CDI 6

FIRE TECHNOLOGY WITH ARSON INVESTIGATION

1. Accelerant- highly flammable chemicals that are used to facilitate flame propagation
2. ACCIDENTAL CAUSES - The most common accidental causes are all electrical accidents.
3. AFFF- aqueous film-forming foam - light water; synthetic foam-forming liquid designed for use with fresh
water.

4. Auto-ignition point/ self-ignition/kindling temperature- the lowest temperature at which a substance can be
heated to release vapors that will ignite without the application of a flame or spark. The auto-ignition point is
usually much higher (temperature) than the fire point, and the substance automatically burns without human or
mechanical intervention.
5. Automatic sprinkler- a type of built sprinkler that works by increasing room temperature and automatically
operates the system to put out the fire.
6. BACKDRAFT- is the sudden and rapid burning of heated gasses in a confined area that occurs in the form of an
explosion.
7. BCF HALON 1211 -BROMOCHLORODIFLOUROMETHANE
8. BITE BACK- Fatal condition when the fire resists extinguishment operation and becomes stronger and bigger
instead.

9. Boiling Point- the constant temperature at which the liquid's vapor pressure is equal or above to the atmospheric
pressure.
10. Burning - is the result of the rapid union of oxygen with other substances. (Antoine Lavoisier, French Chemist,
1777)
11. Carbon dioxide and halon are used to protect Class C fires.
12. Carbon dioxide- delivers a quick smothering action to the flames, reducing the oxygen and suffocating the fire.
13. Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher- effective against burning liquids and fires in electrical equipment; used mainly
to put out class C fires.

14. CHAIN REACTION - The final requirement for fire is a chemical chain reaction. The heat of the ignition source
starts the reaction, and the heat from the fire's flame continues the reaction. The flame needs to heat the fuel and
makes it release enough flammable gases to support the chemical reaction continuously.
15. Chemical heat energy- chemically produced heat is the result of rapid oxidation. This source of heat is generated
from a chemical reaction.
16. Class A fires - ordinary fire; type of fire resulting from the burning of wood, papers, and other carbonaceous
substances or materials; caused by ordinary combustible materials.
17. Class B fires - caused by flammable and combustible liquids.
18. Class C fires - electrical fires; fires that start from live electrical wires, equipment, and any other electrical
appliances.
19. Class D fires - fires that result from the combustion of certain metals in finely divided form.
20. Class E fires - a combination of the above.
21. Class K fires - kitchen fires.

22. Combustible Liquids-it refers to any liquid having a flashpoint above 37.8*
23. Communication- to endure that, if ignition occurs, the occupants are informed, and any active systems are
triggered. Communication by itself, even if successful, cannot save lives and property, but its vital role in
ensuring fire safety means that it must be considered one of the five tactics. If communication is successful, then
escape, and extinguishment can be attempted, but if unsuccessful, then only containment remains as a viable
tactic.
24. Conduction – this requires physical contact between bodies or the proportion of bodies exchanging heat.
25. Containment- to ensure that the fire is contained to the smallest possible area, limiting the amount of property
likely to be damaged and the threat to life safety.
26. Convection - occurs when a liquid or gas is in contact with a solid body at a different temperature and is always
accompanied by liquid or gas motion.
27. Crime of ARSON - If, after investigation, there was a probable cause that said the fire was caused
intentionally, an Arson investigation can then be initiated, and any person responsible shall be charged
criminally.
28. Decomposition - here means that the fire is consuming the solid fuel.
29. Diffusion Flame-is observed when gas (fuel) alone is forced through the nozzle into the atmosphere, diffusing, in
the surrounding atmosphere, to form a flammable mixture. The rate at which the fuel and the oxidizer are brought
together determines the characteristics of a diffusion flame.
30. Dry chemical fire extinguishers- contains chemical powder intended to fight all classes of fire.

31. Electrical Heat Energy- is the product of arcing, shorting, or another electrical malfunction. Poor wire
connections, too much resistance, loose ground, and too much current flowing through an improperly sized wire
are other sources of electrical heat.
32. Endothermic reaction- changes whereby energy or heat is absorbed or is added before the reaction takes place.
33. Escape- Ensure that the occupants for the building and the surrounding areas can move to places of safety before
the heat and smoke threaten them.

