2nd Monthly Exam BTEC

-Computer Application Software

-Types of Computer Software
-Software Licensing
-Types of Software License
-Software Piracy
Software
-Computer software, or just software, is a collection of computer programs and related data
that provides the instructions for telling a computer what to do and how to do it.
-Any set of instructions that guides the hardware and tells it how to accomplish each task.

Software

Software

System Programming Application

Software Software Software

System Software
-System software is computer software designed to operate the computer hardware to provide
basic functionality and to provide a platform for running application software.
-Refers to the operating system and all utility programs that manage computer resources at a
low level.
The BIOS (basic input/output system) gets the computer system started after you turn it on and
manages the data flow between the operating system and attached devices such as the hard
disk, video adapter, keyboard, mouse, and printer.
-The boot program loads the operating system into the computer's main memory or random
access memory (RAM).
-System software also includes system utilities, such as the disk defragmenter and System
Restore.

Basic Input/Output
System (BIOS)
Program System
Software

Disk Partition Tool

Disk Defragmenter Disk Cleaner

Programming Software
-Programming software include tools in the form of programs or applications that software
developers use to create, debug, maintain, or otherwise support other programs and
applications.
-The term usually refers to relatively simple programs such as compilers, debuggers,
interpreters, linkers, and text editors.

-Example of programming language:

-C
-C++
C#
-BASIC
-JAVA
-Visual Basic
-Phyton
-HTML
-PHP

Application Software
-A program or group of programs designed for end users
-Allows end users to accomplish one or more specific (non-computer related) tasks.

Examples of Computer Application Software

-Word processor
-Spreedsheet
-Presentation Software
-Database Management System
-Dekstop Publisher
-Graphic Editor
-Web Browser

Word processor
-is a software program capable of creating, storing, and printing documents.
-Unlike the standard typewriter, users using word processors have the ability of creating a
document and making any changes anywhere in the document.
-This document can also be saved for modification at a later time or to be opened on any other
computer using the same word processor.
Word Processor Features
-Insert text
-Delete text
-Cut and paste
-Copy
-Page size and margins
-Search and replace
-Print
Examples
-Microsoft Word
-WordPro
-AppleWorks Spreadsheet

Spreadsheet
-is a data file made up of rows and columns that are used to sort data and allow a user to
manipulate and arrange data easily, commonly numerical data.
-What makes a spreadsheet software program most unique is its ability to calculate values
using mathematical formulas and the data in the cells.
Spreadsheet Features:
-Formulas
-Functions
-Charts
-Cut/Copy/Paste with single cells or ranges of cells
-Cells formatting
-Cells merging
Examples
-Microsoft Excel
-Lotus 1-2-3
-Apple Numbers
-OpenOffice Calc

Presentation Software
-A presentation program is a software program that helps create a slideshow that addresses a
topic.
-Presentation programs are often used in businesses and schools for discussing a topic or for
teaching.

It typically includes three major functions:

-an editor that allows text to be inserted and formatted
-a method for inserting and manipulating graphic images
-a slide-show system to display the content.

Presentation Software Features:

-Insert Slide
-Deletion of Inserted slides
-Allows cut and paste slides in any order.
-Allows duplication content or slide
-Allows you to display the presentation designed in a slide show system. (View Slide Feature)
-Allows animations and/or sounds manipulations on objects in the slide.

Presentation Software Example:

-Microsoft PowerPoint

-Adobe Persuasion

-Hypercard

-OpenOffice Impress
Scala Multimedia Database Management System (DBMS) Software
-A program that controls the organization, storage, management, and retrieval of data in a
database.
-Users can create tables, queries, forms and reports.

Example:
-Microsoft Access
-Oracle Database
-MySQL
-FoxPro

Desktop Publishing Software

-Used to produce high-quality printed documents such as magazine, greeting card, posters, etc.
-Allows you to use different typefaces, specify various margins and justifications, and embed
illustrations and graphs directly into the text.

Desktop Publishing Software Example:

-Adobe Indesign
-QuarkXpress
-MS Publisher

Web Browser
-Web browser, a software application used to locate and
display Web pages.
Example:
-Internet Explore (IE)
-Mozilla Firefox
-Opera

Graphic Software
-Graphics software or image editing software is a program or collection of programs that
enable a person to manipulate visual images on a computer.
-Computer graphics can be classified into two distinct categories:
raster graphics
vector graphics

Raster Graphic Editor

-A raster graphics editor is a computer program that allows users to paint and edit pictures
interactively on the computer screen and save them in one of many popular “bitmap” or
“raster” formats
Common features:
-Select a region for editing
-Draw lines with brushes of different color, size, shape and pressure
-Add typed letters in different font styles
-Apply various filters for effects
-Convert between various image formats

Bitmap Graphic Editor Examples:

-Adobe Photoshop
-PaintShop Pro
-iPhoto
-GIMP

Vector Graphic Editor

-Also known as drawing software.
-A computer program that allows users to compose and edit vector graphics images
interactively on a computer.
-Vector editors are often better for page layout, typography, logos, sharp-edged artistic
illustrations (e.g. cartoons, clip art, complex geometric patterns), technical illustrations,
diagramming and flowcharting.

