GOOD

AFTERNOON
MODULE 5
OBJECTIVES:
• At the end of this module, I can:
• Familiarize oneself with the elements of the fire triangle in
different situations;
• Analyze the different causes of fire;
• Observe precautionary measures and proper procedures in
addressing a fire incident;
• Apply basic response procedures during a fire incident;
• Know and implement the fire emergency and evacuation plans.
 Common Fire Hazard
The following fire hazards are common at home, in public
places, transports and workplaces:
• All types of flames used for any work
• Electric wire, higher loads, loose connections and old electrical
equipment
• All cooking and heat generating appliances
• All works and situations where fire is essential such as wielding,
cutting, metal casting etc.
• Improper storage of tools, equipment and items during and at the
end of the day's work
• Smoking and personal lighter and matches
• Fireworks, pyro-techniques, ammunitions and explosives
• Improper and unauthorized storage of flammable and
hazardous materials and chemicals especially the flammable
ones
• Insufficient capacity and numbers of emergency exits and
stairs
• Hindrance to sight or reach fire fighting equipment, markings
and alarm systems
• Insufficient numbers and types of fire extinguishers
• Absence of fire detection and alarm system
• Violation of building and fire codes
Elements of the Fire Triangle
• Fire is the process of rapid oxidation of any material
resulting in burning.
• When burning happens, heat, light, and other reaction
products are released.
• A fire triangle is a model that shows the three essential
components that when present together can start a fire
and sustain it—fuel, heat, and oxygen.
• Fuel - Fire needs a fuel source or combustible material in
order to burn. Fuels comes in different forms: solid (e.g.,
wood, paper, plastic), liquid(e.g., gasoline, kerosene,
acetone), and gas (e.g., methane, propane, acetylene).
Different types of fuel burn at different times.
• Heat - This is needed to start and continue the
combustion process. Combustion happens when
flammable vapor mix with air (oxygen) and is ignited by a
spark or flame.
• Oxygen - This constitutes about 21% of the air around us.
Oxygen reacts with flammable vapors given off by fuels,
and the reaction releases heat. The magnitude of the fire,
whether it is going to be explosive or flammable, depends
on the ratio between the oxygen and fuel.
 Top Causes of Fire
• Cooking equipment is the leading cause of home structure fires and home fires injuries. Smoking is
the leading cause of civilian home fire deaths. Heating equipment is the second most common cause
of home fire fatalities.
• Below are some other common causes of fire:
• Kitchen stoves
• When left unattended
• Electric cords, curtains. tea towels and oven clothes are so close to the stove top
• When flowing sleeves are contacting gas flames

• Faulty Wiring
• If installation was not done by qualified electrician
• Capacity overload
• If safety switches and correct fuses were not installed
• Smoking in Bed/Inside home
• Smoking in bed can cause fire—tiny embers can smolder unnoticed
and burst into flame much later
• Lighting
• Poor light fittings can cause heat build up
• Lampshades are so close to light globes and lamp bases that can be
knocked over easily
• Recessed down lights are not properly insulated from wood paneling
or ceiling timbers
• Flammable Liquids
• When flammable liquids such as petrol, kerosene, methylated spirits
are not stored properly. Storage should be away from heat.
• Unsafe handling and use of flammable liquids is a potential fire
hazard
• Candles
• When candles are left unattended. Do not sleep with a burning
candle
• When curtains and other flammable items are close to burning
candles

• Children
• When children are playing with fire. Keep all matches, lighters and
candles out of reach of small children
• Children are not well oriented about fire hazards and fire safety
• Positive and Negative effects of fire

• Fire has both Positive and Negative effects of fire an that the
goal of everyone is to minimize the negative effects of Fire.

