Lesson 2 PR1

In the context of the
characteristics, processes,
and ethics in research,
what is wrong with the clip?
What specific characteristics of
research were violated?
What specific processes of
research were violated?
What specific ethics of research
were violated?
Characteristics of Research (Prieto et al., 2017)
1. EMPIRICAL - is based on observations and experiments of

theories.
2. SYSTEMATIC - follows orderly and sequential procedures,
based on valid procedures and principles.
3. CONTROLLED - In research, all variables, except those that are
tested/ experimented on, are kept constant.
4. EMPLOY HYPOTHESIS - refers to a search for facts, answers to
questions and solutions to problems.
Characteristics of Research (Prieto et al., 2017)
5. ANALYTICAL - shows analytical procedures in gathering the

data, whether historical, descriptive, and or case study.
6. OBJECTIVE - it is unbiased and logical. All findings are logically
based on real-life situations.
7. ORIGINAL WORK - it requires its own examination and produces
the data needed to complete the study.
The Research Process (Prieto et al., 2017)
1. DEFINE RESEARCH PROBLEM:

What is the problem?
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE:
What evidence is already presented?
3. FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS:
How are we going to find/look for the answer to the questions
being studied?
The Research Process (Prieto et al., 2017)
4. RESEARCH DESIGN:
Where will the study be shown and with what population?
5. COLLECTING DATA:
Are we ready to gather the data? Where do we find the data?
6. ANALYZING DATA:
How does the data answer the research queries?
7. INTERPRET AND REPORT:
What are the implications of the results?
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
Research Design
• enables the researcher to organize the components of
his or her research in an orderly and coherent manner
• its goal is to effectively address the research topic or
problem
• serves as a template for the collection, measurement,
and analysis of data
PRELUDE
Research Ethics (Resnik, 2020)
1. Honesty:
Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly
report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication
status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. Do not
deceive colleagues, research sponsors, or the public.
2. Objectivity:
Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data
interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing,
expert testimony, and other aspects of research where objectivity
is expected or required. Avoid or minimize bias or self-deception.
Disclose personal or financial interests that may affect research.
3. Integrity:
Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for
consistency of thought and action.
4. Carefulness:
Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically
examine your own work and the work of your peers. Keep good
records of research activities, such as data collection, research
design, and correspondence with agencies or journals.
5. Openness:
Share data, results, ideas, tools, and resources. Be open to
criticism and new ideas.
6. Transparency:
Disclose methods, materials, assumptions, analyses, and other
information needed to evaluate your research.
7. Accountability:
Take responsibility for your part in research and be prepared to
give an account (i.e. an explanation or justification) of what you
did on a research project and why.
8. Intellectual Property:
Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual
property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results
without permission. Give proper acknowledgement or credit for
all contributions to research. Never plagiarize.
9. Confidentiality:
Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants
submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military
secrets, and patient records.
10. Responsible Publication:

Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to
advance just your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative
publication.
11. Responsible Mentoring:

Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote their
welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.
12. Respect for Colleagues:

Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly.
13. Social Responsibility:

Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social
harms through research, public education, and advocacy.
14. Non-Discrimination:
Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis
of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors not related to scientific
competence and integrity.
15. Competence:
Maintain and improve your own professional competence and
expertise through lifelong education and learning; take steps to
promote competence in science as a whole.
16. Legality:
Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental
policies.
17. Animal Care:

Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in
research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal
experiments.
18. Human Subjects Protection:

When conducting research on human subjects, minimize harms
and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy,
and autonomy; take special precautions with vulnerable
populations; and strive to distribute the benefits and burdens of
research fairly.
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
ETHICAL STANDARDS IN
RESEARCH WRITING (Logan University, 2016)
1. Findings should be reported with complete honesty
2. Intentional misinterpretation, misinformation and misleading claims
must be avoided
3. Appropriate credit should be given when using other people’s work
4. Plagiarism should be avoided by acknowledging all content belonging
to others.
PRELUDE
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
PLAGIARISM AND
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
• refers to the act of using other person’s ideas, words, processes, and
results without giving due credit.
Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (RA 8293)
Plagiarism = Academic Dishonesty
PRELUDE

Lesson 2 PR1

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Lesson 2 PR1

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In the context of the

1. EMPIRICAL - is based on observations and experiments of

5. ANALYTICAL - shows analytical procedures in gathering the

1. DEFINE RESEARCH PROBLEM:

10. Responsible Publication:

11. Responsible Mentoring:

12. Respect for Colleagues:

13. Social Responsibility:

17. Animal Care:

18. Human Subjects Protection:

Plagiarism = Academic Dishonesty

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