efifflj1fg

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfo, v'nf tyf b"/ lzIff sfo{qmd

cGtu{t g]kfnL lzIff Pd=P8= txsf]
:jfWoog ;fdu|L

k|f=8f= kf/;dl0f e08f/L

;xk|f= s]zj/fh kf]v/]n
 e"ldsf
;dfhnfO{ ¿kfGt/0fug]{ s|ddf ;+;f/sf k|foM h;f] ljZjljBfnox¿n] lgoldt
(face-to-face) l;sfO k4ltsf ;fy} v'Nnf tyf b"/ l;sfO k4ltaf6 klg lzIff k|bfg
u/]sf] kfOG5 . ljZjsf w]/} ljZjljBfnox¿ v'Nnf tyf b"/ l;sfO k4ltsf dfWodaf6
of]Uo dfgj ;+;fwg pTkfbg ug{ ;kmn eO/x]sf5g\ .o;} s|ddf lqe'jg ljZjljBfnon]
lgoldt lzIff k4lt sfod} u/L v'Nnf tyf b"/ l;sfO k4ltaf6 lzIff lbg] gLlt lnPsf] 5.
ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf -;g\ @))(–@)!%_ cg';f/ dfWolds txdf cWofkg
ug]{ lzIfssf] z}lIfs of]Uotf Pd= P8= x'g' kg]{5 . xfn ljBfnox¿df la=P8= u/L
dfWolds txdf cWofkg ug]{ lzIfsx¿sf] ;ª\Vof sl/j !#))) /x]sf] 5 . tL lzIfsx¿
Pd\= P8= txdf egf{ eO{ lgodldt ¿kdf cWoog u/L ;dod} ;f] tx k"/f ug{ g;Sg] /
;/sf/n] klg pgLx¿nfO{ cWoog ljbf pknAw u/fpg g;Sg] ePsfn] To:tf lzIfsx¿sf]
z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] pGgog x'g ;s]sf 5}g . To:tf lzIfsx¿sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf clej[l4
ug{sf lgldQ v'Nnf tyf b"/ l;sfO Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ ljsNk ePsf]n] lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfo
/ z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|aLr ePsf] ;+emf}tfadf]lhd lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfoåf/f ;]d:] 6/
k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t v'Nnf tyf b"/ l;sfO sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ yflnPsf] xf] .
v'Nnf tyf b"/ l;sfO k4ltaf6 lzIff k|bfg ug{sf lgldQ kf7\oqmd, :jfWoog
;fdu|L, ;Gbe{ k':ts, ;"rgf tyf k|ljlw, >[Jo b[Zo ;fdu|L, lzIfs tflnd cflbnfO
{cTofjZos cfwf/sf ¿kdf lnOG5 . xfn ljsl;t /fi6«x¿n] v'Nnf tyf b"/ l;sfOdf
cgnfOg l;sfO (online learning) nfO{ a9L k|fyldstf lbg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . cgnfOg
l;sfOdf klg e6\{o'on sIff (virtual class) lgs} k|efjsf/L dflgPsf] 5 . t/ xfd|f]
kl/k|]Iodf ;'?d} ;a} SofDk;n] cg nfOgaf6 oy]i6 dfqfdf :f"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw
k|of]u ug]{ ;Defjgf sd ePsf]n] cgnfOgsf ;fy} :jfWoog tyf ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿sf] klg
cfjZostf kb{5 . t;y{ lzIffyL{x¿n] ;lhn} kf7\qmdcg';f/sf ljifoj:t'x¿ cWoog ug{
kfpmg\ eGg] p2]Zo /fvL :jfWoog ;fdu|L lgdf{0f ul/Psf] xf] . k|:t't :jfWoog ;fdu|L
:gftsf]Q/ tx, k|yd ;]d]:6/df cWoog ug]{ lzIffyL{x¿sf lgldQ tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] .
kf7\oqmd adf]lhd k|To]s ljifodf PsfOsf] kl/ro, p2]Zo, ljifoj:t'x?, ljifosf] k|:t'lt,
:jd"Nofª\sg, ls|ofsnfk, ;f/f+z tyf PsfO cEof;x¿, cWoog ;fdu|Lsf] ;"rL cflb
;dfj]z u/L of] :jfWoog ;fdu|L lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . o; ;fdu|Lsf n]vs k|f= 8f= kf/;dl0f
e08f/L / s]zj/fh kf]v/]n x'g'x'G5 . o; ;fdu|Lsf ljifo ;+kfbs k|f= 8f= b]jL k|;fb uf}td
k|fljlws ;ldltsf cWoIf tyf ;b:ox¿ wGojfbsf kfq x'g'xG' 5 . k|:t't ;fdu|LnfO{ /f]rs
Pj+ k|efjsf/L agfpg ljifo lj1 n]vsx¿n] 7"nf] k|of; ug'{ ePsf] 5 tfklg of] klxnf]
k|of; / ;+:s/0f ePsf]n] o; ;fdu|Ldf sdL sdhf]/Lx¿ /xg ;S5g\ . o;s]f
;'wf/sfnflu ;Da4 kIo;Fu /rgfTds ;'emfjsf] nfluck]Iff ub{5' .

===============================
k|f= 8f= k|sfz dfg >]i7
8Lg,
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno
lzIffzf:q ;ªsfo
@)&) c;f/
 ljifo;"rL
k[i7

PsfO Ps
efiff / efifflj1fgsf] kl/ro
!=! kl/ro
!=@ ljlzi6 p2]Zo
!=# kf7\of+zsf] k|:t'tLs/0f
!=#=! efiffsf] kl/ro
!=#=@ efiffsf ljz]iftf
!=#=# dfgj / dfgj]t/ ;Dk|]if0f Joj:yfdf kfOg] cGt/
!=#=$ efifflj1fgsf] kl/ro
!=#=% efifflj1fgsf d"ne"t ljz]iftf
!=#=^ efifflj1fgsf If]qsf] kl/ro
!=#=& efifflj1fgsf ljleGg zfvfsf] kl/ro
!=#=* efifflj1fgsf] pkof]lutf

PsfO b'O{
Wjlglj1fg / j0f{lj1fg
@=! kl/ro
@=@ ljlzi6 p2]Zo
@=# kf7\oj:t'sf] k|:t'tLs/0f
@=#=! Wjlglj1fgsf] kl/ro
@=#=@ Wjlg cjojsf] lrq;lxt j0f{g
@=#=# Wjlg pTkfbg k|lqmof
@=#=$ Wjlgx¿sf] klxrfg, juL{s/0f / j0f{g
@=#=% cGt/f{li6«o WjlgtflŒjs j0f{dfnf / ltgsf ljz]iftf
@=#=^ dfg:j/sf] kl/ro M k|wfg / uf}0f dfg:j/
@=#=& j0f{lj1fgsf] kl/ro
@=#=* Wjlglj1fg / j0f{lj1fg
@=#=( j0f{ l;4fGt / j0f{ ljZn]if0f k|lqmof
@=#=!) j0f{, ;+j0f{ / n3'td o'Ud
@=#=!! v08Lo / v08]t/ j0f{
@=#=!@ g]kfnL efiffsf j0f{x¿sf] klxrfg, juL{s/0f / j0f{g
@=#=!# lje]bs clenIf0fsf cfwf/df g]kfnL j0f{x?sf] klxrfg

PsfO ltg
¿klj1fg
#=! kl/ro
#=@ ljlzi6 p2]Zo
#=# kf7\oj:t'sf] k|:t'tLs/0f
#=#=! ¿klj1fgsf] kl/ro
#=#=@ ¿kljZn]if0fsf k|lqmof / k4ltx?
#=#=# ¿kljZn]if0fsf] l;4fGt
#=#=$ ¿kljZn]if0fsf] cEof;
#=#=% ¿kfogsf k|lqmof M ?kfogsf sf]l6x? / ?k;/l0f
#=#=^ Jo'Tkfbg
#=#=& zAbju{ M zAbx?sf] sfo{dn" s ju{ tyf pkju{
#=#=* ¿kfog / Jo'Tkfbg k|lqmofdf leGgtf
#=#=( ;df;, låTj / cGo k|lqmof
#=#=!) ;lGwlj1fg

PsfO rf/
jfSolj1fg
$=! kl/ro
$=@ ljlzi6 p2]Zo
$=# kf7\oj:t'sf] k|:t'tLs/0f
$=#=! jfSolj1fgsf] kl/ro
$=#=@ ¿klj1fg / jfSolj1fg
$=#=# kb, kbfjnL, pkjfSo, jfSo / ;ª\sygsf] kl/ro
$=#=$ Jofs/0ffTds sf]l6
$=#=% ;ª\ult / zf;gsf] kl/ro
$=#=^ kbqmd / o;sf k|sf/
$=#=& txut / ;dtnLo ;+/rgf
$=#=* cjz]if / ;~rng
$=#=( Jofs/0ffTds k|sfo{
$=#=!) kbfjnLsf] zLif{ / ljz]ifs
$=#=!! kbfjnLsf d"n k|ltaGwg
$=#=!@ cf>os
$=#=!# lgs636s ljZn]if0f / o;sf ;Ldf
$=#=!$ cGtMs]lGb|s / alxMs]lGb|s ;+/rgf
$=#=!% rD:sLsf] ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fsf cfwf/e"t cjwf/0ff
$=#=!^ ¿kfGt/0f lgod
$=#=!& ¿kfGt/0f k|lqmof
$=#=!* g]kfnLdf cfwf/e"t, ;/n, ;+o'Qm / ;lGglji6 jfSox¿

PsfO kf“r
cy{lj1fg
%=! kl/ro
%=@ ljlzi6 p2]Zo
%=# kf7\oj:t'sf] k|:t'tLs/0f
 %=#=! cy{lj1fgsf] kl/ro / If]q
%=#=@ cy{sf k|sf/
%=#=# Jofs/0ffTds cy{ / sf]zLo cy{df e]b
%=#=$ ;ª\st] lqsf]0f
%=#=% ;+/rgfTds cy{lj1fg / cy{;DaGwx¿
%=#=^ ;lGgwfg l;4fGt
%=#=& ;ª\36sfTds ljZn]if0f
%=#=* JofVofTds cy{lj1fg
%=#=( pTkfbs cy{lj1fg
;Gbe{ u|Gy;"rL
kl/lzi6
 PsfO Ps
efiff / efifflj1fgsf] kl/ro
!=! kl/ro
efiff / efifflj1fgsf] kl/ro o; PsfOsf] d"n zLif{s xf] . o;cGtu{t efiffsf] kl/ro,
efiffsf ljz]iftf, dfgj / kz'kG5Lsf efiffdf kfOg] cGt/sf] cWoog ul/g]5 . To:t} efifflj1fgsf]
kl/ro, efifflj1fgsf d"ne"t ljz]iftf / efifflj1fgsf If]qsf af/]df klg rrf{ ug{] nIo
/flvPsf] 5 . efifflj1fgsf zfvfsf] kl/rocGtu{t ;fdflhs efifflj1fg, dgf]efifflj1fg,
efifflzIf0f, cg'jfblj1fg, sf]zlj1fg, z}nLlj1fg, sDKo'6/ efifflj1fg, Jolt/]sL efifflj1fg,
q'l6ljZn]if0f, ;ª\syg ljZn]if0fsf] kl/rofTds rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
!=@ ljlzi6 p2]Zo tyf kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
• efiffsf] kl/ro lbg efiff / efifflj1fgsf] kl/ro
• efiffsf ljz]iftfx¿sf] j0f{g ug{ !=! efiffsf] kl/ro
• dfgj / dfgj]t/ kz'kG5Lsf] ;Dk|]if0f !=@ efiffsf ljz]iftfx¿
Joj:yfdf kfOg] cGt/ atfpg !=# dfgj / dfgj]t/ kz'kG5Lsf] ;Dk|]if0f Joj:yfdf kfOg]
• efifflj1fgsf] kl/ro lbg cGt/
• efifflj1fgsf d"ne"t ljz]iftf atfpg !=$ efifflj1fgsf] kl/ro
• efifflj1fgsf If]qsf] kl/ro k|:t't ug{ !=% efifflj1fgsf d"ne"t ljz]iftf
• efifflj1fgsf s]Gb|Lo If]q / kl/wLo !=^ efifflj1fgsf If]qsf] kl/ro
If]qsf] e]b atfpg !=^=! s]Gb|Lo M j0f{ / Jofs/0f
• lgwf{l/t efifflj1fgsf lgwf{l/t !=^=@ kl/wLo M Wjlg / cy{
zfvfx¿sf] j0f{g ug{ !=& efifflj1fgsf ljleGg zfvfsf] kl/ro
• efifflj1fgsf pkof]lutfsf] aofg ug{ . !=&=! ;fdflhs efifflj1fg
!=&=@ dgf]efifflj1fg
!=&=# efifflzIf0f
!=&=$ cg'jfblj1fg
!=&=% sf]zlj1fg
!=&=^ z}nLlj1fg
!=&=& sDKo'6/ efifflj1fg
!=&=* Jolt/]sL efifflj1fg
!=&=( q'l6ljZn]if0f
!=&=!) ;ª\syg ljZn]if0f
!=* efifflj1fgsf] pkof]lutf

!=# kf7\of+zsf] k|:t'tLs/0f

!=#=! efiffsf] kl/ro
;+:s[tsf] ‘efif\’ wft'df 6fk\ -cf_ k|Too nfu]/ efiff zAb ag]sf] xf] . o;sf] cy{ af]Ng' jf
eGg' eGg] x'G5 . dflg; ;fdflhs k|ff0fL xf] . cfÇgf dgsf s'/f c¿ ;dIf /fVg / c¿sf s'/f
cfkm"n] u|x0f ug{ dflg;nfO{ efiff rflxG5 . efiffsf cefjdf dflg; PlSnFb} hfG5 / p;sf ;Dk"0f{
;fdflhs Jojxf/ lgl:qmo x'g k'U5g\ . emG8f, tfnL, r'6\sL, O;f/f h:tf ;ª\s]tfTds
cleJolStaf6 ljrf/sf] cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;lsP klg o;nfO{ dfgj efiff dfGg ;lsFbg} . o;n]
ljrf/eGbf efjnfO{ ;ª\s]t u5{ . efj / efiff km/skm/s s'/f x'g\ . efiff dfgjLo pRrf/0f

1
cjojåf/f pRrl/t ;fy{s Wjlgk|tLs xf] . eflifs Wjlgsf] pRrf/0f dfgjafx]s c¿sf
cfjfhaf6 x'g ;Sb}g . efiff dfgjhfltsf] ljlzi6 j:t' xf] . o;sf dfWodaf6 g} dfgjn] cfÇgf
ljrf/sf] ljlgdo ug{ ;S5 .
ljifout k|Zg
;ª\lIfKt k|Zg
-1_ efiffsf] cy{ s] xf] <
-2_ dfG5]n] efiffsf] k|of]u lsg u5{ <
-3_ efj / efiffdf s] leGgtf 5 <
!=#=@ efiffsf ljz]iftf
efiffsf k|d'v ljz]iftfnfO{ lgDg a'Fbfdf pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
!= efiff dfgjLo j:t' xf]
efiffsf] k|of]u dfgjn] dfq u5{ . dfgj]t/ k|f0fLn] efiffsf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . lrDkfGhL,
df5f], ;'uf, df}/Lnufotsf kz'kG5Ln] efj;~rf/sf lglDt s]xL cfjfh lgsfNg ;S5g\ t/
ltgLx¿sf] cfjfhaf6 ljrf/sf] ljlgdo x'g ;Sb}g . dfG5]nfO{ cfÇgf ljrf/x¿sf] ljlgdo ug{
efiffsf] vfFrf] k5{ . jStf / >f]tfsf lardf ;~rf/ ;Dk|]if0fsf] ;zSt dfWod efiff g} xf] .
To;sf/0f efiffnfO{ dfgjLo j:t' 7flgPsf] xf] .
@= efiff ;fdflhs j:t' xf]
efiff ;fdflhs ;Dks{af6 l;lsG5 . jStf h]h:tf] ;fdflhs kl/j]zdf x's{]sf] 5,
To;sf] k|efj / k|of]u p;sf] efiffdf b]lvG5 . dflg; ;fdflhs k|f0fL ePsfn] p;sf ;du|
lqmofsnfk ;dfhleq} b]vf k5{g\ . ;dfh lg/k]If eP/ efiffsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsFbg} . To;}n]
efiffnfO{ ;fdflhs j:t' elgPsf] xf] .
#= efiff jfs\k|tLs xf] .
efiffdf s'g} j:t', 36gf, sfo{ / lqmof hgfpgsf nflu jfSk|tLssf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
jfSk|tLs jf:tljs j:t' geP/ To;nfO{ a'emfpg k|of]u ul/Psf] eflifs lrÅg xf] . ‘3/’ Pp6f
j:t' xf] / o;nfO{ a'emfpg] eflifs lrÅg -jfSk|tLs_ ‘3/’ zAb xf] . ‘3/’ jf:tljs j:t' geO{
To;nfO{ a'emfpg k|of]u ul/g] 3\±c±/\ Wjlg;d'Rrosf] ;fy{s ¿k xf] . o;/L pRrfo{ ;fy{s
Wjlgk|tLsnfO{ g} jfSk|tLs eGg ;lsG5 .
$= efiff ofb[lR5s x'G5
ofb[lR5stfsf] cy{ :j]lR5s jf cfk"mv';L xf] . efiffsf] jfSk|tLs / To;sf] cy{
k/Dkl/t, ¿l9k/s / ;fdflhs ;Demf}tfdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . ‘ufO{’ nfO{ hgfpg ‘ufO{’ zAbsf] k|of]u
lsg ul/of] / c¿ zAbsf] k|of]u lsg ul/Pg eGg] s'/fsf] pxL j:t', 36gf, sfo{ / lqmof hgfpg
leGgleGg efiffdf a]Unfa]Un} Wjlg;ª\s]t k|of]u x'Fb} cfPsfn] klg eflifs ofb[lR5stfnfO{ g}
;ª\s]t u5{ . Pp6} k|f0fL s's'/nfO{ ;+:s[tdf ‘Zjfg’, lxGbLdf ‘s'Qf’, cª\uh
|] Ldf ‘8u’, k|mfG;]nLdf
‘l;of’ zAbsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . o;/L g} 3/, lstfa, snd h:tf zAbx¿ / ltgsf cy{sf lar
/xg] ;DaGw ofb[lR5s x'G5 . ofb[lR5s ;d'bfosf] ofb[lR5stf c3f]lift x'g] x'Fbf o;nfO{ efiffsf]
;fdflhs ;Demf}tf elgG5 .
%= efiff kl/jt{gzLn x'G5 .
efiff :jefj}n] kl/jt{gzLn x'G5 . o:tf] kl/jt{g ef}uf]lns b"/L / ;dosf cfwf/df a9L
x'g] ub{5 . ef}uf]lnstf / efiffsf eflifsfut ;dosf cfwf/df sfnut e]b b]vfkb{5 . ‘/x]5’ nfO{
‘/r’, ‘/]5’, ‘/Åof 5’ eGg' ef}uf]lns e]b xf] eg] dWosfnLg g]kfnL efiffsf ‘eofsf]’, ‘vfPsf]’

2
h:tf ¿knfO{ ‘ePsf]’, ‘vfPsf]’ agfpg' sfnut e]b xf] . s'g} klg efiffsf Wjlg, Jofs/0f /
cy{sf txdf eflifs kl/jt{g b]vfk5{ .
^= efiff k/Dkl/t x'G5 .
efiff k/Dk/fdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . of] Pp6f k':tfaf6 csf{] k':tfdf x:tfGtl/t x'G5 / ;femf
;DklQsf ¿kdf pkef]u ul/G5 . ‘a'9f d/] efiff ;/]’ eg]h:t} afa'afh]af6 qmdzM 5f]/f gfltdf
efiff ;g{] x'bF f o;nfO{ k/Dkl/t elgPsf] xf] .
&= efiff Jojl:yt x'G5
efiffnfO{ Joj:yfsf] klg Joj:yf elgG5 . Joj:yf eg]sf] lgod jf cg'zf;g xf] .
o;nfO{ lgoda4 eflifs Jojxf/ klg eGg ;lsG5 . k|To]s efiffsf Wjlg÷j0f{, Jofs/0f
-¿k÷jfSo_ / cy{sf txdf cfÇg} vfnsf] Joj:yf x'G5 . g]kfnL j0f{Joj:yfcg';f/ ‘ª’ Wjlg
cg's/0ffTds zAbdf afx]s cGoq zAbflbsf] kl/j]zdf cfpFbg} eg] ‘x’ zAbdWodf j}slNks /
zAbfGtdf chGtsf ¿kdf b]vfk5{ . g]kfnL jfSou7gdf stf{, sd{ / lqmofsf] qmd 5 eg]
c+uh
|] Ldf stf{, lqmof / sd{sf] k|fjwfg 5 . o;n] c+u|]hL / g]kfnLsf] 5'§f5'§} jfSou7gsf]
Joj:yf hgfpF5 . ‘sn’ zAbsf] k|of]u g]kfnL efiffdf emu8f, oGq / dfgl;s ;Gt'li6sf nflu /
lxGbLdf lxhf] -lat]sf] lbg_ / ef]ln -cfpFbf] lbg_ sf] ;do ;ª\s]tsf nflu ul/G5 . zAb pxL
eP klg g]kfnL / lxGbLdf km/skm/s cy{ x'g' cy{sf :t/sf] leGgtf xf] . o;/L ;+;f/sf efiffdf
Wjlg÷j0f{, Jofs/0f / cy{ Joj:yf 5'§f5'§} ePsfn] klg efiffnfO{ Jojl:yt elgPsf] xf] .
*= efiffdf ljlR5Ggtf x'G5 .
efiffsf ¿kx¿ a]Unfa]Un} Wjlgaf6 lgld{t x'g'nfO{ ljlR5Ggtf elgG5 . o;df eflifs
PsfOnfO{ ljleGg Wjlgdf 6'qm\ofOG5 . ‘eft’ zAbnfO{ e\±cf±t\ Wjlgdf 6'qm\ofpg ;lsG5 . o;/L
6'qm\ofOPsf WjlgdWo] Pp6f Wjlgsf 7fpFdf csf{] Wjlg /fvL cs{} ¿ksf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
aft s'/fsfgL
kft af]6lj?jfaf6 lg:sg] xl/of] cjoj
dft g;fn' kbfy{ ;]jgaf6 x'g] pGdfb
eft rfdnaf6 lgld{t vfBj:t'
/ft /ftsf] ;do, lbgsf] ljk/Ltfy{s zAb
nft v'§fsf] xgfO, nfQL
eflifs Wjlgdf 6'lqmg] / cy{eb] s x'g] u'0f ePsfn] efiffdf ljlR5Ggtf x'G5 elgPsf] xf] .
(= efiff pTkfbgzLn x'G5 .
;Lldt lgodsf cfwf/df c;Lldt zAb jf jfSo k|hgg ug{] IfdtfnfO{ pTkfbgzLntf
elgG5 . eflifs jStfn] klxn] slxNo} klg g;'gs] f jfSosf] cy{ a'em\g / klxn] slxNo} k|of]u
gu/]sf jfSo agfpg ;S5 . stf{, sd{ / lqmofsf] kbqmd Pp6f lgod xf] . o;} lgodsf cfwf/df
‘efO uLt ufpF5’, ‘alxgL lr7L n]V5]’ h:tf cgluGtL jfSo agfpg ;lsG5 . ;Lldt lgodaf6
c;Lldt sfo{ ug{ ;lsg] ePsfn] efiffnfO{ pTkfbgzLn elgPsf] xf] .
!)= efiffn] ;/ntfsf] cg';/0f u5{
efiff hl6ntfaf6 ;/ntflt/ pGd'v x'G5 . ;;fgf s]6fs]6Ln] cfkm"eGbf 7'nf JolSt
af]n]sf] ;'g/] efiff l;S5g\ . ;a} JolStn] ;a} j:t'sf] gSsn pxL / p:t} lsl;daf6 ug{
;Sb}gg\ . jStfsf] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s l:yltsf sf/0faf6 klg eflifs PsfOsf] pRrf/0fdf
leGgtf x'G5 . hgJojxf/df klg sl7g pRrf/0fsf zAb, kbfjnL, jfSo9fFrf h:tf PsfOnfO{
5f8L ;/n pRrf/0fsf PsfOnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /flvPsf] x'G5 .

3
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= dfgjn] efiffsf] k|of]u lsg u5{ <
-s_ ljrf/ ljlgdo ug{
-v_ c¿sf ljrf/ u|x0f ug{'
-u_ cfÇgf ljrf/ k|s6 ug{
-3_ dfgjLo efj JoQm ug{
@= efiffsf] s'g ljz]iftfn] o;sf] ;+/rgfTds ljz]iftfnfO{ hgfpF5 <
-s_ efiff dfgjLo j:t' xf] -v_ efiff ofb[lR5s x'G5
-u_ efiff cfkm}df Jojl:yt x'G5 -3_ efiff ;fdflhs ;DklQ xf]
#= s'g} b'O{ efifflar leGgtf b]lvg] d"n sf/0f s] xf] <
-s_ ;+/rgfTds å}ttf -v_ eflifs pTkfbgzLntf
-u_ eflifs ofb[lR5stf -3_ eflifs ljlR5Ggtf
$= s:tf] eflifs k|tLsnfO{ ;j{>]i7 dflgG5 <
-s_ :kz{u|fÅo -v_ ljj]su|fÅo
-u_ ;ª\s]t u|fÅo -3_ >f]tu|fÅo
%= ;Lldt lgodaf6 c;Lldt jfSo agfpg'nfO{ s] elgG5 <
-s_ ljlR5Ggtf -v_ kl/jt{gzLntf
-u_ åofTdstf -3_ pTkfbgzLntf
ljifout k|Zg
-c_ ;ª\lIfKt k|Zg
-1_ efiffsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-2_ efiffsf s'g} rf/j6f ljz]iftfsf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
-3_ ‘efiff cfkm} Jojl:yt x'G5’ o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug{'xf];\ .
-4_ ‘efiffsf jfSk|tLsx¿sf] Joj:yf ofb[lR5s x'G5’ o;sf] clek|fo :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ <
-5_ ‘efiff dfgjLo / ;fdflhs j:t' xf]’ o; egfOsf] cf}lrTo s]nfpg'xf];\ .
-cf_ ljj]rgfTds k|Zg
-!_ efiffsf] kl/ro lbO{ o;sf ljz]iftfx?sf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .

