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    Separation Tec-Wps Office

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    Joel Titus
    Separation techniques are methods used to separate mixtures into their individual components. The main goals of separating mixtures are to purify substances and obtain useful components. Some common separation techniques include magnetic separation, evaporation, sieving, sublimation, separation funnel methods, centrifugation, chromatography, crystallization, decantation, distillation, filtration, and precipitation. Each technique exploits differing physical or chemical properties to distinguish between mixture components.

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    Separation Tec-Wps Office

    Uploaded by

    Joel Titus
    25 views14 pages
    Separation techniques are methods used to separate mixtures into their individual components. The main goals of separating mixtures are to purify substances and obtain useful components. Some common separation techniques include magnetic separation, evaporation, sieving, sublimation, separation funnel methods, centrifugation, chromatography, crystallization, decantation, distillation, filtration, and precipitation. Each technique exploits differing physical or chemical properties to distinguish between mixture components.

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    Separation Tec-wps Office

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    Separation techniques are methods used to separate mixtures into their individual components. The main goals of separating mixtures are to purify substances and obtain useful components. Some common separation techniques include magnetic separation, evaporation, sieving, sublimation, separation funnel methods, centrifugation, chromatography, crystallization, decantation, distillation, filtration, and precipitation. Each technique exploits differing physical or chemical properties to distinguish between mixture components.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    25 views14 pages

    Separation Tec-Wps Office

    Uploaded by

    Joel Titus
    Separation techniques are methods used to separate mixtures into their individual components. The main goals of separating mixtures are to purify substances and obtain useful components. Some common separation techniques include magnetic separation, evaporation, sieving, sublimation, separation funnel methods, centrifugation, chromatography, crystallization, decantation, distillation, filtration, and precipitation. Each technique exploits differing physical or chemical properties to distinguish between mixture components.

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    of 14

    SEPARATION TECHNIQUES

    Separation techniques are methods which are employed to separate mixtures in


    their various components.
    Mixtures can be separated because they are physically combined.
    The main aims of separating mixtures are;
    1. To purify the mixture and
    2. To obtain useful components/products.
    TYPES OF SEPARATION TECHNIQUES
    M--------- Magnetic separation
    E---------- Evaporation
    S---------- Sublimation
    S---------- Sieving
    S---------- Separation funnel
    E---------- Extraction
    C--------- Centrifugation
    C--------- Chromatography
    C--------- Crystallization
    D--------- Decantation
    D---------- Distillation
    I----------- (IGNORE)
    F---------- Fractional distillation
    F---------- Filtration
    +
    P----------- Precipitation
    1. MAGNETIC SEPARATION: This method is used to separate magnetic substances
    from non magnetic substances by using a magnet. Example: a mixture of sulphur
    and iron fillings, a mixture of sand and iron fillings. This method is mainly used by
    iron and steel industries to separate iron and steel from impurities.

    2. EVAPORATION: This method is used to separate soluble solute from solution.


    Usually, the solution is heated until the solvent evaporates leaving behind the
    solute.
    Note: To bring about a steady rate of evaporation, we use:
    1. Water bath (steam bath) or
    2. Sand bath.
    Application of evaporation: It is used to recover soluble solute from a solution, it
    used used to produce NaCl from the sea water.

    3. SIEVING: This method is used to separate solid particles of different sizes with
    the aid of a sieve/sifter. Usually, solid particles smaller than the mesh size of the
    sieve pass through the sieve while bigger particles are unable to pass through the
    sieve.

    Application: Garri production, sand and gravel, gold mining industries.


    4. SUBLIMATION: This method is used to separate solid which sublime from other
    solids which do not sublime. Example of solid that can sublime are; iodine,
    ammonium chloride, iron(iii) chloride, sulphur, naphthalene.
    Applications: 1. Purification of iodine

    2. purification of ammonium chloride.

    3. In separating a mixture of sulphur and iron fillings.

    4. In separating a mixture of sodium chloride and ammonium chloride.

    5. SEPARATION FUNNEL METHOD: This is used to separate two immiscible liquids


    with different densities and polarities. When the immiscible liquids are allowed to
    stand, they separate into two distinct layers. The lower(denser) layer in ran off
    first leaving the upper(less dense) layer.
    6. CENTRIFUGATION: This method is used in separating insoluble solid from a
    liquid or fluid of different densities by spinning with a centrifuge. The spinning
    causes denser particles to settle at the bottom while lighter particles stay at the
    top. Centrifugation is used instead os filtration if the solid particles are very small
    and can pass through filter paper.

    Applications: 1. It is used in hospital to separate blood cells from plasma. 2. It is


    used to separate fat from milk to obtain skimmed milk.
    7. FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION: It is applied when two or more solid solutes
    which are present in the same solvent are separated based on difference in their
    solubilities at different temperatures.

    Application: Used to separate two soluble salts like sodium chloride and
    potassium chloride.

    8. CRYSTALLIZATION: This method is used to separate soluble salts which easily


    decompose on heating from solution.

