7/8

TLE CSS
Module 8:
Testing Electronic
Components (Part 2)
TLE Computer System Servicing – Grade 7/8
Self-Learning Module (SLM)
Module 8: Testing Electronic Components [Part 2]
First Edition, 2020

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Development Team of the Module

Writer: Jose Joel B. Moso
Editors: Latreia E. Estabillo, Dawn Hope Almuena, Mary Joy Velasco
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Illustrator:
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2
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can
continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by- step
as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-test are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM.
This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module, or if you need
to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the
lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that
you will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teachers are also
provided to the facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they
can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of
this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests.
Read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.

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 What I Need to Know

Defective electronic components hamper the operation of your electronic device.

Aside from damaging your electronic device, it may cause injury in a worst scenario.
This module is the second part of the lesson which is Testing Electronic Components.
It covers common competencies for you to possess.

These competencies are;

LO 3. Testing of Components (TLE_IACSS9-12TEC-IVf-h-26),

LO 4. Evaluate the Testing Process (TLE_IACSS9-12TEC-IVh-j-27)

Objectives

After going through this module, you are expected to do the following:
1. Apply appropriate testing methods to electronic components in
accordance to technical specifications
2. Detect and record problems and faults by testing
3. Document remedial steps
4. Resolve detected problems and faults during testing in accordance with
agreed project or industry practice
5. Evaluate final products against the determined criteria
6. Submit to relevant personnel the documented and summarized evaluation
report of the testing
7. Identify testing methods that were successful based on industry
standards
8. Evaluate testing process and records system based on standard
procedures
9. Document test results/ findings for subsequent testing

Before going on, let us define first the following terms which you will encounter later.

Multimeter is used to test instrument able to perform multiple function in that it

can be used to measure voltage, current, or resistance.

Ohmmeter is a measurement device used to measure electric resistance.

Resistor is an electronic component used to limit the flow of electric current in the
circuit.

Tolerance is a permissible deviation from a specified value, normally expressed as a

percentage.

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Capacitor is an electronic component that stores electric energy in the form of an
electric field.

Diode is an electronic component allows current to flow in only one direction.

Transformer is an electrical device that transfer electrical power from the primary
to secondary through magnetic induction.

Transistor is a semi-conductor device used primarily in switching circuits.

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 What I Know

Pre-test

I. Identification
Identify the following components/Devices shown. Write the name of the
device in the space provided.

Component/Device Name

1.

2.

3.

4.

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 5.

II. Multiple Choice:

Write only the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.

6. Resistance is measured in:

a. volts c. watts
b. Farad d. ohms

7. The unit of capacitance is expressed in:

a. ohms c. volts
b. Farad d. watts

8. When testing a capacitor, the ohmmeter shows no resistance or 0 ohms.

The possible capacitor defect is:
a. open c. leaky
b. shorted d. partially open

9. The possible defect of a resistor when ohmmeter shows very high or infinite
resistance
a. partially open c. open
b. leaky d. shorted

10. It is an instrument with multiple functions. It can be an ohmmeter,

voltmeter, or ammeter.
a. oscilloscope c. multi-tester
b. signal generator d. galvanometer

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 Lesson
Testing Electronic
6 Components [Part 2]
Each device has its own purpose, it helps a lot to finish our task in a shorter time
and make our life easier. Often, we use it and, in some instances, it fails to function.
A defective device affects our work and sometimes it can cause injury. To bring back
the usability of the device it needs to be tested to determine the problem to fix it. In
this module, learners will learn how to test electronic components, familiarize the
tools needed to test the components as well as the safety in conducting the test.

What’s In

In your previous lessons, you were taught how to obtain and interpret data sheets,
identify various testing methods based on types of electronic components. Due to
frequent use of our devices, it cannot be avoided that some trouble might occur to
some components or parts of our device. To determine the functionality of a
device/equipment, in this lesson you will apply appropriate testing methods to
electronic components in accordance to technical specifications, and record the
problems and faults detected.