Vector Graphic Editor Examples:

-Adobe Illustrator
-Macromedia Freehand
-Xara Xtreme
-Inkscape

Accounting Software
-Accounting software is an application software that records & processes accounting
transactions within functional modules such as accounts payable, accounts receivable, payroll,
and trial balance.
-It functions as an accounting information system.

Accounting Software Features:

-Accounts receivable
-Accounts payable
-General ledger
-Billing
-Stock/inventory – Purchase order
-Sales order
-Bookkeeping Accounting Software

Examples:
-Microsoft Money
-MYOB
-USB
-SAGE
Other Examples:
-Computer Aided Design (CAD)
-Video Editor
-Sound Editor
-Video Games
-Educational Software
-Email Client
-Electronic Media

Software Licensing
-Is a legal instrument (by way of contract law) governing the usage or redistribution of software
-Allowing an individual or group to use a piece of software
-Nearly all applications are licensed
-Some are based on the number machines on which the licensed program can run whereas
others are based on the number of users that can use the program

Types of Software License

-Registerware
-Shareware
-Freeware
-Open source
-Demoware
-Abandonware Registerware
-Refers to computer software which requires the user to give personal information through
registration in order to download or use the program.
Shareware/Demoware
-Refers to copyrighted commercial software that is distributed without payment on a trial basis
and is limited by any combination of functionality, availability, or convenience

Freeware
-Computer software that is available for use with no cost or for an optional fee.
-Freeware is different from shareware, where the user is obliged to pay.

Open Source Software (OSS)

-OSS is also a free software.
-OSS can be defined as computer software for which the human-readable source code is made
available under a copyright license (or arrangement such as the public domain) that meets the
Open Source
Definition.
This permits users to use, change, and improve the software, and to redistribute it in modified
or unmodified form.

Abandonware
-It refers to sofware that is no longer available for purchase or that is at least a certain amount
of years old.

License Key
-A software license key is a pattern of numbers and/or letters
provided to licensed users of a software program.
-License keys are typically created and delivered via a license
generator once a software user has paid for the software and
has agreed to the conditions of use and distribution as legally
specified in the software license.

Software Piracy
-The unauthorized copying of software.
-Refers to ways of obtaining software without the permission of the software holder
Some common types of software piracy include:
-Counterfeit software
-OEM unbundling
-Softlifting
-Hard disk loading
Internet software piracy
Counterfeit Software
-A type of software piracy that occurs when fake copies of software are produced using a CD
burner to copy the software
-Counterfeit software is usually sold at prices well below that of the retail price of the legitimate
software

OEM Unbundling
-Original equipment manufacturer (OEM) unbundling is a type of software piracy that occurs
when OEM-packaged software is separated from the hardware it originally came bundled with,
at the OEM or retail level of sale.

Softlifting
-A type of software piracy that occurs when users share their software with other users who are
not authorized to have access by the End-User License Agreement (EULA).
-The most common type of softlifting occurs when a person does legitimately purchase
software but installs it onto multiple computers which is a violation of the licensing agreement.

Hard Disk Loading

-A type of software piracy that occurs when hardware dealers install an unauthorized copy of
commercial software onto a computer system.
-In many cases consumers will not receive any manuals or original CD of the software but the
hardware dealer may charge for the illegal software in the total system purchase price.

Internet Software Piracy

-A type of software piracy that occurs when software, which is illegally obtained through
Internet channels, usually through peer-to-peer file sharing systems or downloaded from pirate
Web sites that make software available for download for free or in exchange for users who
uploaded software

BTEC 1st MONTHLY EXAM REVIEWER

COMPUTER
-An electronic device that accepts data (input), manipulates the data (process), produces
information based on the manipulation (output) and stores the results (storage).
The computer performs 4 basic functions:
Input
Process Information Processing Cycle
Output
Storage

Information Processing Cycle

-is a process of data that according to set of instruction give. Information Processing Cycle has
four phase.
Input Device-A device we use to put information into the computer. An input device allows
data such as text, images, video or sound to be entered into a computer system. An input
device is a hardware device used to send data to a computer.
EXAMPLES OF INPUT DEVICE:
Computer:

- is the most common and very popular input device which helps to input data to the computer.
Parts of the Keyboard:
Typing Keys

Numeric Keypad
Function Keys
Control Keys
Special Purpose Keys

Mouse:
- is the most popular pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-control device having a small
palm size box with a round ball at its base, which senses the movement of the mouse and sends
corresponding signals to the CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed.

Joystick:
- is also a pointing device, which is used to move the cursor position on a monitor screen.
Trackball:

-Is an input device that is mostly used in notebook or laptop computer

Scanner:

- Scanner works more like a photocopy machine, it is used when some information is available
on paper and it is to be transfered to the hard disk of the computer.

Microphone:

- Is an input device to input sound that is then stored in a digital form.

OPTICAL CHARACTER READER (OCR):

-OCR used to read a printed text. It scans the text optically, character by character, converts
them into a machine readable code, and stores the text on the system memory.
Bar Code Reader:

-Is a handheld device used for reading bar coded data, converts it into an alphanumeric value.

VRC (VOICE RECOGNITION CHIP)

-It is a computer software with the ability to decode the human voice.
Process-Are used to process data using program instructions, manipulate functions, perform
calculations and control other hardware devices.

