Designation: C 652 – 09

Standard Specification for

Hollow Brick (Hollow Masonry Units Made From Clay or
Shale)1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 652; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope* different in elements constructed of hollow brick from those

1.1 This specification covers hollow building brick and constructed of structural clay tile or solid brick.
hollow facing brick made from clay, shale, fire clay, or 1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes
mixtures thereof, and fired to incipient fusion. Four types of which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes
hollow brick in each of two grades and two classes are covered. (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered
In this specification, the term hollow brick shall be understood as requirements of the standard.
to mean hollow clay masonry units whose net cross-sectional 1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
area (solid area) in any plane parallel to the surface, containing as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
the cores, cells, or deep frogs, is less than 75 % of its gross conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
cross-sectional area measured in the same plane (see 3.3). This and are not considered standard.
specification does not cover brick intended for use as paving 2. Referenced Documents
brick (see Specification C 902).
1.2 The property requirements of this standard apply at the 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
time of purchase. The use of results from testing of brick C 34 Specification for Structural Clay Load-Bearing Wall
extracted from masonry structures for determining conform- Tile
ance or nonconformance to the property requirements (Section C 62 Specification for Building Brick (Solid Masonry Units
5) of this standard is beyond the scope of this standard. Made From Clay or Shale)
1.3 Brick covered by this specification are manufactured C 67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and
from clay, shale, or similar naturally occurring substances and Structural Clay Tile
subjected to a heat treatment at elevated temperatures (firing). C 212 Specification for Structural Clay Facing Tile
The heat treatment shall develop sufficient fired bond between C 216 Specification for Facing Brick (Solid Masonry Units
the particulate constituents to provide the strength and dura- Made from Clay or Shale)
bility requirements of this specification. (See “firing” and C 902 Specification for Pedestrian and Light Traffic Paving
“firing bond” in Terminology C 1232.) Brick
1.4 Hollow brick differ from unglazed structural clay tile C 1232 Terminology of Masonry
(Specifications C 34 and C 212) and solid brick (Specifications E 835/E 835M Guide for Modular Coordination of Clay
C 62 and C 216). Hollow brick require greater shell and web and Concrete Masonry Units
thicknesses and higher minimum compressive strength than 3. Classification
structural clay tile, but permit greater void area and lesser
distance from exposed edge to core hole than solid brick. 3.1 Grades—Two grades of hollow brick are covered:
Therefore, environmental and structural performance may be 3.1.1 Grade SW—Hollow brick intended for use where a
high and uniform degree of resistance to frost action and
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on
2
Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
C15.02 on Brick and Structural Clay Tile. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved March 1, 2009. Published March 2009. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as C 652 – 07. the ASTM website.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