!=#=# dfgj / dfgj]t/ ;Dk|]if0f Joj:yfdf kfOg] cGt/

cfÇgf wf/0ff c¿;dIf k'¥ofpg] dfWodnfO{ ;Dk|]if0f elgG5 . ;Dk|]if0fsf s]xL dfWod
dfgjLo / s]xL dfgj]t/ ;~rf/;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . eflifs ;~rf/ ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf dfgjdf dfq
/xG5 . eflifs cleJolSQåf/f dfgjn] ;~rf/ ;Dk|]if0f u5{ . efif]t/ ;~rf/ ug]{ Ifdtf kz'kG5L /
jg:klt hut\df b]lvG5 . efif]t/ ;~rf/sf dfWod :kz{ ;ª\s]t -sf]6\ofpg', lrdf]6g', rf6\g',
7'ª\g'_, b[Zo ;ª\s]t -xfpefp, ;fg, g[To_, >Jo ;ª\s]t -Vofsv's, ;'';n ] L, tfnL, e'ge'gfx6_ /
uGw ;ª\s]t -ljleGg lsl;dsf uGw_ x'g\ . o:tf ;~rf/sf dfWodaf6 dfgjn] klg cfÇgf
cg'el" t k|s6 ug{ ;S5 . kz'kG5Ldf eflifs ;Dk|]if0fsf] Ifdtf xF'b}g . pgLx¿n] ;xjf; / k|hgg,

4
ef]hg ;Ëng, cfkt\ljkt\ / ;'/Iff, kf/:kl/s ;xof]u, ;dosf] ;"rgfh:tf efj JoQm ug{
efif]t/ ;Ë]t cFufn]sf x'G5g\ .
kz'kG5LdWo] df}/Lsf] efj;Dk|]if0f snf ljlzi6 5 . uf]nfsf/ g[Tosf cfsf/k|sf/n]
vfB;|f]tsf] lgs6tf / b"/L clg k'R5/ xNnfpg] / e'Ge'gfpg] dfqfn] vfB;|ft] /x]sf] lbzfnfO{
;ª\s]t u/]sf] kfOG5 .
ufO{, e};L, 3f]8f, xfQL, e]8f, afv|f, s's'/ la/fnfh:tf hgfj/n] klg kl/lrt / ckl/lrt
dfG5] jf cGo k|f0fLsf] ;"rgf ljleGg efjåf/f lbPsf x'G5g\ . afFb/, 9]8', jgdfG5]h:tf k|f0fLx¿n]
klg ljleGg lsl;dsf cfjfhn] / zf/Ll/s efjeª\luaf6 k|]d, l/;, 8/, cfj]u, xif{ h:tf efj
;~rf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . cfTd;'/Iffsf lglDt s]xL jg:kltdf /f;folgs uGw;ª\s]tsf] pTkfbg u/L
ls/fx¿nfO{ lgif]w ug{] Ifdtf /x]sf]] atfOG5 . o;/L dfgjn] eflifs k|lqmofåf/f / dfgj]t/
kz'kG5Ln] efif]t/ lqmofsnfkåf/f ;~rf/;Dk|]if0f u/]sf x'G5g\ . efif]t/ ;~rf/ k|lqmofsf t'ngfdf
eflifs ;~rf/ ljlzi6 x'G5 .
dfgj / dfgj]t/ kz'kG5Lsf] ;Dk|]if0f Joj:yfdf kfOg] cGt/nfO{ lgDg tflnsfdf klg
b]vfOPsf] 5 M
dfgjLo ;~rf/ ;Dk|]if0f kz'kG5Lsf] efj ;Dk|]if0f
• ;+/rgfTds åofTdstf • ;+/rgfTds cåofTdstf
• pTkfbgzLntf • cg'TkfbgzLntf
• ofb[lR5stf • ofb[lR5stfsf] cefj
• kl/jt{gzLntf • kl/jt{gxLgtf
• lj:yfkgzLntf • lj:yfkg z"Gotf
• ;f+:s[lts ;~r/0f • ;f+:s[lts ;~rf/sf] cefj
• ljlzi6tf • ;fdfGotf
• v'nf Joj:yf • aGb Joj:yf
• c;Lldttf / clglZrttf • ;Lldttf / lglZrttf
• cg's/0f u|fxotf • cg's/0f u|fXo geO{ cfg'jl+ zstf
• ljljwtf • Ps¿ktf
• e"uf]n / ;dfh ;fk]Iftf • e"uf]n / ;dfhlg/k]Iftf
• cGtlq{mofTdstf • cGtlqm{ofTds Ifdtfsf] cefj
• ;+/rgfTdstf Jojl:yttf • ;+/rgfTds cjl:yttf
• d"t{, cd"t{ efjsf] ;xh k|:t'lt • d"t{, cd"t{ efjsf] ;xh k|:t'lt Go"g
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= dfgj]t/ efiff;Dk|]if0fdf kfOg] ljz]iftf s'g xf] <
-s_ c;Lldttf -v_ c;xhtf
-u_ cfg'j+lzstf -u_ gjLgtfo'St
@= kz'kG5Lsf] ;Dk|]if0f Joj:yfdf s] kfOG5 <
-s_ kl/jt{gzLntf -v_ Ps¿ktf
-u_ ofb[lR5stf -3_ cGtlqm{ofTdstf
#= eflifs ;~rf/sf t'ngfdf efif]t/ ;~rf/ Joj:yfsf] clenIf0f s:tf] x'G5 <
-s_ ;fdfGo -v_ ljlzi6
-u_ pTkfbgd"ns -3_ ;dfh;fk]If

5
$= kz'kG5Lsf] efiffdf s'g Joj:yf kfOG5 <
-s_ ofb[lR5s -v_ k|tLsfTds
-u_ k|lt:yfkgLo -3_ WjGofTds
;ª\lIfKt k|Zg
-1_ kz'kG5Lsf] ;Dk|]if0f Joj:yfdf kfOg] ljz]iftfx?sf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
-2_ dfgjLo ;~rf/ ;Dk|]if0f / dfgj]t/ efj ;Dk]if0fsf lar s] s:tf] cGt/ kfOG5 <

!=#=$ efifflj1fgsf] kl/ro

efiff Pp6f Joj:yf xf] . eflifs Joj:yfsf] Jojl:yt cWoog efifflj1fsf] ljifo xf] .
o;n] dfgjLo efiffsf] Joj:yf / To;sf k|of]ukIfsf] j}1flgs cWoog ub{5 . k"j{ / klZrd
b'jl} t/ eflifs cWoogsf] nfdf] k/Dk/f 5 . klxn] efiffsf] cWoognfO{ efiffzf:q -lkmnf]nf]hL_
elgGYof] . c7f/f}+ ztfAbLdf P]ltxfl;s / t'ngfTds efifflj1fgsf] pbo ePkl5 o;nfO{
efifflj1fg eGg yflnof] . ef}ltslj1fgn] cÍk|ToÍsf] cWoog u/] h:t} efifflj1fgn] klg
efiffsf] Oltxf;, sYo–n]Vo e]bnufot Wjlgb]lv ;ªsyg;Ddsf eflifs PsfOsf] ;':ki6,
;'lglZrt / Jojl:yt cWoog ub{5 . To;}n] efiffsf] j}1flgs cWoognfO{ efifflj1fg elgG5 .
pko'{Qm egfOdf efiff, lj1fg / cWoog u/L ltgj6f zAb cfPsf 5g\ M
-s_ efiff
dfgjLo pRrf/0f cjojåf/f lgM;[t ofb[lR5s / k/Dkl/t jfSok|tLssf] Joj:yfnfO{
efiff elgG5 . o;sf] k|of]u ljrf/ ljlgdosf nflu ul/G5 . o; ;DaGwdf cfjZos rrf{
cufl8sf zLif{sdf ul/;lsPsf] 5 .
-v_ cWoog
s'g} ljifosf] hfgsf/Lsf lglDt ;f] ljifonfO{ a'e\mg], klxrfg ug{], ulxl/P/ x]g]{ jf k9\g]
sfdnfO{ cWoog ul/G5 . efiffsf af/]df hfgsf/L /fVg] sfdnfO{ efiffsf] cWoog eGg ;lsG5 .
o:tf] cWoogaf6 cg';Gw]o efiffsf Joj:yfsf] k|s[lt, k|jl[ Q / eflifs ;+/rgf Pjd\ ltgsf
ljrf/ ;DaGw s]nfpg] / 7Dofpg] sfd ul/G5 .
-u_ lj1fg
s'g} ljifodf ulxl/P/ ul/Psf] Jojl:yt tyf j:t'k/s cWoognfO{ lj1fg elgG5 .
ef}lts zf:qn] cWoogLo ljifosf cÍ k|ToÍsf] juL{s/0f u/L ;"Id s'/fsf] klg cWoog
ljZn]if0f ub{5 . efifflj1fgdf klg efiffsf Wjlgb]lv ;ªsyg;Ddsf ;d"xsf] j:t'lgi7
cWoog ljZn]if0f ul/G5 . s'g} klg cWoog lj1fg;Ddt x'gsf nflu lgDgkIfdf hf]8 lbg'k5{ M
;'kl/eflift ljifoj:t'
cWoog ljlw
l;4fGt k|ltkfbg
k|ltkflbt l;4fGtsf] k/LIf0f
!= ;'kl/eflift ljifoj:t'
lj1fgsf] ljifoj:t' k|of]uåf/f k|dfl0ft ug{ ;lsg], kl/efiff ug{ ;lsg] / ;Dk"0f{ kIfsf]
j:t'ut ¿kdf ljj]rgf ug{ ;lsg] x'g'k5{ . j}1flgs cWoogdf ts{eGbf k|df0f vf]lhG5 / ToxL
k|df0fsf cfwf/df ljj]Ro ljifosf] j}1flgstf gflkG5 . efifflj1fgdf ljifoj:t'sf] ;/ntf /
:ki6tfsf] ck]Iff ul/G5 . n]Vo / sYo eflifs ;|f]taf6 ;fdu|L d"Nofª\sg ug]{ qmddf cWo]tf

6
;DalGwt efiffsf] k[i7e"ld, ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff / cWoogLo zLif{ssf zlQm / ;Ldfsf af/]df
:ki6 x'g' h?/L 5 .
@= cWoog ljlw
lj1fgn] s'g} klg ljifosf] cWoogdf ;':ki6tf / qmdj4tf rfxG5 . tYofª\s
;ª\sng, juL{s/0f / ljZn]if0f ubf{ j}1flgs ljlw jf k|lqmof cFuflnG5 . ljifosf] cjnf]sg,
k|ltkfbg / k/LIf0f j:t'lgi7 agfpg cToGt ;fjwfgL cFuflnG5 . eflifs cWoogsf qmddf klg
;fdu|L ;ª\sng, cjnf]sg / ljZn]if0f ;'Jojl:yt k|fdfl0fs / tYok/s x'g'k5{ . ;"rssf]
c;fjwfgLn] ;ª\slnt ;fdu|L q'l6k"0f{, cjnf]sg k"jf{ux| o'Qm / ljZn]if0f dgf]ut x'g] ;Defjgf
/xG5 . eflifs cWoogdf ;fdu|L ;ª\sng, juL{s/0f / ljZn]if0f j}1flgs ljlw jf k|lqmof
cFufnL lgisif{df k'Ug] k|of; ul/G5 .
#= l;4fGt k|ltkfbg
lj1fgdf pknAw tYosf] JofVofTds k'li6af6 lgodsf] :yfkgf ul/G5 . Tof] lgod
;fj{ef}d l;4fGtdf kl/0ft x'G5 . lj1fgdf h:t} efifflj1fgdf klg ;"qfTds ljlwsf] k|of]u
ul/G5 . lj1fgdf kfgLnfO{ hgfpFg H2o sf] k|of]u ul/Ph:t} efifflj1fgdf klg s'g} jfSonfO{
b]vfpg gfd ± lqmksf] ;"q k|of]udf NofOG5 . efifflj1fgdf klg eflifs tYofËsf cfwf/df
efiffsf] ljsf;qmd, sYo efiffdf b]lvg] leGgtf, j0f{lgwf{/0f Pjd\ j0f{gfTds, t'ngfTds /
P]ltxfl;s k4ltsf cfwf/df tYox¿sf] JofVofljZn]if0f u/L lgisif{df k'Ug] k|of; ul/G5 .
eflifs cWoogsf] ;a} If]q -Wjlg, j0f{, ¿k, zAb, kbfjnL, jfSof+z, jfSo cflb_ df j:t'ut
k4lt cFufnL ;fdfGoLs/0fsf] txdf k'luG5 .
$= k|ltkflbt l;4fGtsf] k/LIf0f
s'g} ljifonfO{ j}1flgs l;4 ul/;s]kl5 To; ljifodf k'gM k|of]u tyf k/LIf0fsf]
cfjZostf k5{ . j:t'ut cWoogdf tYoaf6 lgoddf k'Ug] / lgod cg';f/ tYo lgdf{0f ubf{
:jLsfo{ x'g] k4lt cFufNg'k5{ . ljutdf ;To 7flgPsf l;4fGt jf lgodx¿ sfnfGt/df c;To
x'g ;S5g\ . k|ltkflbt lgod jf l;4fGtsf] ;Totf / c;Totfsf] k|fdf0fLs/0f, k|of]u tyf
k/LIf0fdf cfwfl/t x'G5 / k|fKtkl/0ffdsf cfwf/df lgrf]8df k'luG5 . efifflj1fgdf pQm
lgodnfO{ k5\ofO{ k'/fgf ljifosf 7fpFdf gofFgofF lgodx¿ ylkG5g\ / tL lgodx¿ sfnfGt/df
ablnFb} hfG5g\ . efiffsf] dfgsLs/0fsf ;Gbe{df k'/fgf lgodsf 7fpFdf gofF lgodsf] k|ltkfbg /
tL lgodsf] klg ;do;fk]If kl/jt{gn] pQm s'/fsf] k'li6 x'G5 .
o;/L x]bf{ efifflj1fgsf] :j¿k / cWoog k|lqmof lj1fgsf] h:tf] ePsfn] efiffsf]
j}1flgs cWoognfO{ efifflj1fg eGg] ul/Psf] xf] .
j:t'ut k|Zg
!_ efifflj1fgnfO{ lrgfpg] ;jf]{ko'St egfO s'g xf] <
-s_ of] ef}lts lj1fg em} k"0f{ lj1fg xf] .
-v_ o;df lgod / cg'ej b'j} u|fXo x'G5g\ .
-u_ o;df pkof]lutfjfbsf] dfq :yfg /xG5 .
-3_ of] k|fs[lts lj1fgsf] pkh xf] .
@_ efifflj1fgsf] k|d'v sfo{ s] xf] <
-s_ efiffsf] P]ltxfl;s :j¿k kQf nufpg]
-v_ ;+;f/sf efiffsf] cWoog ug]{
-u_ efiffsf] Jojl:yt cWoog ug]{

7
 -3_ ljZjsf dxŒjk"0f{ efiffsf] cg'zLng ug]{
#_ efifflj1fgsf ;Gbe{df s'g egfO l7s 5 <
-s_ ef}ltslj1fgh:t} efiff klg lj1fg xf] .
-v_ efiffsf] j:t'k/s cWoog g} efifflj1fg xf] .
-u_ efifflj1fgdf efiffsf] k|of]ukIfsf] dfq cWoog x'G5 .
-3_ efifflj1fgdf efiffsf l;4fGt kIfsf] dfq ljZn]if0f ul/G5 .
ljifout k|Zg
-1_ efifflj1fg eg]sf] s] xf] <
-2_ efifflj1fgn] s] s:tf ljifosf] cWoog u5{ <
-3_ ef}lts lj1fg / efifflj1fgsf lardf s:tf] ;DaGw 5 <
-4_ s'g} klg tYofËsf] j}1flgs cWoogsf nflu s] –s] s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ <
-5_ efifflj1fgdf k|ltkflbt l;4fGtsf] k/LIf0f s;/L ul/G5 <
-6_ efifflj1fgsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-7_ efifflj1fgsf ljz]iftf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
!=#=% efifflj1fgsf d"ne"t ljz]iftf
efiffsf] j}1flgs cWoog ug]{ efifflj1fgsf ljz]iftfnfO{ lgDg aF'bfdf ;d]l6Psf] 5 M
-1_ efifflj1fgdf eflifs ljifoj:t'sf] ;Ldf ;':ki6, ;'lglZrt / ;'Jojl:yt x'G5 .
-2_ eflifs tYofª\s ;ª\sng, juL{s/0f, cfn]vg / ljZn]if0fdf ;r]ttf
cFuflnG5 .
-3_ pknAw tYosf] ljZn]if0fdf j:t'k/stf / t6:ytf x'g'k5{ . o:tf] ljZn]if0f
h;n] hltk6s u/] klg To;sf] lgisif{ Ps} lsl;dsf] lgl:sG5 .
-4_ efiffsf lnlvt / df}lvs e]b x'G5g\ . oLdWo] efifflj1fgn] sYo¿ksf
;fdu|Lsf] cWoogdf a9L rf;f] /fv]sf] kfOG5 .
-5_ ;fj{ef}d l;4fGt Pjd\ k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t efiffsf] cWoog ul/G5 .
-6_ k|of]u k/LIf0faf6 k|dfl0ft ePsf] tYonfO{ dfq cWoogsf] cfwf/ jf l;4fGt
dflgG5 .
-7_ lj1fgdf h:t} ;"qfTds ljlw cFufnL eflifs ;fdu|Lsf] ljZn]if0f ul/G5 .
-8_ o;df efiffsf Wjlgb]lv ;ª\syg;Ddsf PsfOsf] cWoog x'G5 .
-9_ s'g} klg ljifosf] cWoog ;txL / xr'jfsf ¿kdf gu/L To;sf cª\uk|Toª\u
s]nfO{ ulx/fO;Dd k'Ug] k|of; ul/G5 .
-10_ eflifs ljZn]if0fdf ljleGg ljifo / zf:q;Fu ;DalGwt ljlw / k|ljlwdf hf]8
lbOG5 .
-11_ eflifs cWoogdf j0f{gfTds, t'ngfTds / P]ltxfl;s k4lt / Jolt/]s Pjd\
ljt/0fsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cfwf/ agfOG5 .
-12_ efifflzIf0f, q'l6ljZn]if0f, Jolt/]sL ljZn]if0f, sf]zlj1fg, z}nLlj1fg,
sDKo'6/lj1fg, cg'jfb lj1fg h:tf k|fof]lus kIfsf] cWoog tyf ljZn]if0fdf
klg rf;f] lbOG5 .

8
 -13_ x/]s efiffsf 5'6\6f5'§} ljz]iftf x'G5g\ . tL ljz]iftfsf lardf klg efifflj1fgn]
;femf ljz]iftfsf] vf]hL u5{ / To;nfO{ ;fj{ef}d ljz]iftfsf] vf]hL elgG5 .
-14_ l;4fGt jf lgod k|ltkfbg ul/;s]kl5 To;nfO{ k'i6Ls/0f, cª\uLsf/ /
kl/jt{g ug{ yk ;fdu|Lsf] cfjZostf k5{ . k|foM ;fdu|Lsf cfwf/df eflifs
lgodsf] k|of]u k/LIf0f u/L lgrf]8df k'Ug] sfd ul/G5 .
;ª\lIfKt k|Zg
!= efifflj1fgsf ljz]iftfx?sf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
ljj]rgfTds k|Zg
!= efifflj1fgsf] kl/ro lbO{ o;sf ljz]iftfx? pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .

!=#=^ efifflj1fgsf If]qsf] kl/ro

efifflj1fgsf] cWoog If]q cToGt pj{/ 5 . o;cGtu{t efiffsf Wjlg, j0f{, ¿k -zAb_
jfSo / cy{ Joj:yfsf] cWoog ul/G5 . efiffsf pRrf/0f k|lqmofsf] cWoog Wjlg Joj:yfdf
j0f{sf] klxrfg, juL{s/0f / cIf/;+/rgfsf] cWoog j0f{ Joj:yfdf, ¿k / ;+¿ksf] klxrfg,
ljZn]if0f / ¿k;lGw k|lqmofsf] cWoog ¿ktflŒjs Joj:yfdf, jfSofTds ;+/rgf / To;sf
;+/rssf] cWoog jfSo Joj:yfdf / efiffsf cy{lgb{z ] tyf k|sfo{ kIfsf] cWoog cy{
Joj:yfdf ul/G5 . eflifs cWoogsf pko'{SQ Joj:yfx¿ efifflj1fgsf If]q x'g\ . ;+/rgfjfbL
efiffj}1flgs rfN;{ xs]6n] eflifs cWoogsf s]Gb|Lo / kl/wLo If]q lgwf{/0f u/]sf 5g\ . pgn]
:jlglds -jfl0f{s_ / Jofs/0ffTds Joj:yfnfO{ eflifs cWoogsf] s]Gb|Lo If]q / /rgfTds
-WjGofTds_ / cfly{s Joj:yfnfO{ kl/wLo If]qdf /fv]sf 5g\ .
-c_ s]Gb|Lo If]q
efifflj1fgsf] s]Gb|Lo If]qdf j0f{ / Jofs/l0fs Joj:yfsf] dfq cWoog ul/G5 .
!= j0f{
efiffsf] n3'td cy{/lxt PsfOnfO{ j0f{ elgG5 . o;sf] cWoog j0f{lj1fgdf ul/G5 .
eflifs Joj:yfdf ;dfg kl/j]zdf Jolt/]sL eP/ cfpg] Wjlgx¿ g} j0f{ x'g\ . efiffsf Wjlgx¿
c;Lldt x'G5g\ eg] j0f{x¿ ;Lldt x'G5g\ . oL j0f{x¿ efifflkR5] km/s–km/s x'g ;S5g\ . Pp6f
efiffsf] jl0f{s Joj:yf csf]{ efiffsf] jfl0f{s Joj:yfeGbf leGg x'G5 . j0f{sf] cWoog Jolt/]s,
kl/k"/s ljt/0f, d'St kl/jt{g h:tf l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . o;cGtu{t efiffsf v08Lo /
v08]t/ j0f{sf] klxrfg, j0f{ / ;+j0f{sf] lgwf{/0f, juL{s/0f / ljZn]if0fsf] sfd
ul/G5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf pTkfbs j0f{lj1fgsf] pbo ePkl5 lje]bs clenIf0fsf dfWodaf6
j0f{x¿sf] ;"Id cWoog ug]{ sfd k|f/De ePsf] 5 .
@= Jofs/0f
efiffsf ;fy{s PsfOx¿sf] /rgf ug]{ lgodnfO{ Jofs/0f elgG5 . o;cGtu{t ¿k, zAb,
kbfjnL, pkjfSo, jfSoh:tf eflifs PsfOsf] k|of]u / ltgsf ;+/rgfsf] cWoog ul/G5 .
Jofs/l0fs Joj:yfsf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] PsfO ¿k / 7'nf] PsfO jfSo xf] . x/]s efiffsf] cfÇgf]
Jofs/l0fs Joj:yf x'G5 / g]kfnL efiffsf] klg 5'§} Jofs/l0fs Joj:yf 5 . oxL Jofs/l0fs
Joj:yfn] g} efiff ;Dk|]io x'G5 / ;dfhdf ljlgdosf] sfd u5{ . efifflj1fgsf] Jofs/l0fs
Joj:yfdf d"ntM ¿k / jfSo u/L b'O{ e]b 5g\ .
-s_ ¿k
efiffsf] n3'td cy{o'St PsfO ¿k xf] . ¿ksf] j}1flgs cWoog ¿klj1fgdf ul/G5 .
¿ksf] lgdf{0f j0f{ jf j0f{ ;d"xsf] ;d'Rroaf6 x'G5 . o;cGtu{t ¿k, ?lkdsf] lgwf{/0f, ¿ksf

9
k|sf/, ¿k / ;+¿ksf] leGgtf, ¿kljZn]if0fsf] l;4fGt ¿kkl/jt{gsf sf/0f / k|lqmofsf] rrf{
ul/G5 . To:t} zAbju{ -gfd, ;j{gfd, ljz]if0f / cJoo_ zAbJo'Tkfbg -;u{k|lqmof, ;df; k|lqmof
/ låTj k|lqmof_ / zAb¿kfog -¿kfog sf]l6 / ¿k;/l0f÷¿kfjnL_ zAbJo'Tkfbg / ¿kfogsf
larsf] cWoog klg ¿kfTds Joj:yfleqs} ljifo xf] . s'g} b'O{ ¿ksf] ;+of]hg x'Fbf Wjlgdf
ljsf/ cfpF5 . o;nfO{ ¿k;lGw -?± of] ˜ /f]of], ;' ± cfut ˜ :jfut_ elgG5 . ¿kfog /
Jo'Tkfbg k4ltåf/f lgld{t zAbsf] agf]6df b]vf kg]{ nf]k, cfud cfb]z h:tf k|lqmofsf] cWoog
?kWjGofTds Joj:yfdf ul/G5 . o;/L efifflj1fgn] ¿kljZn]if0fsf dfWodaf6 ¿k, ¿lkd,
zAblgdf{0f, ¿kfog / ¿kWjGofTds kl/jt{gsf af/]df lj:t[t cWoog u/]sf] kfOG5 .
-v_ jfSo
>[ª\vnfTds ;+/rgfdf /x]sf] eflifs PsfOnfO{ jfSo elgG5 . o;sf ;+/rgfdf kb,
kbfjnL nufotsf 36sx¿ /xG5g\ . log} 36ssf] ;+/rgfaf6 jfSo lgld{t x'G5 . ¿keGbf dfly
/ cg'R5]beGbf tnsf eflifs PsfOx¿ jfSoleq ;d]l6G5g\ . jfSofTds ;+/rgf / To;sf
;+/rs, clgjfo{ jf P]lR5s 36sx¿ jfSolj1fgsf cWoogLo, ljifo x'g\ . o;cGtu{t jfSosf]
:j¿k, kbqmd, cGjo, lgs6:y cjoj, jfSosf k|sf/ jfSo ;+Zn]if0f / ljZn]if0f, cfwf/e"t
jfSo / cGo jfSo, jfSosf cfGtl/s / afÅo ;+/rgf, jfSofGt/0f k|lqmof cflbsf af/]df lj:t[t
cWoog ul/G5 . jfSosf af/]df ljljw kIfLo cWoog ePsf 5g\ / Jofs/0fsf If]qdf
;+/rgfjfb, Joj:yfk/s, ¿kfGt/0f, ¿kfy{k/s cflb eflifs ;Dk|bfo ljsl;t ePsf
5g\ .
-cf_ kl/wLo If]q
efifflj1fgsf] kl/wLo If]qleq efiffsf WjlgJoj:yf / cy{Joj:yfsf] cWoog ul/G5 .
!= Wjlg
dfgj pRrf/0f cjojåf/f pRrl/t n3'td PsfOnfO{ Wjlg elgG5 . WjlgnfO{ pRrfo{
Wjlg klg elgG5 . dfgjf]Rrfl/t Wjlgx¿ ljljw lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . tL ;a} Wjlgsf] cWoog
efifflj1fgsf] If]qleq kb}{g . pRrf/0f, ;~r/0f / >j0f u/L WjlgJoj:yfsf ltg ¿k 5g\ .
pRrf/s cjoj / To;sf sfo{sf] cWoog, :j/ / Jo~hgsf] klxrfg, juL{s/0f /
ljZn]if0fnufotsf s'/fsf] cWoog pRrf/0f Joj:yfdf, jStfåf/f pRrl/t Wjlgx¿ jfo't/ª\udf
t/lª\ut x'Fb} >f]tfsf sfg;Dd k'Ug] k|lqmofsf] cWoog ;~r/0f Joj:yfdf / jQmfåf/f pRrl/t
Wjlg >f]tfsf sfgdf k'u]kl5 s;/L efj u|x0f ul/G5 < To;sf] cWoog >j0fk|lqmofdf x'g] u5{ .
Wjlg pTkfbgdf z/L/lj1fg, ;~rf/0fdf ef}lts lj1fg / >j0fk|lqmofdf dgf]lj1fgsf s'/f cfpg]
x'bF f Wjlg;DaGwL cWoognfO{ efifflj1fgsf] kl/wLo v08 dflgG5 .
@= cy{
eflifs PsfOaf6 k|fKt x'g] ;Gb]znfO{ cy{ elgG5 . eflifs ;ª\s]t / To;af6 k|fKt
cy{sf] Jojl:yt cWoog o;sf] ljifo xf] . cy{tŒjsf] cWoog efiffsf ¿k, kb, kbfjnL,
pkjfSo jfSoh:tf ;a} PsfOdf ul/G5 . efiffsf cy{sf] Jojl:yt cWoog cy{lj1fgn] dfq ug{
;S5 . o;df zAb / cy{sf] ;DaGw, cy{lgwf{/0f, cy{sf k|sf/, cy{kl/jt{gsf sf/0f / lbzf
cflbsf] lj1fg;Ddt cWoog ul/G5 . cy{ jStfsf] dfgl;s kIf;Fu ;DalGwt ePsfn] o;sf]
lglZrt cy{ x'Fbg} . ;Gbe{cg';f/ cy{ lgwf{l/t x'G5 . To;}n] ;+/rgfjfbLx¿n] cy{sf] Jojl:yt
cWoognfO{ efifflj1fgsf] kl/wLo v08 dfg]sf x'g\ . kl5Nnf] ;dodf cy{nfO{ s]Gb|Lo kIfsf
¿kdf dfgL cWoog ug{] efiffzf:qLx¿ klg /x]sf 5g\ .
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= efifflj1fgsf] s]Gb|Lo If]qdf gkg]{ ljifo s'g xf] <
-s_ j0f{ / cy{ -v_ ¿k / jfSo

10
 -u_ cy{ / Wjlg -3_ ¿k / ¿k;lGw
@= cy{xLg eflifs PsfO s'g xf] <
-s_ Wjlg -v_ ¿k
-u_ kb -3_ kbfjnL
#= efiffsf zAbut cy{sf] cWoog s'gdf ul/G5 <
-s_ Wjlglj1fg -v_ j0f{lj1fg
-u_ cy{lj1fg -3_ jfSolj1fg
$= efifflj1fgsf] kl/wLo If]qcGtu{t s'g k5{ <
-s_ Wjlg -v_ j0f{
-u_ ¿k -3_ jfSo
%= efifflj1fgsf] s]Gb|Lo If]q s'g xf] <
-s_ efiff -v_ cy{
-u_ ;flxTo -3_ jfSo
;ª\lIfKt k|Zg
-1_ efifflj1fgsf] cWoog If]q s] xf] < :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .
-2_ efifflj1fgsf] s]Gb|Lo If]qsf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
-3_ efifflj1fgsf] kl/wLo If]qsf af/]df k|sfz kfg'x{ f];\ .
ljj]rgfTds k|Zg
!= efifflj1fgsf s]Gb|Lo / kl/wLo If]qsf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .

!=#=& efifflj1fgsf ljleGg zfvfsf] kl/ro

efifflj1fgsf zfvfx?nfO{ lgDg cg';f/ lrgfpg ;lsG5 M
-!_ ;fdflhs efifflj1fg
;dfhsf ;fk]Iftfdf efiffsf] cWoog ug{] efifflj1fgsf] zfvfnfO{ ;fdflhs efifflj1fg
elgG5 . o;n] ;dfhsf ljljw kIfdf s]lGb|t eO{ efiffsf] cWoog ub{5 . ;fdfGo efifflj1fgn]
efiffnfO{ jfs\kt| Ls dfg]h:t} o;n] efiffnfO{ ;fdflhs k|tLs 7fGb5 . ;dfhdf efiffsf] k|of]u
s]–s;/L ePsf] 5 eg]/ efiffsf] ljZn]if0f ug{' ;fdflhs efifflj1fgsf] p2]Zo xf] . x8\;gn]
;dfhsf ;fk]Iftfdf ul/g] eflifs cWoognfO{ ;fdflhs efifflj1fg eg]sf 5g\ eg] hh{on ' efiff
/ ;dfhsf] cGt;{DaGwsf] cWoognfO{ ;fdflhs efifflj1fg dfGb5g\ . lkm;dg h:tf s]xL
efiffj}1flgsx¿n] o;nfO{ efiffsf] ;dfhzf:q eg]sf] klg kfOG5 . efiffsf] ;dfhlj1fg jf
;dfhzf:q efiffsf] ljifo geP/ ;dfhzf:qsf] ljifo ePsfn] tyf ;dfhzf:qn] ;dfh;fk]If
efiffsf] dfq geP/ cGo kIfsf] ;d]t cWoog ug{] ePsfn] o;nfO{ Sciology of language sf
¿kdf kl/eflift ug{' Tolt o'lQm;Ddt x'Fbg} . ;dfhlj1fg jf ;dfhzf:qn] efiffnfO{ eGbf
;dfhnfO{ cWoogsf] d"n If]q dfg]sfn] ;fdflhs efifflj1fgnfO{ efiffsf] ;dfhk/s cWoogsf
¿kdf lng' a9L ;fGble{s 7xb{5 . lgrf]8 s] xf] eg] ;fdflhs efifflj1fg efiffsf] ;dfhk/s
cWoog xf] . lsgeg] o;df efiffnfO{ cWoogsf] d"n p2]Zo agfOPsf] x'G5 .
;fdflhs efifflj1fgn] efifftŒjx¿sf] cnucnu jf ;Gbe{ljxLg cWoognfO{ dxŒj
glbO{ efiffk|of]usf] ;Gbe{ / sfo{df ;fdflhs tŒjn] kf/]sf] k|efjsf] cWoog ub{5 . efiffsf
;}4flGts wf/0ffx¿ ;dsfnLg ;dfhdf s]–s;/L k|of]u eO/x]sf 5g\ eg]/ s]nfpg', ;dfhsf
eflifs ;d'bfosf] klxrfg ug{', ;dfhdf b]lvPsf] låeflifstf Pjd\ ax'eflifstfsf] vf]hL ug'{,
efiffsf :yfgLo, juL{o, k];fut cflb e]bx¿sf] cWoog ug{', ;dfhdf af]lng] ljleGg efiffx¿

11
larsf] ;DaGw s]nfpg', efiffsf] ljsf;sf nflu pkof]u ul/Psf efiffgLlt Pjd\ efiffof]hgf
cflbsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{' ;fdflhs efifflj1fgsf ljifo x'g\ .
lgrf]8df ;fdflhs efifflj1fg efiffsf] ;dfhk/s cWoog ug{] efifflj1fgsf] zfvf xf] .
;fdflhs ;+/rgfn] eflifs ;+/rgfdf kf/]sf k|efjsf] cWoog ug'{ jf eflifs ljsf; Pjd\
kl/jt{gdf ;fdflhs ljsf; Pjd\ kl/jt{gn] v]Ng] e"ldsfsf] cWoog ug{' ;fdflhs
efifflj1fgsf] d"n ljifo xf] .
-@_ dgf]efifflj1fg
efiff dfgl;s k|lqmof xf] . efiffsf pRrf/0f, u|x0f, af]wnufotsf kIfx¿ dfgl;s
k|lqmof;Fu ;DalGwt b]lvG5g\ . efiffsf] oxL dfgl;s k|lqmofsf] cWoog ug]{ k|fof]lus
efifflj1fgsf] zfvfnfO{ dgf]efifflj1fg elgG5 . o;nfO{ dgsf ;fk]Iftfdf efiffsf] cWoog ug]{
jf efiffsf dfWodaf6 dgsf] cWoog ug{] efifflj1fgsf] zfvfsf ¿kdf klg x]g{] ul/G5 .
efiff / dgsf larsf] ;DaGwnfO{ s]nfpg] sfd ;+:s[t Jofs/0f / bz{g;Fu ;DalGwt
u|Gyx¿df eP klg efifflj1fg / dgf]lj1fgsf of]uaf6 lgld{t ePsf] dgf]efifflj1fg klZrdL
lrGtgsf] pkh dflgG5 . ;g\ !(%) sf] bzsb]lv klZrdL ;Gbe{af6 dgf]efifflj1fgsf] ljsf;
ePsf] xf] . dfgjsf dgf]ljZn]if0ffTds kIfx¿n] efiffdf kfg{] k|efjx¿nfO{ cWoogsf] ljifo
agfpg] dgf]efifflj1fgn] efiff / dlitissf larsf] cGt;{DaGw, eflifs cleJolQm / af]wdf x'g]
dfgl;s k|lqmof, eflifs Jojxf/;Fu ;DalGwt dgf]j1} flgs kIfx¿, afnssf] efiffl;sfO
k|lqmof, efiffk|flKt Pjd\ cfh{gsf] k|lqmof, dlitisdf cfpg] ljsf/af6 af]nLdf kg]{ k|efj efiffsf]
sf]8Ls/0f Pjd\ ljsf]8Ls/0f k|lqmof cflbsf] cWoog ub{5 . dfgjdgsf s]Gb|Lotfdf efiffsf]
cWoog ub{} efiff / JolQm dfgl;stf, efiff / dfgj dlitis, efiff / dgf]j1} flgs ;Gbe{ cflbsf]
ljZn]if0f ug{', dfgjsf] eflifs clek|]/0ff, :d[lt, wf/0ff cflbsf] rrf{ ug{', h:tf sltko eflifs
/f]ux¿sf] ljZn]if0f / lgbfg;Fu ;DalGwt cWoogdf s]lGb|t /xg', efiffk|flKt, efiffcfh{g Pjd\
efiffk|of]usf] ljZn]if0f ug{' nufotsf kIfx¿ dgf]efifflj1fgsf If]q x'g\ .
-#_ efifflzIf0f
efiffsf] l;sfO kIf;Fu ;DalGwt k|fof]lus efifflj1fgsf] zfvfnfO{ efifflzIf0f elgG5 .
efifflzIf0f eg]sf] efiffsf af/]df ul/g] lzIf0f geP/ ;'gfO, af]nfO, k9fO, n]vfOh:tf eflifs
;Lkx¿sf] ljsf;sf nflu ul/g] z}Ifl0fs lqmofsnfk xf] . o;df eflifs l;k cfh{g ug]{ s'/fnfO{
d'Vo ¿kdf x]l/G5 . efifflzIf0fdf efiffsf] k|of]u kIfdf Wofg lbg] ul/Psfn] o;nfO{ k|fof]lus
efifflj1fgsf] zfvfsf ¿kdf x]l/Psf] xf] .
efifflzIf0fdf efiff l;sfOsf k|lqmof tyf k4ltx¿nfO{ d'Vo ¿kdf x]g]{ ul/G5 . dft[efiff
jf klxnf] efiff / bf];|f] efiffsf] l;sfO k|lqmofdf kfOg] ;dfgtf tyf leGgtf Pjd\ lzIf0f ljlw,
efiffsf Wjlg, zAbe08f/, jfSou7g cflbsf] lzIf0f k|lqmof, ;'gfO, af]nfO, k9fO tyf n]vfO;Fu
;DalGwt lzIf0f k|lqmofnufotsf s'/fx¿ efifflzIf0f;Fu ;DalGwt b]lvG5g\ . ;'gfO lzIf0fsf
nflu >'ltn]v, >'lt/rgf, af]w, a'Fbfl6kf]6 cflb lqmofsnfkx¿ u/fOG5 eg] af]nfO lzIf0fsf
nflu s'/fsfgL, k|Zgf]Q/, lrq tyf j:t'j0f{g, kl/rrf{, 5nkmn, jfbljjfb cflb lqmofsnfkx¿,
k9fO lzIf0fsf nflu ;:j/ k7g, b'|tk7g nufotsf lqmofsnfkx¿ / n]vfO lzIf0fsf nflu
cg'nv ] g, >'ltn]vg, l;h{gfTds n]vg nufotsf lqmofsnfkx¿ u/fOG5 . efifflzIf0fdf
plNnlvt lzIf0f k|lqmofsf cltl/Qm kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f, kf7\ok':ts Pjd\ kf7\o;fdu|L lgdf{0f,
cWofkgof]hgf, lzIf0f ljlw, d"Nofª\sg k|lqmof cflb kIfnfO{ klg d'Vo ljifosf ¿kdf lng]
ul/G5 .
efifflzIf0fdf cEof; tyf k'g/fj[lQ, j}olQms leGgtf, :t/Lo efiffsf] 5gf]6, k|efjsf/L
jftfj/0f, :t/0f / qmda4tf, sIff ;xeflutf, sfnut Psf]Gd'vtf, k"/s ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u, lzIf0f

12
k|lqmofdf ljljwtfh:tf l;4fGtx¿nfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L eflifs l;kx¿sf] ljsf; ug{] p2]Zo
/flvPsf] x'G5 . To;}n] efifflzIf0fnfO{ efiff cWofkgl;t ;DalGwt efifflj1fgsf] dxŒjk"0f{
zfvfsf ¿kdf x]g]{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] efifflzIf0fdf jf eflifs l;k cfh{g ubf{ ckgfpg'kg{]
j}1flgs k4ltnfO{ a'‰g d2t u5{ .
-$_ cg'jfblj1fg
cg'jfbsf] cWoog efifflj1fgsf] k|fof]lus If]q xf] . o;df ;fdfGo efifflj1fgsf
l;4fGtx¿sf] pkof]u x'gfsf ;fy} efiffsf] t'ngfTds cWoog klg x'g] ub{5 . o;n] ubf{
cg'jfbnfO{ t'ngfTds efifflj1fgsf] k|of]ue"ld dflgG5 . oxfF efiffsf] k|of]u kIf g} d"ntM
cWoog;Fu ;DalGwt ePsfn] o;nfO{ k|fof]lus efifflj1fgsf] dxŒjk"0f{ zfvfsf ¿kdf x]g]{
ul/Psf] 5 .
efiff–! df cleJoQm ljrf/nfO{ efiff–@ df k|:t't ug{] sfdnfO{ cg'jfb elgG5 .
cg'jfbdf Pp6f efiffdf k|:t't ePsf ljrf/nfO{ csf{] efiffdf ¿kfGt/0f ul/G5 . o;df ;|ft] efiff /
nIoefiffsf s'/fx¿ cfpF5g\ . ;fdfGotof ‘efiff–!’ nfO{ jf h'g efiffdf ljrf/ JoQm ul/Psf] 5
To;nfO{ ;|f]tefiff elgG5 eg] ‘efiff–@’ nfO{ jf h'g efiffdf ljrf/nfO{ ¿kfGt/0f ul/G5, To;nfO{
nIoefiff elgG5 . o;y{ ;|f]tefiffsf ljrf/x¿nfO{ nIoefiffdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{] sfdnfO{ cg'jfb /
cg'jfbsf] cWoog ug{] lj1fgnfO{ cg'jfblj1fg elgG5 .
;fdfGo ¿kdf cg'jfbnfO{ ‘;|f]tefiff > ljrf/ Pjd\ efj > nIo efiff’ sf ;"qsf ¿kdf
x]g{] ul/Psf] 5 . ;|f]t efiffsf cleJolQmsf] efiffGt/0fnfO{ dfq cg'jfb dfGg ;lsFbg} . Pp6f
;+/rgfnfO{ csf]{ efiff Pjd\ ;+/rgfdf 9fNb}df cg'jfb gx'g klg ;S5 . o;sf nflu nIo efiffdf
cg's"ng ug{ JofVofkgsf] klg cfjZostf kb{5 . o;f] gul/Pdf cg"lbt cleJolQm c;xh
Pjd\ s[lqd aGg k'U5 .
cg'jfbnfO{ ;|f]t efiffsf d"n /rgfsf] k'gM ;[hg klg eGg] ul/Psf] 5 . cg'jfb ¿kfGt/0f
Pjd\ JofVofkgdf dfq ;Lldt x'Fbg} . cg'jfbdf d"n /rgfsf ljrf/ / cg'e"ltx¿ ;f]xL ¿kdf
nIo efiffdf k|ltljlDat ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . o;sf nflu ¿kfGt/0f / JofVofkgsf cltl/Qm k'gM
;[hg k|lqmofsf] ;d]t pkof]u x'g' jf~5gLo b]lvG5 . cg'jfbdf cg'jfbsf] k|lqmof, kl/0ffd Pjd\
lzNk ltg s'/fdf hf]8 lbOG5 / Pp6f efiffsf] ;du|tfnfO{ csf]{ efiffdf k|:t't ug{] p2]Zo /flvG5 .
k|fof]lus efifflj1fgsf] zfvfsf ¿kdf ljsl;t ePsf] cg'jfblj1fgn] cg'jfbsf
k|lqmof, cg'jfbsf k|sf/, cg'jfbsf ;d:of, cg'jfbsf l;4fGt cflbsf af/]df rrf{–kl/rrf{
ub{5 . lxhf]–cfh o;nfO{ cg'jfblj1fgeGbf cg'jfbsf] cWoog ug{] Pp6f :jtGq ljwfsf ¿kdf
lrgfpg] ul/Psf] 5 .
-%_ sf]zlj1fg
eflifs PsfOnfO{ lglZrt cg'qmddf /fvL ltgLx¿sf] cy{, ;+/rgf, cy{;DaGw, ;|ft] ,
Jo'TklQ, k|of]u cflb ;"rgf lbOPsf /rgfnfO{ sf]z elgG5 . ;fdfGotof sf]z eGgfn] zAbx¿sf]
;ª\u|x ePsf u|GynfO{ dfq glnO{ zAb, kbfjnL, ;"lQm, ljifo cflbnfO{ cg'qmd /flvPsf
u|Gyx¿ eGg] a'lemG5 . o; lsl;dsf PsfOx¿sf] j}1flgs cWoog sf]zlj1fg xf] . of]
sf]zlj1fg zAbn] zflAbs ¿kdf zAblj1fg / cWoog eGg] cy{ lbP klg o;n] zAbsf]z,
sf]zfy{ lj1fg / sf]zljwfg lj1fgh:tf zAb;Fu ;DaGw /fv]sf] 5 . j0ff{g'qmddf efiffsf
zAbx¿sf] cy{;lxtsf ;"rgfx¿nfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] /rgfnfO{ zAbsf]z elgG5 eg] sf]zfy{
lj1fgdfdf efiffsf zAbx¿sf] cy{, ;+/rgf, cy{;DaGw, ;|f]t, Jo'TklQ k|of]u cflbsf] ;du|
cWoog ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;n] sf]zlgdf{0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ ;}4flGts kIfdf cfwfl/t k|fof]lus
efifflj1fg eGg] cy{ lbG5 . sf]zlgdf{0fnfO{ ;}4flGts ¿kdf lgb{]zg ug]{ sfd oxL sf]zfy{

13
lj1fgn] ub{5 . sf]zljwfg lj1fg zAbnfO{ Jofks cy{df k|of]u ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;nfO{
sf]z;Dkfbg / k|ljlw;Fu ;DalGwt ljljw kIfsf ¿kdf lng] ul/Psf] 5 .
kfl/eflifs ¿kdf h]h:tf zAbsf] k|of]u ul/P klg sf]zlgdf{0f;Fu ;DalGwt k|fof]lus
efifflj1fgsf] zfvfnfO{ sf]zlj1fg eGg] ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] sf]zlgdf{0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{
kIfx¿nfO{ cWoogsf] ljifo agfPsf] x'G5 . sf]zlj1fgn] zAbsf]z ;Dkfbg k|lqmofsf]
cWoogsf ;fy} zAbsf lxHh], pRrf/0f, cy{ko| f]u, ltgsf kof{o, Jo'TklQ, Oltxf; jf oLdWo]
s]xL s'/fsf] hfgsf/L;Fu ;DalGwt kIfsf] cWoog u/]sf] x'G5 . d"ntM efiffsf] zAb9's'6Ldf /x]sf
zAbx¿sf] Jojl:yt cWoog, sf]zLo ;fdu|Lsf] ;ª\sng, k|ljli6sf] rog / juL{s/0f,
cy{lgwf{/0f, lxHh] Pjd\ Jofs/0f lgb]{zg, Jo'TklQ, pbfx/0f, k|of]u, lgb]{zgfTds p4/0f, kof{o
tyf ljkof{o, lrq, /]vf, tflnsf cflbsf] ;+of]hg / ;Dkfbg;DaGwL ;}4flGts kIfsf] j0f{g,
ljZn]if0f / ljj]rgf zAbsf]zdf x'g] ub{5 . of] zAbsf Wjlg, pRrf/0f / lxHh] lgwf{/0fsf
;Gbe{df Wjlglj1fg;Fu, Jo'TklQ nufotsf ¿kljZn]if0fsf ;Gbe{df ¿klj1fg;Fu /
cy{lgwf{/0fsf ;Gbe{df cy{lj1fg;Fu ;DalGwt /xg] ub{5 .
-^_ z}nLlj1fg
;flxlTos s[ltdf cGt/lglxt z}nLsf] cWoogsf nflu b]vfk/]sf] efifflj1fgsf] gjLg
zfvfnfO{ z}nLlj1fg elgG5 . z}nLlj1fgdf efiffj}1flgs b[li6af6 ;flxlTos s[ltsf] cWoog
x'G5 . efifflj1fgn] sfJoefiffnfO{ klg cWoogsf] ljifo agfPkl5 z}nLlj1fgsf] k|f/De ePsf]
xf] .
z}nLsf] cWoog k/Dk/f w]/} k'/fgf] 5 . k"j{sf cnª\sf/jfb, /Lltjfb, jqmf]lQmjfbh:tf
lrGtgdf tyf klZrdsf lu|;]nL, /f]d]nL cflb ;flxTol;4fGtdf z}nLsf] s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf
cWoog ePsf] kfOG5 . olt x'bF fx'Fb} klg z}nLlj1fgnfO{ cfw'lgs efifflj1fgsf] b]g dflgG5 .
cfw'lgs efifflj1fgsf hGdbftf ;;'/ / pgsf lzio rfN;{ a]nLnfO{ cfw'lgs z}nLlj1fgsf]
k|jt{g ug{] JolQmsf ¿kdf lng] ul/Psf] 5 . o;y{ j0f{gfTds jf ;+/rgfTds efifflj1fgsf]
ljsf;kl5 g} klZrdL ;Gbe{af6 z}nLlj1fgsf] ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 .
;fdfGo efiffsf ;+/rgfsf] cltqmd0f, PseGbf a9L eflifs PsfOsf] ;f}Gbo{af]ws
;d'Rro jf /rgfsf/sf] ljlzi6 /rgfk|sf/nfO{ z}nL eGg] ul/Psf] 5 . vf; u/L /rgfsf/sf]
ljlzi6 /rgfk|sf/ jf cleJolQmnfO{ z}nL elgG5 eg] ;flxlTos efiffsf] j}1flgs cWoog ug{]
efifflj1fgsf] zfvfnfO{ z}nLlj1fg elgG5 . s'g} klg ;flxlTos s[ltdf ;flxlTos ;+/rgfsf] tx
/ eflifs ;+/rgfsf] tx /x]sf x'G5g\ eg] ltgLx¿sf] dWojtL{ txsf ¿kdf z}nL /x]sf] x'G5 .
;flxlTos ;+/rgfsf txdf agf]6 / a'gf]6 /x]sf x'G5g\ . agf]6n] s[ltleqsf ;fgf 36sx¿sf] s'n
of]unfO{ hgfpF5 eg] a'gf]6n] 36sx¿sf] sfo{ / ltgLx¿sf] cfk;L ;DaGwnfO{ hgfpF5 . eflifs
;+/rgfsf txdf WjlgJoj:yf, zAbJoj:yf -sf]zLo zAb / cy{_ / Jofs/0f Joj:yf /x]sf x'G5g\ .
z}nLlj1fgn] oL b'O{ txsf] efiffj}1flgs cWoog ug{'sf ;fy} rog, cu|e"ld lgdf{0f -ljrng /
;dfgfGt/tf_ tyf k|o'lQm ljljwtfsf cfwf/df ;flxlTos s[ltdf cGt/lglxt ;f}Gbo{ jf z}nLsf]
ljZn]i] f0f ub{5 . z}nLlj1fgdf rog eGgfn] eflifs PsfOx¿sf pknAw ljsNkx¿dWo]af6
;fy{s PsfOsf] 5gf]6 eGg] a'lemG5 . o;} u/L s[ltsf c+znfO{ ljlzi6 t'Nofpg] sfo{nfO{ cu|e"ld
lgdf{0f elgG5 . o;cGtu{t ;dfgfGt/tf / ljrngsf s'/fx¿ cfpF5g\ . eflifs k|of]usf] lgoldt
k'g/fj[lQ ;dfgfGt/tf xf] eg] dfgssf] cltqmd0f ljrng xf] . k|ol' Qm ljljwtf efiffsf]
k|of]hgk/s k|sfo{;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] x'G5 . z}nLlj1fgn] ;flxlTos s[ltdf cGt/lglxt log}
ljljw j}lzi6\onfO{ j:t'jfbL ¿kdf ljZn]if0f ub{5 . ;f/df eGg'kbf{ o;nfO{ efiffjfbL jf
j:t'jfbL sf]0faf6 s[ltsf] j:t'k/s d"Nofª\sg ug{] k4ltsf ¿kdf x]g]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

14
-&_ sDKo'6/ efifflj1fg
sDKo'6/ cfw'lgs j}1flgs lrGtgsf] ljlzi6 pknlAw xf] . ;g\ !($& df cfljisf/
ul/Psf] of] oGqn] 1fglj1fgsf If]qdf gofF–gofF ;Defjgfsf l5+8Lx¿ klxNofPsf] 5 . dfgj
dlitiseGbf xhf/f}+ u'0ff l56f] sfd ug{ ;Sg] sDKo'6/nfO{ dfgj dl:tiss} ljlzi6 pkh dfGg]
ul/Psf] 5 .
sDKo'6/sf] cfljisf/kl5 o;nfO{ efiffsf] cWoogsf If]qdf pkof]u ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .
o;n] efiffsf] cWoogsf ;Gbe{df dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 . o;n] eflifs cWoognfO{
j}1flgs agfpg dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 . o;y{ sDKo'6/sf dfWodaf6 ul/g] j}1flgs Pjd\
j:t'jfbL eflifs cWoognfO{ sDKo'6/ efifflj1fg eGg] ul/Psf] 5 . sDKo'6/n] eflifs
tYofª\sx¿nfO{ ljleGg Jofs/l0fs lgodx¿ k|of]u u/]/ ljZn]if0f ub{5 . of] Ps lsl;dsf]
Jojl:yt dlitis ePsfn] o;n] efiffsf ljljw kIfx¿sf] cWoog–ljZn]if0f ub{5 . vf; u/L
JolQmsf af]nLx¿sf] ljljw ;Gbe{sf] cWoog / ljZn]if0f, eflifs Wjlgsf] cWoog, ;"rL
lgwf{/0f, ;fdu|L ;ª\sng Pjd\ ltgLx¿sf] j}1flgs Joj:yfkg, dgf]lj1fg, ul0ftLo efifflj1fg
cflbsf] cWoogsf ;Gbe{df sDKo'6/sf] pkof]u ul/G5 . o;/L sDKo'6/sf dfWodaf6 ul/g]
eflifs cWoog g} sDKo'6/ efifflj1fg xf] .
sDKo'6/n] cfk}+m lgodx¿ agfpFbg} , o;df lgodx¿ lgwf{/0f u/L /flvPsf x'G5g\ .
sDKo'6/df lgof]lht log} lgodx¿sf cfwf/df o;n] tYox¿sf] ;+zf]wg, k|zf]wg / pTkfbg ug{]
sfd ub{5 . o;/L sDKo'6/sf dfWodaf6 efiffsf] cWoog ubf{ eflifs cWoog a9L j:t'jfbL x'g]
ePsfn] efifflj1fgsf If]qdf o;sf] k|of]u Jofks ¿kdf x'Fb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
-*_ Jolt/]sL efifflj1fg
b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L efiffx¿sf Joj:yf jf pkJoj:yfx¿sf] ;dtf / leGgtf;DaGwL
t'ngfTds eflifs cWoognfO{ Jolt/]sL efifflj1fg elgG5 . s'g} Ps efiffljz]ifdf s]lGb|t g/xL
PseGbf a9L efiffsf ;+/rgfTds kIf;Fu ;DalGwt x'g] ePsfn] o;sf] ;DaGw ;+/rgfTds tyf
t'ngfTds efifflj1fgsf ;fy} k|sf/fTds efifflj1fg;Fu hf]l8Psf] b]lvG5 . t'ngfTds
efifflj1fg;Fu} o;sf] ljsf; ePsf] b]lvP klg Jolt/]sL efifflj1fgsf] d'Vo ;DaGw z}Ifl0fs
k|of]hg;Fu ufFl;Psfn] bf];|f] ljZjo'4eGbf k5fl8 cd]l/sfaf6 o;sf] k|f/De ePsf] kfOG5 .
k|mfOh, Nof8f], a]gl/vh:tf ljåfg\x¿sf eflifs cWoogn] Jolt/]sL efifflj1fgsf If]qdf ljz]if
of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 .
Jolt/]sL ljZn]if0fsf ;Gbe{df ;|f]tefiff / nIoefiffsf larsf] ;dfgtf Pjd\
c;dfgtfnfO{ s]nfO{ tL efiffx¿sf larsf] ;+/rgfTds Ps¿ktf / k[ys\tfsf] ljZn]if0f ul/G5 .
o;df ;|f]tefiff / nIoefiffsf ljleGg PsfOx¿sf] t'ngfTds cWoog ul/G5 . vf; u/L
efifflzIf0fsf ;Gbe{df klxnf] efiff / bf];|f] efiffsf larsf] ;+/rgfTds Ps¿ktf / k[ys\tf
klxNofO{ bf];|f] efiff l;sfOsf ;d:ofx¿ klxNofpg tyf bf];|f] efiff l;sfOsf nflu kf7\oqmd,
kf7\o;fdu|L, lzIf0fljlw cflbsf] lgwf{/0f ug{sf nflu Jolt/]sL ljZn]if0fnfO{ k|of]udf NofOg]
ul/Psf] 5 . o;y{ ;|f]tefiff / nIoefiffsf] t'ngfTds cWoog u/L bf];|f] efiff l;sfOsf
;d:ofx¿sf] k"jf{gd' fg Pjd\ klxrfg ug'{, l;sfOsf] :yfgfGt/0faf6 x'g] c;/x¿sf] klxrfg ug{',
bf];|f] efiff l;sfOsf nflu cfjZos /0fgLlt th{'df ug{' Jolt/]sL ljZn]if0fsf ;}4flGts
cfwf/x¿ x'g\ . efiffsf ;fj{ef}d ljz]iftf kQf nufpg, ;|f]tefiff / nIoefiffsf ;dfgtf / leGgtf
kQf nufpg tyf efifflzIf0fdf o;sf] pkof]u ug{, cg'jfb sfo{ Pjd\ efiffsf] k|sf/ut juL{s/0f
ug{ Jolt/]sL ljZn]if0fsf] pkof]u ul/G5 .

15
-(_ q'l6 ljZn]if0f
Jolt/]sL ljZn]if0feGbf k5fl8 q'l6 ljZn]if0f k4ltsf] ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 . Jolt/]sL
ljZn]if0fn] bf];|f] efiffsf] l;sfOdf x'g] q'l6x¿sf] cWoog ug{ yfn]kl5 k|fof]lus efifflj1fgsf]
5'§} zfvfsf ¿kdf o;sf] ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . o;n] efiff l;sfOsf qmddf l;sf?x¿n] ug]{
q'l6x¿sf] cWoog ub{5 . l;sf?n] klxnf] efiffsf] l;sfOdf klg q'l6x¿ u5{ t/ o;nfO{ bf];|f]
efiffsf] l;sfOsf ;Gbe{df x'g] q'l6x¿sf] cWoogdf a9L dfqfdf s]lGb|t ul/Psf] 5 .
efiffl;sfOsf qmddf x'g] q'l6x¿nfO{ ;+/rgfjfbL / dgf]jfbLx¿n] cf–cfÇg} lsl;dn]
JofVof u/]sf 5g\ . ;+/rgfjfbLx¿ q'l6nfO{ gsf/fTds ¿kdf x]b}{ o;nfO{ cEof;sf] sdL Pjd\
c;kmntfsf] Bf]ts dfGb5g\ eg] dgf]jfbLx¿ o;nfO{ ;sf/fTds ¿kdf x]b{} efiffl;sfOsf]
:jfefljs k|lqmof 7fGb5g\ . oL b'O{ b[li6sf]0fnfO{ x]bf{ q'l6 efiffl;sfOsf] :jfefljs k|lqmofsf
¿kdf b]vfkb{5 . l;sf?n] q'l6 ub{} To;nfO{ ;RofpFb} cGTodf efiffdf bIf x'g] ePsfn] o;nfO{
gsf/fTds ¿kdf x]g{' o'lQmk"0f{ x'Fb}g .
l;sf?x¿sf] l;sfO k|lqmofsf af/]df hfgsf/L lng, lzIfssf nflu k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt ug{,
z}lIfs of]hgf tof/ kfg{, Jolt/]sL ljZn]if0fsf k"jf{gd' fgnfO{ k|df0fLs/0f jf ck|df0fLs/0f ug{
tyf bf];|f] efiff l;Sbf x'g] q'l6x¿sf] cWoog ug{ q'l6ljZn]if0f pkof]uL dflgG5 . q'l6ljZn]if0fsf
;Gbe{df k"j{lgwf{l/t sf]l6 k4lt jf kZrlgwf{l/t sf]l6 k4ltsf] pkof]u ul/G5 . k"j{lgwf{l/t sf]l6
k4ltdf l;sf?n] ug{] q'l6x¿sf] k"jf{g'dfg u/L pRrf/0f, lxHh], jfSo cflbsf If]qdf l;sf?n]
ug]{ q'l6x¿nfO{ hgfpg :tDe agfOG5, To;kl5 l;sf?x¿af6 ;fdu|L ;ª\sng u/L :tDe e/]/
tflnsLs/0f u/L q'l6x¿sf] sf]l6 / pksf]l6 5'§ofOG5 . o;nfO{ lgudgfTds k4lt klg eGg
;lsG5 . kZrlgwf{l/t sf]l6 k4ltdf eg] l;sf?x¿n] u/]sf q'l6x¿sf] ;ª\sng u/L ltgLx¿sf]
klxrfg, lgwf{/0f Pjd\ juL{s/0f ul/G5 . q'l6x¿sf] o; lsl;dn] ljZn]if0f ug{] k4lt efiffsf]
k|of]uk/s ;Gbe{;Fu ;DalGwt ePsfn] o;nfO{ k|fof]lus efifflj1fgsf] d'Vo zfvfsf ¿kdf
lng] ul/Psf] 5 .
-!)_ ;ª\syg ljZn]if0f
jfSoeGbf dflyNnf] PsfOnfO{ ;ª\syg elgG5 . of] jfSoeGbf dflysf] efiffsf]
k|of]ulj:tf/ xf] . o;nfO{ k"0f{ Pjd\ l;ª\uf] cleJolQmsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . ;ª\syg;DaGwL
cjwf/0ffsf] k|f/Dedf o;nfO{ sYo efiffsf syg36gf;Fu ;DalGwt l;ª\uf] cleJolQm
dflgGYof] t/ cfhef]ln o;cGtu{t n]Vo cleJolQmnfO{ klg ;d]6\g] ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L jfSoeGbf
dflyNnf sYo jf n]Vo cleJolQm ;fdfGotof ;ª\sygcGtu{t kb{5g\ . oL ;ª\sygx¿ jStf /
>f]tfsf syg kl/j]z;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5g\ eg] oL ;ª\sygdf eflifs tŒjx¿sf cltl/Qm
eflifs]t/ tŒjx¿sf] klg k|of]u x'g] ub{5 . lgaGw, hLjgL, syf, lgofqf, ;+:d/0f, lr7L, b}lgsL,
lj1fkg, k|ltj]bg, ;"rgf cflb n]Vo ;ª\syg x'g\ . o:tf ;ª\sygx¿ eflifs tŒjx¿df a9L
lge{/ /x]sf x'G5g\ .
;ª\sygdf ;+;lQm / ;+o'lQm u/L b'O{ kIf x'G5g\ . lognfO{ ;Da4s / ;Da4g klg
elgG5 . jfSo jf jfSoeGbf dflyNnf eflifs PsfOx¿sf lar cGt/;DaGw hgfpg cfpg]
;fj{gflds, sflns, b}lzs cflb tŒjnfO{ ;+;lQm ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . of] zAb, kbfjnL,
pkjfSo Pjd\ jfSosf lar >[ª\vnf jf clGjlt b;f{pg cfpg] Ps lsl;dsf] o'lQm
xf] . o;nfO{ cGjos, hf]8s jf hf]gL{sf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . k/:k/ cGjodf cfa4 ePsf
sygnfO{ lgo'lQm elgG5 . cleJolQmsf qmddf ljleGg syg jf plQmx¿ cPsf x'G5g\ . tL
plQmx¿sf lardf >[ª\vnf /x]df dfq cleJolQmsf] af]w x'G5 . cleJolQmsf] af]wsf nflu
sygsf] clGjltn] dfq k'Ub}gý To;sf nflu jQmf / >f]tf jf n]vs / kf7ssf] kl/j]z klg ldNg'
kb{5 . ctM jQmf / >f]tfsf] Ps} kl/j]z;Fu ;DalGwt syg jf plQmsf] cfGtl/s clGjltnfO{ g}

