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    Apple Asne
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    This document provides an overview of medico-legal aspects of physical injuries for crime investigations. It defines physical injuries as damage caused by external forces like accidents or weapons. Injuries are classified based on severity, type of instrument, location of wounds, and more. The document also examines causes of death like asphyxiation, firearms, and vehicular accidents, providing details on analyzing related physical evidence.

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    This document provides an overview of medico-legal aspects of physical injuries for crime investigations. It defines physical injuries as damage caused by external forces like accidents or weapons. Injuries are classified based on severity, type of instrument, location of wounds, and more. The document also examines causes of death like asphyxiation, firearms, and vehicular accidents, providing details on analyzing related physical evidence.

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    284 views9 pages

    Specialized Crime Investigation: With Legal Medicine

    Uploaded by

    Apple Asne
    This document provides an overview of medico-legal aspects of physical injuries for crime investigations. It defines physical injuries as damage caused by external forces like accidents or weapons. Injuries are classified based on severity, type of instrument, location of wounds, and more. The document also examines causes of death like asphyxiation, firearms, and vehicular accidents, providing details on analyzing related physical evidence.

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    of 9

    SPECIALIZED CRIME

    INVESTIGATION
    WITH LEGAL MEDICINE

    LESSON FOUR: MEDICO-LEGAL ASPECT OF PHYSICAL


    INJURIES

    PHYSICAL INJURIES
    - EFFECTS OF THE APPLICATION OF STIMULUS TO THE BODY
    - ALSO KNOWN AS PHYSICAL TRAUMA, IS DAMAGE TO THE BODY CAUSED BY EXTERNAL
    FORCE. THIS MAY BE CAUSED BY ACCIDENTS, FALLS, HITS, WEAPONS, AND OTHER
    CAUSES.

    CAUSES OF PHYSICAL INJURIES


    A. PHYSICAL VIOLENCE
    B. HEAT OR COLD
    C. ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    D. CHEMICAL ENERGY
    E. RADIATION
    F. CHANGE IN THE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

    TERMINOLOGIES:
    ▪ WOUND – A BREAK IN THE NATURAL CONTINUITY OF TISSUE OF THE LIVING BODY
    ▪ VITAL REACTION - SUM TOTAL OF ALL REACTIONS OF TISSUE AND ORGANS FOR WHICH
    ACTIVITIES OF LIVING CELLS ARE NECESSARY.
    ▪ DEFENSE WOUNDS - RESULT OF INSTINCTIVE REACTION OF SELF-PROTECTION

    CLASSIFICATION OF WOUNDS
    1. AS TO SEVERITY
    ▪ MORTAL WOUNDS (FATAL WOUND)
    ▪ NON-MORTAL WOUNDS
    2. AS TO KINDS OF INSTRUMENTS USED
    ▪ BROUGHT ABOUT BY BLUNT INSTRUMENT
    ▪ BROUGHT ABOUT BY SHARP INSTRUMENTS:
    SHARP-EDGE, SHARP POINTED, SHARP-EDGE AND POINTED
    ▪ BROUGHT ABOUT BY TEARING FORCE
    ▪ BROUGHT ABOUT BY CHANGE OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
    ▪ BROUGHT ABOUT BY HEAT AND COLD
    ▪ BROUGHT ABOUT BY INFECTION

    3. AS TO MANNERS OF INFLECTION
    ▪ HIT BY MEANS OF BOLO, BLUNT INSTRUMENT, ETC.
    ▪ THRUST STAB
    ▪ TEARING OR STRETCHING
    ▪ GUNPOWDER EXPLOSION
    ▪ SLIDING OR RUBBING

