Lesson 3 Quarter Iii: Characteristics, Processes and Ethics of Research

LESSON 3
QUARTER III
CHARACTERISTICS,
PROCESSES AND
ETHICS OF RESEARCH
CHARACTERISTICS
OF A GOOD
RESEARCHER
•Prudent – researchers are careful and
precise in judgment
•Perseverance – researchers are willing to
endure voluminous works of careful
analysis
•Intellectual Curiosity – researchers see
new possibilities and eager to explore new
things
•Intellectual Honesty – researchers
observed the standard ethics of
research and the existing laws
•Resourcefulness – researchers find

ways how to sustain the research
process using all available resources.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A
GOOD RESEARCH PAPER
(Kumar, 2011; Kothari,
2004)
•Objective – research as unbiased and
logical, all findings are logically based on
empirical data and based on real-life
situations.
•Systematic –follows orderly and sequential

procedures, based on valid procedures and
principles.
• Analytical – There is a critical analysis of all
data used so that there is no error in the
researcher’s interpretations
• Rigorous – Researchers are scrupulous in

ensuring that the procedures are followed to
find answers to questions which are relevant,
appropriate and justified.
•Empirical - based on observations
and experimentation of theories,
based on real-life situations.
•Logical –based on valid procedures

and principles
•Critical –exhibits careful and precise
judgment wherein the process of
investigation must be foolproof and free
from any drawbacks.
•Controlled –all variables, except those that

are tested/experimented on, are kept
constant.
•Cyclical - it starts with a problem and
ends with a problem
•Methodical – conducted without bias
using systematic method and
procedures
•Replicable –allows research results to
be verified by replicating the study and
building a sound basis for decisions
PROCESS OF
RESEARCH
Eight Steps in Conducting
a Research Study
•Phase I: Deciding what to research
Step 1: Formulating a research problem
Phase II: Planning a research study

Step 2: Conceptualizing a research
design - how you will find answers to your
research questions.
Step 3: Constructing an instrument for data
collection
“research tool” or a “research instrument” for

example observation forms, interview
schedules, questionnaires and interview guides
the first “practical” step in carrying out a study.

Step 4: Selecting a sample
The accuracy of the research findings largely depends upon

the way you select your sample.
Step 5: Writing the research proposal
This overall plan, called a research proposal, tells a reader

about your research problem and how you are planning to
investigate.
Phase III: Conducting the research study
Step 6: Collecting Data
Step 7: Processing and presenting data – The way

you analyze the information you collected largely
depends upon two things:
The type of information (descriptive, quantitative,

qualitative or attitudinal); and the way you want to
communicate your findings to your readers.
Step 8: Writing the research report –the
last, and for many, the most difficult step
of the research process.
It informs the world what you have done,

what you have discovered and what
conclusions you have drawn from your
findings.
ETHICS OF
RESEARCH
Research Ethics – it is the
standard norms acceptable in a
research society that set what is
right or wrong, what is lawful or
prohibited, and what is
professional or undesirable.
(Resnik, 2015).
STANDARDS OF
RESEARCH ETHICS
•Honesty – Strive for honesty in all
scientific communications.
Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent

data. Do not deceive colleagues, research
sponsors, or the public.
•Objectivity - Strive to avoid bias in
experimental design, data analysis, data
interpretation, etc.
•Integrity – Keep your promises and

agreements; act with sincerity; strive for
consistency of thought and action.
•Carefulness – Avoid careless errors
and negligence.
•Openness – Share data, results,

ideas, tools, resources. Be open to
criticism and new ideas.
• Intellectual Property –
Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of
intellectual property.
Do not use unpublished data, methods, or
results without permission.
 Give proper acknowledgement or credit for all
contributions to research.
Never plagiarize. (Intellectual Property Code of
the Philippines – R.A. 8293)
•Confidentiality – Protect confidential
communications.
•Responsible Publication – Publish in

order to advance research and
scholarship, not to advance just your
own career.
•Responsible Mentoring – Help to
educate, mentor, and advise students.
•Respect for Colleagues – Respect your

colleagues and treat them fairly.
•Social Responsibility – Strive to
promote social good and prevent
social harms.
•Non – Discrimination – Avoid
discrimination against colleagues or
students on the basis of gender, race,
ethnicity, or other factors.
•Competence – Maintain and
improve your own professional
competence and expertise.
•Legality – Know and obey relevant
laws and institutional and
governmental policies.
• Animal Care – Show proper respect and care
for animals when using them in research.
• Human Subjects Protection – When conducting

research on human subject, minimize harms
and risks and maximize benefits; respect human
dignity, privacy and autonomy.
SANCTIONS FOR VIOLATING THE INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES (R.A. 8293)
Section 217. Criminal Penalties. - 217.1. Any person infringing

any right secured by provisions of Part IV of this Act or aiding
or abetting such infringement shall be guilty of a crime
punishable by:
(a) Imprisonment of one (1) year to three (3) years plus a
fine ranging from Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000) to One
hundred fifty thousand pesos (P150,000) for the first offense.
(b) Imprisonment of three (3) years and one (1) day to six
(6) years plus a fine ranging from One hundred fifty thousand
pesos (P150,000) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000)
for the second offense.
(c) Imprisonment of six (6) years and one (1) day to nine
(9) years plus a fine ranging from five hundred thousand pesos
(P500,000) to One million five hundred thousand pesos
(P1,500,000) for the third and subsequent offenses.
(d) In all cases, subsidiary imprisonment in cases of
insolvency.
(Source: Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (R.A. 8293). Retrieved from
https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1997/ra_8293_1997.html)
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LESSON 3

•Resourcefulness – researchers find

•Systematic –follows orderly and sequential

• Rigorous – Researchers are scrupulous in

•Logical –based on valid procedures

•Controlled –all variables, except those that

Phase II: Planning a research study

“research tool” or a “research instrument” for

the first “practical” step in carrying out a study.

The accuracy of the research findings largely depends upon

Step 5: Writing the research proposal

This overall plan, called a research proposal, tells a reader

Step 7: Processing and presenting data – The way

The type of information (descriptive, quantitative,

It informs the world what you have done,

Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent

•Integrity – Keep your promises and

•Openness – Share data, results,

•Responsible Publication – Publish in

•Respect for Colleagues – Respect your

• Human Subjects Protection – When conducting

Section 217. Criminal Penalties. - 217.1. Any person infringing

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