Central processing unit (CPU)

-Alternately referred to as a processor, central processor, or microprocessor,

the CPU (pronounced sea-pea-you) is the central processing unit of the computer. A computer's
CPU handles all instructions it receives from hardware and software running on the computer.
For example, the CPU processed the instructions to use a web browser to open and display this
web page on your computer.
-The CPU is often referred to as the brain of the computer. However, it is more appropriate to
refer to software as the brain and the CPU as a very efficient calculator. A CPU is really good
with numbers, but if it wasn't for the software it wouldn't know how to do anything else.
-Many new computer users may improperly call their computer and sometimes their monitor
the CPU. When referring to your computer or monitor, it's proper to refer to them as either the
"computer" or "monitor" and not a CPU. The CPU is a chip inside the computer.

What does the CPU do?

-The CPU's main function is to take input from a peripheral (keyboard, mouse, printer, etc) or
computer program, and interpret what it needs. The CPU then either outputs information to
your monitor or performs the peripheral's requested task.

CPU history
-Intel 4004 processor
The CPU was first invented and developed at Intel with the help of Ted Hoff and others in the
early 1970s. The first processor released by Intel was the 4004 processor, shown in the picture.

Components of the CPU

1. ALU (arithmetic logic unit) - performs mathematical, logical, and decision operations.
2. CU (control unit) - directs all the processors operations.
Motherboard:

-The motherboard is the key circuit board holding the essential processing parts of a computer.
It allows all the parts of your computer to receive power and communicate with one another.

ATX (Advanced Technology extended)

-is a motherboard form factor specification developed by Intel in 1995. A full-size ATX board is
12 × 9.6 in (305 × 244 mm).
-It was the first big change in computer case, motherboard, and power supply design in many
years, improving standardization and interchangeability of parts.

Expansion Cards
-Special expansion cards are one way to add new types of ports to an older computer or to
expand the number of ports on your computer.
-Like other expansion cards, these cards clip into an open expansion slot on the motherboard.

Video (Graphics) Card

-A dedicated ethe (or video adapter) is an expansion card installed inside your system unit to
translate binary data received from the CPU or GPU into the images you view on your monitor.
It is an alternative to the integrated graphics chip.

Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Random Access Memory (CMOS)

The CMOS RAM is used to store basic Information about the PC’s configuration for instance:-
• Floppy disk and hard disk drive types
• Information about CPU
• RAM size
• Date and time
• Serial and parallel port information
• Plug and Play information
• Power Saving settings
• Other Important data kept in CMOS memory is the time and date, which is updated by a Real
Time Clock (RTC).

MOTHERBOARD 2.0
-Alternatively referred to as the mb, mainboard, mboard, mobo, mobd, backplane board, base
board, main circuit board, planar board, system board, or a logic board on Apple computers.
The motherboard is a printed circuit board and foundation of a computer that is the biggest
board in a computer chassis. It allocates power and allows communication to and between
the CPU, RAM, and all other computer hardware components.
-A motherboard provides connectivity between the hardware components of a computer, like
the processor (CPU), memory (RAM), hard drive, and video card. There are multiple types of
motherboards, designed to fit different types and sizes of computers.
-Each type of motherboard is designed to work with specific types of processors and memory,
so they don't work with every processor and type of memory. However, hard drives are mostly
universal and work with the majority of motherboards, regardless of the type or brand.
-Below is a picture of the ASUS P5AD2-E motherboard with labels next to each of its major
components. Clicking the image directs you to a larger and more detailed version.

Network Interface Card (NIC)

-Short for network interface card, the NIC is also referred to as an Ethernet card and network
adapter. A NIC is a computer expansion card for connecting to a network (e.g., home network
or Internet) using an Ethernet cable with an RJ-45 connector.
-Due to the popularity and low cost of the Ethernet standard, nearly all new computers have a
network interface build directly into the motherboard. The top image shows the SMC EZ Card
10/100 PCI network card, one of the more common examples.
-The bottom picture shows a PC Card. More specifically, the SMC EZ Card 10/100 wireless
network card, which is found with older laptop computers that do not have onboard wireless
capabilities.
-A network card is sometimes improperly referred to as a broadband card or Internet card. The
network card is what allows your computer to connect to the Internet (a network) using a cable
(Cat 5). That cable is connected to a router that allows your computer to use a broadband
connection.
How does a computer with a network card connect to a network?
-Network cards can communicate with each other over the same network using a network
switch, or if two computers are directly connected. When computers need to connect to a
different network (e.g., the Internet), they must be use a router to route the network packets
to the correct network.
Where is a network card located in a computer?
-In a desktop computer, the network card is most often located near the USB ports on the back
if it's an onboard version. If it's a separate network card expansion card (not onboard), it usually
is on the back of the computer, near the bottom, taking up a PCI slot.
-In a laptop, the network card is integrated into the motherboard. The network port is usually
on the side on the laptop, or it may be on the back. If you cannot find a network port on your
laptop, it may only have a wireless network connection. You can purchase a network card for
laptops, which is installed into a PC card slot on the side of the laptop, if available.

Sound Card:

-Alternatively referred to as an audio output device, sound board, or audio card. A sound card is
an expansion card or IC for producing sound on a computer that can be heard
through speakers or headphones. Although the computer doesn't need a sound card, it's
included on every machine as either in an expansion slot (shown below) or built into
the motherboard (onboard).

