,
these indexes should be a number. In dictionaries, you can use any type
(immutable) of value as an index. For example, when we write
Dict['Name'], Name acts as an index but it is not a number but a string.

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 list vs Dictionary
• Third, lists are used to look up a value whereas a dictionary is used to
take one value and look up another value. For this reason, dictionary is
also known as a lookup table.

• Fourth, the key-value pair may not be displayed in the order in which it
was specified while defining the dictionary. This is because Python uses
complex algorithms (called hashing) to provide fast access to the items
stored in the dictionary. This also makes dictionary preferable to use over
a list of tuples.
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 When to use which Data Structure
• Use lists to store a collection of data that does not need random access.

• Use lists if the data has to be modified frequently.

• Use a set if you want to ensure that every element in the data structure
must be unique.

• Use tuples when you want that your data should not be altered.

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