16
;+ol' Qm eGg ;lsG5 . vf; u/L of] ;ª\sygdf cGt/lglxt ;Gbe{ut ;DaGwkIf;Fu ;DalGwt
x'G5 . lgDgcg';f/sf pbfx/0faf6 ;+;lQm / ;+o'lQmnfO{ lrgfpg ;lsG5 M
‘alxgL kf]v/f uO{ . p;n] ToxfF kmnk"mn lsgL .’ o; pbfx/0fdf cfPsf ‘p;n]’ / ‘ToxfF’
;Da4s x'g\ . logLx¿n] ‘alxgL kf]v/f hfg'’ / ‘p;n] kmnk"mn lsGg'’ b'O{ cf]6f sygnfO{ hf]8]sf
5g\ . o;}u/L o;df cfPsf pQm b'O{ syg k/:k/ cGt/;DalGwt ePsfn] ;Da4g x'g\ .
;ª\syg ljZn]if0f ug{] ;Gbe{df ;ª\sygdf cGt/lglxt ;+;lQm / ;+o'lQmsf] ;DaGw Pjd\ e"ldsfnfO{
s]nfpg] ul/G5 . o;df jfSofTds cGt/;DaGw, zAbut cGt/;DaGw cflbsf] cWoog ugf{sf ;fy}
;fdflhs ;Gbe{ tyf kf7s Pjd\ u|lxtfsf] kl/j]znfO{ klg ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/ agfOG5 . ;ª\sygdf
k|:tf]tf, af]4f, dfu{ jf ;Dk|]if0fsf dfWod, ;"rgfsf] :j¿k, ljifo, sf]8, kl/j]zh:tf ;+/rs tŒjx¿
/x]sf x'G5g\ . ;ª\syg ljZn]if0fsf] ;Gbe{df oL kIfx¿sf] klg ljZn]if0f ul/G5 .
PsfOut ;f/f+z
efiff / efifflj1fgsf] kl/ro d"n zLif{sdf cfwfl/t o; klxnf] PsfOsf] ;f/f+zsf ?kdf
efiff / efifflj1fgsf] kl/ro, efiffsf ljz]iftf, dfgj / kz'kG5Lsf efiffdf kfOg] cGt/sf]
cWoog, efifflj1fgsf] kl/ro, efifflj1fgsf d"ne"t ljz]iftf / efifflj1fgsf If]qsf ;fy}
efifflj1fgsf zfvfsf] kl/rocGtu{t ;fdflhs efifflj1fg, dgf]efifflj1fg, efifflzIf0f,
cg'jfblj1fg, sf]zlj1fg, z}nLlj1fg, sDKo'6/ efifflj1fg, Jolt/]sL efifflj1fg, q'l6ljZn]if0f,
;ª\syg ljZn]if0fsf] kl/rofTds rrf{df hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .
PsfOut cEof;
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= ;fdflhs efifflj1fgn] d"ntM s'g kIfdf hf]8 lbG5 <
-s_ efiffsf ;fk]Iftfdf ;dfhsf] cWoog
-v_ ;dfhsf ;fk]Iftfdf efiffsf] cWoog
-u_ efiff / ;dfhsf ;fk]Iftfdf efiffsf] cWoog
-3_ ;+/rgfsf cfwf/df efiffsf] cWoog
@= efiff / dl:tissf larsf] cGt;DaGwsf] cWoog efifflj1fgsf] s'g zfvfdf ul/G5 <
-s_ ;dfhefifflj1fg -v_ z}nLlj1fg
-u_ dgf]efifflj1fg -3_ ;fdfGo efifflj1fg
#= ‘efO 3/ uof] . pm ef]ln cfpF5’ df ;+;lQm a'emfpg] zAb s'g xf] <
-s_ efO -v_ 3/ -u_ ef]ln -3_ pm
$= efiffsf] ;a}eGbf a[xt\ PsfO s'g xf] <
-s_ ;ª\syg -v_ jfSo -u_ k|s/0f -3_ cg'R5]b
%= sfJofTds efiffsf] cWoog ug]{ efifflj1fgsf] zfvf s'g xf] <
-s_ cg'jfblj1fg -v_ t'ngfTds efifflj1fg
-u_ P]ltxfl;s efifflj1fg -3_ z}nLlj1fg
^= efiff lzIf0fsf] clek|fo s] xf] <
-s_ eflifs l;ksf] lzIf0f -v_ efiffsf] lzIf0f
-u_ ;flxTosf] lzIf0f -3_ Jofs/0fsf] lzIf0f
&= ljrf/ ljlgdosf] ;a}eGbf ;zSt dfWod s] xf] <
-s_ nIo efiff -v_ dfWod efiff
-u_ ;|f]t efiff -3_ ;Dks{ efiff

17
*= zAbsf]zsf] pQ/ efudf lbOg] ;"rgf s'g xf] <
-s_ pbfx/0f -v_ ;|f]t
-u_ kof{o -3_ cy{
;ª\lIfKt k|Zg
-1_ ;|ft] efiff / nIo efiffsf af/]df rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .
-2_ Jolt/]sL ljZn]if0fsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-3_ efiff lzIf0fsf] clek|fo :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ .
-4_ cg'jfb lj1fgsf] dxŒj s]nfpg'xf];\ .
-5_ sf]zlj1fgsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .
-6_ efifflj1fgsf zfvfsf] pNn]v u/L s'g} ltgj6fsf] ;fdfGo kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
ljj]rgfTds k|Zg
!= efifflj1fgsf zfvfx?sf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .

!=#=* efifflj1fgsf] pkof]lutf

efifflj1fgsf] pkof]lutfnfO{ lgDg a'Fbfdf ;d]6\g ;lsG5 M
!= ;+;f/df af]lng] efiff / ltgsf ljz]iftf, efiffsf cfGtl/s / afÅo ;+/rgf, efiffsf
;fj{ef}d Pjd\ ljlzi6 lgod Pjd\ ljz]iftfsf]] klxrfg, juL{s/0f / j0f{g ug{
efifflj1fgsf] pkof]lutf dxŒjk"0f{ /xG5 .
@= efiffsf] Oltxf;, ljsf;qmd, sfnqmlds kl/jt{g, n'Kt ePsf eflifs ;fdu|Lsf]
k'glgdf{0f, k|frLg / cfw'lgs ¿ksf] t'ngf ug{ efifflj1fgn] ;xof]uLsf] e"ldsf v]N5 .
#= k|frLg lnlksf cWo]tfnfO{ efifflj1fg ;xof]uL x'g ;S5 . o;n] lnlkhGo ;d:of
;dfwfg ug{ / k|frLg lnlksf] ljsf;qmd / x/]s j0f{sf] lnlkhGo kl/jt{gnfO{ b]vfpg
klg ;3fp k'¥ofpF5 .
$= sYo:t/df /x]sf sltko efiffsf lnlksf] lgdf{0f ubf{ ;DalGwt efiffsf Wjlgx¿sf]
cWoog u/]/ j0f{sf] ;ª\Vof / lnlklrXgx¿sf] cfn]vgdf efifflj1fgsf] pkof]lutf
:jtM l;4 x'G5 .
%= k|frLg u|Gyx¿sf] ;Dkfbg, cy{lgwf{/0f Pjd\ z'4kf7 ;DaGwL ;d:ofsf] lg/fs/0f ug{
efifflj1fg ;xof]uL x'g ;S5 . o;sf ;xfotfn] k|frLg jfª\dodf k|:t't n]Vo ;fdu|Lsf
eflifs j}lzi6osf] klg lg¿k0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
^= sYo efiffsf] ;dsfnLg ¿k;Fu kl/lrt x'g Pjd\ efiff, eflifsf / JolSt efiffsf] t'ngf
/ leGgtf 5'6\ofpg klg efifflj1fgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
&= n]Vo / sYo ¿kdf /x]sf efiffsf] :t/Ls/0f, dfgsLs/0f / cfw'lgsLs/0f ubf{ klg
efifflj1fgsf] ;xof]u rflxG5 .
*= 1fglj1fgsf ul0ft, z/L/lj1fg, ef}ltslj1fg, Oltxf;, dgf]lj1fg, ;dfhzf:q,
dfgjzf:qh:tf ljifosf] cWoog ug{ efiffsf] cfjZostf k5{ . efifflj1fgn] ljleGg
zf:qsf] cWoogdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] x'Fbf o;sf] pkof]lutf 68\sf/f] b]lvG5 .
(= /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] eflifs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ;+nUg /fhg]tf, gLltlgdf{tf,
of]hgfsf/, k|zf;s, lzIfs h:tf JolStn] efifflj1fgsf ;xof]un] dfq pQm ;d:ofsf]
;dfwfg ug{ ;S5g\ .

18
!)= ;flxTosf ;|i6f, cfnf]rs / kf7s klg efifflj1fg;Fu kl/lrt x'g'k5{ . z}nLlj1fgdf
;flxlTos z}nLsf] cWoog ul/G5 eg] s'g} s[ltdf /x]sf] jfRo, nIo / JoªUo cy{sf]
lg¿k0fdf cy{lj1fg pkof]uL l;4 x'G5 .
!!= dft[efifL / bf];|fe
] fifL jf ljb]zL ljBfyL{ k9fpg] b'j}y/L lzIfsnfO{ lzIf0f snfdf ;'wf/
Nofpg efifflj1fgsf] 1fg cfjZos k5{ . To;df klg bf];|f] efiff jf ljb]zL efiff lzIf0f
ug]{ lzIfsnfO{ efifflj1fgsf] pkof]lutf dxŒjk"0f{ x'g cfpF5 .
!@= k7gkf7g lzIffsf] k|rf/–k|rf/ kf7\oqmd kf7\ok':tssf] lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog ;+zf]wg /
kl/dfh{g h:tf sfo{df ;+nUg lzIffljb\, kf7\oqmdljb\, kf7\ok':ts n]vsnufotsf
JolQmn] efifflj1fgsf ;xof]un] dfq} cfÇgf] k];f jf Joj;fonfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg
;S5g\ .
!#= Pp6f efiffdf ePsf s'/f csf{df :yfgfGt/0f ug'{nfO{ cg'jfb elgG5 . Pp6f efiffsf
;+/rgfnfO{ ¿kfGt/0f ug{ efifflj1fgsf] ;xof]u ck]lIft x'G5 .
!$= sf]zsf ;Dkfbsx¿sf] efifflj1fgsf] ;xof]u lnP/ dfq} eflifs sf]zsf] ;Dkfbg ug]{
ePsfn] efifflj1fgsf] pkof]lutf dxŒjk"0f{ x'g cfpF5 .
!%= ;~rf/ / k|ljlwsf If]qdf sfd ug]{ ljz]if1x¿nfO{ /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, sDKo'6/, lk|G6/
df]afOn, cf=jf=, d'b0| f h:tf ;~rf/sf ;fwg;Fu kl/lrt x'g efifflj1fg ;xof]uL x'G5 .
To;}n] efiff;Fu hf]l8Psf] 1fg k|fKt ug{ / ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ efifflj1fgsf] pkof]lutf
dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] kfOG5 .
;ª\lIfKt k|Zg
!= efifflj1fgsf] pkof]lutf cf}+Nofpg'xf];\ .

19
 PsfO b'O{
Wjlglj1fg / j0f{lj1fg
@=! kl/ro
o; PsfOsf] d"n zLif{s Wjlglj1fg / j0f{lj1fg xf] . o;df Wjlglj1fg / j0f{lj1fg u/L
b'Oj{ 6f pkzLif{s 5g\ .
o; PsfOsf] klxnf] pkzLif{s Wjlglj1fg xf] . o;cGtu{t Wjlglj1fgsf] kl/ro,
To;sf cf}Rrfl/s, ;f~rfl/s / >fjl0fs e]bsf] rrf{, lrq;lxt pRrf/0f cjojsf] kl/ro /
To;sf sfo{ Pjd\ Wjlg -eflifs Wjlg_ pTkfbg k|lqmofsf] rrf{ ug]{ nIo /flvPsf] 5 . To:t}
v08Lo / v08]t/ Wjlgsf dfWodaf6 eflifs Wjlgx¿sf] klxrfg, juL{s/0f / j0f{g, cGt/f{li6«o
WjlgtflŒjs j0f{dfnf / To;sf ljz]iftf Pjd\ k|wfg / uf}0f e]b;lxt dfg:j/sf] kl/ro lbg]
sfo{df o; kf7\of+zn] hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
k|:t't PsfOsf] bf];|f] pkzLif{s j0f{lj1fg xf] . o;df j0f{lj1fgsf] kl/ro, Wjlglj1fg /
j0f{lj1fgsf ;DaGwsf] cfsng, j0f{ ljZn]if0f k|lqmof / j0f{ l;4fGtsf] lrgf/L, j0f{, ;+j0f{ /
n3'td o'Udsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;f]bfx/0f lrgfpg] p2]Zo /flvPsf] 5 . To:t} v08Lo / v08]t/
j0f{sf] klxrfg, juL{s/0f / j0f{g Pjd\ lje]bs clenIf0fsf cfwf/df g]kfnL j0f{sf] klxrfg
ug]{ ck]Iff klg o; kf7\of+zdf /flvPsf] 5 .
@=@ ljlzi6 p2]Zo tyf kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
• cf}Rrfl/s, ;f~rfl/s / >fjl0fs Wjlglj1fgsf Wjlglj1fg / j0f{lj1fg
zfvf;lxt Wjlglj1fgsf] kl/ro lbg @=! Wjlglj1fgsf] kl/ro
• cf}Rrfl/s Wjlglj1fgsf ljz]iftf atfpg @=!=! cf}Rrfl/s
• Wjlgcjojx¿sf] lrq;lxt kl/ro k|:t't ug{ @=!=@ ;f~rfl/s /
• Wjlg pTkfbg k|lqmofsf] j0f{g ug{ @=!=# >fjl0fs Wjlglj1fg
• eflifs Wjlgx¿sf] klxrfg, juL{s/0f / j0f{g ug{ @=@ cf}Rrfl/s Wjlglj1fgsf ljz]iftf
• cGt/f{li6«o Wjlg tflŒjs j0f{dfnf / ltgsf @=# Wjlg cjojx¿sf] lrq;lxt j0f{g / Wjlg
ljz]iftf atfpg pTkfbg k|lqmof
• k|wfg / uf}0f dfg:j/;lxt dfg:j/sf] kl/ro @=$ Wjlgx¿sf] klxrfg, juL{s/0f / j0f{g
k|:t't ug{ @=% cGt/f{li6«o WjlgtflŒjs j0f{dfnf / ltgsf
• j0f{lj1fgsf] kl/ro lbg ljz]iftf
• Wjlglj1fg / j0f{lj1fgsf] ;DaGw atfpg @=^ dfg:j/sf] kl/ro M k|wfg / uf}0f dfg:j/
• j0f{ljZn]if0fsf ;fy} j0f{ljZn]if0f k|lqmofsf] @=& j0f{lj1fgsf] kl/ro
;f]bfx/0f kl/ro k|:t't ug{ @=&=! Wjlglj1fg / j0f{lj1fg
• j0f{, ;+j0f{ / n3'td o'Udsf] cjwf/0ff @=&=@ j0f{l;4fGt / j0f{ljZn]if0f k|lqmof
;f]bfx/0f :ki6 kfg{ @=&=# j0f{, ;+j0f{ / n3'td o'Ud
• v08Lo j0f{ / tbGtu{tsf :j/ / Jo~hgsf] @=&=$ v08Lo / v08]t/ j0f{
kl/ro lbg @=&=% g]kfnL efiffsf j0f{x¿sf] klxrfg,
• v08]t/ j0f{ / tbGtu{tsf cg'gfl;stf, dfqf, juL{s/0f / j0f{g
cf3ft / ;'/sf] aofg ug{ @=&=^ lje]bs clenIf0fsf cfwf/df g]kfnL
• g]kfnL efiffsf j0f{x¿sf] klxrfg, juL{s/0f / j0f{x¿sf] klxrfg
j0f{g ug{
• lje]bs clenIf0fsf cfwf/df g]kfnL j0f{x¿sf]
klxrfg ug{

20
@=# kf7\oj:t'sf] k|:t'tLs/0f
@=#=! Wjlglj1fgsf] kl/ro
dfgjLo pRrf/0f cjojaf6 pRrl/t eflifs Wjlgsf] j}1flgs cWoog ug]{
efifflj1fgsf] zfvfnfO{ Wjlglj1fg elgG5 . efiffsf pRrfo{ / sYo e]b x'G5g\ . oL b'j} e]bnfO{
efiffsf] sRrfkbfy{ elgG5 . efiffsf] pRrfo{ e]b cGtu{t v08Lo -:j/ / Jo~hg_ / v08]t/
-dfqf, cg'gfl;stf, cfwft, ;'/_ Wjlg / n]Vo e]bdf j0f{, lj/fd h:tf n]Vo lrXgx¿ kb{5g\ .
Wjlglj1fgdf efiffsf pRrfo{ jf sYo kIfsf] dfq cWoog ul/G5 . eflifs Wjlgsf pRrf/0f,
>j0f / ;~r/0f -k|;f/0f_ u/L ltg e]b x'G5g\ . dfgjLo pRrf/0f cjojaf6 eflifs Wjlgsf]
pTkfbg s]s;/L ul/G5 eGg] ljifosf] cWoog Wjlglj1fgsf] klxnf] kIf xf] . jQmfn] pRrf/0f
u/]sf Wjlgx¿ jfo'dfu{df nxl/Fb} >f]tfsf sfg;Dd k'Ug] cj:yfsf] cWoog Wjlglj1fgdf
ul/G5 . o:tf] cWoogdf jStf / >f]tfsf] lg/k]Iftf /xg] ePsfn] k"0f{tM ef}lts k|s[ltsf] x'G5 .
vf; s'g} k|of]hgsf lglDt pRrl/t Wjlgx¿sf] u|x0f >f]tfn] s;/L u5{ / k|ltlqmof lbG5, To;sf
>fjl0fs kIfsf] cWoog klg Wjlglj1fgs} ljifo xf] . o:tf] cWoog k"0f{tM >f]tfs]lGb|t x'G5 .
o;/L Wjlglj1fgdf Wjlgx¿sf] pRrf/0f, k|;f/0f / >j0f kIfsf] j:t'ut cWoog
ul/G5 . cf}Rrfl/s / ;f~rfl/s kIfsf] cWoogdf z/L/lj1fg / ef}lts lj1fgsf] k|efj b]lvG5
eg] >fjl0fs kIfsf] cWoog dgf]j1} flgs k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . ;du|df eflifs Wjlgsf] klxrfg,
juL{s/0f, j0f{g, t'ngf, cfn]vg h:tf sfo{sf] Jojl:yt cWoog Wjlglj1fgdf ul/G5 .
pRrf/0f, ;~r/0f / >j0fsf cfwf/df eflifs Wjlgsf zfvfx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
!= cf}Rrfl/s Wjlglj1fg
@= ;f~rfl/s Wjlglj1fg
#= >fjl0fs Wjlglj1fg
!= cf}Rrfl/s Wjlglj1fg
pRrf/0f cjojsf] s]Gb|Lotfdf ul/g] eflifs Wjlgsf] Jojl:yt cWoognfO{ cf}Rrfl/s
Wjlglj1fg elgG5 . ;f~rfl/s / >fjl0fs Wjlglj1fgsf t'ngfdf o;sf] cWoog Jofks ePsf]
5 . o;df eflifs WjlgpRrf/0fdf ;+nUg cjojx¿ tL cjojsf ljleGg cj:yf / sfo{,
Wjlgsf] pRrf/0f k|lqmofh:tf kIfsf] cWoog ul/G5 . pRrf/0f cojx¿ ;lqmo / lgliqmo u/L
b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . cf]7, lhe|f], sf]dntfn', lsnlsn], :j/lrD6L, kmf]S;f] cflb ;lqmo jf rn
cjoj x'g\ eg] bfFt, s7f]/tfn', 3f]qmf] cflb lgliqmo jf crn cjoj x'g\ . pRrf/0f cjojsf]
kf/:kl/s ;+nUgtf, ;lqmotf, :j/Jo~hgsf] klxrfg, pTkflbt Wjlgsf] juL{s/0f /
ljZn]if0fh:tf sfo{df cf}Rrfl/s Wjlglj1fgn] rf;f] /fv]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L pRrf/0f cjoj /
ltgsf sfo{, pRrl/t Wjlgsf] lgwf{/0f, juL{s/0f, cfn]vgh:tf ljljw kIfsf] cWoog
cf}Rrfl/s Wjlglj1fgsf] k|d'v If]q ePsfn] eflifs Wjlgsf] pRrf/0fdf o;sf] e"ldsf
dxŒjk"0f{ b]lvG5 .
@= ;f~rfl/s Wjlglj1fg
jQmfn] pRrf/0f u/]kl5 >f]tfsf sfg;Dd k'Ug] a]nfsf Wjlgt/ª\usf] j:t'ut
cWoognfO{ ;f~rfl/s Wjlglj1fg elgG5 . o;df eflifs Wjlgsf j:t'ut :j¿ksf] cWoog
x'G5 . of] cWoog jQmf / >f]tf b'ja} f6 t6:y /xG5 . Wjlglj1fgsf] o; zfvfdf oflGqs
pks/0fx¿sf] k|of]u u/L ;'/, tfg, cg'tfg, cf3ft, gfl;So, 3f]ifTj, k|f0fTj h:tf eflifs
Wjlgsf] ;/n Pjd\ j}1flgs lsl;dn] cWoog ul/G5 . clxn] ef}lts pGgltsf sf/0f
Wjlgdfkg ug]{ cf]l;nf]u|fkm, :k]S6f]u|fkm h:tf ljB'tLo pks/0fx¿ ljsl;t ePsf 5g\ . oL
oGqn] Wjlgt/ª\usf] ;~r/0f xfjfdf s;/L x'G5 eGg] ljifodf cWoog u/]sf 5g\ . o;af6
;f~rfl/s Wjlglj1fgnfO{ oflGqs jf ef}lts Wjlglj1fg klg eGg ;lsG5 .

21
#= >fjl0fs Wjlglj1fg
pRrf/0f cjojåf/f pRrl/t Pjd\ Wjlgt/ª\uåf/f ;~rl/t eflifs Wjlgsf] >j0fkIf;Fu
;Da4 j:t'k/s cWoognfO{ >fjl0fs Wjlglj1fg elgG5 . o;n] eflifs Wjlgsf >j0f, u|x0f /
af]wkIfsf] cWoogdf rf;f] /fV5 . of] >f]tfs]lGb|t x'G5 . >fjl0fs Wjlglj1fgsf] ;DaGw sfg /
To;sf dfWodaf6 :gfo' / dl:ts;Fu klg /x]sf] x'G5 . sfgsf cGtjf{Xo e]bdWo] leqL sfgdf
:gfoljs sf]lzsf x'G5g\ . logsf] ;Da4tf dl:tis;Fu /xG5 . jStfåf/f pRrl/t Pjd\
jfo't/ª\udf t/lª\ut eflifs WjlgnfO{ >f]tfsf sfgn] s;/L u|x0f u¥of] < To;sf] k|efj
:gfo'k|0ffnLdf s:tf] /Åof] < pQm Wjlgsf] af]w s;/L eof] < h:tf ljifosf] cWoog >fjl0fs
Wjlglj1fgdf ul/G5 . eflifs Wjlgsf] cWoog cf}Rrfl/s k|lqmofaf6 dfq geO{ ;'g/] klg
7DofOg] x'Fbf >fjl0fs Wjlglj1fgsf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ x'g cfpF5 . of] Wjlglj1fgsf] ;a}eGbf
kl5Nnf] / sd cWoog ePsf] zfvf xf] . pRrf/0fdf ;+nUg cjojx¿ / >j0f k|lqmofsf
cfwf/df eflifs Wjlgsf] JofVof, ljZn]if0f / juL{s/0fsf] sfo{ >fjl0fs Wjlglj1fgdf ul/G5 .
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= Wjlgt/Íx¿sf] j:t'ut cWoog Wjlglj1fgsf] s'g zfvfdf ul/G5 <
-s_ cf}Rrfl/s Wjlglj1fg -v_ ;f~rfl/s Wjlglj1fg
-u_ >fjl0fs Wjlglj1fg -3_ :gfo'lj1fg
@= cf}Rrfl/s Wjlglj1fgsf] ;+nUgtf s'g;Fu 5 <
-s_ hLjlj1fg -v_ ef}lts lj1fg
-u_ g[tŒj lj1fg -3_ z/L/lj1fg
#= eflifs Wjlgsf] >j0f, u|x0f / af]w kIfsf] cWoog efifflj1fgsf s'g zfvfsf] ljifo
xf] <
-s_ j0f{lj1fg -v_ ef}lts lj1fg
-u_ Wjlglj1fg -3_ ;~rf/ lj1fg
ljifout k|Zgx¿
-c_ ;ª\lIfKt k|Zg
-1_ Wjlglj1fgsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-2_ Wjlglj1fgsf] cWoog If]q lgwf{/0f ug{'xf];\ .
-3_ Wjlglj1fgsf zfvfx¿ s]s] x'g\ <
-4_ cf}Rrfl/s Wjlglj1fgn] s] s:tf kIfsf] cWoog u5{
-5_ ;f~rl/s Wjlglj1fg jStf / >f]tfaf6 lsg t6:y /xG5 <
-6_ ;f~rfl/s Wjlglj1fgsf] clek|fo s] xf] <
-7_ cf}Rrfl/s Wjlglj1fgsf ljz]iftf cf}FNofpg'xf];\ .
-8_ ;f~rfl/s / >fjl0fs Wjlglj1fgsf] t'ngf ug{'xf];\ .
-cf_ ljj]rgfTds k|Zg
!= Wjlglj1fgsf] kl/ro lbO{ o;sf zfvfx?sf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
@=#=@ Wjlgcjojsf] lrq;lxt j0f{g
-s_ pRrf/0f cjojsf] kl/ro

22
 pRrf/0fdf ;+nUg dfgjLo cª\unfO{ pRrf/0f cjoj elgG5 . eflifs Wjlgsf]
pRrf/0fdf kmf]S;f]bl] v cf]7 / gfs;Ddsf cjojx¿ ;+nUg x'G5g\ . o:tf cjojx¿dWo] s]xL
Zjf;k|jfxsf cf/Des, s]xL Zjf;k|jfxsf kylgb]{zs / s]xL k|jflxt Zjf;nfO{ ultzLn kfg]{
vfnsf 5g\ . Wjlglj1fgdf rnfodfg pRrf/0f cª\unfO{ s/0f / l:y/ jf crn pRrf/0f
cª\unfO{ :yfg elgG5 . kmf]S;f]af6 k|jflxt Zjf; ;lqmo / lgliqmo pRrf/0f cjoj;Fu 6fFl;Fb}
jf lgs6 x'Fb} aflx/ cfpFbf eflifs Wjlgx¿ pRrl/t x'G5g\ .
pRrf/0fdf ;+nUg cjojnfO{ lrqdf o;/L b]vfpg ;lsG5 M

jT;{
bfF

vfBg

cf]7 lhe|f]
bft lhXjflzv/÷lhe|fsf] 6'Kkf] :j/oGq
jT;{ lhXjfkmns÷lhe|f]sf kftf] un+lha|L
lhXjfdWo÷lhe|fsf] dWoefu :j/lrD6L
s7f]/tfn' lhXjfkZr÷lhe|fsf] kl5Nnf] efu :j/oGqd'v
lhXjfd"n÷lhe|fsf] km]b Zjf;gnL
sf]dntfn' cGggnL
lsnlsn] 3f]qmf]
kmf]S;f]
d'v]cf]9f/
gfs]cf]9f/
-v_ pRrf/0f cjoj / To;sf sfo{
pRrf/0f cjojnfO{ lgDglnlvt kfFr efudf juL{s/0f u/L ltgsf sfo{sf] pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 M
!= d'v]cf]9f/
@= gfs]cf]9f/
#= :j/oGq

23
 $= Zjf;gnL
%= cGggnL
^= wf]qmf]
&= kmf]S;f]
!= d'v]cf]9f/
cf]7eGbf leq 3f]qmfb]lv dfly gfs]cf]9f/b]lv tn lsnlsn]bl] v cf]7;Dd km}lnPsf]
Zjf;k|jfx x'g] jfo'dfu{nfO{ d'v]cf]9f/ jf d'vljj/ elgG5 . o;cGtu{t cf]7, bfFt, tfn', lhe|f]
h:tf pRrf/0f cjoj kb{5g\ .
-s_ cf]7
cf]7 d'v]cf]9f/sf] 9f]sf xf] . cf]7 tNnf] / dflyNnf] u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . eflifs
Wjlgsf] pRrf/0fdf dflyNnf]eGbf tNnf] cf]7 ;lqmo x'G5 . ljleGg lsl;dsf Wjlgsf]
pRrf/0fdf cf]7sf ljleGg cfsf/ x'g ;S5g\ . g]kfnLsf :j/x¿dWo] [ c ], [ cf] ], [ O ],
[ P ] sf] pRrf/0fdf cf]7 cuf]lnt [ p ], [ cf] ] sf] pRrf/0fdf uf]lnt x'g k'U5 . To:t} [ k ],
[ km ], [ a ], [ e ], [ d ], [ j ] Jo~hgsf] pRrf/0fdf b'j} cf]7sf] ;+nUgtf /xG5 . lSns,
cGtM:kmf]6 / If]lkt Wjlgsf] pRrf/0fdf klg b'j} cf]7 hf]l8G5g\ . g]kfnLdf o:tf Wjlg 5}gg\ .
tNnf] / dflyNnf] cf]7 hf]l8P/ pRrf/0f x'g] WjlgnfO{ b\of]i7\o klg elgG5 .
-v_ bf“t
d'v]cf]9f/df cf]7eGbf leqsf] pRrf/0f cjoj bfFt xf] . bfFtsf klg tNnf / dflyNnf
u/L b'O{ e]b 5g\ . lhe|fsf 6'Kkfn] dflyNnf bfFtnfO{ 5F'bf bGTo Wjlgx¿ pRrl/t x'G5g\ . g]kfnLsf
[ t ] [ y ], [ b ], [ w ] nfO{ pbfx/0ffy{ lng ;lsG5 . sltko efiffdf dflyNnf bfFt / tNnf]
cf]7sf dbtaf6 bGTof]i7\o Wjlgsf] pRrf/0f ePsf] kfOG5 .
-u_ jT;{
dflyNnf bfFteGbf k/ u/fu/f k/]sf] pa8vfj8 :yfgnfO{ jT;{ jf bGtd"n elgG5 .
lhe|fsf] 6'Kkf] jf kftfn] jT;{ :yfgnfO{ 5'Fbf jT:o{ jf bGtd"nLo Wjlgx¿ pRrl/t x'G5g\ .
g]kfnLsf [ r ], [ 5 ], [ h ], [ em ] kmnsLo jT:o{ / [ 6 ], [ 7 ], [ 6 ], [ 8 ], [ 9], [ g ],
[ n ], [ / ], [ ; ] cu| j:o{ Wjlg x'g\ .
-3_ s7f]/tfn'
jT;{ :yfgeGbf k5fl8 kftnf] / s8f df+;k]zL ePsf] :yfgnfO{ s7f]/tfn' elgG5 .
d'v]cf]9f/sf] leqL ;+/rfgfdf o;nfO{ 5fgfsf] w'/L dflgG5 . lhe|fsf] dWo efu / s7f]/tfn'sf
;xfotfn] tfnJo Wjlgsf] pRrf/0f x'G5 . g]kfnLsf] [o ] tfnJo xf] .
-ª_ sf]dntfn'
s7f]/tfn'bl] v lsnlsn];Ddsf] g/d / nlrnf] efunfO{ sf]dntfn' elgG5 . o;sf] csf]{
gfd xg'd"n klg xf] . lhe|fsf] kl5Nnf] efun] xg'd"nnfO{ 5'Fbf sf]dntfnJo jf xg'd"nLo Wjlg
pRrl/t x'G5g\ . k/Dk/fut Jofs/0fdf o:tf WjlgnfO{ s07\o elgG5 . g]kfnLsf [ s ], [ v ],
[ u ], [3], [ ª ], s07\o x'g\ .
-r_ lsnlsn]
sf]dntfn'sf] k'5f/df em'lG8Psf] df;sf] n'sf]{nfO{ lsnlsn] elgG5 . o;sf sngf;f],
lnulnu] / sfsn h:tf gfd klg 5g\ . of] sf]dntfn';Fu tn / dfly u/L d'v]cf]9f/ /
gfs]cf]9f/sf] Zjf;dfu{ 5'6\ofpg ;lqmo x'G5 . eflifs Wjlg pRrf/0f lsnlsn]sf ljleGg
cj:yf x'G5g\ M

