Crude Oil Properties & Condensate

Properties and Correlations.

Chapter I

 Crude oil composed of hydrocarbons , most contain sulfur

compounds , traces of oxygen , nitrogen and heavy elements.

 The difference in crude oils is caused by amount of sulfur

cpds types and MOL.WTS. of hydrocarbon making up the
oil.

 Hydrocarbon found in crude oil range in size from smallest

molecule (methane) to largest one (nearly 100 atoms of
carbon).

 Types of hydrocarbon compounds are:-

1. Paraffin.
2. Naphthene all as in crude oil.
3. Aromatic.
4. Olefin & diolefin present in refinery products
after heat treatment.

 As any crude oil have several thousand of different cpds ,

so it is not easy to as impossible to develop exact analyses of
the actual cpds present.

 Reporting analyses available.

1. Ultimate analysis.
2. 0Chemical analysis.
3. Evaluation analysis.

1) Ultimate analysis:-
It lists the composition in percentages of the elements , C , H,
N , O and S.

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Tells very little about the type of cpds present or physical
characteristic of crude oil.
Useful in determining the omout of sulfur that must be
removed.
( see attached tab. 21. 1 , 2 , 3 . for all analysis types )

2) chemical analysis:-

 It given composition in percentage of paraffin, naphthene

and aromatic type compounds present.

 It given idea about usefulness of refined products but does

not give prediction about amount of various refined products.

3) Crude oil evaluation: -

 Consists of fractional distillation of the oil followed by

physical property tests (fer parameters such as gravity,
viscosity, pour point) on the distillation products.

 Since the means of separating products in the refinery is

fractionation, so this analysis makes it possible to predict
yields of refined products and physical properties studied in
the evaluation.

 The evaluation curves ( in tab. 21.1 ) makes it possible to

predict the physical properties of the refined products.
See also tab 21. 2 , 3 , 4 .

 Gas chromatography given advantage of producing crude

oil evaluation curves with very small samples in a period of
one hr. compared to about a gallon of crude for fractional
distillation column and about 2 days of analysis.

Simulated distillation by gas chromatography called ASTM

test period method D2887.

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Base of crude oil:-

 Two key factions are obtained to determine oil base.

Key fraction – 1 is the material that boils between 482 and
527 F0 at atmosph. Press.
Key fraction – 2 is the material that boils between 527 F0 at
.absolute press
 Both fraction are tested for API gravity while key fraction
– 2 tested per cloud point.
 In naming the type of oil; the base of light material (key
fraction -1) is named, 1ST, and the base of heavy material
(key fraction –2) is named second.
 If the cloud point of key fraction – 2 is above 5 F F0 ; the
term “wax bearing” is added.
.”If the pour point is below 5 F0, It is termed “wax - tree 
Thus “paraffin – intermediate – wax - tree” means.
Crude has paraffin Characteristic in the gasoline portion , and
intermediate characteristics in the lub portion and has very
little wax.
(See tab 21.5)
 Characterization factor ( K )
It is index given numerical correlation for the base of a crude
oil.
K = (TB) 0.3 / γ.
TB is the malal a verge boiling point (R0) ;
.γ Is specific gravity at 60 F0 ;
 Useful in crude oils , refinery products , either cracked or
straight run.( See Tab 21 . 6 )

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 Bubble point pressure and Dew point.

 In the study of reservoir flow prop. , it is important to know

whether the fluid in the reservoir is in the l.q , vap. Or in two-
phase state.

 With crude oils , the fluid may be subcooled l.q. but with
some dissolved gas.
When the reservoir press. Slow down, gases starts to come out
frer solution, this point named bubble point pressure, at which
point the flow characteristics change.

 Dew Point
When large amount of one phase present in equilib
With very traces of other phase.
Here l.q phase is at min.

 Solution GOR for saturated oil.

Amount of dissolved gas remaining in soln at oil
syeten pressure below Bubble point press. Is a solution GOR

 Oil FVF :-
 It is the vol. That would be occupied at some P&T by STB
oil plus oxy gas dissolved in the oil at these P&T
correlation.
It is a function of the composition of a system and conditions
under which gas & l.q. are separated.
 Values of oil FVF at reservoir T and various pressures
obtained from PVT analysis of reservoir fluid sample.
‫يمكن النظر إلي العالقات العملية و األمثلة الموجودة في‬
Oil system correlation chapters.
Factors affecting oil viscosity

 Composition
 Dissolved gas

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Visc increases with decrease API gravity and Decrease with
Temp.
Dissolved gas lightens the oil and thus decreases visc. only
increase P leads to increase VISC.
Chapter 2 ‫ يمكن النظر إلي التعريفات الموجودة في نهاية‬-: ‫مهمة‬
which is correlation in oil system. ‫و من التعريفات المهمة أيضا‬
 Condensate:-
Hydrocarbon that exist in the producing formation either as a
liq. or as condensable vap. Liquefaction of gaseous components
of the condensate usually occurs reduction of well fluid temp.
to surface operating.

