TLE (Computer Systems Servicing) G7/8

1 PIVOT 4A CALABARZON CSS G7/8

 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall
subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior
approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created
shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or
office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of
royalties.

Borrowed materials (songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand

names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their
respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and
seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright
owners. The publisher and the authors do not represent nor claim
ownership over them.

This module was carefully examined and revised in accordance

with the standards prescribed by the DepEd Regional Office 4A and
CLMD CALABARZON. All parts and sections of the module are
assured not to have violated any rules stated in the Intellectual
Property Rights for learning standards.
The Editors

PIVOT 4A CALABARZON CSS G7/8

PIVOT 4A Learner’s Material
First Edition, 2021

TLE
(Computer Systems Servicing)
Grade 7/8

Job S. Zape, Jr.

PIVOT 4A SLMs Development Lead
Donna Rose M. Obciana & Fenamae P. Lara
Content Creator & Writer
Virgilio O. Guevarra Jr.
Internal Reviewer and Editor
Diane D. Arellano & Alexandra V. Cloma
Language Editor & Technical Reviewer
Edwina C. Nabo, Joel D. Salazar & Leylanie V. Adao
SDO Reviewers
Anne Marinelle B. Montegrande & Alexandro L. Maghari
Layout Artist & Illustrator
Jhucel A. del Rosario & Melanie Mae N. Moreno
Graphic Artist & Cover Designer

Published by: Department of Education Region IV-A CALABARZON

Regional Director: Francis Cesar B. Bringas

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 Guide in Using PIVOT 4A Learner’s Material

For the Parents/Guardians

This module aims to assist you, dear parents, guardians, or siblings
of the learners, to understand how materials and activities are used in the
new normal. It is designed to provide information, activities, and new
learning that learners need to work on.
Activities presented in this module are based on the Most
Essential Learning Competencies (MELCs) in TLE (Computer Systems
Servicing) as prescribed by the Department of Education.
Further, this learning resource hopes to engage the learners in
guided and independent learning activities at their own pace. Furthermore,
this also aims to help learners acquire the essential 21st century skills
while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.
You are expected to assist the children in the tasks and ensure the
learner’s mastery of the subject matter. Be reminded that learners have to
answer all the activities in their own notebook.

For the Learners

The module is designed to suit your needs and interests using the
IDEA instructional process. This will help you attain the prescribed grade-
level knowledge, skills, attitude, and values at your own pace outside the
normal classroom setting.
The module is composed of different types of activities that are
arranged according to graduated levels of difficulty—from simple to
complex. You are expected to :
a. answer all activities on separate sheets of paper;
b. accomplish the PIVOT Assessment Card for Learners on page
38 by providing the appropriate symbols that correspond to your
personal assessment of your performance; and
c. submit the outputs to your respective teachers on the time
and date agreed upon.

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 Parts of PIVOT 4A Learner’s Material
K to 12 Learning
Descriptions
Delivery Process

This part presents the MELC/s and the desired

Introduction

What I need to know learning outcomes for the day or week, purpose of
the lesson, core content and relevant samples.
This maximizes awareness of his/her own
knowledge as regards content and skills required
What is new
for the lesson.

This part presents activities, tasks and contents

What I know of value and interest to learner. This exposes
Development

him/her on what he/she knew, what he/she does

not know and what he/she wants to know and
What is in
learn. Most of the activities and tasks simply and
directly revolve around the concepts of
What is it developing mastery of the target skills or MELC/s.

In this part, the learner engages in various tasks

and opportunities in building his/her knowledge,
What is more
skills and attitude/values (KSAVs) to
meaningfully connect his/her concepts after
Engagement

doing the tasks in the D part. This also exposes

him/her to real life situations/tasks that shall:
What I can do ignite his/ her interests to meet the expectation;
make his/her performance satisfactory; and/or
produce a product or performance which will help
him/her fully understand the target skills and
What else I can do
concepts .
This part brings the learner to a process where
he/she shall demonstrate ideas, interpretation,
What I have learned
mindset or values and create pieces of
Assimilation

information that will form part of his/her

knowledge in reflecting, relating or using them
effectively in any situation or context. Also, this
What I can achieve part encourages him/her in creating conceptual
structures giving him/her the avenue to integrate
new and old learnings.
This module is a guide and a resource of information in understanding the
Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELCs). Understanding the target
contents and skills can be further enriched thru the K to 12 Learning Materials
and other supplementary materials such as Worktexts and Textbooks provided by
schools and/or Schools Division Offices, and through other learning delivery
modalities, including radio-based instruction (RBI) and TV-based instruction
(TVI).

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WEEK
1
Using and Maintaining Hand Tools
I Lesson

Hand tools are hand held devices that help us in accomplishing tasks. It
can be found everywhere, in your house, in schools and in all work areas. It
makes task easy and faster to do, saving most of our time and energy.
In this lesson, you will be able to plan and prepare for the task to be
undertaken, prepare hand tools, use appropriate hand tools and test equipment
and also maintain hand tools. Here are the most common tools and equipment in
Computer Systems Servicing.

Common Tools and Equipment for Computer Systems Servicing

Electro Static Discharge (ESD Tools)
Anti Static Wrist Strap
This tool is used to protect computer equipment
against damage caused by Electro static discharged
(ESD).
Anti Static Mat
This tool is used to prevent static electricity from
accumulating on the hardware or on the technician.
Hand Tools
Flat-head Screw Driver
This tool is used to tighten or loosen slotted screws.

Phillips-head Screw Driver

This tool is used to tighten or loosen cross headed
screws
Torx Screwdriver
This tool is used to tighten or loosen screw with star
like shape (mostly found in laptops).
Hex Driver
This tool is used to tighten or loosen nuts (sometimes
called nut driver).

Needle Nose Pliers

This tool is used hold small parts.

Wire Cutters
This tool is used to strip and cut wires.

Tweezers
This tool is used to manipulate small parts.

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Part Retriever
This tool is used to retrieve small parts in spaces which do not fit
your hands.
Flashlight
This tool is used to light up areas that is too dark to see.

Wire Stripper
This tool is used to remove wire insulation from the wire.

Crimping Tool
This tool is used to conjoin a wire to a connector by tightly squeezing
and deforming the parts to connect them together.

