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ALIGNMENT
Is the relation of parts of the

whole of writing or line of
individual letters in words to the
baseline.
It is the alignment of words. The
relative alignment of letters.
GARLAND FORMS – A cup-like

connected form that is open
at the top and rounded on the
bottom.
ARCADE FORMS – Forms that
look like arches rounded on
the top and open at the
bottom.
DISGUISED WRITING - A writer

may deliberately try to alter his
usual writing habits in hopes of
hiding his identity. The results,
regardless of their effectiveness
are termed disguised writing.
COLLATION - side by side comparison; collation as used in this text

means the critical comparison on side by side examination.
COMPARISON - the act of setting two or more items side by side to
weigh their identifying qualities; it refers not only a visual but also
the mental act in which the element of one item are related to the
counterparts of the other.
• Topline
• Midline
• Baseline
• Zones in Writing
GRAPHOANALYSIS - the study of handwriting based on the two

fundamental strokes, the curve and the straight strokes.
GRAPHOMETRY - analysis by comparison and measurement.
GRAPHOLOGY - the art of determining character disposition and

amplitude of a person from the study of handwriting. It also means the
scientific study and analysis of handwriting, especially with reference to
forgeries and questioned documents
GESTALT – The German word that means “complete” or “whole”. A good

gestalt needs nothing added or taken away to make it “look right”. Also a
school of handwriting analysis that looks at handwriting as a whole
picture.
HANDLETTERING - Any disconnected style of writing in which each letter

is written separately; also called hand printing
WRONG-HANDED WRITING
-Any writing executed with the opposite hand that normally used; a.k.a.
as “with the awkward hand.” It is one means of disguise. Thus, the
writing of a right-handed person which has been executed with his left
hand accounts for the common terminology for this class of disguise as
"left- hand writing".
LETTER SPACE – The amount of space left
between letters.
LINE DIRECTION – Movement of the

baseline. May slant up, down, or straight
across the page.
LINE QUALITY - the overall character of the

ink lines from the beginning to the ending
strokes. There are two classes: Good Line
quality and Poor Line quality.
LINE SPACE – The amount of space left

between lines.
MANUSCRIPT WRITING -A disconnected form of script or semi-script

writing. This type of writing is taught in young children in elementary
schools as the first step in learning to write.
MARGINS – The amount of space left around the writing on all four sides.
MOVEMENT – It is an important element in handwriting. It embraces all

the factors which are related to the motion of the writing instrument
skill, speed freedom, hesitation, rhythm, emphasis, tremors and the like.
The manner in which the writing instrument is move that is by finger,
hand, forearm or whole arm.
PEN EMPHASIS - The act of intermittently forcing the pen against the
paper surfaces. has flexibility, this emphasis produces shading, but with
mWhen the pen-point ore rigid writing points heavy point emphasis can
occur in writing w/out any evidence of shading; the act intermittently
forcing the pen against the paper with increase pressure
PEN HOLD – The place where the
writer grasps the barrel of the pen and
the angle at which he holds it.
PEN POSITION - relationship between

the pen point and the paper.
PEN PRESSURE - the average force

with which the pen contacts the
paper. Pen pressure as opposed to
pen emphasis deals with the usual
of average force involved in the
writing rather than the period
increases
PRINTSCRIPT – A creative
combination of printing and
cursive writing.
PROPORTION or RATIO - the relation between the tall and the

short letter is referred as to the ratio of writing.
QUALITY - A distinct or peculiar character. Also, “quality” is used

in describing handwriting to refer to any identifying factor that is
related to the writing movement itself.
RHYTHM – The element of the writing movement which is

marked by regular or periodic recurrences. It may be classed as
smooth, intermittent, or jerky in its quality; the flourishing
succession of motion which are recorded in a written record.
Periodicity, alternation of movement.
SHADING - Is the widening of the ink strokes due to the added
pressure on a flexible pen point or to the use of a stub pen.
SIGNIFCANT WRITING HABIT – Any characteristic of handwriting that

is sufficiently uncommon and well fixed to serve as a fundamental
point in the identification.
SIMPLIFICATION – Eliminating extra or superfluous strokes from the

copybook model.
SIZE – May refer to the overall size of the writing or the proportions
between zones.
SKILL - In any set there are relative degrees or ability or skill and a
specimen of handwriting usually contains evidence of the writer's
proficiency; degree, ability, or skill of a write proficiency.
SLOPE/SLANT - the angle or

inclination of the axis of the letters
relative to the baseline. There are
three classes: – Slant to the left; –
Slant to the right; and – Vertical
Slant.
SPEED OF WRITING - The personal pace at which the writer’s

pen moves across the paper.
TENSION – The degree of force exerted on the pen compared

to the degree of relaxation.
WORD SPACE – The amount of space left between words.