Output
-A device we use to see the results of the computer’s manipulation of the data we input.
-are the electronic parts of the computer. A computer’s output devices are those part of
computer hardware equipment equipment that converts the information into readable form. It
can be text, graphics, audio, or video.
-show the results of data processed in a computer. Monitor and printer are two mainly
used output devices examples. These outputs take the device into machine signals and convert
them into human language. 

Output devices examples 

-can be defined as “when the computer receives various types of data and instructions through
input devices like a keyboard (by typing) and mouse (by cursor and clicking), etc. and processes
it and gives results through the output devices like Monitor and printer, etc”.

1. Monitor
-Monitors are the most crucial output devices of a computer. Without it, the computer is
incomplete. The monitor is a versatile device of the computer for the visual display of all types
of information. The monitor is designed to display symbolic and graphical information. It shows
all the data and information as Soft Copy on its screen. It acts as an interface between the CPU
and the user. A cable is connected with a video adapter set up with the computer’s
motherboard to display the data. Anyone can view Files, photos, videos, texts, graphics, and
tables in real-time through the monitor. Files, photos, videos, texts, graphics, and tables can be
viewed in real-time through the monitor. They are increasingly being produced thinner in width
and with advanced technologies such as LED, plasma, or liquid crystal. This output device comes
in different sizes: 15, 17, 19, 21 inches measured on its diagonal. However, the monitor screen
of laptops is much thinner and smaller.
There are basically 5 types of Monitor
1. CRT Monitors (Cathode Ray Tube)
2. LCD Monitors (Liquid Crystal Display)
3. LED Monitors (Light Emitting Diode)
4. OLED Monitors (Organic Light Emitting Diode)
5. Plasma Monitors

2. Printer

-A printer is an electronic external output device of the computer used to print digital
information on paper as a hard copy. Since the main task of printers is to convert the data from
soft copy to hard copy on the computer. The printer prints the files stored in a computer(data
can be in text form), it can be small or big as per the page size. Printers are used to print signs,
office documents at offices, homes, PPT, and business establishments. The resolution or clarity
of images produced by a printer is measures in DPI (dots per inch) resolution. The more dots
per fleas a printer has, the better quality can be printed and seen more clearly. Usually, the
printer is connected to a computer with a data cable or only a wireless connection with wifi. At
present, many digital printers are featured with the latest wireless technologies like Bluetooth,
Wi-Fi, or cloud. Due to this, it becomes easier to complete the printing task. The shortcut way
of printing the documents is by pressing Ctrl + P command.
3. Plotter

-A plotter is an output device that prints graphics with high-quality images in many color
formats. It is analogous to a printer but has more advanced features. The printer prints only on
paper, but the plotter can print on cardboard, fabric, film, and other synthetic materials. Some
unique models allow you to print on T-shirts, bags, other lightweight clothing, and even round
objects such as cups. Plotters are different from printers because they are more accurate, faster
with high-resolution graphics. That’s why plotters are used by Engineers and architects fields as
engineering applications, where accuracy is mandatory. Printers design the pictures as per the
commands given by the computer user. In this case, pens are used to draw multicolor plotters
using different color pens. The plotter is used to obtain high-quality drawing graphs on large
paper. It is mainly used in engineering, building construction, city planning, map, etc. In the
case of buying, A plotter is very expensive as compared to printers.

4. Multimedia and screen projector

-The multimedia screen projector is also an output device. A multimedia projector is a miracle
of technology, and it is a beneficial and multi-functional device. In the conditions of having a
limited area like an apartment, you can organize a home theater because the image’s
projection allows us to view the video on the screen over the entire wall. Using the projector
for educational purposes, projects, data graphs, or showing documentaries makes it possible to
broadcast video in a comprehensive format to understand information by viewers better. Using
a projector, we can cast information like Audio, video, images, and animation from the
laptop/computer to the big screen simultaneously. That’s why it is widely used in office
Presentations that make parenting more lively and exciting.Since the output results by a
multimedia projector are displayed on a large screen, it can be seen by a vast gathering of
people in a meeting/conference room, classroom, or even in the hall. Video quality is highly
dependent on the specifications of the multimedia projector and screen properties. The canvas
should have high reflectivity, and then the screen quality will be more precise and much
sharper.

5. Speaker
-A speaker is a hardware output device connected with a computer to produce the audio. The
sound produced by computer speakers is made by a hardware component whose name is a
sound card that is pre-installed with the computer. The word “speaker” is not a technical term.
The real name of the device is “dynamic head.” This Speaker can now be found on many
devices, for example, on a TV, radio, telephone, children’s toys, and others. The audio signal is
sent through the computer’s sound card to produce the sound coming from a computer
speaker. Many LAPTOP already has the inbuilt Speaker at the upper end of the keyboard. The
Speaker is inbuilt with the motherboard is called Internal Speaker. One can need an external
speaker separately when producing the sound from the computer in a more loud way.

6. Headphone
-Headphones are also known as earphones. Headphones are output devices with which you can
listen to any sound signals transmitted by an electronic device. These are hardware devices that
produce audio privately after being connected to smartphones or computers through a wireless
connection.