    4. AS REGARDS THE DEPTH


    ▪ SUPERFICIAL
    ▪ DEEP – PENETRATING OR PERFORATING

    5. AS REGARDS THE RELATION OF THE SITE OF THE APPLICATION OF FORCE AND


    LOCATION OF INJURY
    ▪ COUP INJURY - INJURY FOUND AT SITE OF THE APPLICATION OF FORCE
    ▪ CONTRE COUP - INJURY FOUND OPPOSITE THE SITE OF THE APPLICATION OF
    FORCE.
    ▪ COUP CONTRE COUP - INJURY FOUND AT THE SITE AND ALSO OPPOSITE THE
    APPLICATION OF FORCE
    ▪ LOCUS MINORIS RESISTANCIA - INJURY FOUND BOTH AT THE SITE OR OPPOSITE
    THE SITE OF THE APPLICATION OF THE FORCE BUT IN SOME AREAS OFFERING
    LEAST RESISTANCE TO THE FORCE APPLIED.
    ▪ EXTENSIVE INJURY - INJURY INVOLVING A GREATER AREA BEYOND THE SITE OF
    THE APPLICATION OF FORCE.
    2
    6. AS TO REGIONS OF ORGANS (LEGAL CLASSIFICATION)
    ▪ MUTILATION - INTENTIONAL ACT OF LAPPING OR CUTTING OF ANY PART OF THE
    LIVING BODY
    ▪ SERIOUS PHYSICAL INJURY - INJURY THAT WILL INCAPACITATE THE SUBJECT
    FOR MORE THAN 90 DAYS
    ▪ LESS SERIOUS PHYSICAL INJURY - INJURY THAT WILL REQUIRE MEDICAL
    ATTENDANCE FOR 10 DAYS OR MORE BUT NOT MORE THAN 30 DAYS
    ▪ SLIGHT PHYSICAL INJURY AND MALTREATMENT - INJURY THAT WILL
    INCAPACITATE SUBJECT AND REQUIRE MEDICAL ATTENDANCE FROM 1 TO 9 DAYS

    7. AS TO THE TYPES OF WOUNDS


    A. CLOSED WOUNDS
    - WHEN THERE IS NO BREACH OF CONTINUITY OF SKIN OR MUCOUS
    MEMBRANE.
    B. SUPERFICIAL CLOSED WOUNDS
    ▪ EPITHELIA
    - EXTRAVERSION OF BLOOD IN THE SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE OR
    MUCOUS MEMBRANE
    ▪ CONTUSION OR BRUISE
    - WOUND NOT ON THE SURFACE OF THE SKIN BUT IN THE
    SUBSTANCE OF THE TRUE SKIN AND THE SUBSTANCE OF CELLULAR
    TISSUE-COLOR IS RED AND SOMETIMES PURPLE SOON AFTER THE INJURY.

    CHANGE IN THE COLOR OF CONTUSION


    ▪ 4-5 DAYS COLOR CHANGED TO GREEN
    ▪ 7-10 DAYS IT BECOMES YELLOW & GRADUALLY DISAPPEAR ON THE
    ▪ 14TH OR 15TH DAY - NOTE: THE ULTIMATE DISAPPEARANCE OF
    COLOR VARIES FROM 1 TO 4 WEEKS DEPENDING UPON THE SEVERITY
    AND CONSTITUTION OF THE BODY.
    ▪ HECATOMB (BLOOD TUMOR)
    3
    - EXTRAVASATIONS OF BLOOD IN A NEWLY FORMED CAVITY

    ▪ ECCHYMOSIS
    - A FORM OF HEMATOMA ONLY THAT THE EXTENT OF
    EXTRAVASATIONS OF BLOOD IS WIDER BUT THINNER.

    C. DEEP CLOSED WOUNDS


    ▪ SIMPLE FRACTURE
    ▪ SPRAIN
    - SUBCUTANEOUS SEPARATION OR TEARING OF THE ARTICULAR
    TENDONS,
    LIGAMENTS OR MUSCLES.
    ▪ STRAINED – TEARING OR RUPTURE OF MUSCLE FIBERS
    ▪ DISLOCATION
    – DISPLACEMENT FROM EACH OTHER OF THE ARTICULAR
    SURFACES OF BONES ENTERING INTO THE FORMATION OF A JOINT.
    ▪ CEREBRAL OR BRAIN CONCUSSION
    – THE JARRING OR OF THE BRAIN LEADING TO SOME COMMOTION OF
    THE CEREBRAL SUBSTANCE.
    ▪ INTERNAL HEMORRHAGE – INTRACRANIAL, RUPTURE OF ORGANS,
    LACERATION OF ORGANS