34. Exothermic reaction- those that release or give off energy; thus, they produce substances with less power than
the reactants.
35. Extinguishment- to ensure that the fire can be extinguished quickly with minimum consequential damage to the
building.

36. FIRE - A chemical reaction involves the evolution of light and energy in a sufficient amount to be perceptible.
(Quintiere, 1998)
37. FIRE BEHAVIOR - The behavior of fire may be further understood by considering the principle of thermal
balance and thermal imbalance.
38. FIRE EXTINGUISHER - it is a mechanical device, usually made of metal, containing chemicals, fluids, or
gases for stopping fires, the means for application of its contents to put out the fire before it propagates, and is
capable of being readily moved from place to place.
39. FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT - Fire can be extinguished by reducing or lowering the temperature, eliminating the
fuel supply, or stopping the chemical chain reaction.
40. Fire gases - chemical composition of the fuel, percent of oxygen present, and the fire's temperature.
41. FIRE HAZARD- any condition or activity that increases or may cause an increase in the probability that fire will
occur or which may obstruct, delay, hinder or interfere with firefighting operations and the safeguarding of life
and property.
42. Fire Hydrants- a mechanical device strategically located in an installation or street where the fire hose is
connected so that the water with pressure will be available to extinguish a fire.
43. Fire Point- the temperature at which fuel continues to burn after it was ignited that even if the source of ignition
has been removed, it continues to burn. * Flashpoint of substance is usually a few degrees lower than the fire
point.
44. FIRE PREVENTION - Is the descriptive term of various methods or safety measures utilized to stop a harmful
or destructive fire from starting.
45. FIRE PREVENTION ACTIVITIES/MEASURES - some prevention rules to be followed or observed,
practiced, checked and inspected as a means of preventing destructive fire.
46. FIRE PROTECTION - is the descriptive term referring to the various methods used to stop, extinguish, and
control destructive fire for eventual prevention of loss of life and property.
47. Fire Pump- is a mechanical device of supplying water, which can be manual or motor-driven. These pumps are
ideal when natural supplies of water are readily available like rivers, lakes, or streams.
48. FIRE SAFETY CONSTRUCTION - It is regarded as the subset of fire engineering aiming towards eliminating
or reducing fire hazards on building or structures, selecting and controlling combustible contents and linings,
and designing the building geometry layout. Its principal objectives relate to life safety and property.
49. Fire Safety Inspection - is the first line of defense against fire. It involves examining the building, structure, or
facility for defects, deficiencies, or violations of the fire safety and protection requirements.
50. Fire Tetrahedron- a 4sided figure with the sides representing fuel, temperature, oxygen, and uninhibited
chemical reaction.
51. Fire Triangle Theory- 3 sides representing fuel, temperature, and oxygen
52. Fixed Fire Extinguishing System - Most of the components of this system are fixed in place.
53. Flame - The luminous body of burning gas. It is the manifestation of fire when the fire is in its gas phased
combustion.
54. Flame- it is composed of incandescent gases. It is the manifestation of fire when the fire is in its gas-phase
combustion to be sustained. It should maintain a high temperature and a concentration of short-lived intermediate
chemical reactions between fuel and oxidizer.
55. Flammable liquids- it refers to any liquid having a flashpoint below 37.8*C. Flammable means easily lighted
and capable of burning with great rapidity. A flammable substance, therefore, is a highly combustible substance.
56. Flash Point- the lowest temperature at which a substance gives off a vapor that burns momentarily (when flame
or spark is applied).
57. FLASHFIRE- Better known as a dust explosion. This may happen when a metal post that is completely covered
with dust is going to be hit by lightning. The dust particles comprise the metal burn simultaneously, thus creating
a violent chemical reaction that produces a very bright flash followed by an explosion.
58. FLASHOVER- Is the sudden ignition of accumulated radical gases produced when there is incomplete
combustion of fuels.
59. Foam extinguishers contain sodium bicarbonate and a foam stabilizing agent in a larger compartment and a
solution aluminum sulfate in an inner cylinder; reactions between the two solutions form a stabilized foam carbon
dioxide bubbles.
60. Foam or dry chemical is used in protecting spaces to class B fires.
61. FOG - is preferable because a given amount of water can have absorbed more heat when it is in the form of fog
than it can when it is in the form of a solid stream.
62. FREE BURNING/STEADY STATE BURNING PHASE -about 200F and temperature at the base of the fire is
400-800F. It is the phase of fire where sufficient oxygen and fuel are available for fire growth and open
burning to a point where total involvement is possible.

