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    Purification and Separation - v2

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    Allan Goh Yinglun
    1) The document discusses various techniques for separating and purifying mixtures including chromatography, crystallization, filtration, distillation, and using magnets. 2) Key reasons for separating mixtures are to remove impurities in drugs, chemicals, and food that can cause side effects or inaccuracies in experiments. 3) Chromatography uses a solvent to separate mixtures into components based on how far each substance travels up the chromatography paper. Fractional distillation is used to separate liquids with small boiling point differences using a fractionating column.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Purification and Separation - v2

    Uploaded by

    Allan Goh Yinglun
    101 views4 pages
    1) The document discusses various techniques for separating and purifying mixtures including chromatography, crystallization, filtration, distillation, and using magnets. 2) Key reasons for separating mixtures are to remove impurities in drugs, chemicals, and food that can cause side effects or inaccuracies in experiments. 3) Chromatography uses a solvent to separate mixtures into components based on how far each substance travels up the chromatography paper. Fractional distillation is used to separate liquids with small boiling point differences using a fractionating column.

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    Purification and Separation_v2

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    1) The document discusses various techniques for separating and purifying mixtures including chromatography, crystallization, filtration, distillation, and using magnets. 2) Key reasons for separating mixtures are to remove impurities in drugs, chemicals, and food that can cause side effects or inaccuracies in experiments. 3) Chromatography uses a solvent to separate mixtures into components based on how far each substance travels up the chromatography paper. Fractional distillation is used to separate liquids with small boiling point differences using a fractionating column.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    101 views4 pages

    Purification and Separation - v2

    Uploaded by

    Allan Goh Yinglun
    1) The document discusses various techniques for separating and purifying mixtures including chromatography, crystallization, filtration, distillation, and using magnets. 2) Key reasons for separating mixtures are to remove impurities in drugs, chemicals, and food that can cause side effects or inaccuracies in experiments. 3) Chromatography uses a solvent to separate mixtures into components based on how far each substance travels up the chromatography paper. Fractional distillation is used to separate liquids with small boiling point differences using a fractionating column.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    3/5/2009

    Why do we need substances to be pure?

    Purification and Separation

    1. Impuritiesindrugsandmedicinemust bedetectedastheymaycauseside effects. 2. Impurities in chemicals causes Impuritiesinchemicalscauses inaccuracyinresultswhencarryingout researchexperiments 3. Chemicals areoftenaddedtofoodand beverages.Itisimportanttoensurethat onlythepurechemicalsareadded.
    1 2

    Effects of Impurities and Pressure


    Effectof Impurities (Impure Substance) Melting point (Solids) Boilingpoint (Liquids) Changesto Pressure Effectof Pressureon boilingpoint High pressure Lower pressure Nofixedtemperature, Lower Nofixedtemperature, Higher Changesto Boilingpoint Fixedtemperature, increaseb.p. Fixedtemperature, decreaseb.p.
    3

    Consolidation
    UsingMagnets
    Separatingsolids Somemetalsaremagnetic. Wecanusethispropertyto separatethesemetals(e.g. iron,nickel,cobalt,steel)from mixtures.

    2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.

    Sublimation
    Solid solidmixtureswhereoncansublime.

    Chromatography liquidmixtures
    Chromatographyisatechniqueof usingasolventtoseparateamixture intoitscomponents. Theratiobetweenthe_______ distance travelledbythesubstance travelled by the substance and the _____________________andthe __________________________isa distancetravelledbythesolvent constant. Rf value Thisratioiscalledthe________. Toanalyse colourless substances,we usea____________. locatingagent
    6

    2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.

    3/5/2009

    UsesofChromatography
    Chromatographyisusedto:
    separatethecomponentsinasample, identifythenumberofcomponentsinasample, identifythecomponentspresentinasample, determinethepurityofasample.

    Crystallisation
    Separatingsoluble solidfromliquid
    1. Waterisremovedbyheatingthe solution. 2. Heatingisstoppedwhenahot saturatedsolutionisformed. saturated solution is formed. 3. Astheresultingsolutionis allowedtocooltoroom temperature,thedissolvedsolid willbeformedaspurecrystals.