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 C 652 – 09
disintegration by weathering is desired and the exposure is Any coloring or other materials added to the clay shall be
such that the hollow brick may be frozen when permeated with suitable ceramic materials and shall be well distributed
water. throughout the body.
3.1.2 Grade MW—Hollow brick intended for use where a 4.2 Colors and textures produced by application of inor-
moderate and somewhat nonuniform degree of resistance to ganic coatings to the faces of the brick shall be permitted with
frost action is permissible or where they are unlikely to be the consent of the purchaser, provided that evidence is fur-
permeated with water when exposed to temperatures below nished of the durability of the coatings. Brick that are colored
freezing. by flashing or textured by sanding, where the sand does not
3.2 Types—Four types of hollow brick are covered: form a continuous coating, shall not be considered as surface-
3.2.1 Type HBS—Hollow brick for general use in masonry. colored brick for the purpose of this specification.
3.2.2 Type HBX—Hollow brick for general use in masonry NOTE 1—When surface colored brick, other than sanded or flashed, are
where a higher degree of precision and lower permissible specified for exterior use, the purchaser should require that data be
variation in size than permitted for Type HBS is required. submitted showing that after 50 cycles of freezing thawing there is no
3.2.3 Type HBA—Hollow brick for general use in masonry observable difference in the applied finish when viewed from a distance of
10 ft (3.0 m) under an illumination of not less than 50 ft-candles (538 lx)
selected to produce characteristic architectural effects resulting
by an observer with normal vision.
from nonuniformity in size and texture of the individual units.
Service records of the performance of the particular coated brick in
3.2.4 Type HBB—Hollow brick for general use in masonry exterior locations may be accepted in place of the freezing and thawing
where a particular color, texture, finish, uniformity, or limits on test, upon consent of the purchaser.
cracks, warpage, or other imperfections detracting from the
appearance are not a consideration. 4.3 The brick shall be free of defects, deficiencies, and
3.2.5 When the type is not specified, the requirements for surface treatments, including coatings, that would interfere
Type HBS shall govern. with the proper laying of the brick or significantly impair the
strength or performance of the construction.
3.3 Class—Two classes of hollow brick are covered:
4.4 If any post-firing coatings or surface treatments are
3.3.1 Class H40V—Hollow brick intended for use where
applied by the manufacturer, the manufacturer shall report the
void areas or hollow spaces greater than 25 %, but not greater
type and extent of these coatings or surface treatments in all
than 40 %, of the gross cross-sectional area of the unit
certificates of compliance with this specification.
measured in any plane parallel to the surface containing the
cores, cells, or deep frogs are desired. The void spaces, the web
5. Physical Properties
thicknesses, and the shell thicknesses shall comply with the
requirements of Section 10 on Hollow Spaces. 5.1 Durability—When Grade is not specified, the require-
3.3.2 Class H60V—Hollow brick intended for use where ments for Grade SW shall govern.
larger void areas are desired. The sum of these void areas shall 5.1.1 Physical Property Requirements—The brick shall
be greater than 40 %, but not greater than 60 %, of the gross conform to the physical requirements for the Grade specified as
cross-sectional area of the unit measured in any plane parallel prescribed in Table 2. For the compressive strength require-
to the surface containing the cores, cells or deep frogs. The ments in Table 2, test the unit with the compressive force
void spaces, the web thicknesses, and the shell thicknesses perpendicular to the bed surface of the unit, with the unit in the
shall comply with the requirements of Section 10 on Hollow stretcher position.
Spaces and to the minimum requirements contained in Table 1 5.1.2 Absorption Alternate—The saturation coefficient re-
(see Fig. 1). quirement does not apply, provided the 24-h cold water
3.3.3 When the class is not specified, the requirements of absorption of each unit of a random sample of five brick does
class H40V shall govern. not exceed 8.0 %.
5.1.3 Freezing and Thawing Alternative—The requirements
4. Materials and Finish for 5-h boiling water absorption and saturation coefficient do
not apply, provided a sample of five brick, meeting the strength
4.1 The body of all hollow brick shall be of clay, shale, fire requirements of Table 2, passes the freezing and thawing test as
clay, or mixtures of these materials, with or without admix- described in the Rating Section of the Freezing and Thawing
tures, burned to meet the requirements of this specification. test procedures of Test Methods C 67.
5.1.3.1 Grade SW: Breakage and Weight Loss
Requirement—No individual unit separates or disintegrates
TABLE 1 Class H60V—Hollow Brick Minimum Thickness resulting in a weight loss greater than 0.5 % of its original dry
of Face Shells and Webs, in. (mm)
weight.
Face Shell Thicknesses
End Shells or NOTE 2—The 50-cycle freezing and thawing test is used as an alterna-
Nominal Width of Units Cored or Double
Solid End Webs tive only when the brick do not conform to either Table 2 requirements for
Shell
maximum water absorption and saturation coefficient, or to the require-
3 and 4 (76 and 101) ⁄
34 (19.05) ... ⁄
34 (19.05) ments of the Absorption Alternate in 5.1.2.
6 (152) 1 (25.4) 11⁄2 (38) 1 (25.4)
8 (203) 11⁄4 (32) 11⁄2 (38) 1 (25.4) 5.1.3.2 Grade SW: Cracking Requirement—No individual
10 (254) 13⁄8 (35) 15⁄8 (41) 11⁄8 (29.5)
12 (306) 11⁄2 (38) 2 (50) 11⁄8 (29.5) unit develops a crack that exceeds, in length, the unit’s least
dimension.