63. FUEL - are any materials or substances capable of burning.

64. Fuel- are any materials or substance capable of burning.
65. Gaseous Fuels- the principal component is a hydrocarbon.
66. Glowing combustion- represented by a fire triangle. This occurs when a fuel mass glows (burn)without
flaming.
67. Heat - a form of energy generated by the transmission of some other form of energy. And is measured in degrees
of temperature to signify its intensity. The following are the dangers of heat:
68. HEAT - It is described as a condition of matter in motion caused by the movement of molecules. All matter
contains some heat regardless of how low the temperature because molecules are constantly moving. When a
body of matters is heated, the speed of molecules increases, and thus the temperature increases.
69. Heat- It is described as a condition of matter in motion caused by the movement of molecules. All matter contains
some heat regardless of how low the temperature because molecules are always moving. When a body of matters
is heated, the speed of molecules increases, and thus the temperature increases.
70. HEAT TRANSFER - Is the science of dealing with the transfer of heat between two bodies called heat transfer.
71. HOT SMOLDERING PHASE -after the steady-state burning phase, flames may cause to exist in the area of
confinement is airtight. In this state, burning is reduced to glowing embers.
72. INCIPIENT PHASE- initial phase or stage. It is the earliest phase of fire with the actual ignition.
73. INTENTIONAL CAUSES - If there are preparations or traces of accelerant, plants, and trailers in the burned
property, then the cause of the fire is intentional.

74. Laminar flame- are flames that follow a smooth path through a gaseous flame.
75. Lightning- a form of static electricity, a natural electric current with high magnitude, producing tremendous
amperage and voltage.
76. Liquefied fire extinguishers contain carbon monoxide gas used to fight class A, B, and C fires.

77. Liquid Fuels - the principal component is a hydrocarbon

78. Luminous flame- is orange-red, It will deposit soot at the bottom of a vessel being heated due to incomplete
combustion of fuel and a lower temperature.
79. Mechanical Heat Energy- is the product of friction. Our ancestors rubbed sticks together to generate heat to start
a fire. Internal metal components of machinery can overheat due to lubricant breakdown.
80. Multi-purpose dry chemicals - Mono ammonium phosphate.

81. nitrogen, CO, CO2, and finely divided particles released from the burning material.
82. Non-luminous flame- is blue, will not deposit soot due to almost complete combustion of the fuel, and has a
relatively high temperature
83. Nuclear fission- the nucleus splits into two lighter nuclei and, at the same time, releases a tremendous amount of
energy in the form of the kinetic energy of the fission fragments.
84. Nuclear fusion includes all nuclear reactions in which two light nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus with
the emission of other particles or gamma rays.
85. Nuclear Heat Energy- is the product of the splitting or fusing of atomic particles. (fission or fusion respectively).
The tremendous heat energy in a nuclear power plant produces steam to turn steam turbines. Uranium is the most
common source of nuclear heat energy.
86. OXIDIZING AGENT - The common oxidizing agent is oxygen. Air is composed of; Oxygen- 21% Nitrogen-
78% Inert gases- 1%.
87. Oxidizing Agent- Oxygen
88. PASS - P- pull the pi, A- aim the nozzle or outlet towards the fire, S- Squeeze the handle above the carrying
handle to discharge the extinguishing agent, S- sweep the nozzle sideways at the base of the flame to disperse the
extinguishing agent.
89. PD # 1096 - building code of the Philippines
90. PD # 1185 - fire code of the Philippines
91. PHASES/STAGES OF FIRE - as the fire progresses, it usually passes through three phases: incipient, free
burning, and smoldering. No two fires are the same.
92. Plant- the preparation and or gathering of combustible materials needed to START a fire.