    STEPS IN CRYSTALLIZATION

    1. The impure salt is dissolved in suitable solvent.

    2. The solution is filtered to remove some impurities.

    3. The solution is heated to evaporate some of the solvent until a saturated


    solution is formed.

    4. The solution is allowed to cool as the crystals of salt begin to form.

    WAYS TO INDUCE CRYSTAL FORMATION

    1. By putting crystal of same salt into the solution.

    2. By scratching the vessel containing the solution.


    Application: 1. Crystallization is applied in industries where purity of products is of
    great importance. 2. Drugs and sugar are separated from impurities by

    crystallization.

    9. DECANTATION AND SEDIMENTATION: Sedimentation is the process whereby


    insoluble solids suspended in a liquid are allowed to settle at the bottom when
    kept undisturbed for some time. After sedimentation, the top layer of clear liquid
    is carefully poured into another container. This is called Decantation.

    Application

    Sedimentation and Decantation is used in the separation of;

    1. Palm wine from dreg.

    2. Sand from water.


    10. SIMPLE DISTILLATION: This method is used to recover a solvent from a
    solution. It is also used to separate a mixture of two or more miscible liquids that
    have wide difference in their boiling point i.e 20oC and above.

    Note: 1. sterilized water is water that is free from microorganisms.

    2. Filter bed is used in industries for filtering liquids. The product of


    filtration is called filtrate.

    Application: Distillation is used in:

    1. Separation of water from muddy or sea water.

    2. Distilleries to produce distilled water.

    3. Distillation of ethanol from palm wine.


    Note: Leibig
    condenser is used to convert vapour to liquid during Distillation.

    11. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION: This method is used to separate mixture of two


    or more miscible liquid with close boiling points into its component fractions. The
    apparatus for this Distillation has a fractionating column fitted between the
    Distillation flask and the condenser. Fractions with lower boiling points are
    collected first at the top part of the column.

    Application

    1. Used to separate crude oil into its components.

    2. Used to separate air into various components.


    Note: the pure liquid obtained from Distillation is called distillate.

    12. FILTRATION: This method is used to separate insoluble solute from a solution
    or suspension by using a porous material like filter paper.

    Note: 1. The solid particles that remain on the filter paper are called residue.

    2. The clear liquid that passes through the filter paper is called filtrate.

    Application

    1. To separate chalk particles from a suspension.

    2. It is applied in water purification plant.

    3. It is applied in breweries to filter drinks.


    13. FLOATATION: This method is used to separate particles that float from those t
    hat do not float. It is used in separating metallic ores from rock particles.

    14. PRECIPITATION: This is the separation technique that is used to separate a


    solute that is soluble in one solvent but insoluble in another solvent from a
    solution. Precipitate are tiny insoluble solid that are formed when two clear
    solutions are mixed together. They are the insoluble solutes.

    Application

    1. To separate iron(II) sulphate from its aqueous solution by mixing the aqueous
    solution with ethanol.
    2. To obtain silver chloride from solution by mixing silver nitrate and sodium

    chloride solution.

    15. CHROMATOGRAPHY: This method is used to separate soluble mixtures into


    their different components using the difference in their rate or speed of
    movement.

    . Two phases in chromatography

    1. The mobile phase.

    2. The stationary phase.

    Types of chromatomatophy

    1. Paper Chromatography (P. C.)

    2. Thin Layer Chromatography (T. L. C)

    3. Gas Chromatography (G. C)

    4. Column Chromatography (C. C)

    Chromatography is gotten from the Greek word "CHROME" meaning colour.


    Aqueous refers to the partial or complete dissolution of solute in a solution.
    Application

    1. It is used to separate the component of a plant pigment (chlorophyll).

    2. It is used in separation of the colors in dye.

    3. It is used to identify chemical in food.

    4. It is used to separate proteins into its components.

    5. It is used to separate amino acid into its component.

    6. Ion - exchange Chromatography is used to produce deionize water.

    TEST FOR PURITY OF A SUBSTANCE

    An impure substance is a mixture. After removing impurities using appropriate


    separation technique, it is necessary to test for the purity of the substance by
    doing the following test:
    1. Boiling point test: (for liquid): A pure substance will boil at exact boiling point,
    example pure water boil at 100oC while pure ethanol boils at 78oC.

    Note: Impurities increases the boiling point of a liquid.

    2. Melting point test (for solid): A pure substance will melt at exact melting point.
    Example pure ice block melts at 0oC, pure ethanol melts at -117oC.

    3. By use of Chromatography: A pure substance will make only one spot on a


    chromatogram. Impure substances will make many spot on a chromatogram.

    Effects of impurities on a solid: impurities lower the melting point of a solid.

    Note: Impurities lower the freezing/melting point of solids. Hence, in western


    countries, sodium chloride crystals are usually spread on the road during snow fall
    to lower the freezing point of ice block from snow.

    Effects of impurities on a liquid: impurities increase the boiling point of a liquid.

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