PR 1 Lesson 2

2ND SEM PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
REVIEWER LESSON 1: THE CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES, AND ETHICS OF

RESEARCH
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
 EMPIRICAL- based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.

 LOGICAL- based on valid procedures and principles
 CYCLICAL- starts with a problem & ends with a problem
 ANALYTICAL- there is a critical analysis of all data used so that there is no error
in their interpretation
 CRITICAL- exhibits careful and precise judgment
 METHODICAL- without bias using systematic methods and procedures
 REPLICABILITY- the design and procedures are replicated or repeated to arrive
at valid and conclusive results
STEPS OF RESEARCH
1. Define and develop your topic (research problem)

2. Find background information about your chosen topic (review of relate
literature)
3. Plan your research design including your sample (methodology)
4. Gather necessary data using open ended questions (for qualitative) and
closed- ended questionnaire or paper pencil test questionnaire (for
quantitative) (data gathering activities)
5. Process and analyze data using the thematic analysis (for qualitative and
statistical tools (for quantitative).
6. Formulate new insights gained (for qualitative research) conclusions (for
quantitative ) and recommendations
7. Define new problem
ETHICS
 INFORMED CONSENT - This is required to secure in order protect the rights of the
participants in your study. Inform your participants about the criteria set for choosing
them as informants and the schedule of one-on-one interview at the convenient time
they are available. Participation in the study will be completely voluntary.
 HONESTY - It reports data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status.
Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent the data.
 OBJECTIVITY - Avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation,

peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of
research.
 INTEGRITY - Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for
consistency of thought and action.
2ND SEM PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
REVIEWER LESSON 1: THE CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES, AND ETHICS OF
RESEARCH
 CAREFULNESS - Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically

examine your work and the work of peers. Keep good records of research
activities.
 OPENNESS - Share data, results, ideas, tools and resources. Be open to

criticism and new ideas.
 RESPECT FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY - Honour patents, copyrights,

trademarks, trade secrets and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use
published or unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give
credit where credit is due. Never plagiarize, fabricate and falsify.
 CONFIDENTIALITY - Protect confidential communications, such as papers or

grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets,
and patient records.
 RESPONSIBLE MENTORING - Help to educate, mentor, and advise others.

Promote their welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.
 RESPONSIBLE PUBLICATION - Publish in order to advance research and

scholarship, not to advance your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative
publication.
 RESPECT FOR COLLEAGUES - Respect your colleagues’ opinion, treat them

fairly and do not outsmart others.
 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY - Strive to promote social acceptance and prevent

or mitigate social harms through research, public education, and advocacy.
 NON- DISCRIMINATION - Avoid discrimination against colleagues or

students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not related
to their scientific competence and integrity.
 COMPETENCE - Maintain and improve your own professional competence

and expertise through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote
competence in science as a whole.
 LEGALITY - Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and government
policies.
 ANIMAL CARE - Show proper respect and care for animals when using them
in research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.
 HUMAN SUBJECTS PROTECTION - When conducting a research on human

Subjects, minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human
dignity, privacy, and anonymity.

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2ND SEM PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

REVIEWER LESSON 1: THE CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES, AND ETHICS OF

 EMPIRICAL- based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.

1. Define and develop your topic (research problem)

 OBJECTIVITY - Avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation,

 CAREFULNESS - Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically

 OPENNESS - Share data, results, ideas, tools and resources. Be open to

 RESPECT FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY - Honour patents, copyrights,

 CONFIDENTIALITY - Protect confidential communications, such as papers or

 RESPONSIBLE MENTORING - Help to educate, mentor, and advise others.

 RESPONSIBLE PUBLICATION - Publish in order to advance research and

 RESPECT FOR COLLEAGUES - Respect your colleagues’ opinion, treat them

 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY - Strive to promote social acceptance and prevent

 NON- DISCRIMINATION - Avoid discrimination against colleagues or

 COMPETENCE - Maintain and improve your own professional competence

 HUMAN SUBJECTS PROTECTION - When conducting a research on human

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