Punch-down Tool
This tool is used to terminate and secure cables to a jack.

Cleaning Tools
Soft cloth
This is used to clean different computer components without
scratching it.

Compressed Air
This tool is used to blow away dust and debris from different
computer parts without touching the components.

Cable Ties
This is used to bundle cables neatly inside and outside of a
computer.

Parts Organizer
This is used as a container for small parts like screws, jumpers,
fasteners.

Diagnostic Tool
Digital Multimeter
This tool is used to test the integrity and the quality of electricity in
computer components.

Loopback Adapter
This tool is used to test the functionality of computer ports.

Network Cable Testers

This tool is used to check network cable connectivity and
verify the correct wiring of connectors on cables.

External Hard Drive Enclosures

This tool is used to place hard drive in the external enclosure for
inspection diagnostic and repair. Also use to back up files to prevent
data corruption during repair.

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Hand Tools Inspection Process
Before using a hand tool, whether personally owned or
borrowed, it is best to check first if they are free from damages,
defects, cracks, loose handles and other flaws that could cause
harm.
Here are some tips when using a hand tool.
1. Ensure that the person to use is properly trained and
skilled.
2. Select the right tool for the job. Using a substitute tool may
cause accidents.
3. Keep tools in good condition all the time.
4. Inspect for defects before use. Do not use if found defective.
5. Ensure that the handles are intact
6. Keep tools clean and dry
7. Keep your workspace clean. Store properly when not in use.

Safety Tips When Using Hand Tools and Equipment

• Buy quality tools, they are more durable and reliable.
• Perform regular maintenance and inspection of tools to make sure they are in good shape
and fit for use.
• Avoid loose clothing and jewelries that can get caught in tools moving parts.
• Wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment.
• Use the right tool for the job. An alternative tool can cause accidents.
• Never carry pointed and sharp tools in your pocket.
• Make sure tools are stored in a safe place. Do not leave it lying anywhere in your workplace

Preventive Maintenance is scheduled, routine inspection to keep equipment running

as well as prevent downtime and expensive repair costs. The goal is noticing small problems
before it caused major injuries and downtimes.
Damage and missing tools, equipment and paraphernalia should be reported
immediately to the Custodian. Tracking and recording tools and equipment history helps
employees to identify caused of damages and possible reason of losing tools.
Here is a sample Property Custodian Lost and Damaged Report
REPORT OF LOST AND DAMAGED TOOLS, EQUIPMENT AND PARAPHERNALIA
Status of Property NAME: ________________________
(Signature Over Printed Name)
□ Lost □ Damaged
□ Stolen □ Destroyed Department: _____________________
Property Number Description Acquisition Cost

Remarks:
Noted by: ______________________________
Property Custodian

D
Learning Task 1: Below are the tools and equipment in Computer Systems Servicing, can you
categorize them based on their functions and purposes? Write your answer on a sheet of paper or on
your answer sheets.
Flat-head screwdriver Flashlight Part retriever
Compressed air Wire stripper Soft cloth
Crimper Digital Multimeter Toner Probe
Hex driver Punch-down tool Torx screwdriver
Antistatic Wrist Strap Parts organizer Antistatic Mat
Wire cutters Tweezers Cable ties
Loopback Adapter Phillips-head screwdriver
Needle-nose pliers External Hard Drive Enclosure

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 Electro Static
HAND CLEANING
Discharge (ESD) DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS
TOOLS TOOLS
TOOLS
e.g. Anti Static Mat Tweezer Cable Ties Loopback Adapter

E
Learning Task 2: On a sheet of paper, list down five (5) ways on how to properly
maintain tools and equipment. For learners with internet connection, you can
look for online videos that show proper ways of maintaining tools and equipment
in Computer systems servicing as an additional reference.
Rubrics for checking:

Learning Task 3: Choose which among these following tools are needed to
complete the given task. Write the letter of the correct answer on your paper.

1. _____ It is used to test the integrity of circuits and the quality of electricity in
Computer Components.
2. _____ It is used to clean different computer parts without scratching or leaving
debris.
3. _____ This tools is used to retrieve small parts from locations that your hands
cannot fit.
4. _____ This is use to neatly bundle Computer cable and keep it organize.
5. _____ This is used to strip and cut wires.
6. _____ This tool is used to hold small parts.
7. _____ This tool is used to connect network wires into a patch panel.
8. _____ This tool is used to blow away dust and debris from different computer
parts.
9. _____ This tool is used to light up areas that you cannot see well.
10. _____ This tool is used to tighten or loosen nuts.

A
Learning Task 4: Did you learn something from this lesson? Can you think of
ways on how a tool and equipment helps you in your everyday work. Write a
short reflection on your notebook on how a tool can be helpful in your everyday
task at home.
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WEEKS Performing Computer Operations
2-3
I Lesson

A computer is an electronic device that is used to manipulate information

and data. It has the ability to store, retrieve and process data. You can use a
computer to type documents, create a spreadsheet, send emails, play games,
create a video or presentation and browse the web.
In this lesson, you will be able to plan and prepare task to be undertaken,
input data into computer, access information using computer, produce output
data using a computer system, use basic functions of a www browser to locate
information, and maintain computer equipment and systems

Hardware vs. Software

Hardware refers to the tangible, physical and mechanical components of
a computer.
Software refers to the intangible computer components. It is a set of
instructions that tells the hardware what to do and how to do it.
Examples of software include web browsers, games word processors and
spreadsheets.

Different Types of Computers

Computers are classified in many types based on their size and speed.

Super Computers are extremely fast computer, which can

execute hundreds of millions of instructions per
second.

Mainframe Computers are multi-user compute

system, capable of supporting hundreds of users
simultaneously. Software technology is different from
minicomputer.

Mini Computer is a multi-user computer system,

cap ab le of su ppo rt in g hu nd r eds of us ers
simultaneously.

Workstation is also a single user computer system,

similar to personal computer however it has a more
powerful microprocessor.

A server is a software or hardware device that

accepts and responds to requests made over a
network. The device that makes the request, and
receives a response from the server, is called a client.
Microcontroller are mini computers that enable the
user to store data and execute simple commands and
tasks. The computer in your car, for example is an
embedded system.

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Personal Computer is a single user computer system having moderately powerful
microprocessor.

