HSTEIC

What is ETHICS?
ETHICS is a branch of knowledge
that deals with moral principles
on governing a person’s behavior
in the conduct of any activity.
THE ETHICS OF
RESEARCH

ARMIDA N. MORALEDA-OBSTACULO
PR1-SUBJECT TEACHER
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
❑ Describe the Ethics of Research;
❑ Explain the Ethical Codes and Policies for research ;
❑ Familiarize with the rights of the research
participants;
❑ Appreciate the importance of the Ethics for Research
as guide in a research study.
Activity 1. Read an Article
“Ethics in Qualitative Research” by A. Orb, L Eisenhauer, and D. Wynaden (2000).
GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. Based on the article, how will you define ethics in
research?
2. Are the Tuskegee syphilis study and diethylstilbestrol
study on pregnant women unethical? Why?
3. If you were a part of the research teams who
conducted the research studies, what will you do to
correct the unethical aspects of the experiments?
Activity 2. WORD SEARCH
Activity 3. CORRECT ETHICAL ACTIONS
Activity 3. CORRECT ETHICAL ACTIONS
❑ WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF
ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES?

❑ WHAT SHOULD YOU CONSIDER MOST

AMONG THE DIFFERENT ETHICAL CODES
AND POLICIES WHEN CONDUCTING A
STUDY? WHY DO YOU THINK SO?
 CONTENT
• The Importance of Ethics in Research
• Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
• Rights of Research Participants
• Plagiarism, Intellectual Property and Fair
Use
IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS IN RESEARCH
Resnik (2015), in his article, “What is Ethics in Research & Why is it important?”,
as cited by Cristobal & Cristobal (2017), enumerates the following reasons why it
is important to follow ethical principles in writing and conducting a research:

1. It promotes the aims of research.

- Ethics guides the researchers in obtaining knowledge, truth, and
avoidance of error by prohibiting fabrication, falsification and
misrepresentation of research data.
2. It upholds values that are
essential to collaborative work.
- Many researchers who are working in different
disciplines and institutions cooperate and
coordinate to accomplish a particular research.
With ethics in mind, they also maintain trust,
accountability, mutual respect, and fairness.
3. It ensures that researchers
can be held accountable to the
public.
- Ethical norms guarantee the public that
researchers are deemed responsible for
committing any form of research misconduct.
4. It builds public support for
research
- People express and lend their support by all
means if they can trust the quality and integrity of
research.
5. It promotes a variety of moral
and social values.
- Ethical principles help the researcher avoid practices
that can adversely harm the research subjects and the
community. Thus, it encourages social responsibility,
human rights, animal welfare, compliance with the law,
and public health and safety.
ETHICAL CODES AND
POLICIES FOR RESEARCH
Cristobal & Cristobal (2017), in their book, “Practical Research 1 for Senior High
School”, lists the following ethical codes and policies that the researcher needs to
consider in conducting a study:
1.HONESTY
- The researcher should strive to truthfully
report data in whatever form of
communication all throughout the study.
2. OBJECTIVITY
- The researcher should avoid being
biased. The study should not be influenced
by his/her personal motives, beliefs and
opinions.
3. INTEGRITY
- The researcher should establish
credibility through the consistency of
his/her thought and action. He/she should
act with sincerity especially on keeping
agreements.
4. CARE
- The researcher should never neglect
even the smallest detail of the study. All
information should be critically examined.
Records of research activities should be
properly and securely kept.
5. OPENNESS
- The researcher should be willing to
accept criticisms and new ideas for the
betterment of the study. Research results
and findings should be shared to the
public.
6. Respect for intellectual property
- The researcher should not plagiarize.
Credit should be given to who or where it
is due. All authors cited and sources used
in the study should be properly
acknowledged.
PLAGIARISM refers to the act of illegally
using another person’s ideas, works,
processes, and results. Thus, it constitutes
claiming an intellectual property as one’s
own that can be penalized through Republic
Act 8293 known as the Intellectual Property
Code of the Philippines
HOW CAN YOU AVOID
PLAGIARISM?
Sharma and Singh (2011) list the following tips to avoid
plagiarism:
1. Sufficient time should be allotted for writing,
2. Hard copies of all the relevant references should be
collected.
3. All references should be read carefully and its Important
parts should be highlighted.
4. Sufficient attribution should be placed when using the
ideas of others.
5. Lines with factual details are to be referenced.
Sharma and Singh (2011) list the following tips to avoid plagiarism:
6. The appropriateness of inserting references should be determined.
7. Written permission should be acquired for text and figures copied
from other sources.
8. All the text should be paraphrased--that is, written by the author in
his or her own language.
9. Copying and pasting text from sources while writing should be
avoided. If one is not good at typing, he or she can request assistance
from a typist.
10. Before submitting an article, all files, figures, and references should
be prepared in accordance to the prescribed standards.
7. CONFIDENTIALITY
- The researcher should take steps to
protect all confidential communications or
documents from being discovered by
others.
8. RESPONSIBLE PUBLICATION
- The researcher should ensure that
his/her work is clear, honest, complete,
accurate, and balanced, thus avoiding
wasteful and duplicate publication. It
should likewise refrain from selective,
misleading, or ambiguous reporting.
9. RESPONSIBLE MENTORING
- The researcher should teach responsible
conduct of research and share
professional knowledge and skills
especially to new or less experienced
researchers.
10. RESPECT FOR COLLEAGUES
- The researcher should show courtesy to
his/her colleagues by treating them
equally and fairly.
11. SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
- The researcher should promote social
good by working for the best interests
and benefits of the environment and
society as a whole.
12. NON-DISCRIMINATION
- The researcher should not discriminate
based on sex, race, ethnicity, or any
factor relating to scientific competence
and integrity. Thus, research should be
open to all people or entities who will
participate in research.
13. COMPETENCE
- The researcher should possess necessary
knowledge and skills in conducting a
study. He/she should be equipped with a
sense ofprofessionalism and expertise to
ensure competent results.
14. LEGALITY
- The researcher should know and abide
by relevant laws, institutional and
government policies concerning the legal
conduct of research.
15. HUMAN SUBJECT PROTECTION
- The researcher should protect human
lives by preventing and minimizing harms
and risks. He/she should always uphold
the human dignity, privacy, and autonomy
of human subjects to be used in the study.
RIGHTS OF RESEARCH
PARTICIPANTS
RIGHTS OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS
1. Voluntary participation
The research participants must be given the privilege to
exercise their free will whether to participate or not.
They have the right to refuse involvement in the study.
Thus, any person should not be forced to take
part in any research undertaking.
2. Informed Consent
The research participants must be provided
with sufficient information about the procedures
and risks involved in the research. It serves as
an initial guide on why and how the study will
be conducted. Hence, the researcher must
ensure that they fully understood and agreed
upon the study.
3. Risk of harm
The research participants must be protected
from any type of harm whether it may be
physical, psychological, social, or economic. The
researcher must avoid, prevent, or minimize
threats especially when they are exposed and
engaged in invasive and risky procedures.
4. Confidentiality
The research participants must be assured
of their privacy particularly on personal
information. The researcher must secure that
all information disclosed by them will not be
used without authorized access.
5. Anonymity
The research participants must remain
anonymous or unidentified throughout the
study even to the researchers themselves.
They have the right to keep their identities
secret as they participate especially in case
sensitive studies.
APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED:
Complete the following phrases by referring to the ethical principles for research. Write
your answers on your notebook.
1. When I conduct research, I will _________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. The participants of my study will be ____________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. To finally arrive at the best findings, I will _______________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________