7. Sound Card

-Sound cards are the output devices of computers that are installed inside a computer. To
produce any computer’s sound, you need to need a sound card, external or internal (built-in).
An external sound card allows you to generate higher quality and is necessary for surround and
clear sound, to get sound without noise and distortion when recording it. With the help of an
internal sound card, it becomes possible to listen to music through speakers or headphones
connected to a PC, and if this is the only thing that you need, then it is enough.

8. Video Card

-Computer Video cards are internal inbuilt hardware output devices. Every PC user, especially
gamers, knows very well that a video card is one of the essential components of a computer
and laptop. So that while playing videos and games, the cards do not get slow down, they work
stably, and everything goes smoothly. A video card or video adapter is part of a computer and
laptop. This device is responsible for processing data – machine code and translating it into an
accessible image. In simple words, the video adapter is engaged in the output process of
translating the program code into a user-friendly image on the monitor, TV, or any other
display. Nowadays, To work in professional video processing programs, playing high definition
games, 3D modeling, designing videos, and 3D games with elevated details, you need an
external video card.

9. GPS

-GPS is a space-based satellite navigation output device that determines the time and location
information in all weather conditions and allows you to find the desired object on the map,
whether it is situated in any place on the Earth. The main output of GPS is Providing location,
weather conditions, and also tracking. Almost every modern person has used GPS navigation on
their smartphone or tablet, even laptops too. The need for GPS can arise at any time for people
of different professions and different occupational needs. This GPS is a satellite-based
navigation system made up of a network of 24 Satellites placed in the orbit of the Earth by the
Department of Defense. GPS was initially designed by the USA to use for military applications.
This system provides significant capabilities to military, civil, and commercial users across the
world. But in the 1980s, the government made this system available for everyday people. GPS
can work in any weather, in any place of the world, up to 24 hours a day. Simultaneously, the
best point is that you do not have to pay any subscription fees or setup charges. It is free to use
the GPS.

10. Speech Synthesizer

-Speech synthesizers are special output devices examples consisting of many modules that
provide the ability to convert typed texts into sentences voiced by a human voice. A speech
synthesizer is a response mechanism that collects the vowels and then provides the output in
sounds. There is a mechanism in this system by which we can pre-record using required vowel
codes with a set of instructions in a voice response device. Speech synthesizers are mainly used
when studying foreign languages, listening to texts on the pages of books, creating vocal parts,
issuing search queries in the form of voiced phrases, etc.The voice response device arranges the
voice’s response in the appropriate sequence and transmits it as output.

Storage
-A hardware device which can be used to store digital data and applications which maybe in the
form of images, video, audio, etc.
-A storage device is any type of computing hardware that is used for storing, porting or
extracting data files and objects. Storage devices can hold and store information both
temporarily and permanently. They may be internal or external to a computer, server or
computing device.
-A storage device may also be known as a storage medium or storage media depending on
whether it is seen as discrete in nature (for example, “a hard drive” versus “some hard drive
space.”)

Primary storage devices: Generally smaller in size, primary storage devices are designed to hold
data temporarily and are internal to the computer. They have the fastest data access speed.
These types of devices include RAM and cache memory.

Secondary storage devices: Secondary storage devices usually have larger storage capacity, and
they store data permanently. They can be either internal or external to the computer. These
types of devices include the hard disk, the optical disk drive and USB storage device.

EXTERNAL PARTS OF SYSTEM UNIT

THE SWITCHES
POWER BUTTON-Used to be an extended power switch connected directly to the power
supply.
RESET BUTTON- This provides the user with the means to restart the computer.
DRIVE BAYS
-A removable media disk drives and could incorporated in the system unit, the drive bays are
typically used for 5.25 and 3.5 inches disk drives.
TWO TYPES OF DRIVE BAYS
INTERNAL DRIVE BAYS- are incorporated inside the system case and cannot be accessed from
outside the chassis.
EXTERNAL DRIVE BAYS-These bays are used for removable media, such as floppy disk, CD/DVD
ROM

TWO BASIC STYLES OF A SYSTEM CASE

Tower Case

Desktop Case

COMPUTER PORTS
-IS A PHYSICAL DOCKING POINT USING WHICH AN EXTERNAL DEVICE CAN BE
CONNECTED TO THE COMPUTER.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PORTS
EXTERNAL DEVICES ARE
CONNECTED TO A
COMPUTER USING CABLES
AND PORTS.
PORTS ARE SLOTS ON THE MOTHERBOARD INTO WHICH A CABLE OF EXTERNAL
DEVICE IS PLUGGED IN.
EXAMPLES OF EXTERNAL DEVICES ATTACHED VIA PORTS ARE THE MOUSE,
KEYBOARD, MONITOR, MICROPHONE, SPEAKERS, ETC.

COMPUTER PORTS
SERIAL PORT

-USED FOR EXTERNAL MODEMS AND OLDER COMPUTER MOUSE

-TWO VERSIONS: 9 PIN, 25 PIN MODEL

-DATA TRAVELS AT 115 KILOBITS PER SECOND

PS/2 PORT

-USED FOR OLD COMPUTER KEYBOARD AND MOUSE

-ALSO CALLED MOUSE PORT

-MOST OF THE OLD COMPUTERS PROVIDE TWO PS/2 PORT, EACH FOR THE MOUSE AND

KEYBOARD

-IEEE 1284-COMPLIANT CENTRONICS PORT

PARALLEL PORT

-USED FOR SCANNERS AND PRINTERS

-ALSO CALLED PRINTER PORT

-25 PIN MODEL

-IEEE 1284-COMPLIANT CENTRONICS PORT

UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS (OR USB) PORT

-IT CAN CONNECT ALL KINDS OF EXTERNAL USB DEVICES SUCH AS EXTERNAL HARD DISK,
PRINTER, SCANNER, MOUSE, KEYBOARD, ETC.