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 C 652 – 09

FIG. 1 Hollow Brick Units

TABLE 2 Physical Requirements NOTE 3—The effect of weathering on brick is related to the weathering
Compressive Strength Water Absorption Saturation index, which for any locality is the product of the average annual number
gross area, min, psi by 5-h Coefficient, of freezing cycle days and the average annual winter rainfall in inches, as
Desig-
nation
(MPa) Boiling, max, % max defined as follows.3
Average of Average Indi- Average Indi- A Freezing Cycle Day is any day during which the air temperature
Individual
5 brick of 5 brick vidual of 5 brick vidual passes either above or below 32°F (0°C). The average number of freezing
Grade SW 3000 (20.7) 2500 (17.2) 17.0 20.0 0.78 0.80
Grade MW 2500 (17.2) 2200 (15.2) 22.0 25.0 0.88 0.90
cycle days in a year may be taken to equal the difference between the
mean number of days during which the minimum temperature was 32°F
(0°C) or below, and the mean number of days during which the maximum
temperature was 32°F (0°C) or below.
5.1.4 Low Weathering Index Alternative: Winter Rainfall is the sum, in inches, of the mean monthly corrected
5.1.4.1 If the brick are intended for use exposed to weather precipitation (rainfall) occurring during the period between and including
where the weathering index is less than 50 (see Fig. 2), and the normal date of the first killing frost in the fall and the normal date of
unless otherwise specified, the requirements given in Table 2
for 5-h boiling water absorption and for saturation coefficient 3
Data needed to determine the weathering for any locality may be found or
shall not apply, but the minimum average compressive strength estimated from tables of Local Climatological Data—Annual Summary with
requirement of 2500 psi (17.2 Mpa) shall apply. Comparative Data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

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 C 652 – 09

Grade Recommendations for Face Exposures

Weathering Index (Note 3)
Exposure
Less than 50 50 and greater
In vertical surfaces:
In contact with earth SW or MW SW
Not in contact with earth SW or MW SW
In other than vertical surfaces:
In contact with earth SW SW
Not in contact with earth SW or MW SW

FIG. 2 Weathering Indices in the United States

the last killing frost in the spring. The winter rainfall for any period is field investigation have shown that strong and watertight joints between
equal to the total precipitation less one tenth of the total fall of snow, sleet, mortar and masonry units are not achieved by ordinary construction
and hail. Rainfall for a portion of a month is prorated. methods when the units as laid have excessive initial rates of absorption.
Fig. 2 indicates general areas of the United States which correspond to Mortar that has stiffened somewhat because of excessive loss of mixing
the weathering categories listed. The index for geographical locations near water to a unit may not make complete and intimate contact with the
the 50 line should be determined by analysis of weather bureau local second unit, resulting in poor adhesion, incomplete bond, and water-
climatological summaries, with due regard to the effect of microclimatic permeable joints of low strength. IRA of the units is determined by the
conditions, especially altitude. oven-dried procedure described in the IRA (Suction) (Laboratory Test) of
The recommended correlation between grade of hollow brick, weath- Test Methods C 67. IRA in the field depends on the moisture content of the
ering index, and exposure is found in Fig. 2. The specifier may use these
masonry unit and is determined in accordance with the IRA (Suction)—
recommendations or use the grade descriptions and physical requirements
Field Test of Test Methods C 67. Units having average field IRA
along with use exposure and local climatological conditions to select
exceeding 30 g/min per 30 in.2 (30 g/min 194 cm2) should have their IRA
grade.
reduced below 30 g/min per 30 in.2 prior to laying. They may be wetted
5.2 Strength—When hollow brick are required having immediately before they are laid, but it is preferable to wet them
strengths greater than prescribed in Table 2, the purchaser shall thoroughly 3 to 24 h prior to their use so as to allow time for moisture to
specify the desired minimum compressive strength. become distributed throughout the unit.
5.3 Initial Rate of Absorption (IRA)—Test results for IRA
shall be determined in accordance with Section 9 of Test 6. Efflorescence
Methods C 67 and shall be furnished at the request of the 6.1 Brick are not required to be tested for efflorescence to
specifier or purchaser. IRA is not a qualifying condition or comply with this specification unless requested by the specifier
property of units in this specification. This property is mea- or purchaser. When the efflorescence test is requested by the
sured in order to assist in mortar selection and material specifier or purchaser, the brick shall be sampled at the place of
handling in the construction process. See Note 4. manufacture, and tested in accordance with Test Methods C 67,
NOTE 4—Initial Rate of Absorption (Suction)—Both laboratory and and a rating for efflorescence shall be “not effloresced.” If the

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 C 652 – 09
rating for efflorescence is “effloresced,” the brick represented TABLE 4 Tolerances on Distortion, in. (mm)
by the testing do not meet the efflorescence requirements of Dimension, max
Permissible Distortion, max
this specification. Type HBX Type HBS
8 (204) and under ⁄
1 16 (1.58) 3⁄32 (2.38)

Over 8 to 12, (306), incl 3⁄32 (2.38) 1⁄8 (3.18)