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 Oil & G as Separators
 Oil and gas separator designates a pressure vessel used for
separating well fluid produced from oil and gas wells into
gaseous and liq. Components.

 Separating vessel may be referred to – in the following

ways :-
1- Oil and gas separator.
2- Separator.
3- Stag separator.
4- Trap.
5- Knockout vessel, knockout drum, knockout trap, water
knockout or liq. Knockout.
6- Flash chamber or flash vessel or flash trap.
7- Expansion separator or expansion vessel or vessel.
8- Scrubber ( gas scrubber ) , dry or wet type.
9- Filter ( dry or wet type ).
10- Filter separator.
-: ‫كلها تحمل معني الفصل و لكن هناك بعض االختالفات االتيه‬
 The term oil and gas separator , stage separator and trap
refer to a conventional oil and gas Sep. these vessels are
normal used on a producing lease or platform near the
wellhead manifold to tank battery to separate fluids produced
from oil & gas wells into oil and gas or liq. And gas.

 They must be capable of handling “slugs ” or “heads” of

well fluids , therefore , they are usually
Sized to handle the highest instantaneous rate of flow.

 Knockout vessel, drum, trap used to remove only water

from the well fluid or to remove all liq.; Oil plus water form
the gas.

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 In the case of water knockout for use near the wellhead, gas
and liq. One usually discharged from the bother of the vessel.

 A liq. Knockout used to remove all liq. ; oil plus water

from the gas . the water and liq one discharged together from
the both of vessel and gases up.

 A flash chamber ( trap or vessel ) when separator is

operating at low pressure , with the liq from higher press.
Separator being “flashed” into it.

 Consider this flash chamber as second or third stage of

separator with the liq being discharged from the flash
chamber to storage.

 Expansion vessel is the 1st stage separator vessel or low

temp or cold separation unit.

 This vessel may be equipped with heating (oil to melt

hydrates or hydrate preventive liq. ) (Glycol) which injected
into well fluid just before expansion into this vessel.

 A gas scrubber similar to oil gas Sep. usually it handles

that cautions less liq. them that produced there oil and gas
wells.

 Gas scrubber used in gas gathering, sales, distribution lines,

where they are not req. to handle slugs or heads of liq. As is
often the case with oil and gas separator.

 The dry type gas scrubber uses mist extractors and other
internals similar to oil and gas separator e.g. coalescing type
mist extractor.

 The filter (gas filter or filter / separator) refers to a dry type

gas scrubber.

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Filter medium in the vessel is used to remove dust, line scale,
rust and other foreign material from the gas. Filters usually used
to remove liq. From gas also.

Oil and gas separator generally includes

The following essential components: -

1- A vessel (includes: -
a) Primary separation device and /or
session.
b) Secondary separator device (gravity)
setting separator system.
c) Mist extractor to remove small liq
particles from gas.
d) Gas out let.
e) Liq setting (separator section) to gas or
vapor from oil.
f) Oil outlet.
g) Water outlet.
2- Adequate volumetric liq. Capacity to handle liq. Surges
(slugs) from the wells and for flow lines.

3- Adequate vessel diam and height or length to allow most of

the liq. To separator from the gas so that the mist extractor will
not be flooded.

4- A means of controlling an oil level in the separator includes,

liq. Level controller, diaphragm motor value on the oil outlet
For 3-phase operation, separator must include and oil / water
interface liq. – level controller and a water- discharge control
value.
5- A back press valve on the gas outlet to maintain steady press
in the vessel.

6- Pressure relief devices.

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 In general as sequence: -
 Oil and gas separator is the first vessel where the well fluid
flows through after it leaves the producing wells.
Other equipment Such as heater, water know outs…
Installed upstream of separator.