-IT WAS INTRODUCED IN 1997.

-MOST OF THE COMPUTERS PROVIDE TWO USB PORTS AS MINIMUM.

-DATA TRAVELS AT 12 MEGABITS PER SECONDS.

-USB COMPLIANT DEVICES CAN GET POWER FROM A USB PORT.

VGA PORT

CONNECTS MONITOR TO A COMPUTER'S VIDEO CARD.

-IT HAS 15 HOLES.

-SIMILAR TO THE SERIAL PORT CONNECTOR. HOWEVER, SERIAL PORT CONNECTOR HAS PINS,

VGA PORT HAS HOLES.

-POWER CONNECTOR

THREE-PRONGED PLUG.

-CONNECTS TO THE COMPUTER'S POWER CABLE THAT PLUGS INTO A POWER

-BAR OR WALL SOCKET.

ETHERNET PORT
-CONNECTS TO A NETWORK AND HIGH SPEED INTERNET.

-CONNECTS THE NETWORK CABLE TO A COMPUTER.

-THIS PORT RESIDES ON AN ETHERNET CARD.

-DATA TRAVELS AT 10 MEGABITS TO 1000 MEGABITS PER SECONDS DEPENDING UPON THE

NETWORK BANDWIDTH.

DIGITAL VIDEO INTERFACE, DVI PORT

-CONNECTS FLAT PANEL LCD MONITOR TO THE COMPUTER'S HIGH-END VIDEO GRAPHIC

CARDS.

-VERY POPULAR AMONG VIDEO CARD MANUFACTURERS

The Components of the system unit

System Unit
-is a case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process data.
-Made of metal or plastic to protects the internal components from damage.
-All computers have a system unit. It is available in variety of shapes & sizes.
1. Processor interprets & carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer.
2. Memory holds data waiting to be processed & instruction waiting to be executed.
3. Processor & Memory are connected to a circuit board called the motherboard.
4, Adapter cards (expansion slots): are circuit boards that provide connections and functions
not built into the motherboard.
5. Devices outside the system unit often attach to the ports.
6. A drive bay holds one or more disk drive.
7. The Power supply provide the computer with the electricity.
Motherboard , called system board.
 It is a main circuit board of the system unit.
 Many electronic components attach to the motherboard, others are built into it.
Ex: adapter cards, a processor chip and a memory module

CPU
Control Arithm
Unit etic/
Logic
Unit
(ALU)

Processor, called the central processing unit (CPU), Microprocessor.

 Its contain a control unit & an arithmetic logic unit (ALU).
 These 2 components work together to perform processing operations.
The operations typically performed by a CPU are:
 1. CPUs control the reading of programs and input files.
2. CPUs process data according to instructions in a program.
3. CPUs control the creation of output.
The Arithmetic Logic Unit performs arithmetic, comparison and other operations.
The Control Unit
 Handles the transmission of data into and out of the CPU and supervises
its overall operations.
Memory
 Memory consist of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be
executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of
processed data ( information).
 Memory usually consist of one or more chips on the motherboard.
Memory
Stores 3 basic categories of items:
1. The operations
2. Application programs
3. The data being processed by the application programs and resulting
information.
Memory sizes
It’s the number of bytes the chip or devices has available for storage
Type of Memory
The system unit contains tow types of memory:
1. Volatile memory -
 Loses its contents .
 Temporary memory.
 Example, RAM.
2. Nonvolatile memory-
 doesn't lose its content when power is removed form the
computer.
 Permanent memory.
 Example, ROM, Flash memory, and CMOS.
RAM ( Random Access Memory ), Also Called main memory.
 consists of memory chips that can be read from and written to by the processor
and other devices.
 The content my changed.
Saving is a process of copying items from RAM to a storage device such as a hard disk.
RAM chips usually reside on a memory module, which is a small circuit board.
Memory slots on the motherboard hold memory modules.

ROM ( Read Only Memory)

 The data on most ROM chips cannot be modified.
 Manufacture of ROM chips often record data, instructions, or information on the
chip when they manufacture the chip.
 Computers almost always contain a small amount of read-only memory that
holds instructions for starting up the computer.
Types of ROM:
  PROM (programmable read-only memory): A PROM is a memory chip on which
you can store a program. But once the PROM has been used, you cannot wipe it
clean and use it to store something else. Like ROMs, PROMs are non-volatile.
 EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory): An EPROM is a special
type of PROM that can be erased by exposing it to ultraviolet light.
 EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory): An EEPROM
is a special type of PROM that can be erased by exposing it to an electrical
charge.

Expansion Slot and Adapter Cards

 Expansion slot is a socket on the motherboard that can hold an adapter card
 Adapter card sometimes called an expansion card
 is a circuit board that enhances functions of a component of the system
unit and/or provides connections to peripherals.
 Peripheral is a device that connects to a system unit and is controlled by the
processor. Ex: keyboard, printer.