Desktop Computer is designed to be placed on a desk. It

is commonly used at work, home and school. They are
made up of different parts like mouse, monitor, keyboard
and a computer system unit.
Laptop Computer is battery powered computer that are more
portable than desktops, allowing you to use the anywhere.

Tablet Computer is handheld computer that are more

portable than a laptop. It uses a touch sensitive screen
for typing and navigations.

Information Processing Cycle

Four phases to process information
Input: Computer receives data and instructions.
Process: Computer applies instructions to data to produce information
Storage: Saving the information for future use.
Output: Computer sends information to people in a usable format.

Input Output
Data Process Information

Storage

Microsoft Office Ribbon

The ribbon is a set of toolbars at the top of the window in Office programs
designed to help you quickly find the commands that you need to complete a task.

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Steps in creating a New Document
1. Choose File ➪ New from the menu bar.
2. This may ask you to select which document template to use for the new
document.
3. Click the New Blank Document button of the tool bar.
4. or Press CTRL + N on the keyboard.

Steps in Opening an Existing Document

1. Choose File ➪ Open from the menu bar.
2. Click the Open button on the toolbar.
3. or Press CTRL + O on the keyboard.
4. NOTE: Each method will show the Open dialog box. Select the drive the file
was saved on, choose the file, and click the Open button.

Steps in Saving a Document

1. Select File ➪ Save from the menu bar.
2. Click the Save button on the toolbar.
3. or Press CTRL + S on the keyboard.
4. Navigate to the location where you would like to save the document. Make
a note of the drive where the document is saved for future reference.
To save an existing open document under a different name, select 'File ➪
Save As'.

Steps in Renaming a Document

1. To rename an existing, but not open Word document while using the
program,
2. Select File ➪ Open (or press CTRL + O on the keyboard) and find the file
you want to rename.
3. Right-click on the document name with the mouse and select Rename
from the shortcut menu.
4. Type the new name for the file and press the ENTER key.

Steps in Closing a Document

1. Choose the File ➪ Exit on the menu bar.
2. Click the Close button align with the title bar.
3. or Press ALT + F4 on the Keyboard.

Steps in Printing a File

1. Open your document
2. Choose Print from the File Menu.
3. Select the printer connected on your computer.
4. Edit other print settings if needed

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Steps in Browsing the Web
1. Open your computer or device web browser.
2. Type in the website that you need to visit.
3. While navigating the website, look for hyperlinks, it is often part of a
website in blue underlined text, that when clicked will load a different
page. Web authors use links to connect relevant pages.
4. Click the star symbol at the end of the address bar to bookmark or save a
web page address.

When searching for a particular topic, use search engines.

To send and receive messages, use an Email. Almost everyone who uses the
internet has their own email account because you’ll need it to do anything online
like online banking and creating a Facebook account

Computer Ergonomics
Many people spend hours a day in front of a computer without thinking
about the impact on their bodies. Physical daily stress can lead to injuries with
lifelong impact on health.
Ergonomics is a field of study that attempts to reduce strain, fatigue, and
injuries by improving product design and workspace arrangement. The goal is a
comfortable, relaxed posture.

Elbows – above the desk at 90-110 degrees

Shoulders – relaxed as opposed to hunched
Wrist – in line with forearms
Hips, Knees, Ankles – at 90 degrees while
seated
Feet – flat on the ground or footrest
Head– upright with ears aligned with
shoulders
Eyes– level at the top of the monitor
Seat Length– should be long enough to
provide support beneath thighs
Backrest– angled at 90-110 degrees with
adequate lumbar support in line with lower
back
Keyboard and Mouse– G and H of keyboard should be aligned with your nose.
Mouse gripped loosely

Maintain Computer Equipment and Systems

1. Install antivirus software.
2. Update software regularly fixes for bugs and glitches as well as enhanced
security features.

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 3. Run Computer Maintenance. Defrag your computer regularly and clean
the registry. Scans and updates are also necessary.
4. Back up files. Use an external hard drive or software-based back-ups to
keep your files in case something happens to your computer.
5. Clean and remove dust from monitor, system unit and peripherals.
6. Use an auto voltage regulator and surge protector to protect computers
from power surges.

D
Learning Task 1: What are the dif-
ferent uncomfortable and awkward
positions did you
observe in these pictures? List down
on your answer sheet ways on how
to correct it.

Example:

1. Elbows should be above the desk

90 to 100 degrees

E
Learning Task 2: List down on your answer sheet the steps on how to accomplish
the needed task. You will be graded using the following criteria: Correctness: 50%,
Quality: 30% and Clarity: 20%
1. Maria needs to do a PowerPoint presentation about her report in TLE. What are
the steps that she needs to perform to open and save the PowerPoint file?
2. Dave was asked to send an email to his boss. How can he do it step by step?

A
Learning Task 3: Computer is now considered a necessity. In different fields of
work like engineering, communications, medical, education, science and
discoveries, technical, police work and even in our homes, computer plays a big
role in accessing, processing and sharing information.

As a learner, can you give an example of how a computer can help you?
Write your answers on your notebook.
__________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________.

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 Performing Mensuration and Calculation WEEK
4
I Lesson

In this lesson you will learn how does a computer process and store data.
You will be able to select measuring instruments, carry out measurements and
calculations and maintain measuring instruments.

Components and Objects to be Measured

MEMORY
Memory is a component in your computer that is used to store data and
instructions. Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where data
is to be processed and instructions required for processing are stored.

RAM (Random Access Memory)

RAM is a temporary memory. The information stored in this memory is lost
as the power supply to the computer is turned off, also called Volatile Memory. It
stores the data and instruction given by the user and also the results produced by
the computer temporarily.

ROM (Read Only Memory)

Information stored in ROM is permanent. It
holds the data even if the system is switched
off. It holds the starting instructions for the
computer. ROM cannot be overwritten by the
computer. It is also called Non-Volatile
Memory.

STORAGE DRIVES
These are also known as secondary memory that are used for storing data
or information permanently.

Data Storage Capacity - The amount of data a storage device such as a disk or
tape can hold. Storage capacity is measured in kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB),
gigabytes (GB) and terabytes (TB).

Magnetic Storage Devices

Floppy Disk Drive is a removable disk drive

5 ¼” or 3 ½” in size that is used to save data
between 1.2 MB to 1.44 MB of data capacity.