PROS CONS
It gives warmth. It causes injury or even death
It is used for cooking food It destroys important Materials
It is used in many industrial process It burns down h of houses or forest.
It is used as a light source
 Classification of Burns
• Burns are tissue injuries caused by heat, electricity,
radiation, or chemicals. They can cause pain, swelling,
blistering, scarring, and in severe cases, even death.
Burns can also lead to infections because the damages
skin can no longer act as a barrier against harmful
microorganisms.
• Burns are classified as first-degree, second-degree, or
third-degree, depending on how deep and severe they
penetrate the skin's surface.
• First-degree Burn. A first-degree burn affects only the
outer layer of the skin called the epidermis. Because the
damage is slight, the person is still able to function well
with tolerable pain. The area that is burned is red and
dry without any blisters. There is change in color of the
skin to some extent.
• Second-degree burn. The depth if burn has reached into the
dermis in this degree. Because of the severity, this part of the
skin may not function anymore. Blisters are usually the first sign
of second-degree burns.
• Third-degree burn. Here, the epidermis, dermis, and even the
underlying fat tissue are damaged. This is the most serious
burn. The muscle and even the bone may be affected. Aside
from the loss of function of the skin in terms of protection, and
fluid and heat retention, many nerve cells die such that the
victim may no longer feel anything. The burnt area of the skin
may appear stiff, waxy white, leathery, tan or charred.
Basic Response Procedures during
Fire Incidents
• When there is a fire breakout, two hazards need to be deal
with: fire and smoke. In most cases, smoke is the primary cause of
fatalities due to suffocation. A thick smoke makes escape difficult not only
because it covers the pathway; it also irritates the eye and disrupts
breathing.
• Here are some tips on what you can do in case of building fires:
1.Find an area where smoke has not yet reached. If there is a lot of smoke,
stay low and crawl on your hands and knees. Smoke naturally rises and
tends to fill the topmost portion of an enclosed area.
2.Do not panic as this will keep you disoriented and make you lose your
focus.
3.Evacuate the area or room by going to the nearest exit. If you are not
familiar with the building's layout, follow arrows or directions that lead to
the exit.
4. While evacuating the room, leave it closed to prevent the entry
of smoke. Do not lock the door to allow others to escape in the
same route or passage
5. If you can, assist people with special needs, but do not carry
them downstairs. Going down with a load may impede an
immediate escape. Notify emergency personnel if you know or
suspect someone is still inside the building.
6. Do not use the elevators. Use the stairs to get out of the
building.
7. Do not attempt to go back inside the building until it has been
declared safe by the fire department.
• If your clothes catch fire...
• do not panic or run
• do the stop, drop and roll method. Stop immediately or stay
where you are. Running will make the fire worse as the fire will
grow with added oxygen. Drop to the ground and cover your
face with your hands. Then roll over back and forth until the fire
has been put out.
•
• In assisting people who are burnt...
• do not attempt to remove the clothing. In second- to third-degree
burns, clothes may stick to the skin, and removing the clothes may
aggravate the injury and expose the skin more to infection. If clean cotton
cloth or gauze is available, use it to carefully cover the burned area.
• do not attempt to treat a third-degree burn on your own. Bring the
burn victim to the hospital or call for medical assistance immediately.
While help is on the way, elevate the burned part above the level of the
victim's heart. Do not undress the victim, and do not move clothing that
was stuck to the burn.
• do not soak or immerse burns in cold water, apply ice or ice water, or
apply any ointment.
• Do not put butter or oil directly on the burned area.
• Do not break blisters that form over the burn. Burns are open wounds
that require aeration for faster healing. Cold water may temporarily stop
bleeding and reduce some pain, but it can extend the damage of the burnt
area. These things may cause more damage to the burned parts.
• Check vital signs such as breathing and blood circulation. Cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR) might be necessary.
 FIRE EMERGENCY AND EVACUATION
PLANS
• The key element to a successful and effective fire emergency response plan is to make
sure it is accessible to all concerned people. Training and drills should be conducted
regularly for everyone to be familiar with the emergency procedures. Here are some
basic guidelines in preparing a fire emergency plan:
1.The contact number of government agencies such as the local fire departments should
be made known.
2.The occupants of the building should know and where to report an emergency. The
proper authority will know how to assess the situation and address it.
3.Occupants of the building should be made aware of emergency routes and exits.
4.All operators should be reminded of safe shutdown procedures for equipment and
facilities to prevent any damage or additional hazard.
5.All written emergency plans should always be updated, maintained, and tried on a
regular basis.
6.A building's emergency evacuation layout plan should be posted conspicuously
to constantly remind the members of the building of the proper procedure for
emergencies