Chapter 12

CHAPTER
12
Tessellations
GET READY 642
Math Link 644
12.1 Warm Up 645
12.1 Exploring Tessellations With Regular
and Irregular Polygons 646
12.2 Warm Up 652
12.2 Constructing Tessellations Using
Translations and Reflections 653
12.3 Warm Up 658
12.3 Constructing Tessellations
Using Rotations 659
12.4 Warm Up 663
12.4 Creating Escher-Style Tessellations 664
Chapter Review 670
Practice Test 674
Wrap It Up! 676
Key Word Builder 677
Math Games 678
Challenge in Real Life 679
Chapters 9-12 Review 680
Task 688
Answers 690
Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
642 MHR ● Chapter 12: Tessellations

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
Congruent Figures
Congruent figures have the same shape and size.
corresponding sides and angles

● equal sides and angles of congruent figures
≅ means is congruent to ΔABC ≅ ΔDEF
∠A = ∠D AB = DE
∠A means angle A.
∠B = ∠ E AC = DF
AB means line segment AB.
∠C = ∠ F BC = EF
1. Are the figures in each pair congruent? Circle the correct answer.
a) b)
Tick marks
mean the sides
are equal.
congruent or not congruent congruent or not congruent
Characteristics of Regular Polygons
regular polygon
● a polygon with all equal sides and all equal angles
● example: an equilateral triangle
irregular polygon
● a polygon that does not have all sides and all angles equal
● example: an isosceles triangle
2. Decide if each figure is a regular or irregular polygon.

Circle the correct answer.
a) b)
regular polygon or irregular polygon regular polygon or irregular polygon
Get Ready ● MHR 643

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
Transformations and Transformation Images
transformation
● moves a geometric figure to a different position
● examples: translations, reflections, rotations
● translations—also called slides ● reflections—also called flips or mirror images

ΔABC has been translated 4 units Rectangle PQRS has been reflected in the line
vertically ( b ). of reflection, m.
The translation image is ΔA′B′C′. Rectangle P′Q′R′S′ is the reflection image.
● rotations—also called turns

ΔDEF has been rotated
180º counterclockwise
around the origin.
ΔD′E′F′ is the rotation image.
3. ΔTHE is rotated around the centre of rotation, z.

The coordinates of ΔT′H′E′ are
(2, –2), , and .
ΔTHE has been rotated 180°.

(clockwise or counterclockwise)
(cw) (ccw)
4. a) On the coordinate grid, translate ΔMON 3 units up and

4 units left.
b) Use the x-axis as the line of reflection to reflect ΔMON.
Use prime notation.

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
Mosaics are pictures or designs made of different coloured shapes.

Mosaics can be used to decorate shelves, tabletops, mirrors, floors,
walls, and other objects.
You can use regularly and irregularly shaped tiles that are congruent
to make mosaics.
a) Measure the sides of each triangle in millimetres.
AC = mm AB = CB =
ZX = mm XY = ZY =
b) Measure the angles of each triangle.
∠A = ° ∠B = ∠C =
∠X = ∠Y = ∠Z =
c) Is ΔABC congruent to ΔXYZ? Circle YES or NO.

Give 1 reason for your answer.
_________________________________________________________________________
d) Are ΔABC and ΔXYZ regular or irregular? Circle REGULAR or IRREGULAR.

_________________________________________________________________________
e)  Copy ΔABC or ΔXYZ onto a piece of cardboard or construction paper.

 Cut out the triangle to use as a pattern.
 Create a design on a blank sheet of paper.
 Trace the triangle template a few times to make a pattern.
Make sure there are no spaces between the triangles.
 Colour your design so that your pattern stands out.
Math Link ● MHR 645

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
12.1 Warm Up
1. Fill in the blanks with the word(s) from the box that best describes each diagram.
equilateral triangle pentagon square penta means 5

isosceles triangle octagon hexagon hexa means 6
octa means 8
a) b)
c) d)
e) f)
2. a) Measure the sides and interior angles of the shape.
An interior angle is
inside the shape.
Angles Sides
∠A = ° AB = cm
∠B = BC = cm
∠C = CD =
∠D = DE =
∠E = AE =
b) What do you notice about the angles and the sides in this diagram?
_________________________________________________________________________
c) Circle the words that best describe this figure.

regular hexagon irregular hexagon regular pentagon irregular pentagon
Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
12.1 Exploring Tessellations With Regular and Irregular Polygons
tiling pattern
• a pattern that covers an area or plane with no overlapping or spaces
• also called a tessellation
tiling the plane
A plane is a 2-D
• congruent shapes that cover an area with no spaces
flat surface.
• also called tessellating the plane
Working Example: Identify Shapes That Tessellate the Plane

Do these polygons tessellate the plane? Explain why or why not. A full turn = 360°.
a) b)
Solution Solution
Arrange the squares along a side with Arrange the pentagons along a side
the same length. with the same length.
Rotate the squares around the centre.
The irregular pentagons overlap.