24
 != df}lvs M sf]dntfn';Fu lsnlsn] dfl:t/ uO{ gfs]cf]9f/ aGb eO{ d'v]cf]9f/sf]
af6f]af6 Zjf; aflx/ cfpFbf df}lvs Wjlg pRrl/t x'G5g\ . o:tf WjlgnfO{ lg/g'
gfl;s jf cgg'gfl;s klg elgG5 . g]kfnLsf [ c ], [ cf ], [ O ], [ p ], [ P
], [ cf] ] :j/ Wjlg Pjd\ lgDglnlvt Jo~hg Wjlg [ s ], [ v ], [ u ], [ 3 ],
[ r ], [ 5 ], [ h ], [ em ], [ 6 ], [ 7 ], [ 8 ], [ 9 ], [ t ], [ y ], [ b ], [ w
], [ k ], [ km ], [ a ], [ e ], [ o ], [ / ], [ n ], [ j ], [ ; ], [ x ] df}lvs
dflgG5g\ .
@= gfl;SoM sf]dntfn';lxt lsnlsn] tnem/L d'v]cf]9f/ aGb eO{ gfs]cf]9f/sf]
af6f] Zjf; k|jflxt x'Fbf gfl;So Wjlg pRrl/t x'G5g\ . g]kfnLsf [ ª ], [ g ] /
[ d ] gfl;So Wjlg x'g\ .
;+;f/sf s]xL efiffdf lha|fsf] kl5Nnf] efu lsnlsn];Fu hf]l8Fbf sfsNo Wjlg pRrl/t
x'G5g\ . g]kfnLdf o:tf Wjlgx¿ kfOFb}gg\ .
-3_ lhe|f]
d'v]cf]9f/sf] tNnf] efudf kmfnLsf] cfsf/df /x]sf] kftf]nfO{ lhe|f] elgG5 . eflifs
Wjlgsf] pRrf/0fdf lhe|fsf ljleGg efu ljleGg lsl;dn] ;lqmo x'G5g\ . eflifs Wjlg pRrf/0f
ug]{ cjojdWo] ;a}eGbf ;lqmo cjoj lhe|f] g} xf] . :j/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ b'Oj{ 6f cfwf/ lhe|f;Fu
;DalGwt 5g\ eg] clwsf+z Jo~hgsf] pRrf/0fdf klg lhe|fsf ljleGg efu ;lqmo x'G5g\ .
eflifs Wjlg pRrf/0fsf qmddf lhe|fnfO{ ljleGg efudf afF8L cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ lhx\jflzv/
lhe|fsf] ;a}eGbf cufl8sf] 6'Kkf] jf r'RrfnfO{ lhXjflzv/ elgG5 . lhe|fsf 6'Kkfn]
dflyNnf bfFtnfO{ 5'Fbf bGTo [ t ], [ y ], [ b ], [ w ], jT;{:yfgnfO{ 5'Fbf cu|jT:o{ [ 6 ], [ 7 ],
[ 8 ], [ 9 ], [ g ], [ n ], [ / ], [ ; ] / bf]la|P/ d"wf{:yfgnfO{ 5'Fbf d"w{Go Wjlg pRrl/t x'G5g\ .
dfgs g]kfnLdf d"w{Go Wjlg 5}gg\ .
-v_ lhx\jfkmns
lhe|fsf] 6'Kkf]eGbf k5fl8sf] km/flsnf] efu -kftf]_ nfO{ lhXjfkmns elgG5 . o;n] jT;{
:yfgnfO{ 5'Fbf kmnsLo jT:o{ [ r ], [ 5 ], [ h ], [ em ] Wjlg pRrl/t x'G5g\ .
-u_ lhx\jfdWo
lhe|fsf] kmnseGbf k5fl8sf] efunfO{ lhXjfdWo elgG5 . s7f]/ tfn'eGbf l7s tn
/x]sfn] o;nfO{ cu|]hLdf Front elgPsf] klg kfOG5 . lhe|fsf] of] efu dfly p7L s7f]/ tfn'nfO{
5'Fbf tfnJo Jo~hg [ o ]sf] pRrf/0f x'G5 . cu| [ O ], [ o ]:j/sf] pRrf/0fdf klg lhe|fsf] oxL
efu ;lqmo /xG5 .
-3_ lhx\jfkZr
lhe|fsf] kl5lNt/sf] efunfO{ lhXjfkZr elgG5 . of] sf]dntfn'sf l7s tnsf] efu
xf] . s07\o Jo~hg [ s ], [ v ], [ u ], [ 3 ], [ ª ] / kZr :j/ [ c ], [ cf ], [ p ], [ cf] ]sf]
pRrf/0f lhe|fsf] kZrefusf ;xfotfn] ul/G5 .
-ª_ lhx\jfd"n
lhe|fsf] d"n jf km]bnfO{ lhXjfd"n elgG5 . of] lsnlsn]eGbf tnkl§sf] efu xf] /
o;sf] ;DaGw unlha|L;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . lhe|fsf] km]b / lsnlsn]sf ;xof]un] sfsNo Wjlg
pRrl/t x'G5g\ eg] lhe|fsf] km]b k5fl8 ;/L wf]qmf];Fu ldNbf wf]qm] Wjlg pRrl/t x'G5g\ . g]kfnLdf
sfsNo / 3f]s]| Wjlg 5}gg\ .
@= gfs]cf]9f/

25
 gfssf Kjfnb]lv lsnlsn];Dd km}lnPsf] jfo'dfu{nfO{ gfs]cf]9f/ jf gfl;sfljj/
elgG5 . of] d'v]cf]9f/sf] dflylt/ ;dfgfGt/ ¿kdf /x]sf] Zjf;k|jfx x'g] dfu{ xf] .
sf]dntfn';lxt lsnlsn] tn em/L jf t6:y /xL d'vdfu{af6 Zjf; k|jfxdf cj/f]w k'¥ofpFbf
gfsaf6 Zjf; aflxl/G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf gfl;So Wjlgx¿ pRrl/t x'G5g\ . g]kfnLsf [ ª ],
[ g ], [ d] Jo~hg [ c ], [ cf ], [ O ] h:tf :j/df nfu]sf] cg'gfl;stf [ F ] gfl;So Wjlg xf]
. o:tf eflifs Wjlgsf] pRrf/0fdf d'v / gfl;sfsf b'j} dfu{af6 Zjf; k|jflxt x'G5 . To;}n]
o:tf Wjlgx¿nfO{ d'vgfl;sf klg elgG5 .
#= :j/oGq
lhXjfd"nb]lv tn kmf]S;f]bl] v dfly /xg] efunfO{ :j/oGq elgG5 . o;sf] csf]{ gfd
s07k]6f/L xf] . of] ?b|306LeGbf leqsf] efu xf] / o;nfO{ 3f6Ldf 5fd]/ klg cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
df;' / s's'{/] xf8af6 lgld{t ?b|3G6LeGbf leqsf] efunfO{ Wjlgafs; klg elgG5 . eflifs
Wjlgsf] pRrf/0fdf o;sf] k|ToIf ;+nUgtf g/x] klg :j/lrD6Laf6 yyls{P/ cfPsf] cfjfhnfO{
;xof]u k'¥ofpg o;n] e"ldsf v]ns ] f] kfOG5 . :j/oGq cGtu{t unlha|L, :j/lrD6L /
:j/oGqd'v /xG5g\ .
-s_ unlha|L
lhe|fsf] e]beGbf d'lg :j/oGqeGbf dfly /x]sf] cjojnfO{ unlha|L elgG5 . o;n]
vfgf vfPsf] a]nf Zjf;gnLsf] 9f]sf aGb ug]{ / Zjf;k|jfxsf qmddf Zjf;gnLsf] 9f]sf vf]Ng]
sfd ub{5 . WjlgpTkfbgdf unlha|Lsf] k|ToIf e"ldsf geP klg o;n] vfBgnL / Zjf;gnLsf]
af6f] b]vfpg] / lhe|fsf] cj:yfcg';f/ cl3lNt/ ;/L :j/oGqd'vnfO{ vf]Ng] / kl5lNt/ ;/L
:j/oGqd'vnfO{ 9fSg] sfd u5{ .
-v_ :j/tGqL÷:j/lrD6L
Zfj;gnLsf] l;/fgdf :j/oGqleq lrD6Lsf cfsf/df /x]sf] df+zk]zLnfO{ :j/tGqL jf
:j/lrD6L elgG5 . o;leq cToGt nlrnf lrD6L cfsf/sf df;'sf n'sf{ x'G5g\ . oL n'sf{nfO{
:j/f}i7af6 klg elgG5 . oL :j/f}i7n] ljleGg cj:yf wf/0ff u/L lgDg lnlvt Wjlgx¿sf]
pTkfbgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] kfOG5 .
-c_ c3f]if
:j/lrD6Lsf b'j} n'sf{df s'g} lsl;dsf] k|sDkg jf afwf geO{ pRrf/0f x'g] Wjlgx¿ :j/
/ c3f]if Jo~hg x'g\ . logsf] pRrf/0fdf :j/lrD6L k'/} v'nf /xG5 . g]kfnLsf ;a} :j/ [ c ], [
cf ], [ O ], [ p ], [ P ], [ cf] ] / [s], [r], [6], [t], [k], [v], [5], [7], [km], [;]
Jo~hgx¿ c3f]if x'g\ .
-cf_ ;3f]if
:j/lrD6Lsf b'j} lrD6L k/:k/df glhlsFbf jfo'dfu{ ;fF3'/f] eO{ :j/f}i7x¿df k|sDkGg x'g
k'U5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;3f]if Wjlgsf] pRrf/0f x'G5 . of] k|sDkg sd x'Fbf lqmsL / a9L x'Fbf ;'/
Wjlgx¿ pRrl/t x'G5g\ . o:tf Wjlgx? g]kfnLdf 5}gg\ . g]kfnLsf [ u ], [ h ], [ 8 ], [ b ], [ a
], [ 5 ], [ em ], [ 9 ], [ 3 ], [ e ], [ ª ], [ g ], [ d ], [ o ], [ / ], [ t ], [ j ], [ ; ], [ x
]Jo~hg ;3f]if x'g\ .
-O_ :kz{
:j/lrD6Lx¿ Psfcsf{;Fu 6\ofKk hf]l8O{ Kof§ v'Nbf :kzL{ Wjlgx¿ pRrl/t x'G5g\ .
g]kfnLsf [ s ], [ v ], [ u ], [ 3 ], [ 6 ], [ 7 ], [ 8 ], [ 9 ], [ t ], [ y ], [ b ], [ w ], [ k ],
[ km ], [ a ], [ e ] :kzL{ Jo~hg x'g\ .
-O{_ pmid

26
 :j/lrD6L glhlsFbf jfo'dfu{ ;fF3'l/P/ kmf]S;faf6 cfPsf] ;f; 3if{0fsf ;fy aflx/
lgl:sG5 . o; cj:yfdf ;ª\3ifL{ jf pmid Wjlgx¿ pRrl/t x'G5g\ . g]kfnLsf [ ; ] / [ x ]
;ª\3ifL{ Wjlg x'g\ .
-p_ v';v';]
:j/lrD6Lsf] dflylNt/sf ltg efu aGb eO{ tnsf] Ps efuaf6 ;f; RoflkP/ aflx/
lg:sFbf v';v';] Wjlgx¿ pRrl/t x'G5g\ . g]kfnLdf o:tf Wjlgx? 5}gg\ .
-u_ :j/oGqd'v
:j/tGqLsf lrD6Lsf larsf] efunfO{ :j/oGqd'v elgG5 . o;;Fu hf]l8Psf] lrD6Lsf]
cl3Nnf] efunfO{ lnufd]G6 / kl5Nnf] efunfO{ Pl/6]GjfO8 eGg] ul/Psf] 5 . lrD6Lsf] b"/tf
lgs6tf, ;ª\s'rg / lj:tf/sf cfwf/df :joGqd'vsf ljleGg cj:yf x'G5g\ / tL cj:yfdf
pRrl/t eflifs Wjlgx¿ klg km/skm/s x'G5g\ . :j/oGqd'vsf cj:yfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ b]vfpg
;lsG5 M
-c_ Zj;g
o; cj:yfdf :j/oGqd'v lqe'hfsf/df x'G5 / ;f; km]g]{ sfd dfq ul/G5 .
-cf_ cGtMZj;g
o; cj:yfdf :j/oGqd'v k~re'hfsf/sf] l:yltdf /xG5 . :j/lrD6Lx¿ 6fl9Psf
x'G5g\ . eflifs Wjlgsf] pRrf/0fdf :j/lrD6L 6fl9Fbf c3f]if Wjlgx¿ pRrl/t x'G5g\ . of] l:ylt g}
cGtM Zj;gsf] cj:yf xf] .
-O_ 3f]iftf
o; cj:yfdf :j/tGqLx¿ cToGt glhs x'G5g\ . :j/oGqd'v nueu aGbsf] l:yltdf
/xG5 . glhlsPsf :j/ lrD6Lx¿df Zjf;sf] dfqf sd x'Fbf ;3f]if, cNkk|f0f / a9L x'Fbf ;3f]if,
dxfk|f0f Wjlgx¿ pRrl/t x'G5g\ .
-O{_ v';v';fx6
o; cj:yfdf :j/tGqLsf] lnufd]G6lt/sf] efu aGb eO{ Pl/6]GjfO8lt/sf] efu v'nf x'G5
. :j/oGqd'vsf] oxL v'nfefuaf6 ;f; aflx/ lgisFbf v';v';] Wjlgx¿ pRrl/t x'G5g\ .
g]kfnLdf o:tf Wjlgx¿ 5}gg\ .
$= :jf;gnL
kmf]S;fb]lv :j/oGq;Ddsf] jfo'dfu{nfO{ Zjf;gnL elgG5 . d'vaf6 kmf]S;flt/ ;f;
tfGbf xf];\ cyjf kmf]S;faf6 ;f; aflx/ k7fpFbf xf];\† o;} gnLaf6 ;f; cfpg]hfg] u5{ . g]kfnL
efiffnufot ;+;f/sf w]/} h;f] efiffsf :j/x¿ kmf]S;] ;f;af6} pRrl/t x'G5g\
%= cGggnL
Zjf;gnLsf] ;dfgfGt/ uw{glt/af6 k]6lt/ uPsf] 9'ªu|f] h:tf] efunfO{ cGggnL elgG5 .
o;nfO{ lrgfpg vfBgnL jf uf]h]/f] h:tf zAb klg k|of]u ul/G5g\ . Zjf;gnL / cGggnL Ps}
7fpFdf /x]sf leGg k|s[ltsf gnL 5g\ . oL vfFbf / ;f; km]bf{ cfnf]kfnf] ;lqmo x'G5g\ . eflifs
Wjlgsf] pRrf/0fdf cGggnLsf] k|ToIf e"ldsf /xFbg} . vfBj:t'nfO{ kfs:ynLlt/ k'¥ofpFbf dfq
of] lqmofzLn x'G5 .
^= 3f]qmf]
lsnlsn]eGbf tn :j/oGqeGbf dfly lrDgL cfsf/df /x]sf] efunfO{ 3f]qmf] elgG5 .
o;sf] csf]{ gfd u|;gL u'xf xf] . 3f]qmf] rf/j6f d'v ePsf] Pp6f rf]s xf] . d'v]cf]9f/ / gfs]cf]9f/
dflylNt/sf, / cGggnL / :j/oGq tnlt/sf d'v x'g\ . lhe|fsf] km]b s]xL k/ ;/]/ 3f]qmf] ;fF3'/f]
xFb' f 3f]qm] Wjlgsf] pRrf/0f x'G5 . g]kfnLdf o:tf Wjlgsf] cefj 5 .

27
&= kmf]S;f]
5ftLdf Zjf;gnL;Fu} hf]l8P/ /x]sf y}nLh:tf cjojnfO{ kmf]S;f] elgG5 . o;n]
vnftLn] em}F xfjf tfGg] / ÇofSg] sfd u5{ . kmf]S;fdf b'Oj{ 6f y}nL x'G5g\ / tL y}nLx¿ ;f; aflx/
ÇofSbf v'lDrG5g\ eg] leq tfGbf km}lnG5g\ . leq k:bf] ;f;nfO{ cGtu{dgfTds / aflx/ lg:sFbf]
;f;nfO{ alxu{dgfTds elgG5 . kmf]S;faf6 k|jflxt xfjf ljleGg pRrf/0f cjojdf 7f]lSsFbf
ljleGg lsl;dsf Wjlgx¿ pRrl/t x'G5g\ . To;}n] kmf]S;fnfO{ Zjf;k|jfx k|lqmofsf] dxŒjk"0f{
cª\u dflgG5 .
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= k:bf] ;f;af6 lg:sFbf] Wjlg s'g xf] <
-s_ Zjl;t -v_ /l0ft -u_ clts07Lo -3_ lSns
@= Wjlg pRrf/0fdf ;a}eGbf lqmofzLn cjoj s'g xf] <
-s_ bfFt -v_ cf]7 -u_ lha|f] -3_ jT;{
#= Wjlg pTkfbgdf ;lqmo e"ldsf v]Ng] cjojx¿ s'gs'g x'g\ <
-s_ lha|f] / tfn' -v_ cf]7 / bfFt
-u_ bGtd"n / lha|f] -3_ cf]7 / lha|f]
$= lsnlsn]sf] cj:yfsf cfwf/df 5'6\ofOg] Wjlg s'gs'g x'g\ <
-s_ cu|, kZr / dWo -v_ pRr, s]Gb|Lo / lgDg
-u_ gfl;So / df}lvs -3_ uf]lnt / cuf]lnt
%= :j/oGqsf] cj:yfsf cfwf/df 5'6\ofOg] Wjlgx¿ s'g x'g\ <
-s_ :kzL{ / ;ª\3ifL{ -v_ ;ª\3ifL{ / c;ª\3ifL{
-u_ gfl;So / df}lvs -3_ ;3f]if / c3f]if
^= Zjf;k|jfxsf] cj/f]waf6 5'l§g] Wjlg s'gs'g x'g\ <
-s_ cNkk|f0f / dxfk|f0f -v_ cf]i7\o / bGtd"nLo
-u_ :j/ / Jo~hg -3_ gfl;So / ;ª\3ifL{
&= df}lvs / gfl;So Wjlg pRrf/0f ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg] cª\u s'g xf] <
-s_ sngf;f] -v_ :j/oGq -u_ uf]h]/f] -3_ sf]dntfn'
*= ;3f]if Wjlgsf] pRrf/0f s;/L ul/G5 <
-s_ :j/tgqLsf kqx¿ 6f9f x'Fbf -v_ :j/tGqLsf kqx¿ glhs x'Fbf
-u_ :j/tGqLsf kqx¿tnlt/ hf]l8Fbf -3_ :j/tGqLsf kqx¿ dflylt/ hf]l8Fbf
(= :j/ / Jo~hg WjlgnfO{ 5'6\ofpg] d"n cfwf/ s] xf] <
-s_ pRrf/0f :yfg -v_ pRrf/0f k|oTg
-u_ Zjf;k|jfx -3_ k|f0fTj
!)= lhe|fsf] ;lqmotfdf :j/ juL{s/0f ug{] cfwf/ s] xf] <
-s_ cu|, kZr, s]Gb|Lo -v_ aGb, cfwf aGb, v'nf
-u_ pRr, dWo, lgDg -3_ uf]lnt, cuf]lnt, cw{uf]lnt
;ª\lIfKt k|Zg
-1_ pRrf/0f cjoj eg]sf] s] xf] <
-2_ eflifs Wjlgsf] pRrf/0fdf ;+nUg cjoj s'gs'g x'g\ <

28
-3_ pRrf/0f cjojsf sfo{nfO{ slt efudf afF8\g ;lsG5 <
-4_ eflifs pRrf/0fsf l:y/ / rnfodfg cª\u s'g s'g x'g\ <
-5_ lhe|fsf ljleGg efuaf6 pRrf/0f x'g] Wjlg s'g s'g x'g\ <
-6_ df}lvs / gfl;So Wjlgsf] pRrf/0fdf s] leGgtf kfOG5 <
-7_ eflifs Wjlgsf] pRrf/0fdf :j/lrD6Lsf] e"ldsf :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
-8_ Zjf;gnL / cGggnLsf sfo{x¿ pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
-9_ eflifs Wjlgsf] pTkfbgdf Zjf; k|jfxsf] e"ldsf :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
-10_ pRrf/0f cjojsf] lrq agfpg'xf];\ .
ljj]rgfTds k|Zg
-1_ Wjlgcjoj / ltgsf sfo{sf af/]df rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
-2_ Wjlgcjojsf] lrq agfO{ ;+nUg cjojsf ljz]iftfx¿sf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .

@=#=# Wjlg pTkfbg k|lqmof

efiffsf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] PsfO Wjlg xf] . o;nfO{ efiffsf] sRrf kbfy{ klg
elgG5 . dfgjLo pRrf/0f cjojaf6 eflifs / efif]t/ Wjlgx¿ pTkflbt x'G5g\ . eflifs Wjlgsf]
pRrf/0fdf of]hgfa4tf rflxG5 . dl:tissf] lgb]{zgcg';f/ jStfn] eflifs ultljlwdf hf]8
lbG5 . ;lqmo, lgliqmo ljleGg pRrf/s cjojnfO{ dl:tisn] lgb]{lzt u/]kl5 eflifs Wjlgx¿
pTkflbt x'G5g\ .
Wjlg pTkfbgsf] k|dv ' cª\udWo] kmf]S;f] klg xf] . o;n] leqsf] ;f; aflx/ ÇofSg] /
aflx/sf] ;f; leq tfGg] u5{ . ;+;f/sf w]/h } ;f] efiffsf Wjlgx¿ kmf]S;faf6 aflx/ lg:sg]
;f;sf ;xfotfn] pRrl/t x'G5g\ . o:tf Wjlgx¿nfO{ alxd'{vL elgG5 . d'vaf6 kmf]S;flt/ hfg]
;f;sf ;xof]un] klg eflifs Wjlgx¿ pTkflbt x'G5g\ . o:tf eflifs WjlgnfO{ cGtuf{dL elgG5 .
g]kfnsf] pDa'n] /fO{sf] efiff / blIf0f clkmsflt/ af]lng] s]xL efiffdf o:tf pbfx/0fx¿ e]l6G5g\ .
lSns Wjlgsf] pRrf/0f leq k:bf] Zjf;af6 x'G5 . leq k:g] jfo'nfO{ xg'd"nLo Zjf;k|jfx klg
elgG5 . kmf]S;fsf y}nLx¿ a9L v'lDrPsf] a]nf Zjf;sf] dfqf clws k|jflxt x'G5 / sd
v'lDrPsf] a]nf ;f;sf] dfqf sd nfU5 . Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] dfqfTds lje]bn] cNkk|f0f / dxfk|f0f
Wjlgsf] pTkfbg k|lqmofdf ;xof]u k'U5 .
kmf]S;faf6 Zjf;gnL xF'b} aflx/ lg:sFb} u/]sf] Zjf;n] :j/oGqsf If]qdf cfOk'Ubf cg]s
¿k wf/0ff u5{ . :j/lrD6Ldf b]vfkg]{ ptf/–r9fj, lgs6tf –b"/tf, sDkg, 3if{0fn] klg Wjlg
pTkfbgdf ljljwtf NofpF5 . :j/tGqLsf lrD6Lx¿ cfcfÇgf 7fpFdf /xFbf ltgdf k|sDkg x'Fbg} /
Tolta]nf c3f]if Wjlgx¿ pTkflbt x'G5g\ . :j/lrD6Lx¿ cToGt lgs6 x'Fbf kmf]S;faf6 k|jflxt
;f;sf bjfan] ltgdf sDkg x'G5 / ;3f]if Wjlgx¿ pTkflbt x'G5g\ .
Zjf; k|jfxn] 3f]qmf]nfO{ ;lqmo agfpFbf 3f]qm] Wjlgx¿ pTkflbt x'G5g\ . g]kfnLdf o:tf
Wjlgx¿ geP klg ;+;f/sf s]xL efiffdf lhe|fsf] km]b v'lDrO{ unlha|L glhs} k'Ubf k|slDkt /
;ª\3ifL{ 3f]qm] Wjlgx¿ pTkflbt x'G5g\ .
3f]qmf]eGbf dfly d'vgfl;sf If]q kb{5 . kmf]S;f]af6 k|jflxt ;f; ljleGg cjojdf
7f]lSsFbf df}lvs, gfl;So / d'v gfl;So Wjlgx¿ pTkflbt x'G5g\ . sf]dntfn';lxt lsnlsn]
tn em/L gfs]cf]9f/af6 jfo' k|jflxt x'Fbf gfl;So Wjlg, sf]dntfn';lxt lsnlsn] dfly hfFbf
d'v] cf]9f/af6 k|jflxt ;f;sf ;xof]un] df}lvs Wjlg / lsnlsn] t6:y /xL d'v /
gfl;sfåf/af6 jfo'k|jflxt x'Fbf d'vgfl;So Wjlgx¿ pTkflbt x'G5g\ .

29
 :j/Jo~hgsf] pTkfbg k|lqmofdf pRrf/0f cjojsf ljleGg e"ldsf x'G5g\ . :j/sf]
pTkfbgdf Zjf;k|jfx lgjf{w k|jflxt x'G5 . o; qmddf lhe|f] tndfly ug]{, j/k/ ;g]{ / t6:y /xg]
u5{ eg] cf]7sf] l:ylt s'l~rt / k|;[t x'G5 . Jo~hgsf] pRrf/0fdf eg] Zjf;dfu{df ljleGg
lsl;dsf afwf pRrl/t x'G5g\ . pRrf/0f cjojx¿ k/:k/df k"0f{ jf cf+lzs ¿kdf hf]l8g] b'O{
cjojsf lar RoflkP/ ;f; lg:sg], lhe|f] bf]la|P/ lsgf/faf6 ;f; aflx/ cfpg], lhe|fdf sDkg
x'g] h:tf k|lqmofx¿ b]vfk5{g\ .
o;/L eflifs Wjlg -Wjlg_ sf] pTkfbg k|lqmofdf pRrf/0f cjosf] ;+nUgtf / kmf]S;flt/
hfg] / kmf]S;faf6 aflx/ cfpg] Zjf;sf] ;xof]u dxŒj k"0f{ /xg uPsf] b]lvG5 .
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= Zjf;k|jfxsf] cf/Des cª\u s'gnfO{ dflgG5 <
-s_ lhe|f] -v_ kmf]S;f]
-u_ cf]7 -3_ 3f]qmf]
@= eflifs Wjlgsf] pTkfbgdf ;a}eGbf ;lqmo cª\u s'g xf] <
-s_ kmf]S;f] -v_ 3f]qmf] -u_ d'vgfl;sf -3_ :j/oGq d'v
#= lSns Wjlgsf] cf/Des cª\u s'g x'g ;S5 <
-s_ kmf]S;f] -v_ xg'dn " -u_ 3f]qm] -3_ :j/oGqd'v
ljifout k|Zg
-1_ eflifs Wjlgsf] pTkfbgdf kmf]S;fn] v]Ng] e"ldsf lgwf{/0f ug{'xf]; .
-2_ eflifs Wjlg pTkfbgdf :j/oGqsf] cfjZostf lsg 5 <
-3_ eflifs Wjlg pTkfbg k|lqmofsf af/]df rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .

@=#=$ Wjlgx¿sf] klxrfg, juL{s/0f / j0f{g

-s_ v08Lo / v08]t/ Wjlg
dfgjLo pRrf/0f cjojaf6 pRrl/t Wjlgx¿ v08Lo / v08]t/ u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf
x'G5g\ . pRrf/0f / >j0fsf cfwf/df 6'qmofpg / :jtGq ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] Wjlgx¿ v08Lo
x'g\ . o;cGtu{t :j/ / Jo~hg kb{5g\ . :jtGq ¿kdf pRrf/0f ug{ gldNg], v08Lo Wjlg;Fu}
6fFl;P/ cfpg] / 6'qmofpg klg g;lsg] Wjlgx¿ v08]t/ x'g\ . dfqf, cg'gfl;stf, ;'/ /
cf3ftnfO{ pbfx/0f ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .
!= v08Lo Wjlg
v08Lo Wjlg :j/ / Jo~hg u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g\ .
-s_ :j/sf] kl/ro
Zjf;k|jfxdf s'g} klg afwf jf 3if{0f geO{ pRrf/0f x'g] WjlgnfO{ :j/ elgG5 . o:tf
:j/sf] pRrf/0f nfdf] ;do;Dd ug{ ;lsG5 / oL >j0fLo, d'v/ / cfIl/s x'G5g\ . :j/sf
cefjsf Jo~hgn] cIf/ lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . :j/x¿ ;b}j df}lvs / gfl;So x'G5g\ .
-c_ Psn / lå:j/
eflifs pRrf/0fdf lhe|fsf] axsfO jf rfnsf cfwf/df Psn / lå:j/ 5'6\ofOG5 . h'g
Wjlgsf] pRrf/0f ubf{ lhe|fsf] cj:yf l:y/ jf c6n /xG5, To;sf] cf}Rrfl/s / >fjl0fs
ljz]iftfdf kl/jt{g cfpFbg} , To;nfO{ Psn jf d"n :j/ elgG5 . g]kfnLsf d"n :j/x¿ c, cf,
O, p, P, cf] u/L hDdf 5 j6f 5g\ .