    D. OPEN WOUNDS
    – WHEN THERE IS COMMUNICATION WITH THE OUTSIDE OR BREAK IN THE
    SKIN OR MUCOUS MEMBRANE.

    KINDS OF OPEN WOUNDS


    ▪ ABRASION
    – CHARACTERIZE BY THE REMOVAL OF THE SUPERFICIAL LAYER OF THE
    SKIN BROUGHT ABOUT BY FRICTION AGAINST A HARD-ROUGH SURFACE.

    A. FORMS OF ABRASION
    4
    1. LINEAR OR MULTI-LINEAR
    2. CONFLUENT – ALMOST INDISTINGUISHABLE DUE TO SEVERITY OF
    FRICTION AND ROUGHNESS OF THE OBJECT.
    3. MULTIPLE - SEVERAL ABRASIONS NOTED ON THE BODY
    SURFACE OF A PERSON.

    B. TYPES OF ABRASION
    1. SCRATCHES
    2. IMPACT OR IMPRINT ABRASION
    3. GRAZES
    4. PRESSURE OR FRICTION ABRASION

    ▪ INCISED WOUND
    - PRODUCED BY FORCIBLE CONTACT
    ▪ LACERATED WOUND
    - PRODUCED BY FORCIBLE CONTACT OF THE BODY WITH A BLUNT INSTRUMENT.
    ▪ STAB WOUND
    - PRODUCED BY A SHARP-POINTED AND SHARP EDGE INSTRUMENT.
    ▪ PUNCTURED WOUND
    - PRODUCED BY A SHARP-POINTED INSTRUMENT
    ▪ WOUND PRODUCED BY POWDER EXPLOSION - FIREARM, GRENADE, DYNAMITE,
    ▪ MUTILATION
    ▪ AVULSION

    DEATH OR PHYSICAL INJURIES BROUGHT ABOUT BY POWDER PROPELLED SUBSTANCES:

    1. PRODUCTION OF COMBUSTIONS
    A. BULLET - GUNSHOT WOUND
    B. FLAME - SINGEING
    C. SMOKE -SMUDGING
    D. GUN POWDER RESIDUE - TATTOOING
    E. GRIME – TATTOOING
    5
    2. FIREARM WOUNDS

    A. GUNSHOT WOUNDS
    DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ENTRANCE AND EXIT OF GUNSHOT WOUND

    DETERMINATION OF RELATIVE POSITION OF VICTIM & ASSAILANT


    A. CONTUSION COLLAR - THE WIDER SIDE POINTS TO THE SOURCE OF THE MISSILE.
    B. SMUDGING & TATTOOING - THE SIDE WITH MORE OR INTENSE DEPOSIT POINTS TO THE
    SOURCE OF THE MISSILE.

    DETERMINATION OF THE PROBABLE CALIBER OF THE FIREARM USED IN THE INFLICTION


    - MEASURE IN CENTIMETER OF THE CROSS DIAMETER OF THE GUNSHOT WOUND FROM
    COLLAR TO COLLAR - THE SHORTEST IS THE PROBABLE CALIBER.

    DETERMINATION OF THE DISTANCE OF FIRE


    A. CONTACT FIRE - INTENSE LACERATION & UNDERMINING OF THE POINT ENTRANCE.
    NORMAL BIGGER THAN EXIT.
    B. DISTANCE OF SIX (6) INCHES PRESENCE OF SMUDGING, SINGEING AND TATTOOING.
    C. BEYOND SIX (6(INCHES BUT WITHIN THIRTY SIX (36) INCHES - PRESENCE OF THE
    TATTOOING.
    D. BEYOND THIRTY SIX(36) INCHES ONLY THE GUNSHOT WOUND WILL BE PRESENT

    B. SHOTGUN WOUND
    1. UNCHOKED BORE OR STRAIGHT BORE
    6
    2. CHOKED BORE
    A. IMPROVED CYLINDER - NARROWING OF THE BORE FROM REAR TO THE MUZZLE
    IS 3-5 THOUSANDTH OF AN INCH.
    B. HALF CHOCK - NARROWING OF THE BARREL IS 15-20 THOUSANDTH OF AN INCH.
    C. FULL CHOCK - NARROWING OF THE BARREL IS 35-50 THOUSANDTH OF AN INCH.