Function of oil and gas separators: -

Under certain condition the fluid may be completely separated
into liq &gas before it reaches the oil and gas Sep. but in
general Sep. must be done.
So, the main Function Sep are: -
1) Removed of oil from gas.
 (difference in destiny between liq & gas make separation)
 In addition, we can use some equipment as mechanical
devices. Named mist (extract) to remove liq. mist from gas
before changed from separator.

2) Removed of gas from oil: -

 Physical & Chem. characteristic. Of oil and it’s
conditions of P,T determine amoment of gas it will
contain in soln
 the rate at wich the gas is liberated from a given oil is a
function of change in P,T.
 the vol of gas that an oil and gas separator will remove
from crude oil depends on:-
1- Phys. & chem. Characteristic of crude.
2- Operating P, T.
3- rate of through put
4- size and config of Sep
 rate of through and lig depth in the separator determine
retention time or settling time of oil ret time from 1:3 min
is generally adequate to obtain Sep of oil and gas unless
foaming oil is being handled
 when foaming oil is separated , retention time should
increase than 5 to 20 min , depending on stability of foam
and on design of separator

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  advanced technique will assist in removed of non solution
gas like
 Automatic custody transfer.
 Agitation.
 Heat
 Special baffling
 Coalescing packs
 Filtering materials
3- separation of water from oil by either: -
 pressure reduction ( by chocks , valves) such water
removal prevent problems like corrosion hydrate
formation and the formation tight emulsion that may
represent difficulties to resolve into oil , water
 By using chemicals and gravity separation.
 by knockout vessel ( If the 3 phase separation is not large
enough to separate water adequately separation done as in
a free water
 if the water is emulsified use emulsion treater to remove
it
2 functions of oil and gas separators
ry

 To maintain optimum press on separator

 To maintain liquid seal in separator (liq. seal in the lower
portion) prevents loss of gas with the oil requires use of liq.
Level controller and valve.
 Lever – type valve ( as in fig 12-10)used to maintain liq.
Seal in separator.
 Oil discharge control valve (as in fig 12.9).
 Torque valve (as in fig 12.8).

Special problems in oil and gas separator

1- separator foaming crude oil

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 Foam is formed when press is reduced on certain
types of crude; results bubbles of gas are encased in a
thinfilm of oil when gas cause out of soln.
 Oil foam will not be stable or long-lasting-unless a
foaming agent is present in the oil , crude oil more likely
to foam when :
a) API gravity less than 40 API .
b) Operating temp. less than 160 F0.
c) Crud oil is viscose, greater than 5000 SSU (S3
cp.).
Foaming greatly reduces the capacity of oil & gas
separator because longer retention time is required to
separator adequate given amount of crude.

 Foaming crude oil cannot be measured accurately

with position-displacement meters or with conventional
volumetric metering vessels.
 These problems combine with loss of oil & gas due
to improper separator, which needs special equipment and
procedure for separator.
i. E.g. special horizontal separator used for handling
forming oil (fig 12.12) (here degassing element
used on the inlet of this separator) (shown in SCC.CC of
fig 12.12) agitates the well flied and assists foam
bubbles. Also, defoaming plates, which extend for near
the Inlet end to near the out let end of separator are
spaced 4 inch apart. These plates are immersed in oil
and assist in removing nonsolution gas from the oil and
in breaking foam in the oil.
In addition, the 6 inch thick knitted wire mesh mist
extractor (you con find it below gas outlet) remove the
remainder of the liq. Mist from the gas and breaks
remaining foam bubbles.
ii. Vertical separator (fig 12.13) also used to handle
foaming oil since as such as the oil cascaded down the
plates in this unit, the foam bubbles will be distorted and

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 broken. This design can increase separator capacity by
10-50%.
 The main factor assisting foaming breaking are:
 Settling, agitation (baffling) heat chemicals,
centrifugal force.
 These methods or factors used also to remove
entrained gas than oil.
2. Paraffin (separation ‫)ثاني مشكلة في ال‬

Paraffin depositions in oil & gas separator reduce their

efficiency by partially filling the vessel and /or blocking
the mist extractor and fluid passages.

Paraffin could be removed by using steam or solvents but

the best Soln is to prevent initial deposition in the vessel
by heat ar chemical treatment of the fluid upstream of the
separator.
Also coating all internal surfaces of the separator which
plastic for which paraffin has no affinity.
The weights of the paraffin will slough-off of the plastic –
coasted surface before it builds up to harmful thickness.
3. Sand, silt, mud, salt , etc…………
4. Corrosion.
H25, CO2 are commonly two corrosive Cpds.