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 Hard Disk Drive is a magnetic storage device installed
inside the computer that is used as permanent storage
of data. Storage capacity is measured in gigabytes (GB)
or terabytes (TB). Speed is measured in revolution per
minute or RPM

Optical Storage Device is a storage device that uses

lasers to read data on the optical media. Blue ray disc,
CD-ROM disc, CR-R and CD-RW disc, DVD-R,DVD –
RW are some of the examples.

Flash Memory Devices

Flash Drive is a portable storage device with 1GB to
1TB storage capacity. It is used to store and transfer
data between devices via USB port.

Compact Flash is a 50 pin connection storage medium,

commonly found in PDAs, digital cameras, and other
portable devices.

Memory Card is a storage media that is often used to

store photos, videos, or other data in electronic devices.

Solid-state Drive (SSD) is a storage device that is non

volatile. It holds and access data like a hard drive, but
it has no moving parts. It is faster, noiseless, higher
reliability and lower power consumption.

PROCESSOR
The processor or CPU is the brain of the computer
system. It handles all instructions from mouse and
keyboard and provides appropriate output.

VIDEO CARD
A video card is a hardware connected in the computer’s
motherboard that deals with processing images and
videos.

Maintain measuring instruments

To avoid damage follow these guidelines in maintaining your devices.

1. Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions and standard operating

procedures in proper usage and handling.
2. Portable storage devices need to be scanned using the latest virus scanner
to avoid transfer of virus from one computer to another.

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 3. Avoid touching sensitive parts like the magnetic disk, pin and connectors.
4. Blow away dust using compressed air.
5. Use storage for small devices to avoid losing it.
6. Do not drop to avoid damage

CONVERSION AND CALCULATION

Computers use binary codes 1 and 0 to represent and interpret letters,

numbers and special characters with bits. A decimal number can be understood
by a computer if it is converted to binary first.

Convert Decimal to Binary

To convert decimal number to binary, divide the number by 2, get the
quotient and remainder.

When it comes to text and characters, there is what we called an American

Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII).

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 By using the ASCII to Decimal table, let us convert the word “Hello” into
Binary

DATA STORAGE CALCULATION

Have you ever wondered how
many files can be stored in your
storage drive? There is a way to
know file storage capacity. When
referring to storage space, we
use the terms bytes (B),
kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB),
gigabytes (GB), and terabytes
(TB).

First step is to determine the size of your file, then identify the size of your folder
or storage drive. For example:
File size is 45KB Another example, if you are wondering how
many photos can be save in your 1GB USB
1KB = 1024 bytes
Flash Drive.
45 * 1024 = 46,080
1 Photo = 5 MB
Folder Size = 1 MB
5 MB = 1,048,576 * 5 = 5,242,880
1MB = 1,048, 576
1 GB = 1,073,741,824
1,048,576 / 46,080 = 22.8 or
1,073,741,824 / 5,242,880
approximately 22 files can be stored
= 204.8 photos (more or less
in a 1MB folder.
depending on the actual image size

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 D
Learning Task 1: On your answer sheet, List down ways on how to take care of
your computer and storage devices. You will be graded using the rubric below.
1. _________________________________________
2. _________________________________________
3. _________________________________________
4. _________________________________________
5. _________________________________________

E
Learning Task 2: Convert the following Numbers and Words into Binary Digits.
Perform checking to verify the answers. Write your answer on your answer sheets.

1. 45
2. 37
3. 12
4. God
5. Love

Learning Task 3: Identify how many files can be saved in a 5MB size folder.

1. 20 KB MS Word file
2. 2 MB picture file

A
Learning Task 4: On your answer sheet, write a short reflection on your
understanding about the decimal to binary conversions and the ASCII codes.
What do you think is the importance of knowing how does a computer process
data and instructions?

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WEEK Preparing and Interpreting Technical Drawing
5 Lesson
I
In this lesson, you will be able to, identify different kinds of technical
drawing, interpret technical drawing, prepare or make changes to electrical or
electronic schematic and drawings.
A flowchart is commonly used by systems analyst
to visualize the series of processes in a business system.
A flowchart is a useful tool to design an efficient
business system and to troubleshoot or improve an
existing system.

Flowcharting is a process of describing or showing the

flow of operations that must be performed to solve a
certain problem using different symbols.

Flowchart- is a visual or graphic representation of the

data flow. A flowchart represents the whole thing that
you plan or do. The given flowchart below describes the
simple actions.
Elements of Flowchart
Flowcharts show the exact sequence of procedures to be made and describe
the flow of data. It uses graphics symbols that represent as terminator, process,
sub process, decision, arrow lines, and connectors. The most commonly used
flowchart symbols are the following:
This symbol (oval) represents a terminal usually start
and end. Flowchart used to start or end a process or an
action.

This symbol (rectangle) represents a process. This is

used to represent a process, procedure or any action
taken.

This symbol (rectangle with double lines on each side)

represents a sub process. This may be a subroutine
procedure that divided into at any point of the process.

This symbol (rhomboid) symbolizes data. This is used to

show data or information that entering or leaving the
process. This flowchart symbol usually used as input or
output.

This symbol (Diamond) signifies a decision. This is used

when the decision has to be made, requiring an answer
yes or no, true or false, on or off etc.

This symbol (small circle) designs as connector. This is

used to connect two directional lines and usually
labelled to show matching jump points.

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 The directional arrow serves as connector lines to connect the
different symbols, flow of action and data from one symbol to
another.

Procedures in Creating Flowchart

Making flowcharts are quite difficult, so when creating a flowchart, we must

remember the following:

1. The purpose should be described in a clear and definite process.

2. Each procedure should be clearly presented.
3. Always focus on the main flow.
4. Provide useful conclusion to the entire process.
5. The flow of the process should be from left to right, top to bottom.
6. Write a brief and clear word or code inside the flowcharts.

Basic Flowcharting Forms

There are three basic flowcharting forms. These are the following:

1. SEQUENCIAL Program Flow 2. DECISION Program Flow involves

is a simple arrangement of actions a decision to determine the truth or
and process. It is composed of a falsity of a certain statement. The
series of statement which are direction of the flow depends on the
executed one by one from top to result of the decision.
bottom.