    Chromatographycannotbeusedto:
    isolate/obtainthecomponents, reusecomponentsinasample.
    7

    Crystallisation
    Separatingsoluble solidfromliquid
    1.

    Video Crystallisation ofCuSO4


    2. 3. 4. Addingimpurecopper sulphate untilnofurthercan bedissolved. Heatsolutiontofullydissolve allcoppersulphate crystals. Filtertoremoveexcess impurecoppersulphate. Pourthecopper(II)sulphate solutionintotheevaporating dishandheatuntilonethird ofthesolutionisleftinthe evaporatingdish. Allowthesolutiontocooland observethecrystalsform.

    Howtotestforsaturation?
    Dipacleanglassrodintothesolution andremove. Ifsmallcrystalsformontherodasthe solutioncools,thesolutionissaturated.

    Asaturatedsolution isasolutionofasubstancethatcannotdissolve anymoreofthatsubstance.Addingadditionalamountsofitwillcausea precipitatetoappear.


    2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.

    5.

    Evaporation
    Separatingsoluble solidfromliquid
    Torecoversaltfromsaltsolution,weevaporatethesolutionto dryness. Sincesalt(1413C)hasamuchhigherb.p.thanwater(100C),only thewaterwillevaporateandthesaltwillbeleftbehind. saltsolution

    SeparationFunnel
    Video:

    Oillayer Aqueous layer

    evaporatingdish
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vcwfhDhLiQU
    2006-2011 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.

    11

    3/5/2009

    Decanting
    Separatingdense,insoluble solidfromliquid
    e.g.washingofgoldore,makingofcheese

    Filtration
    Separatingfine,insoluble solidfromliquid
    Uponfiltration,the solidthatremainson thefilterpaperis calledtheresidue.

    Theliquidorsolution thatpassesthroughthe filterpaperiscalledthe filtrate.

    Howdoesfiltrationwork?
    13 14

    Simpledistillation
    Usedformiscibleliquidliquidmixtures Cold running water enters from the bottom of the condenser and leaves from the top.

    LimitationsofSimpleDistillation
    Simpledistillationcanbeusedtoseparatemixturesofliquidswith differentboilingpoints. Limitedtoboilingpointdifferencesofmorethan20oC.

    Boiling chips are used to smooth the boiling.

    Condenser C d

    Distillate

    Whathappensifweneed toseparateliquidswith smalldifferencesinboilingpoints?

    FractionalDistillation
    http://www.footprintsscience.co.uk/flash/distillation.swf 16

    FractionalDistillation
    Filledwithglass beads,platesor spirals. Providesalarge surfaceareaforthe condensationofthe vapour.

    Howdoesfractionaldistillationwork?
    Fractional distillation of a mixture of ethanol (78oC) and water (100oC). 3. Ethanol distils over. In the condenser, ethanol vapour condenses. 2. Vapour of the liquid with higher boiling point condense along the fractionating column and re-enter l d the round-bottomed flask. 4. Ethanol is collected as the distillate.

    1. In the distillation flask, the mixture of ethanol and water boils and both liquids may distil together.
    17 18

    3/5/2009

    Completed Concept Map of all the Separation Techniques

    Mixtures

    Problemsolving
    Solid Liquid Mixtures Liquid - Liquid Mixtures
    To obtain

    Mixture with components to be identified

    Solid Solid Mixtures


    To obtain

    solid

    liquid

    soluble

    insoluble

    Boiling point difference > 20oC

    Boiling point difference < 20oC

    Do not decompose on heating

    Decompose on heating

    Myhousehasbeenransacked.Everythingisina My house has been ransacked Everything is in a mess,especiallyinmykitchen.Canyouhelpme separateamixtureofsand,copperwires,salt (sodiumchloride),ironfillings,iodineand cookingoilfromeachother?

    Chromatography

    - add suitable solvent, then filter - use magnets - sublimation

    Evaporate to dryness

    Crystallisation

    - Filtration - Decanting

    Simple Distillation

    Fractional Distillation

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