They do not overlap or leave spaces.
The shape be
The shape be (can or cannot)
(can or cannot) used to tessellate the plane.
used to tessellate the plane.
Check:
Check: Each of the interior angles where
Each of the interior angles where the the vertices of the polygon meet is
vertices of the polygons meet is 90°. °.
90° + 90° + 90° + 90° = °. 96° + 96° + 96° + 96° = °.
This is equal to a full turn. This more than a full turn.
So, the shape can be used to So, the shape

(can or cannot)
the plane. be used to tessellate the plane.
12.1 Exploring Tessellations With Regular and Irregular Polygons ● MHR 647
Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
Which of the shapes can be used to tessellate the plane?

a) b)
 Trace the shape and cut it out.

 Arrange 4 shapes along a side with  Trace the shape and cut it out.
the same length.  Arrange 3 shapes along a side with
 Draw the diagram. the same length.
 Draw the diagram.
 Add the interior angles.  Add the interior angles.
+ + + =
 Is this equal to a full turn?

 Is this equal to a full turn? Circle YES or NO.
Circle YES or NO.
The shape
The shape (can or cannot)
(can or cannot) be used to tessellate the plane.
be used to tessellate the plane.
c)  Trace the shape and cut it out.

 Arrange 2 shapes along a side with the same length to
make a parallelogram.
 Draw the diagram. Label the degrees of each angle.
 How many congruent triangles make a parallelogram?
Any triangle the plane

(will tessellate or will not tessellate)
because congruent triangles always make a
.
(parallelogram or trapezoid)
Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
1. a) Draw a regular polygon that tessellates the plane.
The congruent shapes

must not leave spaces
or overlap.
b) Measure the degrees in each angle.

Write the degrees inside each interior angle of the polygon.
c) Explain why your shape tessellates the plane.
_________________________________________________________________________
2. Does this regular polygon tessellate the plane?
 Measure each angle.
Each angle is °.
 Trace this polygon and use it to draw a tessellation.
 Add the interior angles.
+ + =
 Is this equal to a full turn? Circle YES or NO.
A full turn is 360°.
The polygon tessellate the plane.
(can or cannot)
Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
3. Tessellate the plane with each shape.

Draw and colour the result on the grid.
a) b)
4. Describe 2 tessellation patterns that you see at home or school.

Name the shapes that make up the tessellations.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. Jared is painting a mosaic on a wall in his bedroom.

It is made up of tessellating equilateral triangles.
Use the dot grid to draw a tessellation pattern for him.
Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
6. Patios are often made from rectangular bricks.

This is a herringbone pattern.
Congruent means
exactly the same.
On the grid, create a different patio design.

Use congruent rectangles.
7. A pentomino is a shape made up of 5 squares.

Choose 1 of the pentominoes.
Make a tessellation on the grid paper.
Use different colours to create an interesting design.
8. Sarah is designing a pattern for the hood of her new parka.

In her design, she wants to use
• a regular polygon
• 3 different colours
Make a design that Sarah might use.
Colour your design.

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
This tiling pattern is from Alhambra, a palace in Granada, Spain.
a) There are 4 different tile shapes in this pattern.

• Circle 1 of each shape in the pattern with a coloured pencil.
• Write the numbers 1 to 4 in each shape.
• Fill in the chart.
Shape Name of Shape Regular Polygon? Yes/No

1
2
3
4
b) Trace 6 of each shape on construction paper.
c)  Cut out all 24 shapes.

 Use each of the 4 shapes to create a mosaic.
 Glue them on another sheet of paper.
 Compare your design with your classmates’ designs.
12.1 Math Link ● MHR 653

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
12.2 Warm Up
1. Name each transformation. Use the definitions in the box to help you.
a)
• A translation is a slide.
• A rotation is a turn.
• A reflection is a mirror image.
b) c)
2. Write the names of the polygons used in each tessellation.
a) b)

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
12.2 Constructing Tessellations Using Translations and

Reflections
orientation
• the different position of an object after it has been translated, rotated,
or reflected
Working Example: Identify the Transformation
a) What polygons are used to make this tessellation?

the shape that is repeated
Solution
in a tessellation
The tessellation tile is made from the following shapes:
• 2 equilateral triangles
• 1
• 2
A transformation
b) What transformations are used to make this tessellation? moves a figure to a different
position or orientation.
Solution
This tessellation is made using .

(translations, rotations, or reflections)
The tessellating tile is translated vertically (↕) and (↔).
c) Does the area of the tessellating tile change during the tessellation?
Solution
The area of the tessellating tile does not change.

The tile remains exactly the same size and shape.
12.2 Constructing Tessellations Using Translations and Reflections ● MHR 655

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
What transformation was used to create this tessellation?

Explain your reasoning by filling in the blanks.
The shapes in the tessellation are and

.
This tessellation is made using .

1. Jesse and Brent are trying to figure out how this tessellation was made.
The tessellation is
Jesse says made by reflecting
the 6-sided polygon.
The tessellation is made

by translating the 6-sided
Brent says polygon horizontally and
reflecting it vertically.
Whose answer is correct? Circle JESSE or BRENT or BOTH.

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
2. Complete the chart.
Names of Polygons in Type of Transformation

Tessellation Tessellation Used
a)
b)
c)
3. Simon is designing a wallpaper pattern that tessellates.