Ports and Connectors

Port is the point at which a peripheral attaches to or communicates with a system unit so the
peripheral can send data to or receive information from the computer.
 the term jack sometimes is used to identify audio and video ports.
 Port have a different types of connectors, A connectors joins a cable to a
peripheral.
Serial Ports is a type of interface that connects a device to the system unit by transmitting data
one bit at a time.

Parallel Ports is an interface that connects a device by transferring more than one bit at a time.
 The printers using a parallel port.

USB Ports, Short for universal serial bus port.

 Can connect up to 127 different peripherals together with a single connector.
 USB hub is a device that plugs in a USB port on the system & contains multiple
USB ports.
FireWire Ports Previously called an IEEE 1394 port.
 It is similar to a USB port in that it can connect multiple type of device that
require faster data transmission speeds to a single connector, such as digital
video camera, color printers, scanners, .. etc.
  Allow you to connect up to 63 devices together.
 You can use a FireWire hub to attach multiple devices to a single FireWire port.
USB and FireWire are replacing all other types of port.

Special-Purpose Ports
These ports are not included in typical computers.
 MIDI Port
 SCSI Port
 IrDA Port
 Bluetooth Port
MIDI Port, short for musical instrument digital interface.
 Serial port
 Connect the system unit to keyboard.
SCSI Port
 A special high-speed parallel port.
 Allow you to attach SCSI peripherals such as disk driver and printers.
BUSES
a set of electronic signal pathways that allows information and signals to travel between
components inside or outside of a computer.
Buses transfer bits
 from input devices to memory.
 from the processor to memory, and from memory to the processor.
 from memory to output devices.

Computer
-An electronic device that accepts data (input), manipulates the data (process), produces
information based on the manipulation (output), and stores the results (storage).
Input
-A device we use to put information into the computer.
Process
-Are used to process data using program instructions, manipulate functions, perform
calculations, and control other hardware devices.

Output
-A device we use to see the results of the computer's manipulation of the data we input.

Storage
-A hardware device that can be used to store digital data and applications which maybe in the
form of images, video, audio, etc.

Input device
-allows data such as text, images, video, or sound to be entered into a computer system.
Keyboard
-is the most common and prevalent input device which helps to input data to the computer.

Mouse
-is the most popular pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-control device having a small
palm size box with a ground ball at its base, which senses the movement of the mouse and
sends corresponding signals to the CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed.

Joystick
-is also a pointing device, which is used to move the cursor position on a monitor screen.

Trackball
-Is an input device that is primarily used in notebooks or laptop computer

Scanner
-works more like a photocopy machine; it is used when some information is available on paper
and is to be transferred to the computer's hard disk.

Microphone
-This is an input device to input sound that is then stored in a digital form.
OCR
-used to read a printed text. It scans the text optically, character by character, converts them
into machine-readable code, and stores the text in the system memory.

Barcode Reader
-This is a handheld device used for reading bar-coded data, and converting it into an
alphanumeric value.

VCR
-It is computer software with the ability to decode the human voice.
CPU
-handles all instructions it receives from hardware and software running on the computer. It
contains a control unit & an arithmetic logic unit (ALU). These 2 components work together to
perform processing operations.

GPU
-It is used to create a picture on a display; without a video card, you would not be able to see
this page. More plainly, it's a piece of hardware inside your computer that processes images
and video, some of the tasks normally handled by the CPU.
Motherboard
-It allocates power and allows communication to and between the CPU, RAM, and all other
computer hardware components.

NIC
-is a computer expansion card for connecting to a network (e.g., home network or Internet)
using an Ethernet cable with an RJ-45 connector.

Sound Card
-this is an expansion card or IC for producing sound on a computer that can be heard through
speakers or headphones.

Video Card
-A dedicated video card (or video adapter) is an expansion card installed inside your system unit
to translate binary data received from the CPU or GPU into the images you view on your
monitor. It is an alternative to the integrated graphics chip.

Power Button
-Used to be an extended power switch connected directly to the power supply.

Reset Button
-This provides the user with the means to restart the computer.

Drive Bay
-Removable media disk drives that could be incorporated into the system unit, the drive bays
are typically used for 5.25- and 3.5-inches disk drives.

Internal Drive Bays

-are incorporated inside the system case and cannot be accessed from outside the chassis.

External Drive Bays

-These bays are used for removable media, such as floppy disk, CD/DVD ROM
Computer Ports
-this is a physical docking point using which an external device can be connected to the
computer.
Serial Port
-Used for external modems and older computer mouse

Ps/2 Port
-used for old computer keyboard and mouse, also called mouse port, and most of the old
computers provide two ps/2 ports, each for the mouse and keyboard

parallel port
Used for scanners and printers, Also called printer port

USB Port
It can connect all kinds of external USB devices such as external hard disks, printers, a Scanner,
mouse, keyboards, etc. It was introduced in 1997. Most computers provide two USB ports as a
minimum.

VGA Port
Connects monitor to a computer's video card. It has 15 holes. Similar to the serial port
connector. However, the serial port connector has pins, VGA port has holes.

Power Connector
A three-pronged plug, Connects to the computer's power cable that plugs into a power bar or
wall socket.

psrnet Port
Connects to a network and high-speed internet. Connects the network cable to a computer.
This port resides on an ethernet card.