93. Premixed flame is exemplified by the Bunsen type laboratory burner where the hydrocarbon is thoroughly mixed
with air before reaching the flame zone
94. Prevention of Ignition- this strategy includes Control/eliminate ignition sources, Control/eliminate materials that
are easily ignited.
95. Prevention- to ensure that the fire does not start by controlling ignition sources. Among the five tactics, fire
prevention shall be the one given much attention by the engineer. It is only if this fails to need the other tactics to
be attempted.

96. Pyrolysis- is generally defined as the chemical decomposition of matter by the action of heat or the chemical
process whereby fire consumes the most solid part of the fuel.
97. RA 1613 - amending the law on Arson
98. RA 6975 - the DILG act of 1990 (chapter 4, section 53-59). It created the BFP to be responsible for the
prevention.
99. Radiation- does not require contact or the presence of any matter between the bodies.
100. ROLLOVER - They are sometimes referred to as FLAME OVER. It takes place
when unburned combustible gases released during the early phase accumulate at the ceiling level. These
super-heated gases are pushed, under pressure, away from the fire area, and into uninvolved regions
where they mix oxygen.
101. Rule 1 - learn to look at everything with an eye for possible fire hazards. Develop a
special kind of alertness for situations or actions that could conceivably lead to a fire.
102. Rule 2 - insist on proper storage and good housekeeping procedures. Report violations to
the proper authority.
103. Rule 3 - maintain firefighting in a state of maximum readiness. While that won't prevent a
fire from starting, it is the best possible means of spreading fire.
104. Rule 4 - make sure that everybody is trained to be alert for the fire hazards and be trained
in basic firefighting.
105. Rule 5 - keep up with new firefighting equipment and techniques. It is everybody’s
responsibility to keep abreast of the latest development in fire prevention.
106. Smoke - a visible product of incomplete combustion, a mixture of oxygen,
107. Solar Heat Energy- is the energy transmitted from the SUN in the form of electromagnetic radiation.
108. Solid Fuels - the principal component is carbon. The most apparent solid fuels are woods, fibers, and
plastics.
109. Soot - We can simply call it in our language, "ULING." If you can observe, if you try to cook
using firewood, you notice your pot to develop black matter at the bottom (soot), meaning, the flame
from the wood is LUMINOUS. Whereas, usually, if you cook under your gas range, no soot is being
developed, which means that the flame produced by the burner is a NON-LUMINOUS FLAME
110. Specific gravity- it is the weight of a substance compared with an equal volume of water. The higher the
specific gravity of a substance, the greater the amount of heat necessary to decompose it. Most flammable liquids
have a specific gravity of less than that of water. Gasoline's specific gravity is .70, so it will float on water (1.0)
111. Spontaneous heating- and the automatic chemical reaction that results in spontaneous
combustion due to the auto-ignition of organic materials; the gradual rising of heat in a confined space until the
ignition temperature is reached.
112. Standpipes- these are galvanized iron steel or plastic pipes located inside a building from the lowest to the top
flow with water under pressure for use in case of fire. Standpipes are one of the best means of fighting fires in
buildings.
113. Thermal balance- refers to the rising movement or pattern of fire; the normal behavior
when the fire is undisturbed.
114. Thermal imbalance- abnormal behavior or movement of fire due to interference of
foreign matters. Thermal imbalance often confuses the investigator in determining the exact point where the fire
originated.
115. Trailer- the preparation of flammable substances to spread the fire.

116. Turbulent flame- are those having unsteady, irregular swirls and eddy. As the physical size, gas density,
or velocity is increased, all laminar gas flows tend to become turbulent.
117. Water- cooling is the common method of fire extinguishment, and water is the most
effective cooling agent.
118.Water fire extinguisher- extinguishers filled with water and used to fight class A and B fires.
119. Water is used in protecting areas containing ordinary combustible materials.
120. Water Sprinkler System - They are generally used to protect living quarters, adjacent and passageways. The
system may extinguish a fire in these places. However, their primary function is to protect the building structure,
limit the spread of fire, and control the amount of heat produced. They also protect the people in these areas and
maintain escape routes.