He chooses the letter “T” for his pattern.
Make a tessellation using the 3 letters.
12.2 Constructing Tessellations Using Translations and Reflections ● MHR 657

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
4. The diagram shows a driveway made from irregular 12-sided bricks.

a) Explain why the 12-sided brick tessellates the plane.
Find a point where the vertices meet.
The sum of the interior angles at this point equals °.

b) On the grid paper, draw a tessellation using a 6-sided brick.
c) Explain why your 6-sided brick tessellates the plane.
_________________________________________________________________________
5. a) Design a kitchen tile.

Use 2 different polygons and translations to make a tessellation.
b) Name the polygons in your tessellation. __________________________________________
c) Name the translations in your tessellation. ________________________________________

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
Many quilt designs are made using tessellating shapes.

a) What shapes do you see in the design?
_______________________________
_______________________________
b) The quilt uses fabric cut into triangles.
The triangles are sewn together to form a .

(name the shape)
c) The squares are translated (↕) and (↔).
d) Design your own quilt square using 1 regular tessellating polygon.

Make an interesting design using patterns and colours.

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
12.3 Warm Up
1. Draw the regular polygons on the grid.
a) hexagon (6 sides) b) octagon (8 sides)

c) square d) isosceles triangle (2 equal sides)
e) parallelogram f ) equilateral triangle (all equal sides)
2. Circle the diagram(s) that show a rotation.
3. Name the polygon(s) in each tessellation.

a) b)
4. Complete each sentence. Use the words from the box to help you.
translation
a) Another word for slide is . reflection
rotation
b) A turn about a fixed point is called a .
c) A is a mirror image.

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
12.3 Constructing Tessellations Using Rotations
Working Example: Identify the Transformation

a) What polygons are used to make this tessellation?
Solution
The tessellation is made up of regular .
b) What transformation could be used to make this tessellation?
Solution
The regular hexagon has been 3 times to make a

complete turn.
c) What other transformation could create this tessellation?
Solution
A translation can be used to make this tessellation larger.
The 3 different hexagons forming this tile can be translated (↔)

and diagonally.
12.3 Constructing Tessellations Using Rotations ● MHR 661

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
a) What polygons could you use to make this tessellation?

Use pattern blocks to help you.
and
b) What transformation could you use to make this tessellation?
c) Fill in the blanks to explain which transformation was used.

Use the words in the box to help you. octagon hexagon
The white is triangle translating
formed by rotating reflecting
the equilateral vertices sides

about 1 of its .
1. Kim wants to make a tessellation using a rotation.

The sum of the angles at the point of rotation must equal 360°.
Use pattern blocks

to help you.
a) Explain what happens if the sum of the angles is less than 360°.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
b) Explain what happens if the sum of the angles is more than 360°.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
2. Complete the table.
Tessellation Names of Polygons Type of Transformation

a)
b)
c)
Use pattern blocks

to help you.
3. a) Choose a polygon that you can rotate b) Choose 2 regular polygons that you can
to make a tessellation. rotate to make a tessellation.
Draw the design. Draw the design.
12.3 Constructing Tessellations Using Rotations ● MHR 663

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
a) Choose 1 of the pysanka designs shown.
A pysanka is a
b) Outline 1 of the designs in the pysanka with a highlighter. decorated egg
popular in Ukraine.
c) What shapes did you highlight?
_________________________________________________________________________
d) How are the shapes tessellated?

_________________________________________________________________________
e) Make your own pysanka design by tessellating one or more polygons.

Make sure your design is big enough to fit on an egg. Colour your design.
Web Link
To see examples of pysankas,
go to www.mathlinks8.ca
and follow the links.
f) If you have time, decorate an egg with your pysanka design.

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
12.4 Warm Up
1. Complete the table.
Tessellation Shape of the Tiles Type of Transformation

a)
b)
2. Unscramble the letters to complete each sentence.
a) Tessellations can be made with 2 or more .

GNYOLPSO
b) Two types of transformations are and .

OSLNAASTNIRT RSNETFEOLIC
c) The area of a tile is the same after it is .

MEDASRFONRT
3. The letter “L” can be used to tessellate the plane.
a) Draw a design using the letter “L” to b) Name another letter that can tessellate
tessellate the plane.
the plane.
c) Draw a design using this letter.
12.4 Warm Up ● MHR 665

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
12.4 Creating Escher-Style Tessellations
To make an Escher-style tessellation:
1. Draw an equilateral triangle with 6-cm sides.

Cut it out.
2. Inside the triangle, draw a curve that goes from 1 vertex to another on 1 side.
Cut along the curve.
3. Rotate the piece 60° counterclockwise ( ) about the vertex at the top.
Tape the piece you cut off in place as shown.
This is your tile.
4. To tessellate the plane, draw around the tile on another piece of paper.
Then, rotate and draw around the tile.
Repeat this over and over to make your design.
5. Add colour and designs to the tessellation.

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
Working Example: Identify the Transformation Used in a Tessellation

What transformation was used to create each of the tessellations?
Solution
Tessellation A:
Tessellation A is made up of
that together form a .
The transformation used to make this tessellation
is .
Tessellation B:
Tessellation B is made up of figures that go

from white to black and then repeat.
They repeat (↔).
The transformation used to make this tessellation
is .
What transformation was used to make this tessellation?