START START

GO TO LIBRARY
MAKE A
PROGRAM

BORROW
BOOKS

READ
IS THE YES PRINT
DESIGN
OKAY? THE
DESIGN

RETURN
BOOKS NO

END
END

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3. LOOPING Program Flow repeats an
action for a number of times as initially
set until a certain condition is met.

Electronic Schematic Symbols

Graphic symbols have been developed for describing the connections and
functions of such circuits and systems.

Batteries are represented on a schematic with a pair of dis

proportionate, parallel lines. The number of lines indicates the
number of series cells in the battery.

Switch can be represented in numerous ways in electronic

schematics.

Capacitors are either polarized or not. A polarized capacitor is marked

with a “+” sign.
Note: It is important to distinguish between these two because the
polarized capacitor needs to be placed correctly according to the “+” sign.

Standard Capacitor Polarized Capacitor Standard Capacitor Polarized Capacitor

Resistor reduces current flow. The symbol is often drawn as a resistor
with an arrow across it or pointing down on it as the one below.

American Style European Style

Variable resistor or potentiometer is drawn in several
different ways.
Transistor is like an electronic switch. It can turn a current
on and off. The most common transistor types:
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)

Field Effect Transistor (FET)

PIVOT 4A CALABARZON CSS G7/8 22

 Diode family has several different symbols because there are
several different types of diodes.

Inductor is also called a coil or reactor. The coils store energy

in a magnetic field or flux. An inductor symbol looks like a
coiled wire as this is what an inductor essentially is.

Transformer is two or more coils coupled by magnetic

induction. It helps keep the frequency and reduce tension in
an AC circuit. The symbol of the transformer looks like two
inductors with something in between them.

Integrated circuits (IC) are usually shown as rectangular

boxes with pin names.

Drawing Schematic Diagram

A well-drawn schematic diagram makes it easy to understand how a circuit

works and aids in troubleshooting; a poor schematic only creates confusion. By
keeping a few rules and suggestions in mind, you can draw a good schematic in
no more time than it takes to draw a poor one. Here is an example of a DC Power
supply Schematic Diagram.

Purpose of technical drawing

• The purpose of a technical drawing is to clarify an idea and to translate that

idea into a common graphical language.
• Technical drawings fulfill the purpose of idea translation through the
application of a variety of methods and visual conventions.

Store technical drawings and equipment/ instruments

It is important that the equipment, which has been in use is stored neatly
in clean and dry place. Dirty and damaged equipment does not help in the
production of good and clean drawings.

23 PIVOT 4A CALABARZON CSS G7/8

Proper Care and Maintenance
It is essential to take proper care of the drafting tools, materials, and
equipment. Below are some tips to properly use and take care of them.

1. Avoid dropping your tools and equipment.

2. Never use measuring tools in cutting paper.
3. Do not sharpen your pencil on top of your workplace.
4. Wipe off the surface and edges of triangles and T-squares.
5. Sharpen and store your pencils properly after use.
6. Find or create and organize where you can hang your measuring tools.
7. Have a separate container for marking tools.
8. Keep your drawing sheets in a plastic tube to protect them from a dust
and dirt.
9. Never lend or borrow drafting tools and materials if may.
10. Always clean the instruments and the drawing table before beginning your
work.

D
Learning Task 1: Answer the given items to complete the puzzle.

Down

1. It is used to connect the

different data and flow of
action from one symbol to
another.
2. It is a process of describing
or showing the flow of action.
3. It is used to represent a
process, procedure or any
action taken.
4. It is used when the decision
has to be made, requiring an
answer yes or no, true or false,
on or off etc.
5. It is a symbol used to show
Across
data or information that
6. It shows the exact sequence of procedures entering or leaving the
to be made and describe the flow of data. process.
8. It is subroutine procedure that divided into 7. It is a symbol used to
at any point of the process. represent a process.

9. It is used to start or end a process

10. A small circle symbol design as _________.

PIVOT 4A CALABARZON CSS G7/8 24

 E
Learning Task 2: Modified True or False. Analyze each statement then write”
Technical “if the statement is true. If the statement is false, underline the word
that made it incorrect, and then write the correct one on the space provided before
each number.
________1. The direction of the flow depends on the result of the decision
________2. Always focus on the sub flow.
________3. The flow of the process should be from right to left, top to bottom.
________4. Write a detailed and clear word or code inside the flowcharts.
________5. Sequential program flow is composed of a series of statement which are
executed one by one from top to bottom.
________6. The terminal symbol marks that the start and end of the flowchart.
________7. Decision program flow involves a decision or test to determine the truth or
falsity of a certain statement.
________8. Use connectors to ensure that the symbols are properly connected and that the
flow continues.
________9. Only a single flow line should enter and leave a process symbol.
_______10. Write your code inside the symbols in briefest and clearest manner as possible.

Learning Task 3:
A. On a short bond paper, create a flowchart that will read the age of the
students and will display the text “Junior High” if the age is 12 and above and
will end the process if the age is below 12.
You will be graded using this rubric

FLOWCHART RUBRIC
Criteria Points Score
The flowchart’s
structure met the objective.
Branching is complete and clearly illustrated.
Each element of the flowchart is labeled.
Correct symbols are used.
The flowchart is easy to follow
TOTAL

B. Create a schematic diagram that shows a simple series circuit of resistor

connection.

A
Learning Task 4: On a piece of paper, write your understanding about the
purpose and importance of a schematic diagram in electronics.

25 PIVOT 4A CALABARZON CSS G7/8

WEEK Terminating and Connecting Electrical Wiring
6 and Electronics Circuit
I Lesson

To work with electronic and electrical circuits, a beginner needs to gain

special hand tools and equipment. In this lesson, you will be able to plan and
prepare for termination/connection of electrical wiring/ electronic circuits,
terminate/connect electrical wiring/ electronic circuits, test termination/
connections of electrical wiring/ electronic circuits. These are the hand tool and
equipment in preparing one or more specific job in joining, replacing, obtaining
and troubleshooting of electronic circuits.

Basic Electronic Hand Tools and Equipment

Long Nose Pliers is used for holding, bending and

stretching the lead of electronics component or connecting
wire.

Side Cutter Pliers is used for cutting or trimming of

connecting wires or terminal leads in the circuit board.

