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    Fnal Op Amp

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    Heyi
    The document discusses operational amplifiers (OP-Amps), including their ideal and practical characteristics, parameters, configurations, and applications. Some key points include: - OP-Amps have very high open-loop gain (ideally infinite), high input impedance, low output impedance, and can be used in inverting and non-inverting configurations without feedback. - Practically, OP-Amp gain is finite but very high at around 1,000,000. Input bias currents also exist but are typically only nanoamperes or microamperes. - OP-Amps are used in a wide variety of applications like amplifiers, filters, converters, sensors and more due to their characteristics

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Fnal Op Amp

    Uploaded by

    Heyi
    11 views34 pages
    The document discusses operational amplifiers (OP-Amps), including their ideal and practical characteristics, parameters, configurations, and applications. Some key points include: - OP-Amps have very high open-loop gain (ideally infinite), high input impedance, low output impedance, and can be used in inverting and non-inverting configurations without feedback. - Practically, OP-Amp gain is finite but very high at around 1,000,000. Input bias currents also exist but are typically only nanoamperes or microamperes. - OP-Amps are used in a wide variety of applications like amplifiers, filters, converters, sensors and more due to their characteristics

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    Fnal op amp

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    The document discusses operational amplifiers (OP-Amps), including their ideal and practical characteristics, parameters, configurations, and applications. Some key points include: - OP-Amps have very high open-loop gain (ideally infinite), high input impedance, low output impedance, and can be used in inverting and non-inverting configurations without feedback. - Practically, OP-Amp gain is finite but very high at around 1,000,000. Input bias currents also exist but are typically only nanoamperes or microamperes. - OP-Amps are used in a wide variety of applications like amplifiers, filters, converters, sensors and more due to their characteristics

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    11 views34 pages

    Fnal Op Amp

    Uploaded by

    Heyi
    The document discusses operational amplifiers (OP-Amps), including their ideal and practical characteristics, parameters, configurations, and applications. Some key points include: - OP-Amps have very high open-loop gain (ideally infinite), high input impedance, low output impedance, and can be used in inverting and non-inverting configurations without feedback. - Practically, OP-Amp gain is finite but very high at around 1,000,000. Input bias currents also exist but are typically only nanoamperes or microamperes. - OP-Amps are used in a wide variety of applications like amplifiers, filters, converters, sensors and more due to their characteristics

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 34

    1.

    Introduction to Operational Amplifier (OP_Amp)


    2. Ideal Op_Amp characteristics
    3. Op_Amp Parameter
    4. Open Loop Op_Amp configuration
    Amplifier
    2 input terminal(inverting and non
    inverting inputs),
    1 output terminal.
    +VCC and – VEE are bias voltage
    Operational Amplifier: CIRCUIT SYMBOL AND
    IC(741) PIN DETAILS
    O/p stage is usually a Push_pull
    Complimentary amplifier
    What is input bias current and input offset current?

    If op-amp is ideal then it is assumed that the no current is flowing into the input terminals of the op-amp. But
    actually when biasing voltages are applied to the op-amp then a small amount of current used to flow through
    these input terminals. And these currents are known as the input bias currents of the op-amp.

    In data sheets, it is defined as the average value of the input bias currents flowing in the two terminals of the op-
    amp. (Inverting and non-inverting terminal) Ideally both input bias currents (IB+ and IB-) should be identical, and
    the difference between the two input bias current is defined as the input offset current. The typical value of this
    input bias current for general purpose op-amp is few nanoamperes.

    But it can be as large as few micro-amperes for very high-speed op-amps and it can be as low as few pico-
    amperes for very high precision op-amps.
    Application of OP _Amp

    • Amplifiers
    • Adders and subtractors
    • Integrators and differentiators
    • Clock generators
    • Oscillators, Comparators.
    • Active Filters and sensors
    • Digital-to-analog converters
    • Audio amplifiers: Speakers and microphone circuits in cell phones, etc.
    • Instrumentation amplifiers: Biomedical systems including heart monitors and oxygen sensors.
    • Power amplifiers
    • Analog computers: Combination of integrators, differentiators, summing amplifiers, and multipliers