Methods used to remove oil from gas in separators

1. Density difference (gravity separating)

2. Impingement ‫ االصطدام‬dy mist surface .
3. Change of flow directive.
4. Change of flow relocity.
5. Centrifugal force.
6. Coalescence ‫ اإلتالف‬with large solid of surface area (high
value).
7. Filtering.

-
 Methods used to remove gas from oil

1. Settling.
2. Agitation.
3. Baffling.
4. Heat.
5. Chemicals.
6. Centrifugal force.

Estimated quality of separated fluids

1. Crude oil :

The free gas general of separator crud oil will vary depending
on many variables: -

 Size & configuration of the separator.

 Design and arrangement of the Sep. internals.
 Operating T.P.
 Rate of flow.
 Gor
 Depth of fluid in the separator.
 Surface tension of the oil . 1.5 to 6% established
water.

2. Separated water

Depending on specific gravity of the oil and water at

operate conditions of T&P

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 If it is less than 0.2 special attention is required since the
small difference in the densities of oil and water results in
complete separation

Estimated range of oil content 0.004 to 0.02 %

3. Gases.

Oil content of the gas discharged depends on same

parametries of crude plus quality of scrubbers and mist
extration

Range of oil of effluent gas from oil to 1.0 gal / MMSCF

Measuring quality of separated fluids:

Quality of separated fluids discharged from oil and gas

Separated measured by the following instruments

See. Tab 12.4

Classification of oil and gas separation

I) Classification by configuration

1- vertical
2- horizontal
3- spherical

 vertical vary in size from 10-12 in diam and 4 to 5 FT

seam to seam ( s to s ) up to 10-12 FT an 15 to 25 (S to S)
 horizontal has a greater area of gas flow and greater oil
gas interface area , longer retention
Horizontal vary in size 10-12 in Diam.
 spherical available in 24-30 up to 66-72

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II) Classification by function

1- Classification by operating press

Most separation operate in the press range 20-1500 Psi

Low pressure Sep. from 10-225 Psi:

Medium pressure Sep from 230-700 Psi:
High pressure Sep from 750-1500 Psi:

III) Classification by efficiency

1- Test Separator
 as well tester on well checker
 may be vertical , horizontal or spherical
 may be two phase or 3 phase
 permanently or ported on skid
 equipped by various types of meters to measure oil ,
gas and water content
2- production separation
 used to separate the produced well fluids from a well , gp
of wells or a lease on a daily or continuos basis
 Also may be horizontal , vertical or spherical
 2 or 3 phase
 ranged in size from 12-15 ft in diam and length from 6 to
40 ft long

3- low temp Sep

 It is a spherical one in which high pressure well fluid is

jetted into vessed through a chocke pressure reducing valve
so that separate T is reduced below the well fluid temp
 benefit is the condensation of vapors that would exit in
vapor state so liquids recovered requires stabiliz to prevent
excessive vaporation in storage tanks

-
 4- Metering separation

 the function of separating well fluids into oil , gas and

water and metering the liquids can be accomplished in one
vessel called metering separator
 available for 2 or 3 phase separator
 available for special models e.g. foaming heavy viscous oil
 it depends on manufactures what to measure and at any
stage

5- Foam separate

Separated designed mainly to separate foam

6- Elevated separation

 installed on plate foam , liq. can flow from separate to

storage tanks or down stream tanks by gravity which presist
separation at lowest (P)

To capture the max. Amount of. And minimize the loss of gas to
a to low press gas system

7- stage separates

Produced well fluid is flowed through more than one separator

in series.
8- classify by principal used for 1ry separator

1ry separation
 ( density differences (gravity Sepon )
 impingement and or / coalescence
 centrifugal force
 diverging vortex separators
 centrifugal gas scrubbers

-
 comparison of oil and gas separators
See tab 12.5
 Estimating the sizes and capacities of oil and gas
separators.