Explain your answer.
12.4 Creating Escher-Style Tessellations ● MHR 667

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
1. Juan listed these steps to make an Escher-style tessellation.
Step 1: Make sure there are no overlaps or spaces in the pattern.

Step 2: Use transformations so that the pattern covers the plane.
Step 3: Use a polygon.
Step 4: Make sure the interior angles at the vertices total exactly 360°.
Pedro said he made a mistake.

List the steps in the correct order.
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________
2. Complete the chart.
Tessellation Type of Transformation(s) Shape of Tile

a)
_________________________
b)
_________________________
c)
_________________________
_________________________

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
3. a)
The original shape that was used to make this tessellation was a .
(triangle or square)
Draw this shape on the tessellation so it has 1 complete teapot inside it.
b) Explain or show how the tessellation could have been made.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
c) Draw 1 more row on the tessellation.
12.4 Creating Escher-Style Tessellations ● MHR 669

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
4. Draw an Escher-style tessellation using an equilateral triangle.
 Draw an equilateral triangle on the grid. All sides must be equal.
 Add details and colour to your design.

 Use translations to make an Escher-style tessellation.
5. Draw an Escher-style tessellation using squares with rotations and translations.
 Draw a square on the grid.
 Add details and colour to your design.

 Use rotations and translations to make an Escher-style tessellation.

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
You are going to use an Escher-style tessellation to make a design.

This design could be used for
● a binder cover
● wrapping paper
● a border for writing paper
● a placemat
a) What will your beginning shape be?
b) Cut a simple picture out of a magazine or a comic book and use this as your shape.
or
Draw a picture to use as your shape.
c) How will you tessellate the plane?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
d) On the grid, draw an Escher-style tessellation.
Web Link
To see examples of Escher’s
art, go to www.mathlinks8.ca
and follow the links.

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
12 Chapter Review
Key Words
For #1 to #4, unscramble the letters for each puzzle.
Use the clues to help you.
Clues Scrambled Words Answer

1. a 2-D flat surface that LENAP
stretches in all directions
2. using repeated shapes of LITGIN THE

the same size to cover a EPALN
region without spaces or
overlapping
3. a pattern that covers the SLTIOEETANLS

plane without overlapping
or leaving spaces
4. examples are translations, RMTSAINFNOTAOR
rotations, and reflections
12.1 Exploring Tessellations With Regular and Irregular Polygons, pages 646–651
5. Name the polygons used to make each tiling pattern.
a) b)
c) d)

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
Chapter Review ● MHR 673

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
6. a) Explain the difference between a regular polygon and an irregular polygon.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
b) Which polygon in #5 is a regular polygon?
c) Which polygon in #5 is an irregular polygon?
12.2 Constructing Tessellations Using Translations and Reflections, pages 653–657
7. What transformation(s) could be used to make the following patterns?
a) b)
8. Make a tiling pattern using equilateral triangles and squares.

Use 1 translation and 1 reflection to create the pattern.

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
12.3 Constructing Tessellations Using Rotations, pages 659–662

9. What transformations could be used to make the following patterns?
a) b)
10. Make a tessellation using this polygon.
Name the polygon that completes the pattern. .

Colour it blue.
Chapter Review ● MHR 675

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
12.4 Creating Escher-Style Tessellations, pages 664–669
11. This design is made up of 6 quadrilaterals.
a) How many sides does a quadrilateral have?
b) Highlight 1 of the quadrilaterals.
c) What transformation was used to make this tessellation?
12. a) Make an Escher-style tessellation.

Use only 1 shape.
b) Name the shape you used.
c) Name the transformation(s) you used.

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
12 Practice Test
For #1 to #4, circle the best answer.
1. Which regular polygon cannot be used to tile a plane?
A square B triangle
C hexagon D pentagon
2. Polygons can be used to make a tessellation.
The interior angles must add up to ° where the vertices of the polygons meet.
A 90° B 180°
C 270° D 360°
3. Which polygon can be used to make a tessellation?
A regular pentagon B regular hexagon
C regular heptagon D regular octagon
4. How many different polygons were used to make this design?
A 1 B 2
C 3 D 4
Practice Test ● MHR 677
Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
Short Answer
5. Decide if each statement is true or false.

Circle TRUE or FALSE.
If the statement is false, rewrite it to make it true.
a) Tessellations need more than 2 polygons to make a design. TRUE or FALSE
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
b) Tessellations can be made if the interior angles of the polygons equal exactly 360° where
the polygons meet. TRUE or FALSE
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
c) Rotations cannot be used to make tessellations. TRUE or FALSE
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
6. Can Jamie make a tessellation using this triangle? Circle YES or NO.
Explain your answer.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
7. a) What type of polygon is used to make this design?

Circle PARALLELOGRAM or RECTANGLE or QUADRILATERAL.
b) What transformation is used in the pattern?

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
8. Describe how you would make this tessellation.
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
9. Make an Escher-style tessellation using an equilateral triangle or a square.
You are going to make a mosaic design to hang in your room.

You must include at least 2 different shapes and 1 transformation.
a) Shape 1:
Shape 2:
b) Type of transformation:
c) List the materials you will need to make your pattern.