DVI Port
Connects flat panel LCD monitor to the computer's high-end video graphic cards. Very popular
among video card manufacturers.

System Unit
this is a case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process data. Made
of metal or plastic to protect the internal components from damage.

Processor
interprets & carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer.

Motherboard
The processor & Memory are connected to a circuit board called the __________.

Adapter cards (expansion slots)

are circuit boards that provide connections and functions not built into the motherboard.
Ports
Devices outside the system unit often attach to the _____.

Drive bay
holds one or more disk drives.

Power supply
provide the computer

Motherboard
called system board. It is the main circuit board of the system unit. Many electronic
components attach to the motherboard, others are built into it. Ex: adapter cards, a processor
chip, and a memory module.

Arithmetic Logic Unit

performs arithmetic, comparison, and other operations.

Control Unit
Handles the transmission of data into and out of the CPU and supervises its overall operations.

Memory
consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the
processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processed data ( information).
________ usually consists of one or more chips on the motherboard.

Volatile Memory
Temporary Memory

Non-volatile Memory
Permanent memory

RAM
consists of memory chips that can be read from and written to by the processor and other
devices.

Saving
is a process of copying items from RAM to a storage device such as a hard disk.

Memory slots
hold memory modules.
ROM
The data on most ______chips cannot be modified.

PROM
is a memory chip on which you can store a program. But once the PROM has been used, you
cannot wipe it clean and use it to store something else. Like ROMs, PROMs are non-volatile.

EPROM
this is a special type of PROM that can be erased by exposing it to ultraviolet light.

Expansion slot
is a socket on the motherboard that can hold an adapter card

Adapter card
is a circuit board that enhances the functions of a component of the system unit and/or
provides connections to peripherals.

Peripheral
a device that connects to a system unit and is controlled by the processor. Ex: keyboard,
printer.

FireWire Ports
It is similar to a USB port in that it can connect multiple types of devices that require faster data
transmission speeds to a single connector, such as a digital video camera, color printers,
scanners, .. etc.

MIDI Port
Connect the system unit to the keyboard.

SCSI Port- A special high-speed parallel port. Allow you to attach SCSI peripherals such as disk
drives and printers.

BUSES- a set of electronic signal pathways that allows information and signals to travel
between components inside or outside of a computer.
Power Supply- This is a component of the system unit that supplies computers with power.

NETWORK/LAN CARD
Jan Lester wants to play Call of Duty using desktop computer, which adapter Jan Lester should
install? - Video/Graphic Card
The other term for keyboard and mouse port?- PS/2 PORT
holds many components of the system and provides connectors for other peripherals. –
MOTHERBOARD
These are type of output that are can be seen on paper. – HARDCOPY

This word refers to any tangible part of computer. – HARDWARE FEMALE

CONNECTOR
I will check all the ports of the back panel of the system unit, which of these is NOT belong to
the back panel? – RESET SWITCH
What electronic device receives, processes, stores, data, then produces a output or softcopy?
– monitor
Which of the following would NOT be considered hardware? 

Word processor

VGA PORT

ETHERAL PORT

Ps/2 port
Identify the categories of this device.
Monitor- output
Processor- processing device
Scanner- Input
Universal Serial Bus (USB)- storage
Which of the following would NOT be considered hardware?- word processor
When employee finishes scanning the barcodes of all the items in a shipment to a customer,
the computer system prints a packing slip for the customer detailing the contents of the
order. The packing slip is an example of what part of the I.P.O.S.?- output
A computer _______ is a collection of components that work together to meet the needs of
the user- system
Which of the following is a key trait of all hardware components?- They are physical and
tangible.
Which of the following is NOT a component of computer hardware?- gearbox
Data and Instruction is process by- cpu
Which is NOT part of computer disassembly.- prepare the motherboard
Which of the following is not an example of system software- word processor
Which of these are examples of Operating system?- windows
What are the 2 main types of software? – system and application
Which of the following is an example of programming software - phyton 
Which of the following is an example of database software -microsoft acess
What does OS stand for?- operating system
An operating system is a program – true
Which of these is an example of Operating System?- linux
What are programs that organize, analyze, and graph numeric data such as budget and
financial reports. – spreadsheet
Which among these is not a Windows? -leopard
MS POWERPOINT, ZOHO SHOW, LIBRE OFFICE IMPRESS is an example of what example of
application software.- presentation
What is the general rule in performing desktop computer disassembly?- last out, first in
Which of the following must be done in case that you do not have an anti-static wrist wrap? -
Touch the system unit cover for a minute
Which of the following formulas is a complex formula? - =10*6-2
Which of the following is a valid formula? =C3-C4
12 / 3 x 12 + 10- 58
Performed first =4^5-(10+54)  10 + 54
2 x (9 x 5  + 32 ) + 4= 112
Does the data in the ROM can be change by end-user?-  ded to store the BIOS permanently
These are located at the back of system unit where cables are plugged. – ports
A memory that holds the BIOS of the computer system – ROM
Install internal devices of the computer only when it is turned on. – false
Always hold the component such as CPU and memory/RAM module on pins.- false
When attaching cables, always force a connection. -false
Which of the following is NOT System Software. – adobe illuslator
Gamepad is not a type of a gaming device- false