Updated Ethics For Research 2022

FOR RESEARCHERS
Gerald Jayson B. Balanga, LPT,PhD

Associate Professor V
Office of Planning, Research and Development and Extension Services
Eastern Visayas State University, Tacloban City
geraldjayson.balanga@evsu.edu.ph
Acknowledgments
A Lecture of
Dr. Maribel L. Dionisio-Sese

Professor of Plant Biology, UPLB
Outstanding Young Scientist- NAST PHL
Scientific Career System (SCS) Orientation and Research Colloquium

December 8, 2017, Hotel Estrella, Tacloban City
Dr. Maricar S. Prudente
Full Professor, De La Salle University, Manila
Division 1 Chair, National Research Council of the Philippines
Seminar on Research Ethics

October 17-19, 2018, Leyte Normal University
Review of Terms
Morals- rules that define what is right and wrong
Ethics- process of examining moral standards and looking at
how we should interpret and apply such standards in real
world situations.
Ethical Codes- APA, CRC, etc. Know your codes!
Research Ethics
•The application of fundamental ethical principles in
scientific research
•Diverse set of values, norms and institutional regulations
that help constitute and regulate scientific activity
•Encompasses all stages and all those involved
Inception Completion Publication
Why Research Ethics?
•Tremendous impact of rare misconduct

•Ethical dilemmas in many situations
•Ethics in research is of growing importance.
•Critical that you understand the basics of ethical
research and how this might affect your research or
teaching
Ethical Norms
•Acquired throughout life
•Common but interpreted and applied differently
•Broader and more informal than laws
•Help members to coordinate actions
Why Adhere to Ethical Norms
in Research?
•Promote research aims (knowledge, truth)
•Promote values essential to collaborative work (trust,
accountability, respect, fairness)
•Ensure accountability to the public
•Help build public support for research
•Promote other moral and social values (social responsibility,
human rights, animal welfare, law compliance, health and
safety)
History of Unethical Research
Responses to
Unethical Research
Responses to
Unethical Research
Overarching Ethical
Principles
Ethical Principles
Ethical Principles
Ethical Principles
Ethical Principles
Reducing Risk and
Maximizing Confidentiality
Ethics: When in Research?
Before Justice: fair selection of participants
Conflict of interest: research design
Benefit/Harm balance: ethical review
During Autonomy: obtaining informed consents

Privacy and confidentiality: protect rights and avoid misuse
Integrity: adequate use of appropriate methods
After Transparency: bare methodologies and funding sources

Integrity: reporting the results
Publication ethics
Codes and Policies for
Research Ethics
• Justice
- Avoid discrimination in participants’ selection.
- Distribute benefits and risks of research fairly.
BEFORE
• Legality
- Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and
governmental policies
• Social responsibility
- Strive to promote social good
- Prevent harm to society and environment while
conducting research
Research Ethics
• Objectivity
-Avoid bias in experimental design and data analysis.
-Disclose personal interests that may affect research.
DURING
• Carefulness
- Avoid errors and negligence.
- Keep good records of research activities and
correspondence.
• Honesty
- Do not fabricate, falsify or misrepresent data.
- Do not deceive colleagues, granting agencies or public
Research Ethics
• Autonomy
-Secure actual permission of the participants.
- Obtain informed consent in signed documents.
• Confidentiality
DURING
- Protect participants’ rights, privacy and sensitivities.
- Protect communications and patients’ records.
• Respect
- Treat participants and colleagues fairly.
- Minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits.
- Take special precautions with vulnerable populations.
- Show proper care for animals when using them.
Research Ethics
Openness
- Share ideas, results, tools and resources.
- Be open to criticism and new ideas.
DURING Competence and Integrity
- Maintain and improve your expertise.
- Ensure adequate use of appropriate methods.
Responsibility
- Help to educate, mentor and advise students.
- Promote welfare and allow them to make decisions.
Research Ethics
◦ Transparency
-Ensure honesty and clarity in reporting the results.
AFTER -Disclose financial interests that may affect research.
◦ Integrity
- Keep your promises and agreements.
- Act with sincerity and strive for consistency of action.
◦ Publication ethics
-Never commit scientific misconduct.
-Safeguard publication ethics.
What is Scientific
Misconduct?
◦ Fabrication (making up results)
◦ Falsification (manipulating research materials,
equipment or processes, or changing or omitting data
or results)
◦ Plagiarism (academic theft, diminishes academic
integrity)
Some Publication Ethics
Honesty and Integrity
duty of each author, reviewer and member of editorial board
Authorship credit must be based on:

◦ Substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data,
or analysis and interpretation of data
◦ Drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual
content
◦ Final approval of the version to be published
Some Publication Ethics
Reviewer
◦ Do not discuss with colleague confidential data from a paper that
you are reviewing.
◦ Do not bypass the peer review process by premature
announcement.
◦ Do not make derogatory comments and personal attacks of
author’s submission.
◦ Do not reject a manuscript for publication without even reading.
◦ Do not make unauthorized copies of data, papers or programs.
Institutional Review Board
Levels of Risk
Levels of Risk
Levels of Risk
Voluntary Informed Consent
Data Management
Use of Deception
Deception
Deception
Deception
Plagiarism
Acknowledgment
The following slides are taken from the Powerpoint presentation of
Dr. Amaryllis T. Torres during the Online Training Workshop on
Ethics in Human-Participant Research sponsored by the Philippine
Social Science Council (PSSC) held on May 4-7, 2021 via Zoom.
“It is essential that the research
community come to value the ethics of
research as central to the scientific
process.”
National Bioethics Advisory Commission
Some resources
1. privacyph.org/cases
2. privacyph.org/workshoptools
3.https://drive.google.com/file/d/1HH2XS3GAB_JOoYjybiGWiuachOJyXEVr/view
?usp=sharing
4. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1_R_N-
NBl0jxVttWSKbSoKQAYXLG7JI7J/view?usp=sharing
Thank you!

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FOR RESEARCHERS

Gerald Jayson B. Balanga, LPT,PhD

Dr. Maribel L. Dionisio-Sese

Scientific Career System (SCS) Orientation and Research Colloquium

Seminar on Research Ethics

•Tremendous impact of rare misconduct

During Autonomy: obtaining informed consents

After Transparency: bare methodologies and funding sources

Authorship credit must be based on:

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