Romblon State University

College of Engineering and Technology

Civil Engineering Department

CHAPTER 2:
EXPONENTIAL AND RADICALS can be written in scientific notation as 3.59 x
POLYNOMIALS AND FACTORING 100,000,000,000,000,000,000 = 3.59 x 10²°.
COMPLEX NUMBER
The positive exponent 20 indicates that
EXPONENTS AND RADICALS the number is large (10 or more) and that the
decimal point has been moved 20 places. A
Repeated multiplication can be written negative exponent indicates that the number
in exponential form. is small (less than 1). For example;
Repeated Multiplication Exponential form
0.000000000009. = 9.0 x 10¯¹²
a*a*a*a*a a5
(-2)(-2)(-2)(-2) (-2)4 Radicals and Their Properties
(5x) (5x) (5x) (5x) (5x) (5x) (5x)6
A square root of a number is one of
its two equal factors. For example, 5 is a
square root of 25 because 5 is one of the two
equal factors of 25. In a similar way, a cube
root of a number is one of its three equal
factors, as in 125 = 5³.

Some numbers have more than one nth

root. For example, both 5 and -5 are square
roots of 25. The principal square root of 25,
written as √25 is the positive root, 5. The
principal nth root of a number is defined as
follows.

SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
Exponents provide an efficient way of
writing and computing with very large (or very
small) numbers. For instance, there are
about 359 billion gallons of water on Earth—
that is, 359 followed by 18 zeros.
A common misunderstanding is that the
359,000,000,000,000,000,000 square root sign implies both negative and
positive roots. This is not correct. The square
It is convenient to write such numbers in
scientific notation. This notation has the form root sign implies only a positive root. When a
±c x 10n, where 1≤ c < 10 and n is an integer. negative root is needed, you must use the
So, the number of gallons of water on Earth negative sign with the square root sign.
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College of Engineering and Technology
Civil Engineering Department

Use the properties

of radicals to simplify expression.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Integers such as 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, and 36
are called perfect squares because they 5.
have integer square roots. Similarly, integers
6.
such as 1, 8, 27, 64, and 125 are called
perfect cubes because they have integer 7.
cube roots.
8.

Change radical to exponential and

exponential to radical form.
1.
2.

Exercises No. 5: 3.

Use the properties of exponents to 4.

simplify each expression.
Simplify the rational exponent.

1. (2xy2)3 1.

2. 3a(-4a2)0 2.

3. . 3.
4
4.
Rewrite each expression with positive
exponents.
POLYNOMIALS AND FACTORING
-2 4
1. x y
Polynomials the most common
2. algebraic expression. Some examples are 3x
+ 9, 4x³ – 2x² + 24 and x²y² – 4xy -16. The
first two are polynomials in x and the third is
a polynomial in x and y. The terms of a
polynomial in x have the form axk, where a is
the coefficient and k is the degree of the
term.
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College of Engineering and Technology
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Product of Polynomials
To find the product of two
polynomials, use the left and right
Distributive Properties.

Polynomials with one, two, and three

terms are called monomials, binomials, and
trinomials, respectively. In standard form, a
polynomial is written with descending powers
of x.

Note in this FOIL Method (which can only be

used to multiply two binomials) that the outer
(O) and inner (I) terms are like terms and can
be combined.

Operations with Polynomials

Sum and Difference of Polynomials
You can add and subtract polynomials in
much the same way you add and subtract
real numbers. Simply add or subtract the like
terms (terms having the same variables to
the same powers) by adding their
coefficients. Example: Special Products
Some binomial products have special
forms that occur frequently in algebra. You
do not need to memorize these formulas
because you can use the Distributive
Property to multiply. However, becoming
familiar with these formulas will enable you
to manipulate the algebra more quickly.
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Civil Engineering Department

2. (3x³ + 2x2) – (9x² – 20x + 45)

3. (x² + 3x – 2) (2x³ + 4x – 5)
4. (2x – 1) (x + 3) + 3(x +3)
5. 5x (x +1) – 3x (x + 1)
6. (5x² + 2x + 4) (3y² + 4y + 19)
7.
8.
9.
Division of Polynomials
There are two procedures in dividing
polynomials. The procedures are especially
valuable in factoring and finding the zeros of
Example: polynomial function.
1. 5x + 9 and 5x – 9 1. Long Division Polynomials
2. x + y – 2 and x + y + 2 2. 2. Synthetic Division
Solution: Example of Long Polynomials
1. 5x + 9 and 5x – 9 Divide 6x3 – 19x2 +16x – 4 by x – 2,
= (u + v) * (u – v) and use the result to factor the polynomial
completely.
= u² – v²
Solution:
= 25x² – 81
2. x + y – 2 and x + y + 2
= [(x + y) – 2] [(x + y) + 2]
= (x + y)² - 22
= x² = 2xy + y² – 4

