Practical Research1report

PR1
Processes and Ethics

of Research
Objectives:
•Describe the process and
ethics of research.
Research Process
💠is a systematic manner in which the
researcher approaches his/her area of
study to produce knowledge that the
community will consider to be
worthwhile within the field (Rao, 2017).
R
es
ea
r
•1. Define the research problem.
ch
Pr
oc
•2. Review the literature.
es
s
•3. Formulate hypothesis.
•4. Prepare the research design.
•5. Collect data.
•6. Analyze data.
•7. Interpret and report the findings.
1. Define the research
problem
To begin your research, you must look at a significant real-

life problem. Factors like area of interest ,availability of
fund, socio-economic significance of the study, and the
safety measures to be undertaken should be considered in
finding and defining the research problem.
2. Review the
literature
Read various publications or surf the internet to become

aware of the previous works already done about the
chosen topic. You may utilize different
resources like science books, magazines, journals,
newspapers, or even in the internet.
3. Formulate
hypothesis
A hypothesis is a theoretical statement in solving a logical

relationship between variables. It should be based on the
problem being solved.
4. Prepare the research
design.
Identify what is the best means to collect and analyze data

in the study to clarify and improve the research problem,
purpose, and questions.
5 . Collect data.
Use an appropriate data collection method to elicit the

needed information.
6. Analyze data
Utilize strategies and methods that make sense of the data

to answer the research problem.
7. Interpret and report
the findings
Put the information in perspective and present the

solution to the proposed problem based on the findings of
the investigation.
Ethical Codes and Policies for
Research
1. Honesty. 6. Respect for 11. Social responsibility
intellectual property 12. Non-discrimination
2.Objectivity. 7. Confidentiality 13. Competence
3. Integrity 8. Responsible 14. Legality
4. Carefulness publication 15. Human Subject
9. Responsible Protection
5. Openness mentoring
10. Respect for
colleagues
1. Honesty
• The researcher should strive to truthfully
report data in whatever form of
communication all throughout the study.
2. Objectivity
The researcher should avoid being biased. The
study should not be influenced by his/her
personal motives, beliefs and opinions.
3. Integrity
The researcher should establish credibility
through the consistency of his/her thought and
action. He/she should act with sincerity
especially on keeping agreements.
4. Care
The researcher should never neglect even the
smallest detail of the study. All information should
be critically examined. Records of research
activities should be properly and securely kept.
5. Openness
The researcher should be willing to accept
criticisms and new ideas for the betterment of
the study. Research results and findings should
be shared to the public.
6. Respect for intellectual
property
The researcher should not plagiarize. Credit
should be given to who or where it is due. All
authors cited and sources used in the study
should be properly acknowledged.
7. Confidentiality
The researcher should take steps to protect all
confidential communications or documents
from being discovered by others.
8. Responsible
publication
The researcher should ensure that his/her work
is clear, honest, complete, accurate, and
balanced, thus avoiding wasteful and duplicate
publication. It should likewise refrain from
selective, misleading, or ambiguous reporting.
9. Responsible mentoring
The researcher should teach responsible
conduct of research and share professional
knowledge and skills especially to new or less
experienced researchers.
10. Respect for
colleagues
The researcher should show courtesy to his/her
colleagues by treating them equally and fairly.
11. Social responsibility
The researcher should promote social good by
working for the best interests and benefits of
the environment and society as a whole.
12. Non-discrimination
The researcher should not discriminate based
on sex, race, ethnicity, or any factor relating to
scientific competence and integrity. Thus,
research should be open to all people or entities
who will participate in
research.
13. Competence
The researcher should possess necessary
knowledge and skills in conducting a study.
He/she should be equipped with a sense of
professionalism and expertise to ensure
competent results.
14. Legality
The researcher should know and abide by
relevant laws, institutional and government
policies concerning the legal conduct of
research.
15. Human Subject
Protection
The researcher should protect human lives by
preventing and minimizing harms and risks.
He/she should always uphold the human dignity,
privacy, and autonomy of human subjects to be
used in the study.
Importance of Ethics in Research
1. It promotes the aims of research
2. It upholds values that are essential to
collaborative work
3. It ensures that researchers can be held
accountable to the public
4. It builds public support for research
5. It promotes a variety of moral and social values
1. It promotes the aims of research
• Ethics guides the researchers in obtaining
knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error by
prohibiting fabrication, falsification and
misrepresentation of research data.
2. It upholds values that are essential to
collaborative work
Many researchers who are working in different
disciplines and institutions cooperate and
coordinate to accomplish a particular research.
With ethics in mind, they also maintain trust,
accountability, mutual respect, and fairness.
3. It ensures that researchers can be held
accountable to the public
Ethical norms guarantee the public that
researchers are deemed responsible for
committing any form of research misconduct.
4. It builds public support for research
People express and lend their support by all
means if they can trust the quality and integrity
of research.
5. It promotes a variety of moral and
social values
Ethical principles help the researcher avoid
practices that can adversely harm the research
subjects and the community.
Rights of Research Participants
• 1. Voluntary participation
• 2. Informed consent
• 3. Risk of harm
• 4. Confidentiality
• 5. Anonymity
1. Voluntary
participation
• The research participants must be given the
privilege to exercise their free will whether
to participate or not.
2. Informed consent
The research participants must be provided
with sufficient information about the
procedures and risks involved in the research
3. Risk of harm
The research participants must be protected
from any type of harm whether it may be
physical, psychological, social, or economic.
4. Confidentiality
The research participants must be assured of
their privacy particularly
on personal information. The researcher
must secure that all information
disclosed by them will not be used without
authorized access.
5. Anonymity
The research participants must remain
anonymous or unidentified throughout the
study even to the researchers themselves.

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PR1

Processes and Ethics

To begin your research, you must look at a significant real-

Read various publications or surf the internet to become

A hypothesis is a theoretical statement in solving a logical

Identify what is the best means to collect and analyze data

Use an appropriate data collection method to elicit the

Utilize strategies and methods that make sense of the data

Put the information in perspective and present the

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