Examples: coloured
construction paper, coloured
transparencies, tile pieces,
grid paper, paints.
d) Make your mosaic design on a separate sheet of paper.
e) After you have completed your design, write a short paragraph about it on a separate sheet
of paper.
• Describe the different shapes and transformations you used to make your mosaic.
• Explain why you chose the shapes, transformation, materials, and colours that you used.
Practice Test ● MHR 679

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
Use the clues to find the key words from Chapter 12.
Write them in the crossword puzzle.
Across
4. A figure with many sides
6. A pattern that covers an area without overlapping or leaving spaces
8. Examples are reflections, rotations, and translations
9. A 2-dimensional flat surface that stretches in all directions
Down
1. A figure with 3 sides
7. The name of the artist who used tessellations to make different pieces of art

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
Playing at Tiling
Game boards can be made from polygons that tessellate.

For example, chessboards are made from squares. ● 1 Playing at Tiling game
This board includes squares and regular octagons. board for each small
group
● two 6-sided dice for each
small group
● 1 coloured counter for
each student
1. Play a game on this board with a partner or in a small group.
Rules:
● Each player rolls a die to see who plays first.
I rolled a 3 and a 5, so I
The highest roll goes first. If there is a tie, roll again. move 5 spots ahead.
● For each turn, roll the 2 dice. Use the greater number.
● Starting at #1, move your counter that number I rolled two 4s when my counter
of spaces ahead. was on square 13. I move ahead to
● If you roll a double, move to the next space the next octagon, number 16. Then I
that is a different shape from the shape you’re on. move ahead 4 spaces to 20.
● Then move ahead the number spaces equal to the
value on 1 of the die.
● The first player to reach 50 wins.
2. Design your own game board.

Use pattern blocks to
● Use 1 or 2 shapes.
help you find a shape to
● Your shapes must tessellate your board.
tessellate.
The board will have no spaces or shapes that overlap.
● On a separate piece of paper, write the rules for a dice game to be played on your board.
● Play your game with a partner.
● Change any of your rules to make your game better.
Math Games ● MHR 681

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
Border Design
● construction paper
Designers make patterns and border designs for tiles, wallpaper, fabrics, ● scissors
and rugs. ● coloured pencils or
markers
Design a border for the wall at the skateboard park. ● grid paper
Use what you know about tessellations to make your design for a border.
1. On construction paper, draw and cut out an equilateral

Templates are used to
triangle or a square. This is your template.
trace the same shape on
designs.
2. Use your template to make transformations of your shape.
Draw a sketch of each transformation.
Reflection: Rotation: Translation:
3. Design your border on a piece of grid paper that is 12 cm × 28 cm.

Use at least 1 of your transformations to make your border.
4. Colour your border to show your transformations.

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
Chapters 9—12 Review

Chapter 9 Linear Relations
1. a) The table of values shows the number of triangles in an increasing pattern. Complete the table.
Figure Number, f 1 2 3 4
Number of Triangles, n 3 5 7
b) Graph the table of values. c) Does your graph represent a linear relation?
Circle YES or NO.
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
2. The graph is a linear relation.

It shows the amount you pay for an item in relation to how many items you buy.
a) What is the cost if you buy 1 item?
b) Complete these statements:

The cost starts at $ for 1 item.
The cost increases by $ every time you buy

another item.
To move from 1 point to the next, move 1 unit horizontally
(↔) and units vertically (↕).
c) Complete a table of values for this linear relation.
Quantity, n
Cost, C ($)
d) What is an expression for the cost in terms of the quantity?
e) If the quantity is 8, what is the cost?
Chapters 9–12 Review ● MHR 683

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
3. A farmer is building a post-and-rail fence around his yard.

The formula r = 3p – 3 represents the number of rails in relation to the number of posts,
where r is the number of rails and p is the number of posts.
a) Draw the next 2 pictures of the fence showing 3 sections and 4 sections.
b) Complete the table of values. Use the drawing to help you.
Number of Posts (p) 2 3 4 5 6 7

Number of Rails (r)
c) Graph the table of values.

To draw a graph:
 Label each of the axes using p and r.
 Describe each axis.
 Give the graph a title.
 Plot the points.
d) Does the relation appear to be linear?

Circle YES or NO.
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
4. a) Complete the table of values using 4 b) Graph the relation.
positive integer values and 4 negative integer
values.
y = 2x – 3
x y Find the y-value for x = 0:

–4 y = 2x – 3
y = 2(0) – 3
y= –3
0
y=

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
Chapter 10 Solving Linear Equations
5. a) What equation does this diagram show?
b) Solve the equation.
6. Use models or diagrams to solve each equation.
s
a) = –5 b) 2(x – 5) = –4
2
Check: Check:
Left Side Right Side Left Side Right Side
7. Solve each equation. Check your answers.
x
a) = –4 b) 5x – 26 = 14
7
Check: Check:
Left Side Right Side Left Side Right Side

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
1
8. Jason’s age is 3 years less than of his father’s age.
3
a) Write an expression for Jason’s age. b) If Jason is 10 years old, how old is his
Use f to represent his father’s age. father?
Equation →
f − __________ = Jason’s age Solve →
9. Elijah works for a diamond mine. He is paid r dollars per hour.