Notes to the Teacher

• Guide the learners in using the tools and materials to
attain the correct output of testing.
• Apply OHS procedure when performing the actual testing.

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 What’s New

One of the basic procedures in troubleshooting a device is the component

testing. The cause of malfunction of a device is due to a defective component or part
in the circuit. To isolate the problem, knowledge in basic troubleshooting technique
is needed. Multi-tester (analog or digital) is the basic testing and measuring
instrument used in troubleshooting.

Parts of an Analog Multi-tester

https://prezi.com/kj-n8ln9phkb/multi-tes 1

Meter Scale – shows the calibration of Ohms, Volts and Ampere

Name Plate - shows the brand name and model of the multi-tester
Needle Corrector - used to adjust the needle pointer to rest to zero when not in
used

Positive test Prod - the red test pointer

Negative test Prod - the black test pointer

Alternating Current (AC) Voltage Selection Range - ranges used or setting when
measuring the AC Voltage

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Direct Current (DC) Voltage Selection Range - ranges used or setting when
measuring the DC voltage
0Ω Adjust - used to set to zero the needle pointer by shorting the two test prods
before measuring the resistance

Needle Pointer - points to the number in the meter scale that indicates the reading
Ohmmeter Range -ranges used or setting when measuring the resistance

DC milli-Ammeter Range -selection ranges when measuring small amount of

direct current

Testing Resistors

Before testing the resistor, be sure that this is taken out from the circuit board to
have an accurate measured value. It is virtually impossible for fixed resistors to
internally short circuit. Generally, the resistor’s internal elements will begin to
develop a higher resistance than its specified value or in some cases go completely
open circuit. Resistor tolerance is the percentage of deviation of resistance value
from its color-coded value. Usually general-purpose resistors have ±5% tolerance.
For example, a 10Ω ±5% resistor can have an actual resistance between 9.5Ω to
10.5Ω when measured with an ohmmeter.

Fixed Resistor

How is Resistance Measured?

Resistance is measured with an Ohmmeter. When using an analog multi-tester, after

setting it to desired range it must be 0Ω adjusted to obtain an accurate measurement.
Proper way of measuring resistance is shown.

Measuring Resistance
Suppose you are testing a 100Ω ±5% resistor (based on its color code). How would
you conclude that it’s good or defective? Since this resistor has 5% tolerance, it is
expected that measurement reading will fall between 95Ω to 105Ω to consider it
good. Otherwise it is defective and needs to be replaced.

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Testing Capacitors

Several years ago, capacitors were referred to as condenser, but that term is very
rarely used today. Capacitance is the ability of a capacitor to store an electric charge,
and the unit of capacitance is the Farad.
Now that you have a good understanding as to how a capacitor should function, let
us investigate how to diagnose a capacitor malfunction.

A faulty capacitor may have one of three basic problems:

1. A short, which is easy to detect and is caused by contact from plate to
plate.
2. An open, which is again quite easy to detect and is normally caused by
one of the leads becoming disconnected from its respective plate.
3. A leaky dielectric or capacitor breakdown, which is quite difficult to
detect, as it may only short at a certain voltage. This problem is usually
caused by the deterioration of the dielectric. The capacitor with this type of
problem is referred to as a leaky capacitor.

Different Types of Capacitor

Proper way of checking a capacitor of 47µF and larger with an analog ohmmeter by
using the procedure is shown below.

Step 1: Ensure that the capacitor is

discharge by shorting the
leads together.

Step 2: Set the ohmmeter switch to

X10 range

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 Step 3: Connect the test prods to the
capacitor. The needle pointer
will deflect rapidly to 0 ohms
initially.

Step 4: While the test prod is steady

connected to the capacitor leads,
the needle pointer should then
return to infinity as the
capacitor charges.