    Operational Amplifier (OP_Amp) is used in so many application because of its different characteristics.
    Operational Amplifier
    (OP_Amp) output voltage
    v0=Avd=A(V1-V2).
    Voltage Transfer Curve of Op-Amp:

    1. The 'X' axis of the curve represents the differential input of the Op-amp that means it indicates the
    difference between the two input signals(Inverting and Non-Inverting).
    2. The 'Y' axis of the curve represents the output signal or output voltage of the Op-Amp. The gain of the Op-
    Amp is shown in the figure.
    3. The voltage transfer curve of the Op-Amp indicates that the Op-Amp can amplify the input signal up to a
    certain value, then it will be saturated and the output will not be increased even the input is increased. The
    saturated voltage of the Op-Amp depends upon the positive biasing voltage. The saturated voltage of the
    Op-Amp always less than the positive biasing voltage.
    The characteristics of OP Amp:
    (1) The open loop gain of Op-Amp: An ideal Op-Amp should have infinity open loop gain. But practically an Op-
    Amp has an open loop gain 1000000 to 10000000. That means if we applied 1 mV input signal to the Op-
    Amp the output signal will be 1mV*1000000=100V.

    (2) Input Impedance: The ideal Op Amp should have the infinite input impedance that means when we apply an
    input signal to the Op-Amp it should no be drawn any current or should not flow any leakage current.

    (3) Output Impedance: An ideal Op-Amp should have zero output impedance.

    (4) Frequency Range: An ideal Op-Amp should have an infinite frequency range that means it should operate any
    frequency from very low frequency to very high frequency.

    (5) Slew Rate: The ideal Op-Amp should have infinite slew rate.

    (6) Common Mode Rejection Ratio(CMMR): The Ideal Op-Amp should have infinite CMMR.

    Resistance is simply defined as the opposition to the flow of electric current in the circuit. Impedance
    is opposition to the flow of AC current because of any three components that is resistive, inductive or
    capacitive. It is a combination of both resistance and reactance in a circuit.
    Ideal Vs Practical Op-Amp
    Ideal Practical Ideal op-amp
    + AVin
    Open Loop gain A  105
    Vin ~ Vout
    Bandwidth BW  10-100Hz − Zout=0

    Input Impedance Zin  >1M

    Output Impedance Zout 0 10-100 


    Practical op-amp
    Output Voltage Vout Depends only on Vd Depends slightly on +
    = (V+−V−) average input Vc = Zin Zout
    Differential mode (V++V−)/2 Common- Vin Vout
    ~
    signal Mode signal
    − AVin
    CMRR  10-100dB

    Ref:080114HKN Operational Amplifier 27


    For example, we applied two signals V1 and V2. We assumed the gain of the amplifier is A.

    When there is no feedback path from the output to the input of the Op Amp then the A is called open loop gain.

    Now we considering open loop gain. So the output will be Vout = A(V1-V2)
    Non-Inverting amplifier Inverting amplifier

    Suppose we applied one input signal to the Non-Inverting terminal and the Inverting terminal is grounded.

    In this case, the output will be Vout = A(V1-V2) = A(V1-0) = A*V1 From this equation, we can also say the amplified
    output signal is in the same phase as the input signal.

    Now if we applied the input signal to the Inverting terminal and the Non-Inverting is grounded then the output signal
    will be Vout = A(V1-V2) = A(0-V2) = A*-V2 = -AV2, output signal is in the out of phase to the input signal.
    Open loop configuration

    ➢ Differential amplifier
    ➢ Inverting amplifier
    ➢ Non inverting amplifier
    Input modes: single end, Double ended and common mode

    Single ended mode:

    If i/p sig is applied only to one of the i/p and other i/p terminal is connected to grd. OPAMP is said to be operating in the
    single ended mode.

    The i/p and o/p signal are 180 degree out of phase If i/p is applied to inverting i/p
    The i/p and o/p signals are in phase with each other If i/p sig is applied to non- inverting i/p
    Differential mode : In this, 2 opposite polarity last of phase sig are applied to the 2 i/ps of OP-AMP

    This type of operation is double ended operation. The difference between i/p sig is amplified appears at o/p.
    Common mode: (CM)

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