Exercises No. 6:
Perform the operation and write the
result in standard form.
1. – (x³ – 2) + (4x³ – 2x)
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from the answer on the long division you Sample: Use the remainder theorem to
can conclude that 6x³ – 19x² +16x – 4 is the evaluate the following function at x = -2.
factor of (x – 2)(6x² – 7x + 2) and we can
factor (6x² – 7x + 2) into (2x -1)(3x – 2)
f(x) = 3x³ + 8x² + 5x – 7
therefore; 6x³ – 19x2 +16x – 4 = (x – 2) (2x
-1)(3x – 2)
Synthetic Division
-2 3 8 5 -7

-6 -4 -2

3 2 1 -9

Because the remainder is r = -9, you can

conclude that f(-2) = -9 r = f(x). This means
that (-2, -9) is a point on the graph of f(x).
Example: The Factor Theorem

Use synthetic division to divide x4 –

10x² – 2x + 4 by x + 3
Solution:

Sample:
Show that (x – 2) and (x + 3) are
factors of f(x) = 2x4 + 7x³ – 4x² – 27x – 18.
Solution: using synthetic division (x - 2)

Since the remainder of f(2) = 0, therefore (x

– 2) is a factor.
The Remainder and Factor Theorem
Also perform synthetic division to the result
using factor of (x + 3)
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Property, a(b + c) = ab + ac, in the reverse

direction.
ab + ac = a(b + c) a is a common factor.
Removing (factoring out) any common
Since the remainder of f(-3) = 0, therefore(x factors is the first step in completely factoring
+ 3) is a factor. a polynomial.
Factoring Special Polynomial Forms
Some polynomials have special forms
that arise from the special product forms from
the last topic. You should learn to recognize
these forms so that you can factor such
polynomials easily.

Polynomials with Common Factors

The process of writing a polynomial as
a product is called factoring. It is an important
tool for solving equations and for simplifying
rational expressions.
Unless noted otherwise, when you
are asked to factor a polynomial, you can Exercises No. 7
assume that you are looking for factors with
integer coefficients. If a polynomial cannot be Division of polynomials.
factored using integer coefficients, then it is
a. Divide the following using long
prime or irreducible over the integers. For
method.
instance, the polynomial x² - 3 is irreducible
over the integers. Over the real numbers, this 1. (2x² + 10x + 12) by (x + 3)
polynomial can be factored as
2. (5x² – 17x – 12) by (x - 4)
.
3. (4x³ – 7x² – 11x + 5) by (4x + 5)
A polynomial is completely factored when
each of its factors is prime. For instance x3 – 4. (2x² + 10x + 12) by (x + 3)
x2 + 4x – 4 = (x-1)(x2 + 4) is a complete
b. Divide the following using synthetic
factor but x3 – x2 + 4x – 4 = (x-1)(x2 - 4) is not
division
completely factored but its complete
factorization is (x-1)(x+2)(x-2). 1. (4x³ – 9x + 8x² – 18) by (x + 2)
The simplest type of factoring involves a 2. (9x³ – 18x² – 16x + 32) by (x – 2)
polynomial that can be written as the product
of a monomial and another polynomial. The 3. (5x³ – 6x² + 8) by (x – 4)
technique used here is the Distributive 4. (5x³ + 6x² + 8) by (x + 2)
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c. Factor each expression. Operation with complex number

1. -4x²+ 12x – 16 Addition and Subtraction of Complex
2. (x – 2)(2x) + (x – 2)(3) Number

3. (x + 2)² – y²
4. x² -10x + 25
5. 16x² + 24x + 9
6. y³ + 8
7. 3(x³ + 64) Sample:
1. (4 + 7i) + (1 – 6i) (4 + 7i) + (1 – 6i)
= (4 + 1) + (7i – 6i)

COMPLEX NUMBER = 5+i answer

The imaginary unit I there are quadratic 2. (1 + 2i) – (4 + 2i) (1 + 2i) – (4 + 2i)
equations that have no real solutions. For = (1 – 4) – (2i – 2i)
instance, the quadratic equation of x² + 1 = 0
has no real solution because there is no real = -3 answer
number x that can be squared to produced -
3. (3 + 2i) + (4 – i) – (7 + i) (3 + 2i) + (4 –
1. To overcome this efficiency,
i) – (7 + i)
mathematicians created an expanded
system of numbers using the imaginary unit =(3 + 4 – 7)+ (2i – i – i )
i.
=0 answer

Multiplying Complex Number

Many of the properties of real
numbers are valid for complex numbers as
well. Here are some examples.
Associative Properties of Addition
and Multiplication
Commutative Properties of Addition
and Multiplication
Distributive Property of Multiplication
Over Addition
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Notice below how these properties are used

when two complex numbers are multiplied.