30
 b'Oj{ 6f :j/x¿ ldnL Psfsf/ ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ lå:j/ elgG5 . >'lt, pTs[i6tf /
u'0ffTds kl/jt{g u/L o;sf ltgj6f clenIf0f 5g\ . lhe|f] Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFlt/ ;g]{
clenIf0f >'lt xf] . ‘k};f’ zAbsf] ‘k}’ df [ c ] :j/sf] pRrf/0f x'gf;fy lhe|f] [ O ], lt/
axlsG5 / Ps};fy [ cO ] sf] pRrf/0f x'g k'U5 .
:j/x¿ d'v/ jf >j0fLo x'G5g\ . pTs[i6tfn] >j0fLotfnfO{ hgfpF5 . lå:j/ cGtu{tsf
Wjlgx¿dWo] Pp6f a9L d'v/ / csf]{ sd d'v/ x'G5 . pko{'St pbfx/0fdf [ c ] eGbf [ O] Wjlg
a9L b]lvG5 . lå:j/ cGtu{tsf b'j} Wjlgdf kl/jt{g cfO{ t];|f] lsl;dsf] clenIf0f b]vf kg'{
u'0ffTds kl/jt{g xf] . ‘k};f’ zAbsf] [ cO ] låWjlgdf [ c ] / [ O ] sf] ld>0f eO{ [ P] ]
;'lgg'nfO{ o;sf] pbfx/0f dfGg ;lsG5 . o;/L cl3Nnf] :j/sf] pRrf/0f g;lsFb} lha|fsf] rfn
jf axsfOdf kl/jt{g cfO{ csf]{ :j/sf] pRrf/0f x'g' lå:j/sf] klxrfg xf] . g]kfnLsf lå:j/x¿
bzj6f 5g\ M cO, cfO, pO, PO, cf]O, cp, cfp, Op, Pp, cf]p, .
-cf_ :j/sf] juL{s/0f
:j/sf] clek|fo Psn jf d"n :j/ xf] . lhe|f] / cf]7sf] cj:yfdf cfpg] kl/jt{gaf6
:j/sf] juL{s/0f ul/G5 . lha|fsf] ;lqmotf, lhe|fsf] prfO / cf]7sf] cj:yfsf cfwf/df d"n
:j/nfO{ ltg lsl;dn] juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M
!= lhe|fsf] ;lqmotf
:j/sf] pRrf/0fdf lhe|fsf] cu|, dWo -s]]Gb|Lo_ / kZr efudWo] h'g ;lqmo /xG5
To;sf cfwf/df WjlgnfO{ ljeflht ul/G5 . g]kfnLsf [ O ] / [ P ] cu|:j/ x'g\ eg]
[ c ], [ cf ], [O ] / [ p ] kZr :j/ x'g\ . g]kfnLdf s]Gb|Lo :j/sf] cefj 5 .
@= lhe|fsf] prfO
:j/sf] pRrf/0fdf lhe|fn] ljleGg lsl;dsf] prfO u|x0f u/]sf] x'G5 . d'v]cf]9f/ leq
slxn] lhe|f] tfn' glhs}sf] pRrtd cj:yfdf k'U5 eg] slxn] lhe|f] Go"gtd cj:yfdf /xG5 .
lhe|fn] lng] pRrfOsf ljleGg cj:yfsf cfwf/df :j/nfO{ ;+jt[ ÷aGb cw{;+jt[ ÷cfwf aGb,
cw{ljj[t÷cfwf v'Nnf / ljj[t÷v'nf u/L rf/ lsl;daf6 afF8\g ;lsG5 . g]kfnLsf [ O ] / [ p]
;+jt[ jf aGb [ P ] / [ cf] ] cw{;+j[t jf cfwf aGb [ c ] cw{ljj[t jf cfwf v'nf / [ cf]
ljj[t jf v'nf :j/ x'g\ .
#= cf]7sf] cj:yf
pRrf/0f ubf{ cf]7sf] cfsf/ uf]nf] x'g] / gx'g]sf cfwf/df :j/nfO{ uf]lnt / cuf]lnt u/L
5'6\ofpg ;lsG5 . g]kfnLsf [ p] / [ cf]] uf]lnt, [ c] [ cf] [ O ], / [ P ] cuf]ltn :j/ x'g\ .
-O_ lå:j/sf] juL{s/0f
lå:j/sf] juL{s/0f lhe|fsf] axsfOsf] lbzf / tfgsf cfwf/df ul/G5 . g]kfnL tfgk|wfg
efiff xf]Og . To;}n] lå:j/ ljefhgsf] d'Vo cfwf/ lhe|fsf] ;rntfsf] lbzfnfO{ agfOg'k5{ . o;
cfwf/df g]kfnLsf lå:j/nfO{ cu| lå:j/ / kZr lå:j/ u/L b'O{ ;d"xdf afFl8G5 . [ O ] cGTodf
cfpg] lå:j/nfO{ cu|lå:j/ / [ p] cGTodf cfpg] lå:j/nfO{ kZr lå:j/ elgG5 . g]kfnLsf
[ cO ], [ cfO ], [ pO], [ PO], [ cf]O] cu|lå:j/ Pjd\ [ cp], [ cfp ], [ Op], [ Pp], [ cf]p]
kZr lå:j/ x'g\ .
-v_ Jo~hg
Zjf;k|jfxdf s'g} g s'g} lsl;dsf] afwf / 3if{0f eO{ pRrl/t x'g] eflifs Wjlgx¿
Jo~hg x'g\ . o:tf Jo~hgx¿ cgfIfl/s x'G5g\ . :j/;Fu 6fFl;Fbf dfq logn] cIf/sf] lgdf{0f
u5{g\ . Jo~hgsf] pRrf/0f ubf{ pRrf/0f cjoj lar st} g st} afwf jf 3if{0f x'G5 . nfdf]
;do;Dd Jo~hgsf] pRrf/0f ug{ ;lsFbg} . :j/sf t'ngfdf Jo~hgx¿ sd >j0fLo / d'v/ x'G5g\ .

31
-u_ :j/ / Jo~hgsf] t'ngf ÷leGgtf
:j/ Jo~hg
:j/sf] pRrf/0f ubf{ Zjf;k|jfxdf afwf Jo~hgsf] pRrf/0f ubf{ st} g st} Zjf;k|jfxdf
jf 3if{0f xF'b}g . afwf jf 3if{0f x'G5 .
;a} :j/ 3f]if / df}lvs x'G5g\ . Jo~hgx¿ 3f]if / c3f]if Pjd\ df}lvs / gfl;So
x'G5g\ .
:j/ cfIfl/s x'G5g\ . Ps\n} cIf/ aGg Jo~hg cgfIfl/s x'g\ . Ps\n} cIf/ aGg ;Sb}gg\ .
;S5g\ . kl/wLo cIf/sf ¿kdf cfpF5g\ .
:j/sf] pRrf/0f nfdf] ;do;Dd ug{ Jo~hgsf] pRrf/0f nfdf] ;do;Dd ug{ ;lsFb}g .
;lsG5 .
:j/ cgfl>t / :jtGq x'G5g\ . Jo~hg :j/;Fu cfl>t x'g] ePsfn] k/fl>t x'G5g\ .
:j/ anf3ft, nof3ft, h:tf u'0fn] Jo~hg nof3ft h:tf u'0fn] o'SQ xF'b}gg\ . To;}n]
o'St x'G5g\ . To;}n] oL ;':ki6 5g\ . sd :ki6 5g\ .
lhe|fsf] ;lqmotf / prfO Pjd\ cf]7sf pRrf/0f :yfg, k|oTg, 3f]ifTj / k|f0fTjsf cfwf/df
l:yltsf cfwf/df :j/sf] juL{s/0f Jo~hgsf juL{s/0f ul/G5 .
ul/G5 .
-c_ Jo~hgsf] juL{s/0f
Jo~hgsf] juL{s/0f ug]{ d'Vo cfwf/ pRrf/0f :yfg, pRrf/0f k|oTg -ljlw_, 3f]ifTj /
k|f0fTj u/L rf/j6f 5g\ . log} cfwf/df Jo~hgsf] juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
!= pRrf/0f :yfgsf cfwf/df
eflifs Wjlgsf] pRrf/0fdf pRrf/0f cjojsf] ;+nUgtf /xG5 . pRrf/0f cjoj ljleGg
lsl;dsf 5g\ . tNnf] cf]7 / lhe|fsf k|sf/x¿ ;lqmo pRrf/0f cjoj Pjd\ dflyNnf] cf]7, bfFt
/ tfn'sf k|sf/x¿ lgliqmo pRrf/0f cjoj x'g\ . ;lqmo pRrf/0f cª\un] lgliqmo pRrf/0f
cª\usf h'g efunfO{ 5'Fbf Jo~hg pRrl/t x'G5g\ . To;}sf cfwf/df :yfgsf] lgwf{/0f ul/G5 .
pRrf/0f :yfgsf cfwf/df g]kfnLsf Jo~hgx¿ lgDglnlvt 5 k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M
-s_ cf]i7\o
b'j} cf]7sf ;xof]uaf6 pRrf/0f x'g] Jo~hg cf]i7\o x'g\ . g]kfnLsf [ k], [ km], [ a],
[ e], [ d],/ [ j] cf]i7\o Jo~hg x'g\ . lognfO{ åof]i7\o klg elgG5 .
-v_ bGTo
lhe|fsf 6'Kkfn] dflyNnf] bfFtnfO{ 5'Fbf pRrf/0f x'g] Jo~hgnfO{ bGTo elgG5 . g]kfnLsf
[ t], [ y], [ b], / [ w] Jo~hg bGTo x'g\ .
-u_ jT:o{
lhe|fsf] 6'Kkf] jf kmns -kftf]_ / bGtd"nsf] ;+nUgtfaf6 pRrf/0f x'g] Jo~hgnfO{ jT:o{
jf bGtd"nLo elgG5 . oL b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M
-c_ cu|jT:o{
lhe|fsf 6'Kkfn] jT;{:yfgnfO{ 5'Fbf pRrf/0f x'g] Jo~hg cu|jT:o{ x'g\ . g]kfnLsf [ 6],
[ 7], [ 8], [ 9], [ g], [ /], / [ n] jT;{:yfgL Wjlg x'g\ . lognfO{ lzv/ jT:o{ klg elgG5 .
-cf_ kmnsLo jT:o{
lhe|fsf] 6'Kkf] / kftf] Pjd\ bGtd"nsf ;xof]uaf6 pRrf/0f x'g] Jo~hgnfO{ kmnsLo jT:o{
elgG5 . g]kfnLsf [ r], [ 5], [ h], [em], / [ ;] kmnsLo jT:o{ Jo~hg x'g\ .
-3_ tfnJo

32
 lhe|fsf] dWo efu / s7f]/tfn'sf ;+nUgtfaf6 pRrf/0f x'g] Jo~hgnfO{ tfnJo elgG5 .
g]kfnLsf] [ o], tfnJo Jo~hg xf] .
-ª_ s07\o
lhe|fsf] kZrefu / sf]dntfn'sf ;xof]uaf6 pRrl/t Jo~hgnfO{ s07\o elgG5 .
g]kfnLsf [ s], [ v], [ u], [ 3] / [ ª] s07\o Jo~hg x'g\ . lognfO{ sf]dn tfnJo jf
xg'd"nLo Wjlg klg eGg] ul/G5 .
-r_ clts07\o
lhe|fsf] km]b / :j/oGqd'vsf ;xof]uaf6 pRrl/t Jo~hgnfO{ clts07\o jf
:J/oGqd'vL Wjlg elgG5 . g]kfnL [ x] clts07\o Jo~hg xf] .
@= pRrf/0f k|oTgsf cfwf/df
eflifs Wjlgsf] pRrf/0f ug]{ tl/sf jf ljlwnfO{ pRrf/0f k|oTg elgG5 . Jo~hgsf]
pRrf/0f ug]{ k|lqmof ljleGg 5g\ . ;lqmo pRrf/s cª\un] lgliqmo pRrf/s cª\unfO{ k"0f{¿kdf
5'Fbf :kzL{, :kzL{;ª\3ifL{ / gfl;So Wjlgx¿ pRrl/t x'G5g\ . To:t} ;+3ifL{ Wjlgsf] pRrf/0fdf
jfo'dfu{ ;fFw'l/Psf] cj:yfdf x'G5 eg] k|slDkt Jo~hgsf] pRrf/0fdf k6sk6s 5f]OPsf] cj:yf
x'G5 . o;/L WjlgpTkfbs cjojx¿ k/:k/df hf]l8g] ;DaGwsf] cfwf/ g} k|oTgsf] lgwf{/0f xf] .
o; cfwf/df g]kfnLsf Jo~hgx¿ ;ft lsl;dsf 5g\ M
-s_ :kzL{
lhe|fn] pRrf/0f :yfgnfO{ 6\ofKk 5f]O{ em\jf§ aflx/ lg:sFbf pRrl/t Jo~hgx¿ :kzL{
x'g\ . g]kfnLsf :kzL{ Jo~hgx¿ lgDglnlvt 5g\ M
[ k], [ km], [ a], [ e],
[ t], [ y], [ b], [w],
[ 6], [ 7], [ 8], [ 9],
[ s], [ v], [ u], [ 3]
-v_ :kz{ ;ª\3ifL{
lhe|fsf] kmnsn] jT;{:yfgnfO{ 6\ofKk 5f]O{ lj:tf/} ;f; pGdf]rg x'Fbf afo'dfu{ ;fF3'/f]
ePsf] cj:yfdf :kz{ ;ª\3ifL{ Jo~hg pRrl/t x'G5g\= . g]kfnLsf [ r], [ 5], [ h], [ em] :kz{
;ª\3ifL{ Jo~hg x'g\ .
-u_ ;ª\3ifL{
;lqmo / lgliqmo pRrf/0f cjoj k/:k/ glhs x'Fbf jfo'dfu{ ;Ff3'/f] eO{ 3if{0fsf ;fy
;f; aflx/ lg:sFbf ;ª\3ifL{ Jo~hg pRrl/t x'G5g\ . g]kfnLdf [ ;], [ x], ;ª\3ifL{ Wjlg x'g\ .
lognfO{ pmid klg elgG5 .
-3_ gfl;So
lsnlsn] tn em/L d'v / gfs b'ja} f6 ;f; aflx/ cfpFbf pRrf/0f x'g] Jo~hgnfO{
gfl;So elgG5 . g]kfnLsf [ ª], [ g], [ d] gfl;So Jo~hg x'g\ . o:tf Jo~hgnfO{ cg'gfl;s
Wjlg klg elgG5 .
-ª_ k|slDkt
lhe|fsf 6'Kkfn] k6sk6s jT:o{ :yfgnfO{ 5'Fbf pRrf/0f x'g] Jo~hgnfO{ k|slDkt
elgG5 . g]kfnLsf] [ /] o:t} Jo~hg xf] .
-r_ kflZj{s

33
 lhe|fsf 6'Kkfn] jT;{:yfgnfO{ 5'Fbf lhe|fsf kfZj{ -5]p_ af6 ;f; aflx/ lg:sL pRrf/0f
x'g] Jo~hgnfO{ kflZj{s elgG5 . g]kfnLsf] [ n] kflZj{s Jo~hg xf] .
-5_ cGtM:y
:j/sf] pRrf/0fdf h:t} Zjf;k|jfxdf lgjf{wtf gePsf] / Jo~hgsf] pRrf/0fdf h:t}
Zjf;k|jfxdf afwf klg gk'u]sf] l:yltdf pRrf/0f x'g] WjlgnfO{ cGtM:y elgG5 . g]kfnLsf [ o]
/ [ j] cGtM:y Jo~hg x'g\ . logn] cIf/ ;+/rgfdf s]Gb|ssf] e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sb}gg\ . To;}n]
cGtM :y WjlgnfO{ cw{:j/ jf cw{Jo~hg klg elgG5 .
#= 3f]ifTjsf cfwf/df
:j/tGqLsf lrD6Lx¿sf] cj:yfaf6 3f]ifTj lgwf{l/t x'G5 . Psy/L Jo~hgsf] pRrf/0fdf
:j/lrD6Lx¿ oyf:yfgdf /xG5g\ eg] csf{y/L Jo~hgsf] pRrf/0fdf :j/lrD6Lx¿ glhlsg
k'U5g\ . cfcfÇgf] 7fpFdf /xFbf :j/lrD6Ldf s'g} bafa / k|sDkg x'Fb}g t/ :j/lrD6L glhlsFbf
bafasf sf/0f lrD6Lx¿df k|sDkg x'G5 . k|sDkg x'g] / gx'g] cj:yfsf cfwf/df Jo~hgnfO{
;3f]if / c3f]if u/L 5'6\ofOG5 .
-s_ ;3f]if
:j/oGqsf lrD6Lx¿ glhsglhs x'Fbf sDkg k}bf eO{ pRrf/0f x'g] Jo~hgnfO{ ;3f]if
elgG5 . g]kfnLsf [ u], [ h], [ 8], [ b], [ a], [ 3], [ em], [ 9], [ w], [ e], [ ª], [ g], [ d],
[ o], [ /],[ n], [ j] / [ x] ;3f]if Jo~hg x'g\ . g]kfnLsf :j/x¿ ;3f]if Wjlgleq kb{5g\ .
-v_ c3f]if
:j/lrD6Lx¿ cfcfÇgf 7fpFdf /xFbf ltgdf sDkg gx'g] ePsfn] c3f]if Jo~hgx¿
pRrl/t x'G5g\\ . g]kfnLsf [ s], [ r], [ 6], [ t], [ k], [ v], [ 5], [ 7], [ y], [km] / [ ;],
Jo~hg c3f]if x'g\ .
$= k|f0fTjsf cfwf/df Jo~hg
k|f0fTj eg]sf] Zjf;sf] dfqf xf] . kmf]S;fsf] v'DrfO / tGsfO;Fu Zjf;sf] dfqf cfwfl/t
x'G5 . s]xL Jo~hgsf] pRrf/0fdf kmf]S;f] v'lDrG5 / s]xLsf] pRrf/0fdf kmf]S;f] tlGsG5 . kmf]S;f]
a9L v'lDrPsf] a]nf ;f;sf] dfqf a9L lgl:sG5 eg] sd v'lDrPsf] a]nf ;f;sf] dfqf sd}
b]lvG5 . k|f0fzlStdf b]vfkg]{ dfqfTds lje]bsf cfwf/df Jo~hgnfO{ cNkk|f0f / dxfk|f0f u/L
5'6\ofOG5 M
-s_ cNkk|f0f
kmf]S;faf6 k|jflxt ;f;sf] ult jf dfqf sd vlr{P/ pRrf/0f x'g] Jo~hgnfO{ cNkk|f0f
elgG5 . g]kfnLsf [ s], [ r], [ 6], [ t], [ k], [ u], [ h], [ 8], [ b], [ a], [ ª], [ g], [ d],
[ o], [ /], [ n] / [ j] cNkk|f0f Jo~hg x'g\ .
-v_ dxfk|f0f
kmf]S;faf6 lg:s]sf ;f;sf] dfqf a9L vlr{P/ pRrf/0f x'g] Jo~hgnfO{ dxfk|f0f elgG5 .
g]kfnLsf [ v], [ 5], [ 7], [ y], [ km], [ 3], [ em], [ 9], [ w], [ e], [ ;] / [ x] dxfk|f0f
Jo~hg x'g\ .
@= v08]t/ Wjlg
:jtGq ¿kdf pRrf/0f ug{ g;lsg] Wjlgx¿nfO{ v08]t/ elgG5 . o:tf Wjlgx¿ v08Lo
-:j/ / Jo~hg_ :j/;Fu 6fFl;P/ cfPsf x'G5g\ . lognfO{ 5'6\6} / PSn} k|of]u ug{ ;lsFb}g . dfqf,
cg'gfl;stf, cf3ft / ;'/ v08]t/ Wjlgsf e]b x'g\ .
-s_ dfqf

34
 eflifs Wjlgsf] pRrf/0fdf nfUg] ;dofjlwnfO{ dfqf elgG5 . s'g} eflifs PsfOsf]
pRrf/0fdf sd / s'gs } f] pRrf/0fdf a9L ;do nfU5 . ;+:s[[tdf pRrf/0f ubf{ nfUg] ;dosf
cfwf/df dfqfnfO{ cw{dfqf, Psdfqf, b'Od{ fqf / ltgdfqf u/L ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] qmdzM
Jo~hg, x|:j, bL3{ / Kn'tnfO{ ;+s]t u/]sf] kfOG5 . c+u|]hLdf klg cltx|:j, X|:j, bL3{ / cltbL3{
u/L rf/j6f dfqf 5g\ . oL dWo] d"ntM x|:j / bL3{ dfqf a9L k|rlnt 5g\ . 5f]6f] ;dodf pRrf/0f
ug{ ;lsg] dfqfnfO{ x|:j / To;eGbf a9L ;dodf pRrf/0f ug{ ;lsg] dfqfnfO{ bL3{ elgG5 .
g]kfnLsf s'g} zAbsf] pRrf/0fdf dfqfTds lje]bstf b]vfpg ;lsPnf t/ To;n] cy{df leGgtf
NofpFbg} . ;+:s[tnufot g]jf/L, u'?ª, ;'g'jf/ h:tf g]kfnL efiffsf Wjlgx¿ dfqfut ¿kdf
cy{e]bs 5g\ M
efiff dfqf zAb cy{ dfqf zAb cy{
;+:s[t p s'n j+z pm s"n lsgf/f, t6
g]jf/L c tf l7s cfs tf s tfNrf
u'?ª P d] cfuf] Ps d] s k'R5/
;'g'jf/ P u]rf lbg' Ps u]s rf lyPF .
cGt/f{li6«o WjlgtflTjs j0f{dfnfdf cw{bL3{nfO{ [ .] / bL3{nfO{ [ :] lrXg lbO{ ;ª\s]t
ul/Psf] x'G5 .
-v_ cg'gfl;stf
kmf]S;faf6 cfPsf] Zjf; gfs]cf]9f/ / d'v]cf]9f/af6 aflx/ lg:sFbf pRrf/0f x'g] Wjlgx¿
cg'gfl;s x'g\ . o;nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o WjlgtflTjs j0f{dfnfdf [ z] lrXgåf/f / g]kfnLdf rGb|ljGb'
[ F] / lz/ljGb' [ –+] lrXgåf/f ;ª\s]t ul/G5 . g]kfnL, u'?ª, g]jf/L, h:tf efiffsf df}lvs /
cg'gfl;s Wjlgdf leGgtf b]lvG5 .
efiff zAb -df}lvs_ cy{ zAb -cg'gfl;s_ cy{
g]kfnL ;f9] cfwf ;fF9] uf]?
ef8f axfn efF8f at{g
t lgkft tF ;j{gfd
af; a:g] 7fpF afF; j[Ifljz]if
g]jf/L bf af];f] bfF bfd
v xf] vF s'/f
u'?ª ld cfuf] ldF gfd
s' d"lt{ s'F lk;fa
-u_ cf3ft
eflifs PsfOsf] pRrf/0fdf nfUg] hf]8 jf rsf]{kgfnfO{ cf3ft elgG5 . jfSodf k|oS' t
:j/, Jo~hg, cIf/, ¿k, kb, kbfjnL h:tf PsfOsf] pRrf/0f ;dfg lsl;daf6 ul/Fb}g . h'g
eflifs PsfOsf] pRrf/0fdf a9L hf]8 k5{, To;nfO{ ToxL PsfOsf] cf3ft dfGg ;lsG5 .
cGt/f{li6«o WjlgtflŒjs j0f{dfnfdf k|fylds cf3ftnfO{ [ '] / låtLos cf3ftnfO{ [ '] hgfpg
5'6\6f5'§} lrXgsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . cf3ft zAbsf cflb, dWo / cGTo h'g;'s} 7fpFdf cfpg
;S5 / o;n] sf]zLo / Jofs/l0fs cy{df klg leGgtf NofpF5 . c+u|]hL efiffsf zAbsf] klxnf]
cIf/ / bf];|f] cIf/df k/]sf] cf3ftaf6 pQm s'/fsf] k'li6 x'G5 .
'Export lgof{t Ex'pot lgof{t ug'{

35
 'Object p2]Zo Ob'ject lj/f]3 ug'{
'Protest lj/f]w Pro'test lj/f]w ug'{
'Conduct ;~rfng Con'duct ;~rfng ug'{
'Absent cg'kl:yt Ab'sent cg'kl:yt x'g'
'Profit gfkmf pro'fit gfkmf sdfpg'
-3_ ;'/
pRrf/0fdf b]vfkg]{ ;f;sf] dfqf / :j/lrD6Lsf] tgfaaf6 pTkGg k|sDkgnfO{ ;'/ elgG5 .
:j/lrD6Lsf] b"/tf / lgs6tfn] ;'/df leGgtf NofpF5 . :j/lrD6Lx¿ glhlsPdf ;'/ ;fdfGo
cj:yfdf /xG5 eg] 6fl9Pdf o;sf] cj:yf pRr x'G5 . :j/lrD6Ldf k|sDkgsf] cfj[lQ hlt a9L
x'G5 Tolt g} ;'/ pRr x'G5 / sd cfj[lQ ePdf lgDg ;'/ b]vfk5{ .
;'/sf] ;Da4tf d"ntM ;3f]if Wjlg;Fu /xG5 . sltko ;Gbe{df c3f]if / ;'vv';] Wjlgdf
klg ;'/ k}bf x'G5 . ;'/n] pRrf/0fut ljz]iftf / ;+j]ufTds cj:yfnfO{ klg hgfpF5 . dlxnf /
k'?if, afns, jo:s / a[4sf af]nLdf b]lvg] ptf/r9fa / ;'l/nf]kg Pjd\ jStfsf cleJolQmdf
b]vfkg]{ xif{, lj:dft\, v';L, lrGtf h:tf ;+ju] fTdstfsf] cWoog ;'/s} dfWodaf6 ug{ ;lsG5 .
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= kZr, pRr, uf]lnt :j/ s'g xf] <
-s_ c -v_ cf] -u_ p -3_ P
@= g]kfnLsf d"n :j/sf] ;ª\Vof slt 5 <
-s_ rf/ -v_ kfFr -u_ 5 -3_ cf7
#= bGtd"nLo Wjlg ;d"x s'g xf] <
-s_ s, r, 6 -v_ k, j, ;
-u_ t, /, x -3_ 5,6, g
$= g]kfnLsf lå:j/ sltj6f 5g\
-s_ 5 -v_ cf7 -u_ gf} -3_ bz
%= g]kfnLsf] ljj[t, kZr / cuf]lnt :j/ s'g xf] <
-s_ c -v_ cf -u_ P -3_ p
^= c, p, O :j/ Wjlgsf] clenIf0fsf] qmd s'g xf] <
-s_ pRr, pRr, lgDg -v_ lgDg, pRr, pRr
-u_ pRr, lgDg, dWo -3_ pRr, lgDg, pRr
&= g]kfnLsf] ‘O’ s:tf] :j/ xf] <
-s_ kZr, v'nf, cuf]lnt -v_ cu|, aGb, uf]lnt
-u_ cu|, v'nf, uf]lnt -3_ cu|, aGb, cuf]lnt
*= kmnsLo jT:o{ Wjlg s'gnfO{ dflgG5 <
-s_ r -v_ 6 -u_ n -3_ t
(= c3f]if, dxfk|f0f ;d"xsf Wjlg s'gs'g x'g\ <
-s_ 5, y, ; -v_ s, h, x
-u_ 3, t, d -3_ b, /, n
!)= s07o, :kzL{, dxfk|f0f j0f{ s'gnfO{ dflgG5 <

36
 -s_ s -v_ v -u_ u -3_ ª
ljifout k|Zg
-1_ :j/ Wjlgsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-2_ Psn :j/ / lå:j/ 5'6\ofpg] cfwf/ :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
-3_ g]kfnLsf Psn :j/ s'gs'g x'g\ pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
-4_ g]kfnLsf lå:j/ sltj6f 5g\ :ki6 n]Vg'xf];\ .
-5_ :j/ j0f{sf] juL{s/0f ug{] k|lqmof :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
-6_ g]kfnLsf :j/ j0f{sf] juL{s/0f ug{'xf];\ .
-7_ :j/ Wjlgsf] pTkfbgdf lha|fn] v]Ng] e"ldsf :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
-8_ lå:j/ juL{s/0fsf cfwf/sf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
-9_ Jo~hg Wjlgsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-10_ :j/ / Jo~hgdf s] leGgtf 5 < :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
-11_ Jo~hg Wjlgsf] juL{s/0f ug{] cfwf/sf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
-12_ pRrf/0f :yfgsf cfwf/df g]kfnL Jo~hg j0f{nfO{ lrgfpg'xf];\ .
-13_ pRrf/0f k|oTgsf cfwf/df g]kfnL Jo~hgsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-14_ g]kfnLsf Jo~hgnfO{ k|f0fTjsf cfwf/df 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
-15_ :j/ lrD6Lsf cfwf/df g]kfnL Jo~hgsf] juL{s/0f ug{'xf];\ .
-16_ g]kfnL :j/nfO{ :j/rt'e{'hdf b]vfO{ j0f{g ug{'xf];\ .
ljj]rgfTds k|Zg
!= pRrf/0f :yfg, pRrf/0f k|oTg, k|f0fTj / 3f]ifTjsf cfwf/df g]kfnLsf Jo~hg Wjlgsf]
ljZn]if0f ug{'xf];\ .