7. Size and Tolerances Over 12 to 16 (408), incl 1⁄8 (3.18) 5⁄32 (3.97)

7.1 Size—The size of hollow brick shall be as specified by

the purchaser. In a sample of ten hollow brick selected to
include the extreme range of color and sizes to be supplied, no
hollow brick shall depart from the specified size by more than units, in this maximum case 90 % (100 % − 10 %), do not have edge chips
the individual tolerance for the type specified as prescribed in greater than 1⁄4 in. (6.4 mm) in from the edge nor corner chips greater than
3⁄8 in. (9.5 mm) in from the corner.
Table 3. Tolerances on dimensions for Type HBA shall be as
specified by the purchaser, but not more restrictive than HBS 8.3 The brick shall be free of defects, deficiencies, and
and HBB. surface treatments, including coatings, that interfere with the
NOTE 5—For a list of modular sizes, see Guide E 835/E 835M. Sizes proper setting of the brick or significantly impair the strength
listed in this standard are not produced in all parts of the United States. or performance of the construction.
Brick names denoting sizes may be regional and therefore may not be 8.4 The number of hollow brick in a delivery that are broken
included in all reference books. Purchasers should ascertain the size of or otherwise fail to meet the requirements for chippage and
brick available in their locality and should specify accordingly, stating the tolerances shall not exceed 5 %.
desired dimensions (width by height by length). 8.5 After brick are placed in usage the manufacturer or the
7.2 Warpage—Tolerances for distortion or warpage of sur- manufacturer’s agent shall not be held responsible for compli-
faces or edges intended to be exposed in use of individual ance of brick with the requirements of this specification for
hollow brick from a plane surface and from a straight line, chippage and tolerances.
respectively, shall not exceed the maximum for the type
specified as prescribed in Table 4. Tolerances on distortion for 9. Texture and Color
Type HBA shall be as specified by the purchaser. 9.1 If brick having a particular color, color range, or texture
8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance are desired, these features shall be specified separately by the
purchaser. At least one end of the majority of the individual
8.1 The face or faces that will be exposed in place shall be hollow brick shall have the same general texture and general
free of chips that exceed the limits of Table 5. The limits apply color tone as the approved sample. The texture of the finished
to the types as specified. The aggregate length of chips shall not surfaces that will be exposed when in place shall conform to an
exceed 10 % of the perimeter of the exposed face or faces of approved sample consisting of not less than four stretcher
the hollow brick. hollow brick, each representing the texture desired. The color
8.2 Other than chips, the face or faces shall be free of cracks range shall be indicated by the approved sample.
or other imperfections detracting from the appearance of the 9.2 Where brick with other than one finished face and one
designated sample when viewed from a distance of 15 ft (4.6 finished end are required (brick with two finished faces or ends,
m) for Type HBX and a distance of 20 ft (6.1 m) for Types HBS or other types), all such special brick shall be explicitly
and HBA. specified by the purchaser.
NOTE 6—Of all the units that will be exposed in place, a small NOTE 7—The manufacturer should be consulted for the availability of
percentage of the units may have chips that are larger in size than those specialty units suitable for the intended purpose.
chips allowed for the majority of the units. This special allowed
percentage, listed in the second column from the left of Table 5, ranges up
10. Hollow Spaces
to 5 % for HBX, up to 10 % for HBS (formed), and up to 15 % for HBS
(altered). The remainder of the units that will be exposed in place, listed 10.1 Cores—The distance of any core (void space having a
in the fifth column from the left, must conform to the chip sizes listed in gross cross-sectional area equal to or less than 11⁄2 in.2 (9.68
the sixth and seventh columns from the left. cm2)) from exposed edges shall be not less than 5⁄8 in. (16 mm),
Example—Type HBS (formed) units will conform to the requirements except for cored-shell hollow brick.
of Table 5 if not more than 10 % of the units have edge chips greater than
1⁄4 in. (6.4 mm) but less than 5⁄16 in. (7.9 mm), or corner chips greater than 10.1.1 Cored-shell hollow brick shall have a minimum shell
3⁄8 in. (9.5 mm) but less than 1⁄2 in. (2.7 mm) and the remainder of the thickness of 11⁄2 in. Cores greater than 1 in.2 (6.45 cm2) in
cored shells shall be not less than 1⁄2 in. (13 mm) from any
TABLE 3 Tolerances on Dimensions, in. (mm)
edge. Cores not greater than 1 in.2 in shells cored not more than
35 %, shall be not less than 3⁄8 in. (10 mm) from any edge.
Permissible Variation, max
10.2 Cells—The distance of cells (void space having a gross
Specified Dimensions Type HBS
Type HBX
and HBB
cross-sectional area greater than 11⁄2 in.2) from any exposed
edge of the unit shall not be less than 3⁄4 in. (19 mm), except
3 (76) and under 61⁄16 (1.58) 63⁄32 (2.38)
Over 3 to 4 (102), incl 63⁄32 (2.38) 6 1⁄ 8 (3.18) for double-shell hollow brick.
Over 4 to 6 (152), incl 6 1⁄8 (3.18) 63⁄16 (4.76) 10.2.1 Double-shell hollow brick with inner and outer shells
Over 6 to 8 (204), incl 65⁄32 (3.97) 6 1⁄ 4 (6.35) not less than 1⁄2 in. (13 mm) are permitted to have cells not
Over 8 to 12 (306), incl 67⁄32 (5.56) 65⁄16 (7.94)
Over 12 to 16 (408), incl 69⁄32 (7.14) 6 3⁄ 8 (9.52) greater than 5⁄8 in. (16 mm) in width nor 5 in. (127 mm) in
length between the inner and outer shell.