Capacities well vary according to:

1- size (Diam. and length) of sep
2- design and arrangement of separator internals
3- No of stages of separation
4- operating of separation
5- phy. , Chem. Characteristics of the well fluids like
gravity, visc. , phase equli ,etc….)
6-varying gas/Liq.
7-size and distribution of Liq. Particles in gas in
separator upstream of mist extractor
8-Liq. level maintained in separation
9-well fluid pattern , whether ,steady or surging
10-foreign material content of well fluid
11-foaming Tendency of oil
12-physical condition of sep. and its components

 crude oil emulsions

 Production of emulsion in almost all cases will be expected

since suppose that you succeeded to separate phases well you
still have
1- traces of water more than accepted basic
sediment &w range for transportation
2- agitation of well fluid cannot be prevented
3- poor operating practices like:
 bad cement (
 water drive
 exposure of 3 phases to turbulence as large in excess
 use of morethan gas liff than proposed

-
  stability of emulsion
 crude oil with low API gravity (high density)will form a
more stable and higher percentage volume of emulsion
than oils of high API gravity .
 Asphaltic - based oil have a tending to emulsify more
readily than paraftin - based oils
 High visc .crude oil usually form a more stable emulsion
than low viscosty oil since viscosity prevents movement of
dispersed water droplets and retard their coalescence.
 also high viscosity / high density oil usually contain more
emulsifiers lighter

methods used in treating crude oil emulsions

Three basic steps required to separate oil/wait emulsion into

bull phase of oil & water
1- Destabilize
Either by hearty or surfactants
2- coalescence
After destabilize, the dispersed droplets must coalesce into
larger droplets to settle from continuous phase which carried out
by:-
A- agitation
B- subject destabilized emulsion to electric field which
will increase dispersed droplets contacting rate which
increases coalescence.
3- Gravity Separation
 Enough period of settling must be provided to allow the
coalesced drops to settle out.

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Desalter
Oil desalting is the process of removing water-soluble salts from
oil stream. Types of salts mainly
Cl, ca, mg. A large no. of these salts normally removed in the
separation and heater treater process .

Remaining Salt water may crystallize or suspended in oil or

form scale within heat exchangers.
Salt crystals may deactivate catalyst beds and plug processing
equipment.
Typical salt specifications 10pounds per thousand barrels
(10PTB)

Crude also contaminated w/ various solid materials like silt,

sand, iron oxide , sulfur, and carbon.
The process of desalting will also remove portions of these
solids from oil.

Salts in crude oil are dissolved in small water droplets that

contaminate oil. and could be removed by removing oil.

Water content reached in the range of 1.0 to0 .3 percent by

vol.depending on heater treater and oil characteristics.

Electrostatic treaters may remove water in range 0.5 to 0.1 %,

these type of treaters are dehydrators .

Water salinity also determine salt content of oil. Rang from 0 to

200000ppm

The dehydration equipment will affect both in same way , so

both types of water will collect in the same areas and require
same residence time to be coalescing w/ the dilution water,
results salts removing

-
Important Note

Equal dispersion of the dilution water thru the oil phase

represent problem solved by that the dilution water injected rate
to not less than 3-5% of the oil stream rate , if the dilution water
is injected intermittently or in very small quantities , portion of
oil stream may not be exposed to the dilution water and hence
not desalted.

The most common method of mixing is to inject the dilution

water into the oil and then flow the oil stream thru globe valve.
The press.drop ( from 10 to 50 PSI ) in the valve splits water
drops to small sizes . if press drop is too low the dilution water
droplets will be too large , and desalter performance will suffer,
while if is too high the mixing valve may creat an emulsion that
the dehydration equipment cannot treat. This causes water to
carry over with the oil.

Effective Mixing Involves Two Requirements

1. the dilution water must be dispersed thru the oil.

2. dilution water droplets must be sheared to a small enough
size to coalesce with the produced water without creating a
stable emulsion.

Two stage desalting

Here the water removed in the second stage is pumped back to

the first stage . the addition of this recycle provides for some
dilution of the salt water prior to the first stage. Which reduces
the dilution water requirement compared to single dehydrator
and desalter system.
The best method for determining the dilution water requirement
involved trial and erro

-
Multistage Desalting

For some severe desalting applications , if the oil is to be used as

catalytic cracker feed or distillation tower feed , the salt content
is to be reduce to 1 PTB . this prevent salt from contaminating
the catalyst. the salt needs to be removed to min. corrosion and
prevent salt deposits from collecting on the surface of heat
exchanger equipment . generally used in refineries not in
production applications

Desalter Equipment Description

Most desalters are horizontal electrostatic treaters because
these produce lowest residual water level of all treaters
The electrostatic treater consists of two or more electrodes ,
applied voltage 10000 to 35000 V.

The use of electric field is most effective when:

 Visc. < 50 CP at separation temp.