Sample:

Sample:

Complex Solutions of Quadratic Equation

Sample:
Solve 3x2 – 2x + 5 = 0 a = 3, b = -2,
c=5

Quotient of Complex Number

To write the quotient of a +bi and c
+di in standard form, where c and d are not
both zero, multiply the numerator and
denominator by the complex conjugate of the
denominator to obtain
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Exercises No.8: determine which one has outer and inner

products that add up to 17x.
Perform the addition and subtraction of
imaginary numbers. (6x + 5)(x + 1), (6x + 1)(x + 5)
1. (5 + i) + (6 – 2i) (2x + 1)(3x + 5), (2x + 5)(3x + 1)
2.
3.
4.
Perform the operation and write the
result in standard form.
You can see that (2x + 5)(3x + 1) is the
1. correct factorization because outer (O) and
inner (I) products add up to 17x.
2.
Factoring by Grouping
3.
Sometimes polynomials with more
Perform the operation and write the
than three terms can be factored by a
result in standard form.
method called factoring by grouping. It is not
1. always obvious which terms to group, and
sometimes several different groupings will
2. work.
3.

Trinomials with Binomial Factors

Exercises No. 9
To factor a trinomial of the form ax² +
bx + c, use the following pattern. Factor the following:

The goal is to find a combination of 1. x² – 7x + 12

factors of a and b such that the outer and
2. 2x² + x – 15
inner products add up to the middle term bx.
For instance, in the trinomial 6x2 + 17x + 5, 3. x³ – 2x² – 3x + 6x
you can write all possible factorizations and
4. 2x² + 5x – 3
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5. 2x³ – x² – 6x + 3 The coefficients increase and then

decrease in a symmetric pattern. The
6. 3x² + 10x + 8
coefficients of a binomial expansion
7. 64x³ – y³ are called binomial coefficients. To
find them, you can use the Binomial
8. 24 + 5z – z² Theorem
The Binomial Theorem
Binomial is a polynomial that has two
terms. In this section, you will study a formula
that gives a quick method of raising a
binomial to a power. To begin, look at the
expansion of (x + y)n for several values of n.

Pascal’s Triangle
There is a convenient way to
remember the pattern for binomial
There are several observations you can coefficients. By arranging the coefficients
make about these expansions. in a triangular pattern, you obtain the
following array, which is called Pascal’s
Triangle. This triangle is named after the
In each expansion, there are n + 1
famous French mathematician Blaise Pascal
terms.
(1623–1662).
In each expansion, x and y have
symmetrical roles. The powers of x
decrease by 1 in successive terms,
whereas the powers of increase by 1.
The sum of the powers of each term
is n. For instance, in the expansion of
(x + y)5, the sum of the powers of
each term is 5.
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The first and last numbers in each row of Sometimes you will need to find a specific
Pascal’s Triangle are 1. Every other number term, the middle term, sum of exponents,
in each row is formed by adding the two sum of coefficients and coefficient of the term
numbers immediately above the number. containing xn-mym in a binomial expansion.
Pascal noticed that numbers in this triangle Instead of writing out the entire expansion,
are precisely the same numbers that are the you can use the following formula.
coefficients of binomial expansions, as
follows.

Example:
Write the expansion of each expression.
1.(2x – 3)4
2. (x – 2y)2
Solution:
1, 4, 6, 4, 1 = is the binomial coefficient
(fourth row)
(2x – 3)4
=(1)(2x)4+(4)(2x)3(-3)+(6)(2x)2(-3)2+(4)(2x)(-
3)3+(1)(-3)4
= 16x4 – 96x3 + 216x2 – 216x+ 81

(x – 2y)2
= (1)(x)4+(4)(x)3(-2y)+(6)(x)2(-2y)2+(4)(x)(-
2y)3+(1)(-2y)4
= x4 – 8x3y + 24x2y2 – 32xy3 + 16y4
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Exercises No. 10
Using Pascal Triangle solve the following
binomials:
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Find the 3th term, the middle term, sum of

exponents, sum of coefficients using the
given formula.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Find coefficient of the term containing;
1. x3y3 in binomial (3x + 2y)6
2. x14y4 in binomial (2x2 + y2)9
3. x7y5 in binomial (3x + 2y)12
4. x2y10 in binomial (2x2 + y2)6