When he works the late shift, $2 is added to his regular hourly rate.
a) What expression represents his hourly rate for the late shift?
b) He works the late shift for 6 h.

The expression 6(r + 2) shows how much he would make.
What is the expression if he worked the late shift for 40 h?
c) Elijah made $960 after working the late shift for 40 h.
Write an equation for this problem.
d) Solve the equation to find how much he makes per hour.
Elijah makes per hour.
e) How much does Elijah make per hour for working the late shift?
Sentence: _________________________________________________________________

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
Chapter 11 Probability
favourable outcomes
Probability =
10. Use the spinner to answer the questions. possible outcomes
a) What is the probability of spinning an odd number?
Odd numbers are 1, 3, 5 …

P( )=
b) What is the probability of spinning an even number?
Even numbers are 0, 2, 4, 6 …

P( )=
c) If you spin the spinner twice, what is P(odd number, then even number)?
P(odd number, then even number) = P(odd number) × P(even number)
= ×
11. A computer store has a sale.

You can buy 1 of 4 different computers, and 1 of 3 different printers.
How many combinations are there?
Total possible outcomes = number of different computers × number of different printers
= ×
Sentence: __________________________________________________________________

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
12. Gillian flips a disk labelled T on 1 side and H on the other.

She spins a spinner that is divided into 3 equal sections labelled T, H, and O.
a) What is the probability of flipping an H on the disk?
P( )=
b) What is the probability of spinning an H on the spinner?
P( )=
c) What is the probability there will be an H on both? Complete the table to find your answer.
Spinner
H O T
H
Disk
T
P(H, H) =
= ← decimal
= ← percent
d) Use multiplication to check your answer to part c).
P(H on disk, H on spinner) = P(H on disk) × P(H on spinner)
= ×

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
13. In every box of cereal you have the chance of getting a flying disk
that is red, blue, yellow, or green.
a) Conduct a simulation using the spinner to find the colour of the

disks in the next 2 boxes of cereal.
Trials Spin 1 Spin 2 Result

Example Green (G) Yellow (Y) G, Y
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
b) What is the experimental probability that the next 2 boxes of cereal will each have a blue
disk in them?
P(both blue) = Check your results

from the chart above.
c) What is the theoretical probability that the next 2 boxes of cereal will have blue disks
in them?
P(both blue) = P(B) × P(B)
= ×
4 4

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
Chapter 12 Tessellations
14. Polygons are used to tile the plane.
a) The squares have been formed into a tessellation.

Show how you know.
The sum of the interior angles where the vertices of the polygon
meet equals .
+ + + =
This is a full turn.
b) Will the pentagon tessellate the plane? Circle YES or NO.

Show how you know.
15. a) Make a tessellation. b) Describe the transformation(s) you used for

Use a square and 1 other shape. your pattern.
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
16. What transformation was used in this design?

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
Put Out a Forest Fire
● Triangle to Tessellate

BLM
● ruler
● coloured pencils (orange,
green, blue)
● modelling clay or bingo
chips
One way to fight a forest fire is to drop water and fire retardant
on it from an airplane. Fire retardant is a
You are training to be a firefighting airplane pilot. chemical that helps put
Create a simulation to see how effective you are at putting out a fire. out and prevent fires.

1.  Draw a 14 cm by 16 cm rectangle on a blank sheet of paper.
 Cut out the triangle from the Triangle to Tessellate BLM.
The full triangle counts as 2 shapes. Half of the triangle counts as 1 shape.
 Using transformations and your triangle, tile your paper until the rectangle is full.
Use full and half triangles to completely cover the rectangle.
 Colour the shapes in your tessellation using the ratio 1 blue : 3 orange : 4 green.
 Cut out the rectangle.
 Join your tessellated rectangle with 3 other students’ rectangles.
This large tessellation makes a map of a forest fire.

● Orange shows the area that is burning.
● Green is the forest.
● Blue is the lakes.

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: ______________
2. Try to put out the fire by dropping “water” on each orange area.
 One at a time, stand beside the map and drop 3 pieces of modelling clay onto it.
Each drop represents a planeload of water.
 Record what colour each load of water lands on.
Orange Green Blue
3. a) Hitting an orange shape puts out the fire in that part and all the orange shapes attached to it.
Find the experimental probability of hitting an orange shape.
number of orange half triangles where fire was put out

Experimental Probability =
total number of all half triangles
= ← decimal
= ← percent
b) Find the theoretical probability of hitting an orange shape.