Flat Screw Driver is used to drive or fasten negative slotted

Philips Screw Driver is used to drive or fasten positive

slotted screws.

Soldering Iron is used to join two or more metal conductors

with the support of soldering lead melted around it.

Desoldering Tool/Desoldering Pump is used to unsoldered

unwanted parts or component in the circuit with the support
of soldering iron.

Multi-Volts Power Supply is used to supply the desired

direct current voltages in the circuit.

Multi-tester is used for measuring resistance, voltage and

current.

Portable Electric Hand Drill is used for boring hole/s in the

plastics chassis or metal chassis.

Soldering is the process of joining two or more electronic parts together by

melting solder around the connection. Solder is a metal alloy and when it cools it
creates a strong electrical bond between the parts. Even though soldering can
create a permanent connection, it can also be reversed using a desoldering tool.

PIVOT 4A CALABARZON CSS G7/8 26

Soldering Safety
Soldering irons can reach temperatures of 800′ F so it’s very important to know
where your iron is at all times. We always recommend you to use a soldering iron
stand to help prevent accidental burns or damages. Choose a well ventilated area
or use a fume extractor to protect your eyes and lungs from harmful solder smoke.

Step on How to Solder

Step 1: Mount The Component – Begin by inserting the leads of the LED into the
holes of the circuit board. Flip the board over and bend the leads outward at a 45′
angle. This will help the component make a better connection with the copper pad
and prevent it from falling out while soldering.
Step 2: Heat The Joint – Turn your soldering iron on and if it has an adjustable
heat control, set it to 400’C. At this point, touch the tip of the iron to the copper
pad and the resistor lead at the same time. You need to hold the soldering iron in
place for 3-4 seconds in order to heat the pad and the lead.
Step 3: Apply Solder to Joint – Continue holding the soldering iron on the
copper pad and the lead and touch your solder to the joint.
Step 4: Snip The Leads – Remove the soldering iron and let the solder cool down
naturally. Don’t blow on the solder as this will cause a bad joint. Once cool, you
can snip the extra wire from leads.

A proper solder joint is smooth, shiny and

looks like a volcano or cone shape. You want
just enough solder to cover the entire joint
but not too much so it becomes a ball or
spills to a nearby lead or joint.

The good thing about using solder is the fact

that it can be removed easily in a technique
known as desoldering.

Desoldering Steps
Step 1 – Place a piece of the desoldering braid on top of the joint/solder you want
to remove.
Step 2 – Heat your soldering iron and touch the tip to the top of the braid. This
will heat the solder below which will then be absorbed into the desoldering braid.
You can now remove the braid to see if the solder has been extracted and
removed. Be careful in touching the braid when you are heating it because it will
get hot.

Typical electrical cable jointing methods

Western Union Short tie
It is used when the connection must be strong
enough to support long lengths of heavy wire. In the
past, this splice was used to repair telegraph wires.
If the splice is to be taped, care should be taken to
eliminate any sharp edges from the wire ends.
27 PIVOT 4A CALABARZON CSS G7/8
 Rat-tail Joint
It is also known as a twist splice or a pig-tail splice. A very
basic electrical splice that can be done with both solid and
stranded wire. It is made by taking two or more bare wires
and wrapping them together symmetrically around the
common axis of both wires.

Knotted Tap Joint

It is used to for branch joints to connect a branch wire to a
continuous wire. Remove about 1 inch of insulation from the
main wire and about 3 inches from the branch wire.

Fixture Joint
It is an electric connection between two conductors
formed by crossing their bare ends, wrapping one end
around the other, and then folding them over.
This is a type of branch joint connecting a small-
diameter wire to the large diameter conductor, such as those
used in lighting fixtures.

Wires Connection
Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
To pass current very easily from one part of a
circuit to another.
Wire
A 'blob' should be drawn where wires are
connected (joined), but it is sometimes omitted.
Wires connected at 'crossroads should be
Wires joined staggered slightly to form two T‐ junctions, as

In complex diagrams it is often necessary to

draw wires crossing even though they are not
Wires not
connected.
joined

Switches
Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
On‐Off Single Pole, Single Throw. An on‐off switch
Switch allows current to flow only when it is in the
closed (on) position.
(SPST)
Single Pole, Double Throw. A 2‐way changeover
switch directs the flow of current to one of two
2‐way Switch
routes according to its position.
(SPDT) Some SPDT switches have a central off position
and are described as 'on‐off‐on'

Dual On‐Off Double Pole, Single Throw. A dual on‐off switch

which is often used to switch mains
Switch
electricity because it can isolate both the live
(DPST) and neutral connections

PIVOT 4A CALABARZON CSS G7/8 28

 Power Supplies/Source
Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
Supplies electrical energy. The larger terminal (on the
left) is positive (+). A single cell is often called a
Cell
battery, but strictly a battery is two or more cells
joined together.
DC Supply Supplies electrical energy.
DC = Direct Current, always flowing in one
direction.
Supplies electrical energy.
AC = Alternating Current, continually changing
AC Supply
direction.
Supplies electrical energy. A battery is more than one
cell. The larger terminal (on the left) is positive (+).
Battery

A safety device which will 'blow' (melt) if the

current flowing through it exceeds a specified
Fuse
value.
Transformers are used to step up (increase) and step
down (decrease) AC voltages. Energy
is transferred between the coils by the magnetic field
Transformer in the core. There is no electrical
connection between the coils.

A connection to earth. For many electronic circuits

this is the 0V (zero volts) of the power supply, but for
mains electricity and some radio circuits it
Ground really means the earth. It is also known as ground

Output Devices/Loads: Lamps, Heater, Motor

Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component
A transducer which converts electrical energy to
light. This symbol is used for a
Lamp
lamp providing illumination, for example a car
(lighting)
headlamp or torch bulb.
A transducer which converts electrical energy to
heat.
Heater
A transducer which converts electrical energy to
kinetic energy (motion).
Motor

A transducer which converts electrical energy to

sound.
Bell

A coil of wire which creates a magnetic field when

current passes through it. It can be used as a
Inductor
transducer converting electrical energy to
mechanical energy by pulling on something.