Testing Transformer
A transformer is a device with primary and secondary windings. It will transfer power
from the primary windings to the secondary windings through induction.
An open in the primary winding will prevent any primary current, and therefore there
will be no induced voltage in the secondary and therefore no voltage will be present
across the load. An open secondary winding will prevent the flow of secondary
current, and once again, no voltage will be present across the load.
A partial or complete short in the primary or secondary winding of transformer will
result in an excessive source current that will probably resulted to overheating and
burn of transformer.

Power Transformer

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An ohmmeter can be used to test for partial or complete shorts in transformer
windings as shown below.

Testing primary coil Testing secondary coil

Testing Diode

Diodes are semi-conductor device which is used to convert alternating current (AC)
to direct current (DC). The two electrodes or terminals of the diode are called Anode
and Cathode.

Forward test shows low resistance Reverse test shows infinite resistance

An ohmmeter can be used to check whether a diode has malfunctioned or is

operating correctly. A good diode should display a very low resistance when it is
biased ON (forward biased), and a very high resistance when it is biased OFF (reverse
biased). A good diode must conform to these two conditions, otherwise it is
considered defective and needs to be replaced. The three possible defects occurred
in diodes are; open (shows very high resistance on forward testing), shorted (shows
low resistance on reverse testing) and leaky (shows small amount of resistance when
reverse tested).

Rectifier Diode Signal Diode Light

Emitting Diode

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Testing Transistor

Transistor is a semi-conductor component basically used as switching or amplifying

signal. It has two types; the NPN and PNP and with three leads called the base,
collector and emitter. Although transistors are exceptionally more reliable component,
but they will still malfunction. These failures are normally the result of excessive
temperature, current, or mechanical abuse and generally result in one of three
problems:

1. An open between two or three of the transistor’s leads

2. A short between two or three of the transistor’s leads
3. A change in the transistor’s characteristics

Bipolar Junction Transistors

If the transistor tester is not available, the ohmmeter can be used to detect open and
shorted junctions, which are the most common transistor failures. Figure below
shows the step by step procedure for testing an NPN transistor.

a. Forward test of b. Forward test of c. Junction test of

base – emitter base – collector emitter – collector of
junction of transistor junction of transistor shows
shows low resistance transistor shows low high or infinite
resistance resistance

Note: Other test on leads of transistor will show high resistance.

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 What is It

Since you already have knowledge of the testing procedure and concept in testing of
components, you are going to answer following questions.

Activity 1:

1. Briefly describe some of the problems that can occur with resistors.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

2. What points should be remembered when using the ohmmeter to verify a resistor’s
value?

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

3. Describe why a tolerance of a resistor can make you think that it has a problem
when in fact it does not.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

4. Describe how an ohmmeter react when a good capacitor is checked.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

5. Enumerate and describe the three basic problems for a faulty capacitor.

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

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 What’s More

Activity 2:
Describe the reaction of multi-tester in testing a good component.

Component Testing Multi-tester Reaction

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 What I Have Learned

Activity 3:

Fill-in the blanks with terms that complete the paragraph.

Before testing the resistor, be sure that this is taken out from the circuit board
to have an accurate measured value. It is virtually impossible for fixed resistors to
internally (1) ___________. Generally, the resistor’s internal elements will begin to
develop a higher resistance than its specified value or in some cases go completely
(2) ____________. Resistor’s (3) __________ is the percentage of deviation of resistance
value from its color-coded value. Usually general-purpose resistors have ±5%
tolerance. For example, a 10Ω ±5% resistor can have an actual resistance between
(4) ________ohms to (5) ________ohms when measured with an ohmmeter.

Several years ago, capacitors were referred to as (6) ___________, but that term
is very rarely used today. (7) ______________ is the ability of a capacitor to store an
electric charge, and the unit of capacitance is the (8) _________.