Look at the total tessellated map.
number of orange half triangles

Theoretical Probability =
total number of all half triangles
= ← decimal
= ← percent
Task ● MHR 693

Answers
Get Ready, pages 642–643 6. Answers will vary. Example:
1. a) not congruent
b) congruent
2. a) regular b) irregular
3. (0, –2); (0, 0); counterclockwise or clockwise
4. a) and b) 7. Answers will vary. Example:
8. Answers will vary. Example:
Math Link
Math Link
a) AC = 35 mm, AB = 25 mm, CB = 33 mm,
a) Answers may vary. Example:
ZX = 35 mm, XY = 25 mm, ZY = 33 mm Regular Polygon?
b) ÐA = 63°, ÐB = 70°, ÐC = 47°, ÐX = 63°, ÐY = 70°, ÐZ = Shape Name of Shape Yes/No
47° 1 octagon no
c) YES. They are congruent because all angles and sides correspond. 2 hexagon no
d) IRREGULAR. They are irregular because not all the angles are equal. 3 small square yes
4 large square yes
e) Answers will vary.
12.1 Warm Up, page 645 b) and c) Answers will vary.
1. a) octagon b) square c) equilateral triangle d) isosceles triangle 12.2 Warm Up, pages 652
e) pentagon f) hexagon 1. a) reflection b) translation c) rotation
2. a) ÐA = 108°, ÐB = 108°, ÐC = 108°, ÐD = 108°, ÐE = 108°; 2. a) square, triangle b) squares, octagons
AB = 2 cm, BC = 2 cm, CD = 2 cm, DE = 2 cm, AE = 2 cm 12.2 Constructing Tessellations Using Translations and
b) Answers may vary. Example: All the sides are the same length, and all Reflections, pages 653–657
the angles are equal. c) regular pentagon Working Example: Show You Know
12.1 Exploring Tessellations With Regular and Irregular squares, triangles; translations
Polygons, pages 646–651
Communicate the Ideas
Working Example: Show You Know
1. BRENT. If it were just reflecting, the polygon it would continue in a
a) can b) can c) will tessellate; parallelogram straight line, and would not make the same pattern that is shown.
Communicate the Ideas Practise
1. a) Answers will vary. Example: 2. a) regular hexagon, equilateral triangle; translation or reflection
b) square, equilateral triangle; reflection
c) parallelogram, triangle; translation and reflection
Apply
3. Answers may vary. Example:
b) Answers will vary. Example: Each angle measures 90°.
c) Answers will vary. Example: The sum of the interior angles is 360°
where the vertices meet.
Practise
2. can
3. a) Answers will vary. Example: b) Answers will vary. Example: 4. a) 360° b) Answers may vary. Example:
c) The sum of the interior angle measures at the point where the vertices
4. Answers will vary. Example: square tiles on floors, rectangular bricks of the brick meet is 360°.
on walls.
5. a) Answers will vary. Example: b) hexagon, triangle
Apply c) Answers will vary.

Math Link b) Answers will vary. Example: T c) Answers will vary. Example:
a) triangles, squares b) square c) vertically, horizontally
d) Answers will vary.
12.3 Warm Up, page 658
1. a) b) c)
12.4 Creating Escher-Style Tessellations, pages 664–669
A rotation, because the same shape has been rotated to form the tessellation.
d) e) f) Communicate the Ideas
1. Step 1: Use a polygon. Step 2: Make sure there are no overlaps or gaps in
the pattern. Step 3: Make sure the interior angles at the vertices total
exactly 360°. Step 4: Use transformations so that the pattern covers the
plane.
2.
Practise
2. a) translation; parallelogram b) rotation; triangle c) rotation, reflection;
parallelogram
Apply
3. a) square b) Answers may vary. Example: The shape was cut to make the
shape of a teapot. Parts of the square were cut off from one side and
attached to another part. No part of the square was removed.
c)
3. a) parallelograms b) parallelograms, triangles
4. a) translation b) rotation c) reflection
12.3 Constructing Tessellations Using Rotations, pages 659–662
a) hexagon, triangle b) rotations c) hexagon, rotating, triangle, vertices
Communicate the Ideas
1. a) Answers may vary. Example: If the sum of the angles is less than 360°,
there will be gaps.
b) Answers may vary. Example: If the sum of the angles is more than
360°, the shapes will overlap.
Practise
2. a) square; rotation b) regular octagon and triangle; rotation and 5. Answers will vary. Example:
translation c) cross shape and square; rotation and translation
Apply
Math Link
a)–d) Answers will vary.
Chapter Review, pages 670–673
1. plane 2. tiling the plane 3. tessellation 4. transformation
5. a) regular hexagon, equilateral triangle b) rhombus, isosceles triangle,
regular hexagon c) regular hexagon, equilateral triangle d) regular
hexagon, parallelogram, equilateral triangle
6. a) Answers may vary. Example: Regular polygons have equal interior
angle measures and equal side lengths; irregular polygons do not.
Math Link
b) regular hexagon; equilateral triangle c) isosceles triangle; rhombus;
a)–f) Answers will vary. parallelogram
12.4 Warm Up, pages 663 7. a) rotation b) reflection, translation
1. a) regular hexagon, triangle; rotation b) regular hexagon triangle; 8. Answers will vary. Example:
rotation, reflection, translation
2. a) polygons b) translations, reflections c) transformed
3. a) Answers may vary. Example:
9. a) rotation b) reflection, rotation, translation
Answers ● MHR 695

10. square; Answers may vary. Example: d) C = 3n e) 24
3. a)
11. a) 4 b) Answers may vary. c) rotation b)

12. a) Answers will vary. Example: Number of Posts (p) 2 3 4 5 6 7
b) Answers will vary.
Number of Rails (r) 3 6 9 12 15 18
c) d) YES. The points lie in a
straight line.
Practice Test, pages 674–676