29 PIVOT 4A CALABARZON CSS G7/8

 D
Learning Task 1: State whether the following is an equipment or a hand tool.
______________1.Desoldering Tool ______________6. Philips Screw Driver
______________2. Soldering Iron ______________7. Flat Screw Driver
______________3. Multi-Volts Power ______________ 8. Multi-tester
Supply ______________ 9. Side Cutter Pliers
______________4. Long Nose Pliers _____________ 10. Electric Hand Drill
______________5. Portable Electric
Hand Drill

E
Learning Task 2: Using some old wires, create the four (4) typical electrical cable
jointing methods. Glue or tape the wire in a short bond paper. You will be graded
using the rubrics below.

Western Union Short tie Knotted Tap Joint

Fixture Joint
Rat-tail Joint

A
Learning Task 3: On a piece of paper, write a short reflection about the
importance of safety in connecting electrical wiring and circuits. Why do we need
to consider health and safety while doing our task?

PIVOT 4A CALABARZON CSS G7/8 30

 Testing Electronic Components WEEKS
7-8
I Lesson

An electronic circuit is a structure that directs and controls electric

current to perform various functions including signal amplification, computation,
and data transfer. It comprises several different components such as resistors,
transistors, capacitors, inductors, and diodes. Conductive wires or traces are used
to connect the components to each other.

In this lesson, you will be able to determine criteria for testing electronics
component, plan an approach for components testing, test components, evaluate
the testing process.

Component testing is defined as a software testing type, in which the testing is

performed on each individual component separately without integrating with
other components.

Common Electronic Components

Passive are components or device which doesn’t generate voltage but controls
the current in an electronic circuit.
Resistor, Capacitor, Inductor, etc.
Active are the components which generate, amplify and also control the
voltage and current in an electronic circuit.
Diode, Transistor, Integrated Circuit, etc.

Resistance and Resistors

Resistance means opposition to some

action. In electricity resistance means the
opposition to the flow of current.
• Measured in ohms(Ω)
• Expressed in kilo-ohms, milli-ohms
etc. With 1000Ω= 1 kilo
ohms,1000000Ω= 1 mega ohms.
• The symbol of resistance is shown as:

Functions of Resistor

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements

electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used
to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active
elements, and terminate transmission lines.

31 PIVOT 4A CALABARZON CSS G7/8

 RESISTOR COLOR CODES

PIVOT 4A CALABARZON CSS G7/8 32

 Example on How to Calculate the Resistor Color Codes
Reading from left to right, the first
band close to the edge is the first digit in
the numerical value of R. The next band
marks the second digit. The third band is
the decimal multiplier, which gives the
number of zeros after the two digits

The first band is red for 2 and the next

band is violet for 7. The red multiplier in
the third band means add two zeroes to
27.

Capacitor
• A capacitor (formerly known as a condenser, and prior to that known as
a permittor) is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores
electric energy in an electric field.
• Capacitors (sometimes known as condensers) are energy-storing devices that
are widely used in televisions, radios, and other kinds.
• Take two electrical conductors (things that let electricity flow through them)
and separate them with an insulator (a material that doesn't let electricity
flow very well) and you make a capacitor: something that can store
electrical energy.

CAPACITANCE

• The amount of electrical energy a capacitor can store.

• The capacitance of a capacitor is a bit like the size of a bucket: the bigger the
bucket, the more water it can store; the bigger the capacitance, the more
electricity a capacitor can store.

Three ways to increase the capacitance of a capacitor.

1. One is to increase the size of the plates.
2. Another is to move the plates closer together.
3. The third way is to make the dielectric as good an insulator as possible

Functions of Capacitor
Its function is to store the electrical energy and give this energy again to the
circuit when necessary. It charges and discharges the electric charge stored in it.
Besides this, the functions of a capacitor are as follows: It blocks the flow of DC
and permits the flow of AC.

33 PIVOT 4A CALABARZON CSS G7/8

Diode

Diodes also known as rectifiers. It used to convert the ac voltage to dc voltage. It

is an electronic equivalent of one-way streets. Diodes allow an electric current to
flow through them in only one direction. Diode composed of two terminals.

Anode is the positive electrode, the point of exit of electrons

from a device to the external circuit.
Cathode is the negative electrode, the point of entry of elec-
trons into a device from external circuit. It is also the termi-
nal connected to the positive point of

Transistor

The transistor is possibly the most important invention of this decade.

It performs two basic functions.
- It acts as a switch turning current on and off.
- It acts as an amplifier. This makes an output signal that is a magnified
version of the input signal. Transistors are more complex and can be used
in many more ways.
The name transistor is derived from “transresistor”, meaning that it changes
resistance. Unlike a diode, a transistor has three leads.
Before we perform different testing components, it is necessary to know the
standard procedure on how we can prevent accident.

OHS or Occupational Health and Safety refers to the legislation, policies,

procedures and activities that aim to protect the health, safety and welfare of all
people at the workplace.

1. Do not work alone so that there's someone who can take care of you in case of
emergency.
2. Always power off the computer and unplug the computer before working on it.
3. Take away any liquid near your working area to avoid getting electrocuted or
accidentally damaging computer parts.
4. Be careful with tools that may cause short circuit.
5. Always ground or discharge yourself before touching any part of the computer.
6. Do not use excessive force if things don't quite slip into place.
7. Clean the area before and after using it to maintain sanitation and prevent
accidents.
8. Hold the components on the edges and do not touch the Integrated Circuit (IC)
parts.
9. Always wear personal protective equipment (PPE) in accordance with the
organization's OHS procedures and practices.
10.Make sure that the pins are properly aligned when connecting a cable
connector.
11. Contingency measures during workplace accidents, fire and other emergencies
are recognized.

PIVOT 4A CALABARZON CSS G7/8 34

 Testing Resistor

There are two ways of testing resistor,

using an analog or digital multimeter.
Normally if a resistor fails they will
either increase in value or open up at
all (open circuit).
You can check the resistor resistance
by selecting the ohmmeter range in the
analog and digital multimeter.