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 C 652 – 09
TABLE 5 Maximum Permissible Range of Chippage That Extends from the Edges and Corners of the Finished Face or Faces
Onto the Surface
Percentage Chippage in in. (mm) in from Percentage Chippage in in. (mm) in from
Type AllowedA
Edge Corner AllowedA Edge Corner
HBX 5 % or less 18 ⁄ to 1⁄4 14⁄ to 3⁄8 95 to 100 % 0 to 1⁄8 0 to 1⁄4
(3.18 to 6.35) (6.35 to 9.52) (0 to 3.18) (0 to 0.35)
HBS (formed)B 10 % or less 1 ⁄4 to 5⁄16 3⁄8 to 1⁄2 90 to 100 % 0 to 1⁄4 0 to 3⁄8
(6.35 to 7.94) (9.52 to 12.7) (0 to 6.35) (0 to 9.52)
HBS (altered)C 15 % or less 5⁄16 to 7⁄16 1⁄2 to 3⁄4 85 to 100 % 0 to 5⁄16 0 to 1⁄2
(7.94 to 11.11) (12.7 to 19.05) (0 to 7.94) (0 to 12.7)
HBA and HBB to meet the designated sample or as specified by the purchaser, but not more restrictive than HBS (altered)
A
The allowable percentage of brick that will be exposed in the wall having the allowed maximum size chips measured the listed maximum dimensions in from an edge
or corner.
B
Formed units are extruded brick with an unbroken natural die finish face.
C
Altered units are extruded brick with the face sanded, combed, scratched, scarified, or broken by mechanical means such as wire-cutting or wire brushing, or are
molded brick.

10.3 Webs—The thickness of webs between cells shall not 11. Sampling and Testing
be less than 1⁄2 in. (13 mm), 3⁄8 in. (9.5 mm) between cells and 11.1 The brick shall be sampled and tested in accordance
cores, or 1⁄4 in. (6 mm) between cores. with applicable sections in Test Methods C 67.
10.4 Unexposed Edges—The distance of voids to grooves
recessed 1⁄2 in. (13 mm) or greater shall be a minimum of 1⁄2 in. NOTE 8—Unless otherwise specified in the purchase order, the cost of
(13 mm). tests is typically borne as follows: If the results of the tests show that the
brick do not conform to the requirements of this specification, the cost is
10.5 Frogging—Brick are frogged at the option of the typically borne by the seller. If the results of the tests show that the brick
manufacturer; brick required to be without frogs shall be do conform to the requirements of this specification, the cost is typically
specified by the purchaser and shall meet all other requirements borne by the purchaser.
of this section. One bearing surface of each brick shall be
permitted to have a recess (panel frog), or deep frogs, or both. 11.2 The manufacturer or the seller shall furnish specimens
The recess or panel frog shall not exceed 3⁄8 in. (9.5 mm) in for test. The place or places of selection shall be designated
depth and no part of the recess or panel frog shall be less than when the purchase order is placed.
5⁄8 in. (15.9 mm) from any edge of the brick. In brick

containing deep frogs, frogs deeper than 3⁄8 in. (9.5 mm), any 12. Keywords
cross-section through the deep frogs parallel to the bearing 12.1 appearance requirements; clay; fired masonry unit;
surface shall conform to other requirements of this specifica- hollow brick; hollow building brick; hollow facing brick;
tion for hollow spaces and void area. masonry construction; physical properties; shale

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 C 652 – 09

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee C15 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (C 652 – 07)
that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved March 1, 2009.)

(1) The breakage endpoint for Grade SW in 5.1.3 was set at a (3) The Low Weathering Index Alternative was added in
quantifiable percentage of dry weight. subsection 5.1.4.
(2) Subsection 10.4 was changed for clarity and consistency
with other standards.

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