    CHARACTERISTICS OF SHOTGUN WOUNDS


    CONTACT FIRE - ENTRANCE OF WOUND IS IRREGULAR WITH SEVERE DESTRUCTION OF THE
    UNDERLYING TISSUE. THERE IS SINGEING AND SMUDGING.
    1. NEAR SHOT UP TO SIX (6) INCHES.
    2. MARK LACERATION OF SKIN.
    3. GUNPOWDER MAYBE DRIVEN INTO THE DEEPER AREA OF THE WOUND.
    4. MARK SMUDGING OF THE SKIN & DEEPER PORTION OF THE WOUND OF ENTRANCE.
    5. MARK TATTOOING.
    6. HAIR IS SINGE.
    7. WAD MAY BE FOUND INSIDE THE WOUND OF ENTRANCE.

     DISTANCE OF ABOUT ONE (1) YARD


    A. PELLETS ENTER AS ONE MASS THUS MAKING ENTRANCE WOUND WITH
    IRREGULAR EDGES.
    B. SURROUNDING SKIN MAY BE BLACKENED WITH LIGHT BURNING & TATTOOING.
     DISTANCE OF 2 TO 3 YARDS
    A. THE WOUND OF ENTRANCE HAS BIG CENTRAL HOLE WITH RUGGED EDGES WITH
    FEW STRAY WOUND OF ENTRANCE WOUND.
    B. SMUDGING & TATTOOING – NO LONGER EVIDENT
     DISTANCE OF 4 YARDS – PELLETS MAY ENTER SKIN AREA OF ABOUT 6 TO 8 INCHES
    DIAMETER ALTHOUGH THERE MAY BE A CENTRAL CARE WHERE A GROUP MIGHT
    HAVE ENTERED.

    7
    DEATH BY ASPHYXIA
    ALL FORMS OF VIOLENT DEATH WHICH RESULTS PRIMARILY FROM
    THEINTERFERENCE WITH THE PROCESS OF RESPIRATION OR TO CONDITION IN WHICH
    THE SUPPLY OF OXYGEN TO THE BLOOD OR TISSUE OR BOTH HAS BEEN REDUCED BELOW
    NORMAL LEVEL.
    1. HANGING
    2. STRANGULATION

    A. BY LIGATURE
    B. MANUAL OR THROTTLING
    C. SPECIAL FORMS OF STRANGULATION
    C.1. PALMER
    C.2. GARROTING
    C.3. MUGGING OR YOKING
    C.4. COMPRESSION OF NECK WITH STICK
    3. SUFFOCATION
    A. SMOTHERING – CLOSING MOUTH AND NOSTRILS BY SOLID OBJECTS
    B. CHOKING
    4. ASPHYXIA BY SUBMERSION IN WATER (DROWNING)
    5. ASPHYXIA BY PRESSURE ON THE CHEST
    6. ASPHYXIA BY IRRESPIRABLE GASES

    DEATH OR PHYSICAL INJURIES DUE TO VEHICULAR ACCIDENTS

    1. KINDS OF INJURIES IN VEHICULAR ACCIDENT CASES


     SUSTAINED BY THE PEDESTRIAN
     IMPACT INJURIES - SUBSEQUENT IMPACT INJURIES, SECONDARY INJURIES, RUN
    OVER INJURIES
     SUSTAINED BY DRIVER & PASSENGERS - IMPACT INJURIES AND TURN-TURTLE
    INJURIES

    8
    2. MEDICAL EVIDENCE IN VEHICULAR ACCIDENT CASES
    EVIDENCE FROM THE VICTIM

    THE VEHICLE WHICH HIT THE VICTIM.

    – LIKE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOL

    EVIDENCE FROM THE DRIVER

    OL OR DRUGS BY DRIVE

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