Finger Movement - the thumb, the first, second and slightly the third
fingers are in actual motion. Most usually employed by children and
illiterates.
Hand Movement - produced by the movement or action of the whole

hand with the wrist as the center of attraction.
Forearm Movement - the movement of the shoulder, hand and arm

with the support of the table. • Whole Forearm Movement - action of
the entire arm without resting. i.e., blackboard writing.
hmnp
hmnpac
BFA
➢ Diacritic- “t” crossing and dots of the letter “i” and “j”. The
matters of Indian script are also known as diacritic sign; an
element added to complete a certain letter, either a cross bar
or a dot.
tIjnTQ
➢ Ending/Terminate stroke of toe- the end stroke of a letter.
life b o v e
➢ Eye/ Eyelet/Eyeloop- a small loop or curved formed inside
the letters. This may occur inside the oval of the letters
“a,d,o”; the small loop form by the stroke that extend in
divergent direction as in small letters.
➢ Foot- lower part which rest on the base line. The small letter
”m” has three feet, and the small letter “n” has two feet
Solis Criminology
➢ Hesitation- the term applied to the irregular thickening of ink
which is found when writing slows down or stop while the
pen take a stock of the position.
➢ Hiatus/ pen jump- a gap occurring between a continuous
stroke without lifting the pen.
Such as occurrence usually occurs due to speed;

may be regarded also as a special form of pen lift
distinguished in a ball gaps and appear in the writing.
➢ Hook- it is a minute curve or ankle which often occurs at

the end of the terminal stroke. It also sometimes occurs
at the beginning of a initial stroke. The terminal curves of
adhmnipu
a letters “a,d,n,m,p,u” is the hook.
➢ Long letter- those letters with both upper and lower

loops.
➢ Loop- a oblong curve such as found on the small letter

“f,g,j” and letter stroke “f” has two.
➢ Majuscule- a capital letter.
BIG LETTER
➢ Miniscule- a small letter.
small letter
➢ Movement impulses- this refers to the continuality of
stroke , forged writing is usually produced by disconnected
and broken movements and more motion or movement
impulses then in genuine writing.
➢ Patching- retouching or going back over a defective

portion of a stroke. Careful patching is common defect on
forgeries.
➢ Shoulder- outside portion of the top curve, small letter

“m” has three shoulders and the small letter “n” has two,
the small letter “h” has one shoulder.
mnh
abcgk
➢ Spur- a short, horizontal beginning strokes.
➢ Staff- any major long downward stroke of a letter that is
bg
the long downward stroke of the letter “b,g”.
➢ Stem or shank- the upright long downward stroke that
is the trunk or stalk, normally seen in capital letters.
CAPITAL
➢ Tick/ Hitch- any short stroke, which usually occurs at
the top of the letters. Introductory backward stroke
➢ Tremor- a writing weakness portrayed by irregular

shaky strokes is described as writing tremor.
➢ Whirl- the upstroke of looping ascender
bhl
➢ Linear Letters- lower case letters having no ascending
loops or stems, or descending loops or stems
sometimes called minuscule. No capital letters.
oaevinm
➢ Supralinear- letters that extend a distance vertically
above the linear letters, (b, d,h,k,l and t)
bdhklt
➢ Infralinear- Letters are those that extend a distance
g jpqy
vertically below the baseline of the writing or of the
linear letters. (g,j,p,q,y,).
➢ Double-Length Letters- are those few letters that extend a
distance vertically both above and below the linear letters.
(f, y, z,p)
fyzp

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ALIGNMENT

Is the relation of parts of the

GARLAND FORMS – A cup-like

DISGUISED WRITING - A writer

COLLATION - side by side comparison; collation as used in this text

GRAPHOANALYSIS - the study of handwriting based on the two

GRAPHOMETRY - analysis by comparison and measurement.

GRAPHOLOGY - the art of determining character disposition and

GESTALT – The German word that means “complete” or “whole”. A good

HANDLETTERING - Any disconnected style of writing in which each letter

LINE DIRECTION – Movement of the

LINE QUALITY - the overall character of the

LINE SPACE – The amount of space left

MANUSCRIPT WRITING -A disconnected form of script or semi-script

MOVEMENT – It is an important element in handwriting. It embraces all

PEN POSITION - relationship between

PEN PRESSURE - the average force

PROPORTION or RATIO - the relation between the tall and the

QUALITY - A distinct or peculiar character. Also, “quality” is used

RHYTHM – The element of the writing movement which is

SIGNIFCANT WRITING HABIT – Any characteristic of handwriting that

SIMPLIFICATION – Eliminating extra or superfluous strokes from the

SLOPE/SLANT - the angle or

SPEED OF WRITING - The personal pace at which the writer’s

TENSION – The degree of force exerted on the pen compared

WORD SPACE – The amount of space left between words.

Hand Movement - produced by the movement or action of the whole

Forearm Movement - the movement of the shoulder, hand and arm

Such as occurrence usually occurs due to speed;

➢ Hook- it is a minute curve or ankle which often occurs at

➢ Long letter- those letters with both upper and lower

➢ Loop- a oblong curve such as found on the small letter

➢ Majuscule- a capital letter.

➢ Patching- retouching or going back over a defective

➢ Shoulder- outside portion of the top curve, small letter

➢ Staff- any major long downward stroke of a letter that is

➢ Tremor- a writing weakness portrayed by irregular

➢ Whirl- the upstroke of looping ascender

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