A (9) ___________________ is a device with primary and secondary windings. It

will transfer power from the primary windings to the secondary windings through
(10) ____________.
An open in the primary winding will prevent any primary current, and
therefore there will be no induced voltage in the secondary and therefore no voltage
will be present across the load. An open (11) _____________ winding will prevent the
flow of secondary current, and once again, no voltage will be present across the load.
A partial or complete short in the primary or secondary winding of transformer
will result in an excessive source current that will probably resulted to (12) __________
and burn of transformer.
Transistor is a (13) ______________ component basically used as (14)
___________ or (15) _____________. Although transistors are exceptionally more reliable
component, but they still will malfunction. These failures are normally the result of
excessive temperature, current, or mechanical abuse and generally result in one of
three problems:
16. ______________
17.______________
18.______________

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 What I Can Do

Activity 4:
Illustrate the process of testing a good (functional) rectifier diode with an Ohmmeter.

Step 1:

Step 2:

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 Assessment

Post test

I. Identification
Identify the following components/devices shown. Write your answer on the space
provided.
Component/Device Name

1.

2.

3.

4.

20
 5.

II. Multiple Choice:

Write only the letter that correspond to the correct answer.

6. Resistance is measured in:

a. ohms c. watts
b. Farad d. volts

7. The unit of capacitance is expressed in:

a. ohms c. volts
b. Farad d. watts

8. When testing a capacitor, the ohmmeter shows no resistance or 0 ohms.

The possible capacitor defect is:
a. open c. leaky
b. shorted d. partially open

9. The possible defect of a resistor when an ohmmeter shows a very high or

infinite resistance
a. open c. partially open
b. leaky d. shorted

10. It is an instrument with multiple functions. It can be an ohmmeter,

voltmeter, or ammeter.
a. Galvanometer c. oscilloscope
b. signal generator d. Multitester

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 Additional Activities

Activity 5:

Draw the actual appearance of the following component/device

1. Fixed Resistor

2. Electrolytic Capacitor

3. Rectifier Diode

4. Power Transformer

5. Transistor

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 Answer Key

characteristics
18. Change transistor
17. Shorted
16. Open
15. Amplifying signals
14. Switching

13. Semi-conductor
C 10. 12. Overheating D 10.
C 9. 11. Secondary A 9.
B 8. 10. Induction B 8.
B 7. 9. Transformer B 7.
D 6. 8. Farad A 6.
Transistor 5. 7. Capacitance Diode 5.
Transformer 4. 6. Condenser Resistor 4.
Diode 3. 5. 10.5 0hms Transistor 3.
Capacitor 2. 4. 9.5 ohms Transformer 2.
Resistor 1. 3. Tolerance Capacitor 1.
2. Open
Pre-test 1. Shorted Post-test
What I have Learned

References
Cook, N. P., Lancaster, G. A., & Cook, N. P. (2004). Laboratory manual to
accompany Electronics: A complete course. Upper Saddle River:
Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Grob, B. (1992). Mathematics for Grob basic electronics (2nd ed.). Lake Forest,
IL: Glencoe/Macmillion-McGraw-Hill.

Multi-tester and their Parts. (n.d.). Retrieved June 21, 2020, from
https://prezi.com/kj n8ln9phkb/multi tes 1
- -

TAN, M. E., & CUNANAN, R. C. (n.d.). K 12 Learner’s Material, Consumer

-

Electronic Servicing. DepED.

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 DISCLAIMER
This Self-learning Module (SLM) was developed by DepEd SOCCSKSARGEN
with the primary objective of preparing for and addressing the new normal.
Contents of this module were based on DepEd’s Most Essential Learning
Competencies (MELC). This is a supplementary material to be used by all
learners of Region XII in all public schools beginning SY 2020-2021. The
process of LR development was observed in the production of this module.
This is version 1.0. We highly encourage feedback, comments, and
recommendations.

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SOCCSKSARGEN

Learning Resource Management System (LRMS)

Regional Center, Brgy. Carpenter Hill, City of Koronadal

Telefax No.: (083) 2288825/ (083) 2281893

Email Address: region12@deped.gov.ph