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    Lesson 2

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    Annalie Delera Celadiña
    The document outlines the seven steps of the research process which includes defining the topic, reviewing literature, planning methodology, gathering data, analyzing data, formulating conclusions, and defining new problems. It also discusses ethics in research such as informed consent, honesty, objectivity, integrity, carefulness, openness, confidentiality, responsible mentoring, responsible publication, respect for colleagues, social responsibility, non-discrimination, competence, legality, animal care, and human subjects protection.

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    Lesson 2

    Uploaded by

    Annalie Delera Celadiña
    15 views2 pages
    The document outlines the seven steps of the research process which includes defining the topic, reviewing literature, planning methodology, gathering data, analyzing data, formulating conclusions, and defining new problems. It also discusses ethics in research such as informed consent, honesty, objectivity, integrity, carefulness, openness, confidentiality, responsible mentoring, responsible publication, respect for colleagues, social responsibility, non-discrimination, competence, legality, animal care, and human subjects protection.

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    LESSON 2

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    The document outlines the seven steps of the research process which includes defining the topic, reviewing literature, planning methodology, gathering data, analyzing data, formulating conclusions, and defining new problems. It also discusses ethics in research such as informed consent, honesty, objectivity, integrity, carefulness, openness, confidentiality, responsible mentoring, responsible publication, respect for colleagues, social responsibility, non-discrimination, competence, legality, animal care, and human subjects protection.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    15 views2 pages

    Lesson 2

    Uploaded by

    Annalie Delera Celadiña
    The document outlines the seven steps of the research process which includes defining the topic, reviewing literature, planning methodology, gathering data, analyzing data, formulating conclusions, and defining new problems. It also discusses ethics in research such as informed consent, honesty, objectivity, integrity, carefulness, openness, confidentiality, responsible mentoring, responsible publication, respect for colleagues, social responsibility, non-discrimination, competence, legality, animal care, and human subjects protection.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 2

    LESSON 2- The Characteristics, Processes, and Ethics of Research

    The Seven Steps of the Research Process

    Step 1. Define and develop your topic (Research Problem).

     Factors to Consider in Selecting a Research Problem

    1. Researcher‘s area of interest

    2. Availability of funds

    3. Investigator‘s ability and training

    Step 2. Find background information about your chosen topic (Review of Related Literature).

    Step 3. Plan your research design including your sample (Methodology).

    Step 4. Gather necessary data using open ended questions (for qualitative research) and closed-ended
    questionnaire or paper pencil test questionnaire (for quantitative research) (Data Gathering
    Activities).

    Step 5. Process and analyse data using thematic analysis (for qualitative research) and statistical tools
    (for quantitative research).

    Step 6. Formulate new insights gained (for qualitative research) conclusions (for quantitative
    research) and recommendations.

    Step 7. Define new problem.

    Ethics in Research

    Research ethics are guidelines for the responsible conduct of research which educates and monitors
    researchers to ensure high standard. It promotes the aim of research, such as expanding knowledge and
    supports the values required for collaborative work, such as mutual respect and fairness.
    Ethical considerations in conducting research
    1. Objectivity and integrity
    2. Respect of the research subjects ‘right to privacy and dignity and protection of
    subjects from personal harm
    3. Presentation of research findings
    4. Misuse of research role
    5. Acknowledgement of research collaboration and assistance
    6. Distortions of findings by sponsor
     What are these ethics in research1?
    1. Informed Consent.This is required to secure in order protect the rights of the
    participants in your study. Inform your participants about the criteria set for choosing
    them as informants and the schedule of one-on-one interview at the convenient time
    they are available. Participation to the study will be completely voluntary.
    2. Honesty.It report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do
    not fabricate, falsify and misrepresent the data.
    3. Objectivity.Avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation,
    peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects
    of research.
    4. Integrity.Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for
    consistency of thought and action.
    5. Carefulness.Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine
    your work and the work of peers. Keep good records of research activities.
    6. Openness. Share data, results, ideas, tools and resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.
    7. Respect for Intellectual Property. Honour patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and other
    forms of intellectual property. Do not use published or unpublished data, methods, or results without
    permission. Give credit where credit is due. Never
    plagiarize, fabricate and falsify.
    8. Confidentiality. Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants
    submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient
    records.
    9. Responsible Mentoring. Help to educate, mentor, and advise others. Promote their
    welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.
    10. Responsible Publication. Publish in order to advance research and scholarship,
    not to advance your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.
    11. Respect for Colleagues. Respect your colleagues’ opinion, treat them fairly and do
    not outsmart others.
    12. Social responsibility. Strive to promote social acceptance and prevent or mitigate
    social harms through research, public education, and advocacy.
    13. Non-discrimination. Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the
    basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific
    competence and integrity.
    14. Competence. Maintain and improve your own professional competence and
    expertise through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence
    in science as a whole.
    15. Legality. Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and government policies.
    16. Animal Care. Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in
    research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.
    17. Human Subjects protection. When conducting a research on human subjects,
    minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and
    anonymity.

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