1. D 2. D 3. B 4. B
5. a) FALSE Answers may vary. Example: Tessellations can be made with
1 polygon. b) TRUE c) FALSE. Answers may vary. Example:
Rotations can be used to make tessellations.
6. YES. Answers may vary. Example: Any triangle can create a tessellation.
Two congruent triangles form a parallelogram that tiles the plane. 4. Answers may vary. Example:
7. a) QUADRILATERAL b) rotation a) y = 2x – 3 b)
8. Answers may vary. Example: Rotate the top left pentagon about the centre x y
of the black square for a full turn to form a combined shape of 4
pentagons with the square at the centre. Translate this combined shape to –4 –11
create the tessellation. –3 –9
9. Answers will vary. Example: –2 –7
–1 –5
0 –3
1 –1
2 1
3 3
4 5
Wrap It Up!, page 676 5. a) 4x = 12 b) x = 3
a)–e) Answers will vary. 6. a) s = –10 b) x = 3
Key Word Builder, page 677 7. a) x = –28 b) x = 8
Across 1
8. a) f – 3 b) 39 years old
4. polygon 6. tessellation 8. transformation 9. plane 3
9. a) r + 2 b) 40(r + 2) c) 40(r + 2) = 960 d) $22.00 e) $24.00
Down
1. triangle 2. hexagon 3. quadrilateral 5. octagon 7. Escher 2 3 6
10. a) b) c)
5 5 25
Challenge in Real Life, page 679
11. There are 12 combinations of computers and printers.
Answers will vary. Example: 1 1 1 1
1. 12. a) P(H on disk) = b) P(H on spinner) = c) P(H, H) = d)
2 3 6 6
1
13. a) and b) Answers will vary. c)
16
2. Answers will vary. 14. a) 90° + 90° + 90° + 90° = 360° b) NO. The interior angles add up to
380°, which is more than a full turn.
3.
15. a) Answers will vary. Example: b) Answers will vary.
Example: rotation and translation
Chapters 9–12 Review, pages 680–687

1. a) 9 b) c) YES. The points lie in a straight line.
2. a) $3.00 b) $3.00; $3.00; 3 16. translation

c) Task, page 688
Quantity, n 1 2 3 4 5 6 Answer will vary.
Cost, C ($) 3 6 9 12 15 18
Answers ● MHR 697

Chapter 12

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CHAPTER

642 MHR ● Chapter 12: Tessellations

Congruent figures have the same shape and size.

corresponding sides and angles

≅ means is congruent to ΔABC ≅ ΔDEF

congruent or not congruent congruent or not congruent

Characteristics of Regular Polygons

2. Decide if each figure is a regular or irregular polygon.

regular polygon or irregular polygon regular polygon or irregular polygon

Get Ready ● MHR 643

Transformations and Transformation Images

● translations—also called slides ● reflections—also called flips or mirror images

● rotations—also called turns

3. ΔTHE is rotated around the centre of rotation, z.

(2, –2), , and .

ΔTHE has been rotated 180°.

4. a) On the coordinate grid, translate ΔMON 3 units up and

b) Use the x-axis as the line of reflection to reflect ΔMON.

Use prime notation.

644 MHR ● Chapter 12: Tessellations

Mosaics are pictures or designs made of different coloured shapes.

a) Measure the sides of each triangle in millimetres.

b) Measure the angles of each triangle.

c) Is ΔABC congruent to ΔXYZ? Circle YES or NO.

d) Are ΔABC and ΔXYZ regular or irregular? Circle REGULAR or IRREGULAR.

e)  Copy ΔABC or ΔXYZ onto a piece of cardboard or construction paper.

Math Link ● MHR 645

equilateral triangle pentagon square penta means 5

2. a) Measure the sides and interior angles of the shape.

c) Circle the words that best describe this figure.

12.1 Exploring Tessellations With Regular and Irregular Polygons

Working Example: Identify Shapes That Tessellate the Plane

The irregular pentagons overlap.

90° + 90° + 90° + 90° = °. 96° + 96° + 96° + 96° = °.

This is equal to a full turn. This more than a full turn.

So, the shape can be used to So, the shape

648 MHR ● Chapter 12: Tessellations

Which of the shapes can be used to tessellate the plane?

 Trace the shape and cut it out.

 Add the interior angles.  Add the interior angles.

 Is this equal to a full turn?

c)  Trace the shape and cut it out.

Any triangle the plane

1. a) Draw a regular polygon that tessellates the plane.

The congruent shapes

b) Measure the degrees in each angle.

c) Explain why your shape tessellates the plane.

2. Does this regular polygon tessellate the plane?

 Measure each angle.

 Add the interior angles.

3. Tessellate the plane with each shape.

4. Describe 2 tessellation patterns that you see at home or school.

5. Jared is painting a mosaic on a wall in his bedroom.

6. Patios are often made from rectangular bricks.

On the grid, create a different patio design.

7. A pentomino is a shape made up of 5 squares.

8. Sarah is designing a pattern for the hood of her new parka.

652 MHR ● Chapter 12: Tessellations

This tiling pattern is from Alhambra, a palace in Granada, Spain.