USING ANALOG METER TO TEST RESISTOR

1. First you must know the resistor value before you take any measurement.
2. With the resistor colour band calculation you have read from the previous
section, I’m sure you have no problem in identifying resistor value by
looking at the colour bands.
3. Assuming you are measuring a resistor with colours of; yellow, purple,
black and gold. From calculation it is a 47 ohms resistor with 5% tolerance.
4. Set your analog meter to x1 ohm, shorting the probes and calibrate the
pointer so that it will stay at zero ohm.
5. Place your meter probes to the two points of the resistors as shown in the
photo. It doesn’t matter which probes to which two points because resistor
does not have polarity (positive and negative) like battery.
6. You should have get somewhere near 47ohm by observing the pointer.
7. If you get more than 47 ohm say 150 ohm, this mean that the resistor has
gone up in resistance and need permanent replacement.
8. Remember to press a little bit hard on the leads of the resistor while
measuring it otherwise you may not get a precise reading or intermittent
reading could occur.
9. Check the result to see if the pointer point to near or exact 15K ohm. If the
resistor has 5% tolerance the pointer should point between the values of
14.25K to 15.75 K ohm.
10. Any value you get that is not between the tolerance ranges, you should
replace the resistor.
11. Similarly if you want to check a 15K ohm resistor, short the two probes
together and calibrate by adjusting the adjuster knob.
12. You must set your meter to x1 K ohm range so that the measurement is
within the range.
13. In order to check a 100K ohm resistor you have to select the X10K ohm
range. Follow the procedure explained above and you should be able to get
the measurement.

35 PIVOT 4A CALABARZON CSS G7/8

 D
Learning Task 1: Draw a happy face ☺ if the statement aims to protect t h e
health, safety and welfare of all people at the workplace and a sad face  if its
not.

_____1. Do not work alone so that there's someone who can take care of you in
case of emergency.
_____2. It’s safe to eat and drink at your workplace.
_____3. Always wear personal protective equipment (PPE) in accordance with the
organization's OHS procedures and practices.
_____4. Do not use excessive force if things don't quite slip into place.
_____5. You do not need to power off the computer and unplug the computer
before working on it.

E
Learning Task 2: Calculate the following resistor color code. Write your a n s w e r
on your answer sheet.

1. Violet, Yellow, Red, Gold

2. Green, Blue, Grey, Orange, Silver
3. Blue, Red, Orange, Green, Gold
4. Brown, Black, Red, Blue, Gold
5. Yellow, Red, Orange, Yellow, Gold

A
Learning Task 3: Analyze and write on a sheet of paper your ideas about the
importance of testing electronics components. Write a reflection on the importance
of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) in a workplace.

You will be graded using this rubric.

PIVOT 4A CALABARZON CSS G7/8 36

PIVOT 4A CALABARZON CSS G7/8 37
Note: Learning Tasks with no Key to Correction require varied answers from learners.
Learning Task 2 Learning Task 1
1. 7.4KΩ ±5% 1. ☺
2. 568K Ω ±10% 2. 
3. ☺
3. 62.3MΩ ±5%
4. ☺
4. 102MΩ ±5% 5. 
5. 4.23MΩ ±5%
WEEK 6
Learning Task 3B
(sample answer only)
Learning Task 2
1. Technical
2. Sub—main Learning Task 1
3. Right to left— Left to right 1. Hand Tool
4. Detailed—brief 2. Hand Tool
5. Technical 3. Equipment
6. Technical 4. Hand Tool
7. Technical
5. Equipment
8. Technical
Lesson 3 6. Hand Tool
9. Technical
Learning Task 3
10. Technical 7. Hand Tool
8. Equipment
1. 256 MS word files
2. 2.5 or 3 picture files
9. Hand Tool
10. Hand Tool
Learning Task 1
Down WEEK 5
1. Connector Lines
2. Flowcharting
3. Process Learning Task 3
Learning Task 2
1. G
4. Decision
2. A
5. Rhomboid
3. F
7. Rectangle 4. J
5. C
Across 6. D
6. Flowchart 7. I
8. Sub Process 8. E
9. Terminal 9. H
10.B
10. Connector
WEEK 4 WEEK 3 WEEK 1
Answer Key
 Personal Assessment on Learner’s Level of Performance

Using the symbols below, choose one which best

describes your experience in working on each given task.
Draw it in the column for Level of Performance (LP). Be
guided by the descriptions below.

- I was able to do/perform the task without any difficulty. The task
helped me in understanding the target content/lesson.

- I was able to do/perform the task. It was quite challenging but it

still helped me in understanding the target content/lesson.

- I was not able to do/perform the task. It was extremely difficult. I

need additional enrichment activities to be able to do/perform
this task.

Distribution of Learning Tasks Per Week

Week 1 LP Week 2 LP Week 3 LP Week 4 LP

Learning Task
1 Learning Task 1 Learning Task 1 Learning Task 1
Learning Task
2 Learning Task 2 Learning Task 2 Learning Task 2
Learning Task
3 Learning Task 3 Learning Task 3 Learning Task 3
Learning Task
4 Learning Task 4
Week 5 LP Week 6 LP Week 7 LP Week 8 LP
Learning Task
1 Learning Task 1 Learning Task 1 Learning Task 1
Learning Task
2 Learning Task 2 Learning Task 2 Learning Task 2
Learning Task
3 Learning Task 3 Learning Task 3 Learning Task 3
Learning Task 4

Note: If the lesson is designed for two or more weeks as shown in the eartag, just copy
your personal evaluation indicated in the first Level of Performance found in the second
column up to the succeeding columns, ie. if the lesson is designed for weeks 4-6, just copy
your personal evaluation indicated in the LP column for week 4, week 5 and week 6.
Thank you.

PIVOT 4A CALABARZON CSS G7/8 38

 References

Department of Education. (2020). K to 12 Most Essential Learning Competencies

with Corresponding CG Codes. Pasig City: Department of Education
Curriculum and Instruction Strand.

Department of Education Region 4A CALABARZON. (2020). PIVOT 4A Budget of

Work in all Learning Areas in Key Stages 1-4: Version 2.0. Cainta, Rizal:
Department of Education Region 4A CALABARZON.

Technology and Livelihood Education (Nail Care)-7/8 PIVOT IV-A Learner’s

Material Quarter 1. First Edition. (2020).

39 PIVOT 4A CALABARZON CSS G7/8

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education Region 4A CALABARZON
Office Address: Gate 2, Karangalan Village, Cainta, Rizal
Landline: 02-8682-5773, locals 420/421
https://tinyurl.com/Concerns-on-PIVOT4A-SLMs