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    Psychology

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    Chloe Charles
    1) In 1879, Wilhelm Wundt established the first formal psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany, marking the birth of psychology as an academic discipline. 2) In the late 19th century, Sigmund Freud began treating patients in Vienna using psychoanalytic theory, which focuses on the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences. 3) In the early 20th century, Gestalt psychology, classical conditioning, behaviorism, and humanistic psychology emerged as major schools of thought in psychology, studying topics like perception, learning, observable behavior, and human potential.

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    Psychology

    Uploaded by

    Chloe Charles
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    1) In 1879, Wilhelm Wundt established the first formal psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany, marking the birth of psychology as an academic discipline. 2) In the late 19th century, Sigmund Freud began treating patients in Vienna using psychoanalytic theory, which focuses on the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences. 3) In the early 20th century, Gestalt psychology, classical conditioning, behaviorism, and humanistic psychology emerged as major schools of thought in psychology, studying topics like perception, learning, observable behavior, and human potential.

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    1) In 1879, Wilhelm Wundt established the first formal psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany, marking the birth of psychology as an academic discipline. 2) In the late 19th century, Sigmund Freud began treating patients in Vienna using psychoanalytic theory, which focuses on the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences. 3) In the early 20th century, Gestalt psychology, classical conditioning, behaviorism, and humanistic psychology emerged as major schools of thought in psychology, studying topics like perception, learning, observable behavior, and human potential.

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    22 views2 pages

    Psychology

    Uploaded by

    Chloe Charles
    1) In 1879, Wilhelm Wundt established the first formal psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany, marking the birth of psychology as an academic discipline. 2) In the late 19th century, Sigmund Freud began treating patients in Vienna using psychoanalytic theory, which focuses on the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences. 3) In the early 20th century, Gestalt psychology, classical conditioning, behaviorism, and humanistic psychology emerged as major schools of thought in psychology, studying topics like perception, learning, observable behavior, and human potential.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 2

    Chloe Charles

    Psychology

    Question 1
    1879 - Wilhelm Wundt established a psychological laboratory at the University of Leipzig in
    Germany. An event considered to mark the birth of psychology as a formal academic
    discipline.
    1886
    Sigmund Freud, founder of psychoanalysis, begins treating patients in Vienna, Austria. He
    was fascinated by patients sufferring from “hysteria” and neurosis. Hysteria was an ancient
    diagnosis for disorders, primarily of women with a wide variety of symptoms, including
    physical symptoms and emotional disturbances, none of which had an apparent physical
    cause. Freud theorized that many of his patients' problems arose from the unconscious mind.
    Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the role of a person's unconscious, as well as early
    childhood experiences, and this perspective dominated clinical psychology for several
    decades.
    1900
    Freud publishes The Interpretation of Dreams. Freud analysed dreams in terms of
    unconscious desires and experiences.

    1912
    Max Wertheimer publishes his research on the phi phenomenon, which contributed to the
    development of the Gestalt school of psychology. The word Gestalt roughly translates to
    “whole” a major emphasis of Gestalt psychology deals with the fact that although a sensory
    experience can be broken down into individual parts, how those parts relate to each other as a
    whole is often what the individual responds to in perception.
    1903 /1920
    Ivan Pavlov trains a dog to salivate on hearing the sound of a bell. Pavlov's dog becomes the
    first example of classical conditioning. Pavlov studied a form of learning behaviour called a
    conditioned reflex, in which an animal or human produced a reflex (unconscious) response to
    a stimulus and, over time, was conditioned to produce the response to a different stimulus
    that the experimenter associated with the original stimulus. The reflex Pavlov worked with
    was salivation in response to the presence of food.
    John Watson becomes a founder of the school of behaviourism, believing that all thoughts,
    feelings and actions are developed through conditioning. Watson thought that the study of
    consciousness was flawed. Because he believed that objective analysis of the mind was
    impossible, Watson preferred to focus directly on observable behaviour and try to bring that
    behaviour under control. Watson was a major proponent of shifting the focus of psychology
    from the mind to behaviour, and this approach of observing and controlling behaviour came
    to be known as behaviourism.
    B. F. Skinner was a behaviorist, and he concentrated on how behaviour was affected by its
    consequences.
    1942/1943
    Carl Rogers publishes Counselling and Psychotherapy, encouraging therapists to adopt a
    client-centred approach. This method becomes widely practiced. Unlike a psychoanalytic
    approach in which the therapist plays an important role in interpreting what conscious
    behaviour reveals about the unconscious mind, client-centered therapy involves the patient
    taking a lead role in the therapy session. Rogers believed that a therapist needed to display
    three features to maximize the effectiveness of this particular approach: unconditional
    positive regard, genuineness, and empathy.
    Abraham Maslow, one of the founders of humanistic psychology, publishes his theory of the
    hierarchy of needs. Maslow asserted that so long as basic needs necessary for survival were
    met (e.g., food, water, shelter), higher-level needs (e.g., social needs) would begin to
    motivate behaviour. According to Maslow, the highest-level needs relate to self-actualization,
    a process by which we achieve our full potential.

    Question 2
    In its early days, psychology could be defined as the scientific study of mind or mental
    processes. Over time, psychology began to shift more towards the scientific study of
    behaviour. However, as the cognitive revolution took hold, psychology once again began to
    focus on mental processes as necessary to the understanding of behaviour.

    Question 3
    Behaviorists studied objectively observable behaviour partly in reaction to the psychologists
    of the mind who were studying things that were not directly observable.

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