 Spec.gravity diff. Between oil and water > .001
 Electrical conductivity of oil phase not exceed 10(-6) M
 The vessel design must has good gas removal prior to the
coalescing section, and good emulsion sistribution thru
electrical grid.
 It is important to maintain the fluid in the liq. Phase in an
electrical coalescing section.
 Any vopour in the electrode area will be saturated w/water
and may increase water content of treated crude.
 Also these water saturated vapors being highly conductive
will increase power consumption
 It is desireable to degas the emulsion in an upstream three
phase separator .

-
  Also must prevent water level from reaching hight of the
electrodes
 Loading rate is the major controlling factor in sizing
vessels for coalescing units( vessels are sized for a certain
vol. Flow per unit time per square foot of grid area.
 Field exp. Tens to indicate that electrostatic treaters are
efficient at reducing water content in the crude to the 0.5
to 0.1 % level , this makes these treaters attractive for
desalting operations.

Mixing equipment
 Manual globe valve
 Spray nozzles ( cheaper than static meters ( see fig 6)
 Static mixer( using pieces of corrugated plat
perpendicular to each other

Design which combine both advantages of the coalescing ability

of the new mixers involves vave follwed by a new static mixer.

The main disadvantage of static mixersis that they may not

adjusted as the flow varies , thus if the oil flow will varry over a
range of 3 to 1 or more , static mixer should not be used as only
mixing device( the new mixers used to replace mixing valves

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 Gas Injection Pressure
Maintenance

Gas injection used to maintain reservoir pressure at some

selected levels depending on reservoir prop., depth, surface
facilities.

Types Of Gas Injection Operations

 Dispersed gas injection
Called also internal or pattern injection
In practice , injection well production –well arrays vary in
configuration like( five – spot , seven spot, nine spot) with little
uniformity over injection area depending on structure, sand
continuity, permeability, porosity variationsand no. and
possition of wells .

Used in greater well density , as dispersed gas injection provides

rapid press. And production response and hence reducing the
time necessary to deplete the reservoir
 External gas injection
Called also gas cap injection , where using injection wells in in
higher position of the reservoir
Used mainly in high permeability reservoir

Effeciences of oil recovery by gas displacement

Effeciency depends on:

 Unit displacement efficiency
It is the percentage of oil in place within a totally swept
reservoir rock volume that is recovered as a result of
displacement process
 Conformance effeciency
It is percentage o f total rock or pore volume within the
swept area that is contacted by the displacing fluid

-
  Areal sweep effeciency
Percentage of the total reservoir or pore volume within the
swept area, the area contacted by the displacing fluid .

Each efficiency of above three types increases w/ continued

displacement so all of them are a function of the number of
displacement vol. injected

Injection operations

Important factors controlling injection

 Timing
reservoir as possible)
 Injection Fluids
depending on reservoir charecteristics .
data req. to estimate recovery from injection operations
see table (42-1) ( very important)
 Initial oil in place
 Primary performan
 Injection rate and production rate

Types Of Injection

 Reservoir fluid and rock characteristics

 Availability of injection fluids
 Predicted reservoir performance during primary operations
 Predicted reservoir performance during injection
operations
 Economics

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Surface Facilities For Water Flooding And Salt
Water Disposal

Disposal Of Brine And Offshore Obligations ( 7-22ppm)

Piping System As Coding Api Using
 Asbestos- cement pipe
 Cast iron pipe
 Carbon steel pipe
As Internal Corrosion Is Anticipated , Carbon Steel can be
protected by
 Cement lining
 Coal- tar epoxy lining
 Plastic lining

Selecting Pumps And Drivers

Pump Types
 Positive displacement pumps
 Receprocating pumps
 Rotary pumps
 Diafragm pumps
 Centrifugal pumps

Separation Suspended Solids From Heater

 Gravity settling
 Cyclone desanders ( see fig 15-10 , 15-11 )
 Centrifuge see table 15-10
 Filtration
 Cartridge filter
 Sand filters
 Diatomacious earth ( de) filters( they have low solid –
loading capability ( see fig15-12,13)
 Floatation

-
Treating Hydrocarbons From Water
 Gravity separation
 Dispersion
 Coalescence
 Skim tanks and vessels
 Skim pile ( fig 15-18)
 Gas floatation units
 Dissolved gas units (fig 15-19,20
 Dispersed Gas Units

Dissolved Gas Removal

Ion exchange resins
 Strong acid resins
 Strong Base Resins
 Weak Acid Resins
 Weak Base Resins

Removing Hydrocarbon From Solids