@=#=% cGt/f{li6«o WjlgtflŒjs j0f{dfnf / ltgsf ljz]iftf

;+;f/df k|rngdf /x]sf slt efiffsf lnlk lrÅgx¿ 5g\ eg] slt efiff sYo ¿kdf dfq
;Lldt 5g\ . lnlk ePsf efiffx¿df klg lnlkut ljljwtf /x]sf] 5 . o; cj:yfdf ;+;f/sf ;a}
efiffsf Wjlgx¿nfO{ Pp6} WjlgtflŒjs ;ª\s]t lrÅgdf cfn]vg ug{] p2]Zon] cGt/f{li6«o
WjlgtflŒjs j0f{dfnfsf] lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] xf] . ;+;f/sf ;a} efiffdf /x]sf Wjlgx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj
ug{] u/L lgdf{0f ul/Psf o:tf WjlgtflŒjs ;ª\s]t lrÅgnfO{ g} cGt/f{li6«o WjlgtflŒjs j0f{dfnf
(International Phonetic Alphabet; ;ª\If]kdf IPA jf c= Wj= ln=_ elgG5 . IPA sf] ;f]r
;j{k|yd o]:k;{gn] NofPsf lyP eg] o'/f]kn ] L Wjlgj}1flgs kn kf;L tyf pgsf ;xof]uLx¿åf/f
;g\ !**^ df :yfkgf ul/Psf] cGt/f{li6«o WjlgtflŒjs kl/ifb\ (International Phonetic
Association) n] ;j{k|yd !*** df cGt/f{li6«o WjlgtflŒjs j0f{dfnf cufl8 ;f/]sf] lyof] .
IPA sf] k|jt{gdf ljleGg Wjlgj}1flgsx¿sf] ;xeflutf b]lvP klg knkf;LnfO{ g} o;sf
k|jt{s dfGg] ul/Psf] 5 .
cGt/f{li6«o WjlgtflŒjs j0f{dfnfsf ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
!= ;+;f/sf ;f/f efiffx¿nfO{ Pp6} lnlkdf ptfg{ ;lsg]
@= efiffsf Go"gtd v08 WjlgnfO{ cª\sg ug{ ;lsg]
#= ;a} efiffsf Wjlgx¿nfO{ Ps} lsl;dn] n]Vg ;lsg]

37
 $= j}1flgs cfwf/df Wjlg ;ª\s]tsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] jf juL{s/0fsf ;DefJo
;a} cfwf/nfO{ ;d]l6Psf]
• :j/sf] juL{s/0f Pj+ lgwf{/0fsf ;Gbe{df lha|fsf] ;lqmotf, lha|fsf]
prfO / cf]7sf] l:yltnfO{ cfwf/ agfOPsf]
• Jo~hgsf] lgwf{/0f Pj+ juL{s/0fsf ;Gbe{df pRrf/0f :yfg, pRrf/0f
k|lqmof / 3f]ifTjnfO{ cfwf/ agfOPsf]
• kmf]S;] Wjlg -kmf]S;f]af6 Zjf; aflx/ hfFbf pRrl/t x'g] alxM
:kmf]6fTds_ / ckmf]S;] Wjlg -xg'd"nLo ;f; leq hfFbf pRrl/t x'g]
lSns Wjlg, :j/oGqd'vL ;f; leq hfFbf pRrl/t x'g] cGtM:kmf]6fTds
Wjlg, tyf :j/oGqd'vL ;f; aflx/ hfFbf pRrl/t x'g] If]k0ffTds Wjlg_
nfO{ 5'§f5'§} b]vfOPsf]
• /f]dg j0f{df cfwfl/t /x]sf]ý h:t}M [k], [d], [p] cflb
• /f]dg j0f{af6 hgfpg g;lsg] WjlgnfO{ j0f{sf cfsf/df kl/jt{g u/L
b]vfOPsf]ý h:t} [], []
• Ps lrÅgs tyf lålrÅgssf] k|of]u ul/Psf]ý h:t}M [i], [e], [], [œ]
• pklrÅgx¿sf] k|of]u ul/Psf]ý h:t}M
cg'gfl;s÷gfl;So [~], lrÅgsf 6fpsfdf [ ~b ]
bL3{tf [ : ] lrÅgsf kl5 [i:]
anf3ft [ ' ] lrÅgsf cl3 dfly 'convict
-cleo'Qm_, con'vict -cleof]u nufpg'_
dxfk|f0f [h] lrÅgsf kl5 dfly – [kh]
c3f]if [ . ] lrÅgsf l7s d'lg – [ṃ]
3f]if [ ̬] lrÅgsf l7s d'lg – [ s̬ ]
%= lnlk gePsf efiffx¿nfO{ n]Vo ;ª\s]tdf ptfg{ ;lsg]
^= ;+zf]wg eO/xg]
&= ;DefJo Wjlgsf nflu vfnL 7fpF 5fl8Psf]
*= pRrf/0f ;Dej gePsf tflnsfdf sfnf] nufOPsf]
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= cGt/f{li6«o WjlgtflTjs j0f{dfnfsf k|jt{s s;nfO{ dflgG5 <
-s_ An'dlkmN8 -v_ knkf;L
-u_ 8\oflgon hf]G; -3_ ;L= xs]6
@= cGt/f{li6«o WjlgtflTjs j0f{dfnf s'g lnlknfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ agfOPsf] xf] <
-s_ /f]dg -v_ uf]lys -u_ b]jgfu/L -3_ c/jL
ljifout k|Zg
-1_ cGt/f{li6«o WjlgtflŒjs j0f{dfnfsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-2_ cGt/f{li6«o WjlgtflŒjs j0f{dfnfsf ljz]iftfsf af/]df 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .

@=#=^ dfg:j/sf] kl/ro M k|wfg / uf}0f dfg:j/

38
 ;+;f/sf ljleGg efiffdf kfOg] vf;–vf; :j/nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ dfg:j/sf] lgwf{/0f
ul/Psf] xf] . o; cfwf/df ;+;f/sf ;a} efiffsf :j/x¿sf] dfkg, lgwf{/0f / juL{s/0f ug{
;lsG5 . :j/x¿sf] dfkg ug]{ of] cfwf/ Pp6f sfNklgs /]vf xf] . o;n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf
dfkb08sf cfwf/df s'g} klg efiffsf :j/x¿ 7ofSs} ldNg ;S5g\\ / gldNg klg ;S5g\ . s'g}
klg efiffsf :j/sf] lgwf{/0f dfg:j/sf] lgs6tf, b"/tf, ;dtf / leGgtfsf cfwf/df ul/G5 .
a]nfotL Wjlgzf:qL 8oflgon hf]G;n] ;g\ !(!* df ;+;f/sf ;a} efiffsf :j/nfO{ dfkg ug{
;Sg] ;}4flGts ¿k/]vf k|:t't u/]sf x'g\ . ToxL ¿k/]vfnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o WjlgtflŒjs j0f{dfnfdf
dfg:j/ elgG5 . o;sf k|wfg / uf}0f u/L b'O{ e]b 5g\ . lognfO{ k|fylds dfg:j/ / låtLos
dfg:j/ klg elgG5 .
-s_ k|wfg dfg:j/
;+;f/sf clwsf+z efiffdf kfOg] :j/nfO{ k|wfg dfg:j/ elgG5 . lognfO{ lhe|fsf]
;lqmotf, lhe|fsf] prfO Pjd\ cf]7sf] l:yltsf cfwf/df juL{s[t ug{ ;lsG5 .
-c_ lhe|fsf] ;lqmotf
:j/sf] pRrf/0fdf slxn] lhe|fsf] cl3Nnf] efu, slxn] kl5Nnf] efu / slxn] larsf]
efu ;lqmo x'G5 . o; cfwf/df k|fylds dfg:j/nfO{ cu|, kZr / s]Gb|Lo u/L 5'6\ofpg ;lsG5 .
!= cu| :j/ i, e, ε, a
@= kZr :j/ u, o, ç, Å
#= s]Gb|Lo :j/
-cf_ lhe|fsf] prfO
:j/sf] pRrf/0fdf lhe|f] slxn] pRrtd ljGb' -tfn'glhs}_ df, slxn] Go"gtd ljGb'df
slxn] pRrtd laGb'eGbf tn / slxn] Go"gtd laGb'eGbf dflysf cj:yfdf /xG5 . o; cfwf/df
k|fylds dfg:j/nfO{ ;+jt[ -pRrtd_, cw{ljj[t -pRr_, cw{ljj[t -lgGg_ / ljj[t -lgDgtd_
u/L 5'6o\ fOG5 .
!= ;+jt[ -aGb_ :j/ ÷ pRrtd i, u
@= cw{;+jt[ -cfwf aGb_ :j/ ÷ pRr e, o
#= cw{ljj[t -cfwf v'Nnf_ :j/ ÷ lgDg e, ç
$= ljj[t -v'Nnf_ :j/ ÷ lgDgtd a, Å
-O_ cf]7sf] l:ylt
s]xL :j/sf] pRrf/0f ubf{ cf]7sf] cfsf/ s'l~rt x'G5 eg] s]xLsf] pRrf/0fdf cf]7 k|;[t
x'G5 . o; cfwf/df k|fylds dfg:j/sf uf]lnt / cuf]lnt b'O{ e]b 5g\ .
!= uf]lnt :j/ ç, o, u
@= cuf]lnt :j/ i, e, ε, a, Å
dfg:j/nfO{ klxnf]–klxn] lqsf]0fdf b]vfOGYof] / :j/lqsf]0f elgGYof] . clxn] o;nfO{
rt'isf]0fdf b]vfOG5 / :j/ rt'e{h klg elgG5 .
cu| s]Gb|Lo kZr
• u
-!_ i • -*_
-@_ e • • o -&_

-#_ ε • •
-^_
-$_ a • •  -%_

39
 k|wfg dfg:j/sf] j0f{g o;/L ug{ ;lsG5 M
!= [i] cu|, aGb, cuf]lnt
@= [e] cu| cfwf aGb, cuf]lnt
#= [ε] cu|, cfwf v'nf, cuf]lnt
$= [a] cu|, v'Nnf, cuf]lnt
%= [Å ] kZr, v'nf, cuf]lnt
^= [ç] kZr, cfwfv'Nnf, uf]lnt
&= [o] kZr, cfwf aGb, uf]lnt
*= [u] kZr, aGb, uf]lnt
-v_ uf}0f dfg:j/
;+;f/sf sltko efiffsf Wjlgx¿ k|wfg dfg:j/eGbf leGg vfnsf x'G5g\ . lognfO{
uf}0f dfg:j/ elgG5 . k|wfg dfg:j/ h:t} uf}0f dfg:j/sf] lgwf{/0f klg sfNklgs cfwf/df
ul/Psf] xf] . s'g} efiffdf k|wfg / uf}0f dfg:j/sf] pkl:ylt kfOG5 eg] s'g}df kfOFbg} . uf}0f
dfg:j/nfO{ låtLos dfg:j/sf] ;+1f klg lbOPsf] 5 . k|wfg dfg:j/;Fu pRrf/0fut
ljlzi6tfsf cfwf/df uf}0f dfg:j/ 5'l§G5g\ . To;}n] uf}0f dfg:j/nfO{ låtLos dfg:j/ eGg'
pko'SQ x'G5 .
k|wfg dfg:j/nfO{ h:t} uf}0f dfg:j/nfO{ klg lhe|fsf] ;lqmotf, lhe|fsf] prfO / cf]7sf]
l:yltsf cfwf/df 5'6\ofOG5 .
-c_ lhe|fsf] ;lqmotf
uf}0f dfg:j/sf] pRrf/0fdf lhe|fsf] h'g efu ;lqmo x'G5 To;sf cfwf/df cu|, kZr /
s]Gb|Lo u/L ljefhg ul/G5 .
!= cu| :j/ y, O, ø, Q
@= kZr :j/ Å, fl, F, µ
#= s]Gb|Lo :j/ ¨, ˆ, T, g, ´, Œ, å
-cf_ lhe|fsf] prfO
lhe|fn] d'v]cf]9f/ leq lng] prfOsf cfwf/df cfwf/df uf}0f dfg:j/nfO{ ;+jt[ -aGb_
cw{;+jt[ -cfwf aGb_, cw{ ljj[t -cfwf v'nf_ / ljj[t -v'nf_ u/L rf/ lsl;dn] juL{s[t ug{
;lsG5 .
!= ;+j[t -aGb_÷pRrtd y, µ, ¨, ˆ
@= cw{;+jt[ -cfwf aGb_ ÷pRr O, F, T, g
#= cw{ljj[t -cfwf v'nf_÷ lgDg ø, fl, ´, Œ
$= ljj[t -v'nf_ ÷ lgDgtd ø Å, å
-O_ cf]7sf] l:ylt
k|wfg dfg:j/ / uf}0f dfg:j/nfO{ 5'6\ofpg] k|d'v cfwf/ cf]7sf] l:ylt xf] . k|wfg
dfg:j/sf] pRrf/0f ubf{ h'g–h'g 7fpFdf cf]7 uf]lnt ePsf] lyof] ToxL 7fpFdf uf}0f dfg:j/df
cuf]lnt x'G5 . To:t} k|wfg dfg:j/df cuf]lnt ePsf 7fpFdf uf}0f dfg:j/df uf]lnt x'g k'U5 .
o; cfwf/df klg uf}0f dfg:j/ uf]lnt / cuf]lnt u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf] x'G5 .

40
 != uf]lnt :j/ y, O, ø, Q, Å, ¨
@= cuf]lnt :j/ fl, F, µ, ˆ, T, g, ´, Œ, å
cu| s]Gb|Lo kZr
-!_ y  -*_
-(_ u i -!)_
-!!_ θ  -!@_  -&_
-@_ ø
-!#_  -!$_
-#_ œ 
 -^_
 -!%_  -%_
-$_ æ
uf}0f dfg:j/sf] j0f{g o;/L ug{ ;lsG5 M
!= [y] cu|, aGb, uf]lnt
@ [O] cu|, cfwf aGb, uf]lnt
#= [ø] cu|, cfwf v'nf, uf]lnt
$= [Ø] cu|, v'nf, uf]lnt
%= [Å] kZr, v'nf, uf]lnt
^= [^] kZr, cfwf v'nf, cuf]lnt
&= [F] kZr, cfwf aGb, cuf]lnt
*= [µ] kZr, aGb, cuf]lnt
(= [¨] s]Gb|Lo, aGb, uf]lnt
!)= [Æ] s]Gb|Lo, aGb, cuf]lnt
!!= [θ] s]Gb|Lo, cfwf aGb, cuf]lnt
!@= [g] s]Gb|Lo, cfwf aGb, cuf]lnt
!#= [´] s]Gb|Lo, cfwf v'nf, cuf]lnt
!$= [Œ] s]Gb|Lo, cfwf v'nf, cuf]lnt
!%= [å] s]Gb|Lo, v'nf, cuf]lnt
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= dfg:j/sf] ljsf; s;n] u/]sf] xf] <
-s_ ofsf]A;g -v_ An'dlkmN8 -u_ 6]«u/ -3_ 8\oflgon hf]G;
@= k|wfg dfg:j/sf] ;ª\Vof slt 5 <
-s_ rf/ -v_ kfFr -u_ cf7 -3_ gf}
#= k|wfg / uf}0f dfg:j/nfO{ 5'6\ofpg] cfwf/ s] xf] <
-s_ lha|fsf] prfO -v_ cf]7sf] l:ylt
-u_ lha|fsf] ;lqmotf -3_ cf]7sf] ljj[ttf
ljifout k|Zg
-1_ dfg:j/ eg]sf] s] xf] <
-2_ dfg:j/sf] lgwf{/0f ug{] cfwf/ s] xf] <

41
-3_ dfg:j/ slt lsl;dsf 5g\ <
-4_ k|wfg dfg:j/sf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
-5_ uf}0f dfg:j/nfO{ ;f]bfx/0f lrgfpg'xf];\ .
ljj]rgfTds k|Zg
• dfg:j/sf] kl/ro lbO{ o;sf e]bx¿sf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .

@=#=& j0f{lj1fgsf] kl/ro

vf; eflifs Joj:yfdf Jolt/]sL eP/ cfpg] WjlgnfO{ j0f{ elgG5 eg] To:tf j0f{sf]
j}1flgs cWoognfO{ j0f{lj1fg (Phonology jf Phonemics) elgG5 . o;nfO{ sltko JolQmn]
:jlgdlj1fg eGg ?rfPsf 5g\ .
j0f{lj1fgn] efifflgi7 j0f{ Joj:yfsf] j}1flgs cWoog ub{5 . o;n] efiffsf j0f{x¿sf]
lgwf{/0f ug{] ;}4flGts cfwf/ k|bfg ub{5 . o;n] s'g efiffdf s]slt j0f{ 5g\ / tL s'g–s'g
qmddf cfpF5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] vf]hL ub{5 . vf; efiffdf s]lGb|t x'Fb} jf WjlgnfO{ vf; eflifs
Joj:yfdf ;Da4 u/fpFb} eflifs ljlzi6tf cg'¿k j0f{sf] lgwf{/0f ul/g] ePsfn] j0f{lj1fg
ljlzi6Ls[t x'G5 .
j0f{lj1fgn] efiffljz]ifsf Wjlgx¿sf] ljt/0f l:yltsf] cWoog u/L ljt/0fsf cfwf/df
;dtf / leGgtf kQf nufP/ j0f{x¿sf] lgwf{/0f ub{5 . o;/L efiffljz]ifsf Wjlgx¿sf] ljt/0f
Pjd\ ljZn]if0f ug{] ePsfn] j0f{lj1fg ljt/0fd"ns / ljZn]if0ffTds x'G5 .
j0f{lj1fgn] s'g j0f{n] s:tf] kl/j]zdf cfP/ s]–s:tf] sfd ub{5 eGg] s'/fsf] cWoog
ug]{ ePsfn] of] k|sfo{k/s x'G5 . x/]s efiffdf Wjlgx¿sf] lglZrt ljGof;qmd x'G5 . ;a}
Wjlgx¿ ;a} ljGof;qmddf cfpFb}gg\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu ÷ª\÷ Wjlg g]kfnLdf cg's/0f zAbdf
afx]s zAbflb kl/j]zdf cfpFbg} . Wjlgx¿n] lglZrt ljGof;qmddf cfP/ cy{nfO{ ;ª\s]t ub{5g\ /
cy{df leGgtf klg NofpF5g\ . j0f{lj1fgn] kl/j]z ljGof;sf cfwf/df j0f{sf k|sfo{sf] ljZn]if0f
ug{] ePsfn] of] k|sfo{k/s /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
o;/L j0f{lj1fgn] efiffljz]ifsf Wjlgx¿sf] ljt/0f, k|sfo{ Pjd\ :j¿ksf] cWoog ug{]
ePsfn] of] ljlzi6Ls[t, ljt/0fd"ns, ljZn]if0ffTds / k|sfo{k/s /x]sf] b]lvG5 . efiffljz]ifsf
Jolt/]sL Wjlgsf] j}1flgs cWoog ug{' o;sf] d"n lrgf/L xf] .
ljifout k|Zg
!= Wjlg / j0f{df s] leGgtf 5 <
@= j0f{lj1fgn] s:tf Wjlgsf] cWoog ub{5 <
#= j0f{lj1fgsf ljz]iftfx¿sf] rrf{ ug{'xf;\ .
$= j0f{lj1fgn] kl/j]z ljGof;sf cfwf/df j0f{sf] lgwf{/0f s;/L u5{ <
%= j0f{lj1fgnfO{ lsg ljt/0f d"ns elgPsf] xf] <
^= j0f{lj1fgsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .

@=#=* Wjlglj1fg / j0f{lj1fg

eflifs Wjlgsf] cWoog ug{sf nflu efifflj1fgdf b'Oj{ 6f zfvfx¿ ljsl;t ePsf
5g\– Wjlgzf:q (Phonetics) / j0f{zf:q (Phonology) jf j0f{lj1fg . Wjlglj1fg /
j0f{lj1fgn] eflifs WjlgnfO{ g} cWoogsf] s]Gb| agfPsf 5g\ . ;fdfGo eflifs Wjlgx¿sf]
cWoognfO{ Wjlglj1fgleq / efiffljz]ifsf cy{k"0f{ Wjlgx¿sf] cWoognfO{ j0f{lj1fgleq

42
;d]l6Psf] 5 . cf/=Pr= /laG;n] oL b'Os { f larsf] cGt/nfO{ s]nfpFb} Wjlglj1fgn] Wjlgsf]
pRrf/0f, ;~r/0f / u|x0fsf] cWoog ug]{, s'g} efiffljz]ifdf ;Lldt gx'g] / efiffljz]ifdf Wjlgn]
ug{] sfo{sf] klg cWoog gug]{ t/ j0f{lj1fgn] efiffsf Jolt/]sL Wjlgx¿sf] cWoog ug]{ wf/0ff
/fVb5g\ . pgn] Wjlglj1fg ;fdfGo lsl;dsf] x'g,] efifflg/k]If x'g] / k"0f{tof j0f{gfTds Pjd\
juL{s/0fd"ns x'g] / j0f{lj1fg ljlzi6 x'gfsf ;fy} vf; efiffsf] Wjlg Joj:yf;Fu ;DalGwt x'g]
tyf sfo{d"ns x'g] wf/0ff /fv]sf 5g\ . efiffzf:qLsf cWoogx¿nfO{ s]Gb|df /fvL oL b'Od{ f kfOg]
leGgtfx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ b]vfOPsf] 5 M
Wjlglj1fg j0f{lj1fg
1= eflifs Wjlgsf] ;fdfGo kIf jf 1= eflifs Wjlgsf] ljlzi6 jf Jofjxfl/s
;}4flGts kIfsf] cWoog, kIfsf] cWoog,
2= ;+;f/sf ;a} efiffdf kfOg] 2= vf; efiffsf Jolt/]sL Wjlgx¿sf] dfq
Wjlgx¿sf] cWoog, cWoog,
3= Wjlgsf] ef}lts ljz]iftfsf] cWoog, 3= Wjlgsf k|sfo{k/s ljz]iftfsf] cWoog,
4= eflifs Wjlgsf] pRrf/0f, ;~r/0f / 4= vf; efiffsf Jolt/]sL Wjlgx¿sf] ;+/rgf
u|x0f kIfsf] cWoog, / Joj:yfsf] cWoog,
5= cy{ lg/k]If, 5= cy{df s]lGb|t,
6= sRrf ;fdu|Lsf] cWoog, 6= k|zf]lwt ;fdu|Lsf] cWoog,
7= ;fdfGoLs[t cWoog, 7= ljlzi6Ls[t cWoog,
8= ;"Id cWoog, 8= :y"n cWoog,
9= Wjlgsf] j:t'ut cWoog ug{] zf:q . 9= j0f{sf] j:t'ut cWoog ug{] zf:q .
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= j0f{lj1fgsf] cWoog If]q s'gnfO{ dflgG5 <
-s_ ;}4flGts -v_ ;fdfGoLs[t -u_ cy{lg/k]If -3_ ljlzi6Ls[t
@= Wjlglj1fgsf t'ngfdf j0f{lj1fgsf] klxrfg s] xf] <
-s_ ;"Id cWoog -v_ k|sfof{Tds cWoog
-u_ j:t'ut cWoog -3_ ef}lts kIfsf] cWoog
ljifout k|Zg
!= Wjlglj1fg / j0f{lj1fgsf] leGgtf dgg ug{'xf];\ / n]Vg'xf];\ .
@= cf/=Pr= /ljG;n] Wjlglj1fg / j0f{lj1fgsf lar b]vfPsf leGgtfsf] ;"rL agfpg'x]f;\ .

@=#=( j0f{l;4fGt / j0f{ljZn]if0f k|lqmof

-s_ j0f{l;4fGt
s'g} klg efiffdf /x]sf j0f{x¿sf] lgwf{/0fsf nflu lglZrt ul/Psf l;4fGtx¿nfO{ j0f{
l;4fGt elgG5 . o:tf l;4fGtx¿n] efiffsf j0f{x¿sf] lgwf{/0f Pjd\ ljZn]if0f ugf{sf ;fy}
ltgLx¿sf] ljt/0fsf] l:yltnfO{ b]vfpg] ub{5g\ . ljleGg eflifs ;Dk|bfox¿n] efiffsf j0f{x¿sf]
ljZn]if0f ug{] leGgleGg b[li6sf]0f / ;}4flGts cfwf/x¿ k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . log} b[li6sf]0f /
;}4flGts cfwf/x¿nfO{ ;d]6L j0f{ljZn]if0fsf d'Vo l;4fGtx¿nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ k|:t't ug{
;lsG5 M
-c_ ljt/0fsf] l;4fGt

43
 zAbsf vf; kl/j]zdf Wjlgsf] pkl:ylt x'g'nfO{ ljt/0f elgG5 . kl/j]z eg]sf] rflx+
zAbsf] ;'?, lar / cGTo;Fu ;DalGwt :yfg / cl3kl5 /x]sf Wjlgx¿sf] pkl:ylt xf] . o;nfO{
lgDglnlvt pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ s/ sfsL rfs\ -v_ 3f]8f
v/ sfvL rfv\ c8\8L
pbfx/0f -s_ df ;'?, lar / clGtd ltg} :yfgdf ÷s\÷ / ÷v\÷ cfPsf 5g\ . o;} u/L
pbfx/0f -v_ sf ‘3f]8f’ df / ‘c8\8L’ df qmdzM tfl8t [8\] / plTIfKt [8\] cfPsf 5g\ . o;/L
Wjlgx¿ cfpg] vf; :yfg / l5d]sL Wjlgsf] pkl:ylt b'jn } fO{ kl/j]z elgG5 . kl/j]zdf Wjlg
cfpg' ljt/0f xf] . j0f{lgwf{/0fsf ;Gbe{df ljt/0f;Fu ;DalGwt d'Vo ¿kdf ltgj6f l;4fGtx¿
b]vfk/]sf 5g\ M
-!_ Jolt/]sL ljj/0f
h'g kl/j]zdf Pp6f Wjlg cfpF5 To;} kl/j]zdf To; WjlgnfO{ x6fP/ csf{] Wjlg /fVbf
cy{e]bstf ePdf To;nfO{ Jolt/]sL ljt/0f elgG5 / vf; kl/j]zdf Jolt/]sL eP/ cfpg]
WjlgnfO{ j0f{ elgG5 . o; l;4fGtn] efiffsf Jolt/]sL Wjlgx¿sf] lgwf{/0f ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .
o;nfO{ lgDglnlvt pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 M
/f]s s'/f] rf/\
nf]s s'nf] rfn\
oxfF n3'td o'Udsf ;'?, lar / cGTo kl/j]zdf ÷/\ ÷ / ÷n\÷ ljtl/t ePsf 5g\ / logLx¿
;a} kl/j]zdf Jolt/]sL ePsf klg 5g\ . o;y{ logLx¿ 5'§f5'§} j0f{ x'g\ .
-@_ kl/k"/s ljt/0fsf] l;4fGt
Pp6f Wjlg cfpg ;Sg] kl/j]zdf csf{] Wjlg cfpFbg} eg] tL Wjlgx¿ k/:k/ kl/k"/s
ljt/0fdf cfPsf dflgG5g\ . ;dfg kl/j]zdf cy{e]bs eP/ cfpg g;Sg' g} kl/k"/s ljt/0f xf] .
o;/L cfpg] WjlgnfO{ Pp6} j0f{sf ;+j0f{ elgG5 . kl/k"/s ljt/0fsf] l;4fGtn] ;+j0f{ lgwf{/0fsf
;}4flGts cfwf/ k|bfg ub{5 .
-s_ hjfk\m [k\m] – ;ª\3ifL{ -v_ s'v'/f] [v\] – ;ª\3ifL{
÷k\m÷ ÷v\÷
km;L{ [k\m] – :kzL{ v;L [v\] – :kzL{
dflysf] pbfx/0f -s_ df cfPsf b'O{ [k\m] WjlgdWo] hjfkmsf] [k\m] ;ª\3ifL{ xf] eg]
km;L{sf] [k\m] :kzL{ xf] . ;ª\3ifL{ [k\m] zAbflb kl/j]zdf / :kzL{ [k\m] zAbfGt kl/j]zdf cfpg
;SQ}gg\ . ctM oL Pp6} [k\m] sf ;+j0f{ x'g\ . pbfx/0f -v_ df klg oxL l:ylt b]lvG5 .
-#_ d'Qm kl/jt{gsf] l;4fGt
b'O{ leGg Wjlgx¿ Pp6} kl/j]zdf cfP/ klg cy{df leGgtf cfpFbg} eg] ltgnfO{ d'Qm
kl/jt{gdf cfPsf j0f{ elgG5 . o:tf j0f{nfO{ d'Qm ljt/0fdf cfPsf j0f{ elgG5 / ltgLx¿nfO{
5'§} j0f{ gdfgL Pp6} j0f{sf d'St j0f{ dflgG5 . lgDglnlvt pbfx/0f x]/f}+ M
-s_ kG;fpg' -v_ ;f/L -u_ Oltxf;
kG5fpg' ;f8L OltxfF;
pbfx/0f -s_ df [;\] / [5\], pbfx/0f -v_ df [/\] / [8\] tyf pbfx/0f -u_ df [cf] /
[cfF] 5'§f5'§} Wjlg eP klg Jolt/]sL 5}gg\ / logLx¿ Pp6} kl/j]zdf j}slNks ¿kdf cfPsf
5g\ . j}slNks ¿kdf cfpg] o:tf j0f{x¿nfO{ d'Qm j0f{ elgG5 . d'Qm ljt/0fsf] l;4fGtn] klg
;+j0f{sf] lgwf{/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .
-cf_ WjlgtflŒjs ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt

44
 Pp6f kl/j]zdf h'g Wjlg cfpF5 csf{] kl/j]zdf Tof] Wjlg cfpg g;Sg' jf h'g kl/j]zdf
Pp6f Wjlg cfpF5 ToxL kl/j]zdf csf{] Wjlg cfpg g;Sg' kl/k"/s ljt/0f xf] . kl/k"/s
ljt/0fdf o:tf WjlgnfO{ ;+j0f{ elgG5 . o:tf] l:ylt ;a}lt/ b]lvFbg} . cª\uh |] Ldf ÷x\÷ slxNo}
klg zAbfGt kl/j]zdf / ÷ª\÷ Wjlg slxNo} klg zAbflb kl/j]zdf cfpFb}gg\ . kl/k"/s ljt/0fsf]
l;4fGtcg';f/ logLx¿ ;+j0f{ x'g'kg{] xf] oL ÷x\÷ / ÷ª\÷ nfO{ cª\u|]hLdf ;+j0f{ dflgPsf] 5}g . o;
cj:yfdf WjlgtflŒjs ;dfgtf x'g} k5{ . oL b'O{ Wjlgdf To:tf] ;dfgtf 5}g . ÷x\÷ c3f]if, ;ª\3ifL{,
df}lvs xf] eg] ÷ª\÷ 3f]if, :kzL{, gfl;So xf] . o; l;4fGtn] d"ntM ;+j0f{ x'g WjlgtflŒjs
;dfgtf x'g'kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 . o;y{ j0f{ Pjd\ ;+j0f{ lgwf{/0f;DaGwL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu
of] l;4fGt pkof]uL /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;+j0f{ x'g kl/k"/s ljt/0f dfq kof{Kt gx'g] s'/fnfO{ :ki6 kfg{
of] l;4fGt cufl8 NofOPsf] b]lvG5 .
-O_ t6:yLs/0f
cGo kl/j]zdf cy{e]bs eP/ cfpg] s'g} b'O{ Wjlgx¿ vf; kl/j]zdf cy{e]bs geO{
P]lR5s ¿kdf k|o'Qm x'g] k|lqmofnfO{ t6:yLs/0f elgG5 . o:tf Wjlgx¿ lglZrt kl/j]zdf
P]lR5s ¿kdf k|of]u x'G5g\ .
al3lg – alugL ;fhf – ;femf af9L – af8L
sfFw\ – sfFb\ pef] – paf] dfe\m – dfh\
oL pbfx/0fsf [3\] / [u\], [h\] / [em\], [9\] / [8\], [w\] / [b\], [e\] / [a\] zAbflb kl/j]zdf
Jolt/]sL eP/ cfP klg zAbdWo tyf zAbfGt kl/j]zdf P]lR5s ¿kdf k|of]u ePsf 5g\ .
cy{eb] s gx'g] l:yltdf oL Wjlgx¿ t6:yLs[t ePsf 5g\ . o; lsl;dsf cj:yfnfO{ g}
t6:yLs/0f elgG5 .
dflysf pbfx/0f -s_ df [8\] / [/\] P]lR5s ¿kdf k|of]u ePsf 5g\ eg] pbfx/0f -v_ sf]
kl/j]zdf ÷8\÷ / ÷/\÷ Jolt/]sL eP/ cfPsf 5g\ t/ t6:yLs/0fdf ;a} zAbdf To; kl/j]zdf tL
Wjlgx¿ P]lR5s g} x'G5g\ .
-O{_ k4ltut ;d¿ktfsf] l;4fGt
Pp6f ju{sf Wjlgx¿sf] ljt/0fsf] k4lt h:tf] 5 csf{ ju{sf Wjlgx¿sf] ljt/0fsf]
l:ylt klg ;f]xLcg'¿ksf] x'gn ' fO{ k4ltut ;d¿ktf elgG5 . efiffdf c3f]if cNkk|f0f j0f{sf]
ljt/0f h:tf] 5 c3f]if dxfk|f0fsf] ljt/0fsf] 9fFrf klg ;f]xLcg'¿ksf] x'g'kb{5 egL vf]hL ul/G5†
h:t} M
s\ r\ 6\ t\ k\
v\ 7\ y\ k\m
oxfF c3f]if cNkk|f0f ju{sf % j6f Wjlgx¿ x'g\ t/ c3f]if dxfk|f0f ju{df ÷5\÷ Wjlg 5}g .
ca o; l:yltdf of] l;4fGtn] ToxfF kSs} klg s'g} Wjlg 5 eGg] s'/fsf] vf]hL ub{5 . vf; u/L
j0f{sf] lgwf{/0fsf ;Gbe{df l/Qm :yfgsf] k"lt{ ug{ of] l;4fGt pkof]uL x'g] b]lvG5 .
-p_ ldtJolotfsf] l;4fGt
efiffdf j0f{x¿sf] ;ª\Vof yf]/} x'g'kg{] s'/fnfO{ ldtJolotfsf] l;4fGtn] hf]8 lbG5 . t;y{
dfly pNn]v ul/Psf ;a} l;4fGtx¿sf] cg's"n x'g] u/L ;s];Dd yf]/} j0f{ lgwf{/0f ug'{k5{ eGg]
l;4fGt ldtJolotfsf] l;4fGt xf] .
-v_ j0f{ljZn]if0f k|lqmof
j0f{ lgwf{/0fsf nflu ul/g] k|lqmofut sfo{nfO{ j0f{ljZn]if0f k|lqmof elgG5 . s'g} klg
efiffsf j0f{x¿sf] lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;j{k|yd To; efiffsf cflwsfl/s jQmfsf] rog ul/G5 . tL

45
cflwsfl/s jQmfnfO{ ;"rs elgG5 . tL ;"rsx¿af6 ;fdu|L ;ª\sng u/L 6]k /]s8{/sf
dfWodaf6 ;fdu|Lsf] cfn]vg ul/G5 . o;y{ ;"rssf] rog Pjd\ ;fdu|Lsf] cfn]vg
j0f{ljZn]if0f k|lqmofsf] k|f/lDes sfo{ x'g cfpF5 .
;fdu|Lsf] cfn]vgkl5 k|fKt tYofª\saf6 n3'td o'Udsf] vf]hL u/L Jolt/]sL Pjd\ d'Qm
ljt/0fdf /x]sf Wjlgx¿ 5'6\ofOG5 . o; k|lqmofaf6 efiffsf s]xL j0f{ tyf ;+j0f{x¿sf] lgwf{/0f
ug{ ;xof]u k'U5 . o;/L s]xL j0f{x¿sf] lgwf{/0f ul/;s]kl5 tL j0f{x¿sf] ljt/0fsf] l:ylt
x]l/G5 . o;af6 s'g–s'g j0f{x¿ s]–s:tf kl/j]zdf cfpg ;S5g\ eGg] s'/f :ki6 b]vfpg
;lsG5 . ljt/0fdf x]/]kl5 efiffsf ;+j0f{x¿ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o; cj:yfdf WjGofTds
cg'¿ktfnfO{ klg Wofg lbg' cfjZos x'G5 . ljt/0fsf] cWoogkl5 lgwf{/0f ul/Psf j0f{x¿
ts{k"0f{ 9fFrfdf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ eGg] s'/fsf] vf]hL ug'{k5{ . olb ts{k"0f{ 9fFrfdf geP k6sk6s
;"rs;Fu ;Dks{ /fvL l/Qm :ynsf] k"lt{ ug{'k5{ .
o;/L j0f{ljZn]if0f k|lqmofdf :ki6tM ltg j6f r/0fx¿ b]vfk5{g–\ !_ ;"rssf] rog /
;fdu|Lsf] cfn]vg, @_ j0f{ljZn]if0fsf ;a} l;4fGtx¿sf cfwf/df j0f{ tyf ;+j0f{sf] lgwf{/0f /
#_ j0f{dfnfsf] lgdf{0f . o;/L s'g} klg efiffsf j0f{x¿sf] lgwf{/0fsf nflu ul/g] r/0fa4
sfo{nfO{ g} j0f{ljZn]if0f k|lqmof elgG5 .
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= j0f{lgwf{/0fsf] l;4fGt s'g xf] <
-s_ ;lGgwfg l;4fGt -v_ txut l;4fGt
-u_ Jolt/]sL l;4fGt -3_ t/ª\u l;4fGt
@= kl/k"/s ljt/0fsf] l;4fGtåf/f s:tf j0f{sf] lgwf{/0f ul/G5 <
-s_ Jolt/]sL j0f{ -v_ d'St j0f{
-u_ j0f{ -3_ ;+j0f{
#= kl/k/"/s ljt/0fsf l;4fGtn] s:tf Wjlgsf] ljZn]if0f u5{ <
-s_ k|of]usf b[li6n] P]lR5s -v_ ;+/rgfsf b[li6n] leGg
-u_ jfl0f{s b[li6n] leGg -3_ WjGofTds b[li6n] ljlzi6
$= j0f{ljZn]if0fsf] k|d'v cfwf/ s'g xf] <
-s_ ljt/0fd"ns x'g' -v_ ljlzi6Ls/0f x'g'
-u_ ljZn]if0fd"ns x'g' -3_ ;fdfGoLs[t x'g'
%= t6:yLs/0f l;h{gf ug{ ;Ifd n3'td o'Ud s'g xf] <
-s_ sfd–dfd -v_ gf8L–gf/L
-u_ gfgL–afgL -3_ unf]–enf]
ljifout k|Zg
!= Jolt/]sL ljt/0fsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
@= Jolt/]sL ljt/0f / kl/k"/s ljt/0fsf] l;4fGtdf s] leGgtf 5 < pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
#= d'Qm kl/jt{g / t6:yLs/0fsf] l;4fGtnfO{ pbfx/0f lbO{ lrgfpg'xf];\ .
$= j0f{ljZn]if0f k|lqmofsf] lrgf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .
ljj]rgfTds k|Zg
!= j0f{ljZn]if0fsf l;4fGtsf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .

46
@=#=!) j0f{, ;+j0f{ / n3'td o'Ud
-s_ j0f{sf] kl/ro
vf; eflifs Joj:yfdf Jolt/]sL eP/ cfpg] WjlgnfO{ j0f{ elgG5 . j0f{nfO{ ljleGg
;Gbe{af6 kl/eflift ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;+:s[tdf ¿k;fb[Zo jf ;dfg hflt ePsf WjlgnfO{ j0f{sf
¿kdf lrgfOPsf] kfOG5 . ;+:s[tsf] of] cjwf/0ffnfO{ lgDgcg';f/sf pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 ug{
;lsG5 M
c! – cAan
÷c÷ c@ – cNnf/]
c# – cTofrf/
dflysf ltgj6f zAbdf c!, c@ / c# km/s–km/s lsl;dsf [c] x'g\ . logLx¿nfO{
JolQm¿k jf b|Jo elgG5 . oL ltgj6f [c] sf] ;femf hflt ÷c÷ xf] . of] ÷c÷ df ltgj6} JolQm¿k
jf b|Jo [c!], [c@] / [c#] ¿k;fb[Zo ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 . o;/L ;+:s[tdf hfltljlzi6 WjlgnfO{
j0f{ dflgPsf] b]lvG5 . ;fdfGo cy{df ;dfg lsl;dsf Wjlgx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ eflifs
WjlgnfO{ j0f{ elgG5 .
efiffcg';f/ j0f{sf] ;ª\Vof lgwf{l/t x'g' j0f{sf] efiffljlzi6 lrgf/L xf] . j0f{ vf; efiffsf]
Joj:yfdf lge{/ /x]sf] x'G5 . s]–s:tf kl/j]zdf s]–s:tf Wjlgx¿ ljtl/t x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f
efiffut ljz]iftfdf lge{/ /xG5 . of] j0f{df kfOg] WjlgJoj:yfut ljz]iftf xf] . j0f{ eg]sf
cy{lje]bs Wjlg x'g\ . cy{e]bstf ePdf dfq To;nfO{ j0f{ eGg ;lsG5 . ;+:s[tdf j0f{nfO{ hflt
dflgPsf] 5– kn\, k]h, lkg\, kft\ ;a} zAbdf cfPsf ÷k\÷ n] ‘k\’ hfltsf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] 5 .
To;}u/L kmn\, k"mn, lkmnf], kmfk/df cfPsf ÷k\m÷ n] ‘k\m’ hfltsf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf 5g\ . oxfF k\
/ k\m n] leGg hfltTj jf ljhftLotfnfO{ ;ª\s]t u/]sf 5g\ . s'g} zAbnfO{ 6'So|fpFb} hfg] xf] eg]
Go"gtd pRrf/v08df k'luG5 . Tof] pRrf/v08 j0f{ xf] . kn\, kft\, lknf] h:tf ;a} zAbdf cfpg]
÷k\÷ Pp6} xf] eGg] s'/f xfd|f] cg'e"lt klg xf] . o;y{ j0f{nfO{ s'g} vf; eflifs Joj:yfsf] Go"gtd
Jolt/]sL Wjlgsf ¿kdf cYof{pg ;lsG5 .
-v_ ;+j0f{
s'g} Wjlg cy{e]bs eP/ cfPdf To;nfO{ j0f{ (Phoneme) elgG5 . ha s'g} Wjlgsf]
;DaGw cy{;Fu x'Fbg} jf Tof] Wjlg j0f{sf] ;b:o eP/ b]vfkb{5 eg] To;nfO{ ;+j0f{ elgG5 . j0f{
cy{e]bs x'G5 t/ j0f{sf] ;b:osf ¿kdf /xg] ;+j0f{ cy{ ce]bs x'G5 . o;nfO{ lgDglnlvt
pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ /]l8of] [8\] -v_ jfk\m ÷k\m÷ [k\m] -u_ kG5fpg' [5\]
÷8\÷ ÷5÷ 
/]l8Þof] [8Þ\] k"mn\ [k\m] kG;fpg' [;\]
pbfx/0f -s_ df Pp6} ÷8\÷ j0f{sf ;b:osf ¿kdf [8\] / [8\] b'O6f ;+j0f{ cfPsf 5g\ .
logLx¿ cy{eb] s 5}gg\ / j}slNks ¿kdf ;d]t k|o'Qm 5g\ . pbfx/0f -v_ df Pp6} ÷k\m÷ j0f{sf
÷jfk\m÷ df ;ª\3ifL{ [k\m] / ÷k"mn\÷ df :kzL{ [k\m] b'O6{ f ;+j0f{ b]vfk/]sf 5g\ . logLx¿ Pscsf{df
:yfgfkGg x'Fb}gg\ . pbfx/0f -u_ df [5\] / [;\] Pscsf{df :yfgfkGg x'g] u/L ;+j0f{sf ¿kdf
cfPsf 5g\ . oL pbfx/0fsf cfwf/df ;+j0f{x¿ d"ntM kl/k"/s ljt/0f / d'Qm kl/jt{gdf cfpg]
b]lvG5g\ .

47
 vf;df j0f{ eg]sf] dfgl;s jf cd"t{ PsfO xf] . Tof] j0f{ d"t{ ¿kdf b]vfkg{] lalQs} ;+j0f{
eOxfN5 . s'nf], snd, lstfa, s]/f oL zAbdf cfPsf ;a} [s\] ;+j0f{ x'g\ . kl/k"/s ljt/0f /
d'Qm ljt/0fdf cfPsf WjlgnfO{ ;+j0f{ elgG5 . j0f{nfO{ ÷ ÷ lrÅgdf / ;+j0f{nfO{ [ ] lrÅgdf
k|:t't ug{] efiffj}1flgs k4lt klg oxfF :d/0fLo 5 . o; lsl;dsf] JofVofsf lgrf]8df j0f{ /
;+j0f{df kfOg] leGgtfnfO{ lgDglnlvt cf/]vdf k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M
j0f{ ;+j0f{
1= juL{o jf hftLo gfd 1= pQm juL{o jf hftLo j0f{sf] ;b:o
2= cy{eb] s PsfO 2= cy{ ce]bs PsfO
3= Jolt/]sL ljt/0fdf cfpg] Wjlg 3= kl/k"/s ljt/0f / d'Qm ljt/0fdf cfpg] Wjlg
4= vf; eflifs Joj:yfdf ;Lldt 4= vf; eflifs Joj:yfdf c;Lldt ;ª\Vofdf b]lvg]
;ª\Vofdf b]lvg]
5= cd"t{ 5= d"t{
6= ÷ ÷ lrÅgdf n]lvg] 6= [ ] lrÅgdf n]lvg]
-u_ n3'td o'Ud
;a} Wjlgx¿ ;dfg / pxL qmddf ePsf t/ Pp6f Wjlg dfq To; :yfgdf leGg ePsf
zAb jf ¿ksf hf]8LnfO{ n3'td o'Ud elgG5 .
-s_ snd\ -v_ snd\ -u_ snd\
dnd\ sdn\ dsn\
dflysf pbfx/0fdWo] -s_ dfq n3'td o'Ud xf] . o;df Ps} kl/jz]df dfq ÷s\÷ / ÷d\÷
Wjlg leGg x'g\ . cGo Wjlgx¿ eg] ;dfg x'gfsf ;fy} pxL qmddf cfPsf 5g\ . pbfx/0f -v_ / -
u_ df of] l:ylt b]lv+b}g . pbfx/0f -v_ df ÷n\÷, ÷d\÷ / ÷d\÷, ÷n\÷ Jolt/]ssf l:yltdf cfPsf 5g\
eg] pbfx/0f -u_ df ÷s\÷, ÷n\÷, ÷d\÷ / ÷d\÷, ÷s\÷, ÷n\÷ sf] cg'qmd 5 . oxfF ;a} Wjlg Jolt/]ssf
l:yltdf b]lvG5g\ . pbfx/0f -s_ dfq n3'td o'Udsf ¿kdf b]vfk/]sf] 5 . n3'td o'Ud ;'?sf
kl/j]zdf dfq Jolt/]s x'g] s'/f xf]Og . ;a} kl/j]zdf Jolt/]s x'g] Go"gtd hf]8fnfO{ klg n3'td
o'Ud g} elgG5 . sltko Wjlgx¿ zAbflb, zAbdWo jf zAbfGt kl/j]zdf gcfpg ;S5g\ . ctM
;a} kl/j]z;Fu ;Da4 n3'td o'Uddf Wjlgsf] k/LIf0f ug{'kb{5 .
cª\u|]hLsf Pin, bin, tin, d/f7Lsf sn\, vn\, un\, g]kfnLsf sg\, vg\, ug\ h:tf
¿knfO{ n3'td o'Udsf pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= j0f{sf] ljz]iftf s] xf] <
-s_ cy{eb] s PsfO x'g' -v_ j0f{dfnfdf b]lvg'
-u_ cy{df leGgtf Nofpg g;Sg' -3_ n]Vok|tLssf] sfd ug{'
@= n3'td o'Ud s'gnfO{ elgG5 <
-s_ sfn÷vf]n -v_ sfn÷vfn
-u_ sn÷ns -3_ 3/÷hn
ljifout k|Zg
!= j0f{sf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
@= ;+j0f{nfO{ lrgfpg] cfwf/ k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .
#= j0f{ / ;+j0f{ larsf] leGgtf cf}+Nofpg'x]f;\ .

48
$= n3'td o'Udsf] lgwf{/0f s;/L ul/G5 < :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
@=#=!! v08Lo / v08]t/ j0f{
-s_ v08Lo j0f{
:jtGq ¿kdf pRrf/0f ug{ ;lsg] jf 5'§} PsfOsf ¿kdf v08Ls[t ug{ ;lsg] Jolt/]sL
WjlgnfO{ v08Lo j0f{ elgG5 . h:t}M
-s_ s'/f] [s\, p, /\, cf]] -v_ tfk\ [t\, cf, k\]
ls/f] [s\, O, /\, cf]] kfk\ [k\, cf, k\]
oL pbfx/0fdWo] -s_ / -v_ df /x]sf ;a} Wjlgx¿nfO{ 5'§f5'§} 6'So|fpg ;lsG5 . km/s–
km/s PsfOdf v08Ls[t ug{ ;lsg] / Jolt/]sL x'g] WjlgnfO{ g} j0f{ elgG5 . o;sf/0f pbfx/0f -
s_ sf ÷p÷ / ÷O÷, / -v_ sf ÷t\÷ / ÷k\÷ v08Lo j0f{ x'g\ . v08Lo j0f{nfO{ pRrf/0f jf >j0fsf
cfwf/df k[ys\–k[ys\ ¿kdf v08Ls[t ug{ ;lsG5, WjGofTds ljz]iftfsf cfwf/df pRrl/t x'g]
Wjlgsf ljlzi6 clenIf0f s]nfpg ;lsG5 / >j0fLotfsf cfwf/df WjGofTds u'0fdf cfPsf]
leGgtfnfO{ 7Dofpg ;lsG5 . :j/ / Jo~hg j0f{x¿ o; ;d"xdf kb{5g\ .
-v_ v08]t/ j0f{
pRrf/0f jf >j0fsf cfwf/df k[ys\–k[ys\ ¿kdf v08Ls[t ug{ g;lsg] Jolt/]sL
WjlgnfO{ v08]t/ j0f{ elgG5 . o:tf j0f{x¿ v08Lo j0f{;Fu ;+lZni6 eP/ cfpg] ub{5g\ .
logLx¿ :jtGq ¿kdf ;d]t pRrl/t x'Fb}gg\ . v08Lo j0f{df cGo WjGofTds ljz]iftf yKg] sfd
v08]t/ j0f{n] u/] klg o;/L ylkPsf ljz]iftfnfO{ k[ys\ ¿kdf b]vfpg ;lsFbg} . ;fdfGotof :j/
/ Jo~hgsf u'0f eP/ cfpg] t/ :jtGq ¿kdf pRrf/0f ug{ g;lsg] Jolt/]sL WjlgnfO{ v08]t/
j0f{ elgG5 .
dfqf, anf3ft, cg'gfl;stf, Zj;g, ;'/, tfg, cg'tfg, lj/fd v08]t/ j0f{ x'g\ .
logLx¿nfO{ ;ª\If]kdf lgDgcg';f/ lrgfpg ;lsG5 M
-s_ dfqf
Wjlgsf] pRrf/0fsf qmddf nfUg] ;donfO{ dfqf elgG5 . s'g} Wjlgsf] pRrf/0fdf yf]/}
;do nfU5 eg] s'g} Wjlgsf] pRrf/0fdf w]/} ;do nfU5 . o;/L yf]/} ;do nfUg] WjlgnfO{ x|:j /
w]/} ;do nfUg] WjlgnfO{ bL3{ elgG5 . ;+:s[tdf oL b'Os { f cltl/Qm Kn't dfqfsf] klg rrf{
ul/Psf] kfOG5 . cGt/f{li6«o WjlgtflŒjs j0f{dfnfdf bL3{nfO{ hgfpg d"n lrÅgsf kl5 [:] /fVg]
rng 5 . o:tf dfqf Jolt/]sL eP/ cfPdf ltgLx¿nfO{ v08]t/ j0f{ dflgG5 . h:t} M
efiff x|:j zAb cy{ bL3{ zAb cy{
;+:s[t O lbg lbpF;f] OM bLg b'MvL
cª\u|]hL i bit 6f]Sg' i: beat s'6\g'
sf]l/ofnL i il lbg i: i:l sfd
oL pbfx/0fdf dfqfe]bsf sf/0f cy{df leGgtf cfPsf] 5 . To;}n] oxfF dfqf v08]t/
j0f{sf ¿kdf b]vfk/]sf] 5 . sltko efiffdf Jo~hgdf klg dfqfe]b kfOG5 .
-v_ anf3ft
s'g} Wjlg jf cIf/sf] pRrf/0fdf lbOg] cf3ft jf hf]8nfO{ anf3ft elgG5 . s'g} zAbsf]
pRrf/0f ubf{ ;a} Wjlg jf cIf/df ;dfg lsl;dsf] cf3ft kb{}g . jQmfn] vf; tfTko{nfO{
;ª\s]t ug{] ;Gbe{df vf; Wjlg jf cIf/df hf]8 lbg ;S5 / To;n] cy{df klg leGgtf Nofpg
;S5 . o;/L cf3ftsf sf/0f cy{df leGgtf cfPdf To;nfO{ cf3ft jf anf3ft v08]t/ j0f{
elgG5 . anf3fto'Qm WjlgnfO{ - ’ _ lrÅgåf/f ;ª\s]t ul/G5 . anf3ftn] sf]zLo tyf

49
Jofs/l0fs cy{df leGgtf Nofpg] ub{5 . zAbsf cy{df cfpg] leGgtfnfO{ sf]zLo / zAbsf
ju{df x'g] leGgtfnfO{ Jofs/0ffTds elgG5 . h:t}M
'Combine d]n Com'bine ldnfpg'
'Desert d?e"ld De'sert 5f]l8lbg'
'Object p2]Zo Ob'ject lj/f]w ug{'
'Segment v08 Seg'ment 6'So|fpg'
'Subject ljifo Sub'ject cwLgdf /fVg'
'Conflict emu8f Con'flict emu8f ug{'
dflysf pbfx/0fdf anf3ftsf sf/0f sltko zAbsf sf]zLo cy{df / sltko zAbsf
Jofs/l0fs cy{df leGgtf cfPsf] kfOG5 .
-u_ cg'gfl;stf
Wjlgsf] pRrf/0fsf ;Gbe{df d'v / gfs b'jl} t/af6 Zjf; k|jflxt x'Fbf pRrl/t x'g] gfs]
WjlgnfO{ cg'gfl;s Wjlg elgG5 . o:tf Wjlgx¿ :j/ jf lå:j/sf cg'jtL{ eP/ cfpF5g\ . o;
lsl;dsf] cg'gfl;stfnfO{ hgfpg g]kfnLdf - F _ lrÅgsf] k|of]u ug]{ rng 5 . cGt/f{li6«o
WjlgtflŒjs j0f{dfnfdf o;nfO{ - ~_ lrÅgdf b]vfOG5 . cg'gfl;stfaf6 cy{df leGgtf cfPdf
ltgnfO{ cg'gfl;s v08]t/ j0f{ elgG5 . o:tf cg'gfl;stfnfO{ v08Ls[t u/]/ b]vfpg ;ls+b}g .
h:t}M
efiff zAb cy{ zAb cy{
g]kfnL cf6 rf}sL cfF6 ;fx;
;f9] cfwf ;fF9] uf]?
bfO bfh' bfOF /hfOF
g]jf/L df la?jf dfF cfdf
l; d'bf{ l;F sf7
kmf];L efF8f] kmfF];L s6x/
u'?ª s' d"lt{ s'F lk;fa
rf otf rfF ;fw'
;' sf] ;'F ;'v
dflysf pbfx/0fdf cg'gfl;stfsf] pkl:ylt / cg'kl:yltn] cy{df leGgtf cfPsf] 5 .
-3_ Zj;g
s'g} Wjlgsf] pRrf/0fkZrft\ cltl/Qm s]xL ;f;sf] k|of]u x'g] l:yltnfO{ Zj;g elgG5 .
o; cj:yfdf cltl/Qm ;f;sf] pRrf/0f ÷x\÷ h:tf] ;'lgG5 . o;nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o WjlgtflŒjs
j0f{dfnfdf Wjlgsf] d'lg -.._ lrÅg /fv]/ ;ª\s]t ul/G5 . cy{e]bs x'g] ePsfn] o;nfO{ v08]t/
j0f{ dflgPsf] xf] . h:t} M
efiff zAb cy{ zAb cy{
g]kfnL p ;j{gfd -Tof]_ px\ PSsfl; b]vfpFbf k|of]u ul/g] zAb
g]jf/L ld cfuf] ldx\ dfG5]
u'?ª So' kfgL So'x\ e]8f
dflysf pbfx/0fdf Zj;gsf sf/0f cy{df leGgtf cfPsf] b]lvG5 .

50
-ª_ ;'/, tfg / cg'tfg
af]nrfnsf ;Gbe{df :j/lrD6Ldf sDkg x'g] ub{5 . oxL :j/lrD6Ldf x'g] sDkgsf] ult,
b/ jf cfj[lQnfO{ ;'/ elgG5 . ;'/ ha Jolt/]sL jf cy{e]bs x'G5 To;nfO{ tfg elgG5 . ;'/ jf
tfg v08]t/ Wjlg ePsfn] of] v08Lo Wjlg;Fu ;+lZni6 eP/ cfpF5 . :j/lrD6Lsf] sDkg tLj|
tyf l9nf] x'g] ePsfn] tfg klg pRr / lgDg x'gfsf ;fy} o;sf lardf cGo tx klg x'g ;S5g\ .
jfSosf txdf b]lvg] cf/f]x–cj/f]x jf ptf/–r9fjnfO{ cg'tfg jf ;'/ nx/ elgG5 . of]
tfgs} 7"nf] PsfO xf] . of] jfSo;Fu ;+lZni6 eP/ cfPsf] x'G5 . o;nfO{ lgDglnlvt pbfx/0faf6
:ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 M
bnaxfb'/ dfl/P5 . – ;fdfGofy{s
bnaxfb'/ dfl/P5 ¤ – cfZro{– lj:dofy{s
bnaxfb'/ dfl/P5 <– k|Zgfy{s
oxfF ;fdfGofy{s jfSodf s]xL cj/f]xL, lj:dofy{s jfSodf cj/f]xL / k|Zgfy{s jfSodf
cf/f]xL cg'tfgsf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 . of] cg'tfgn] ubf{ g} dflysf jfSox¿sf] tfTkof{y{ Pjd\
Jofs/0ffTds cy{df leGgtf cfPsf] b]lvG5 . jfSofTds 36s jf cg'tfgnfO{ 5'§f5'§} 6'qmf kfg{
g;lsg] ePsfn] o;nfO{ v08]t/ j0f{ elgPsf] xf] .
-r_ lj/fd÷;+lxtf
af]nfO jf n]vfOsf ;Gbe{df x'g] lj>fdnfO{ lj/fd jf ;+lxtf elgG5 . o:tf lj/fd jf
lj>fdsf sf/0f cy{df leGgtf cfpF5 . h:t} M
-s_ a:5 – a; 5, -v_ n]V5 – n]v 5
dflysf pbfx/0fsf ‘a:5’ zAbsf] pRrf/0fdf lardf lj>fd 5}gý h;n] a:g] sfd u5{
eGg] cy{ a'emfPsf] 5 t/ ‘a; 5’ df lardf lj>fd 5† o; lj>fdn] cy{df leGgtf NofO{ ‘uf8L
5’ eGg] cy{ cleJoQm ePsf] 5 . of] lj>fd s'g} Wjlg v08 klg xf]Og / s'g} vf; Wjlg;Fu
;+lZni6 eP/ cfpg] PsfO klg xf]Og . of] s]jn lj>fddfq xf] . o;n] cy{df ;d]t leGgtf Nofpg]
ePsfn] o;nfO{ v08]t/ j0f{ dflgPsf] xf] .
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= g]kfnL efiffdf Jolt/]sL ePsf] v08]t/ j0f{ s'g xf] <
-s_ anf3ft -v_ cg'gfl;stf
-u_ tfg -3_ no
@= x|:j / bL3{sf cfwf/df Jolt/]sL j0f{ gkfOg] efiff s'g xf] <
-s_ g]kfnL -v_ ;+:s[t
-u_ tfdfª -3_ u'?ª
#= anf3ft k|wfg efiff s'g xf] <
-s_ g]kfnL -v_ g]jf/L
-u_ hfkfgL -3_ c+u|]hL
$= g]kfnL j0f{x¿sf] lje]bs clenIf0f s'g xf]Og <
-s_ cg'gfl;stf -v_ k|f0fTj
-u_ 3f]ifTj -3_ bL3{tf
%= v08]t/ j0f{ s'gnfO{ dflgG5 <
-s_ dfqf -v_ gfl;So
-u_ cNkk|f0f -3_ s07o

51
^= v08Lo j0f{sf] vf; ljz]iftf s] xf] <
-s_ :jtGq ¿kdf pRrf/0f x'g] -v_ cIf/ ;+/rgfsf] sfd ug{]
-u_ cy{df leGgtf Nofpg ;Sg] -3_ cnu PsfOdf 6'lqmg ;Sg]
&= v08]t/ j0f{sf sf/0f cy{e]bs PsfO s'g xf] <
-s_ uof]–uPg -v_ n]v–gn]v
-u_ tF–ltdL -3_ af;–afF;
*= s'g :t/df b]vfkg{] ;'/sf] leGgtfaf6 tfg lgwf{l/t x'G5
-s_ j0f{ -v_ zAb
-u_ jfSof+z -3_ jfSo
ljifout k|Zg
!= v08Lo j0f{sf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
@= v08]t/ j0f{sf] lrgf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .
#= dfqf / anf3ftnfO{ ;f]bfx/0f lrgfpg'xf]; .
$= ;'/, tfg / cg'tfgsf larsf] leGgtf :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
%= v08Lo / v08]t/ Wjlgsf larsf] cGt/ cf}+Nofpg'xf];\ .
ljj]rgfTds k|Zg
!= v08]t/ j0f{sf] kl/ro lbO{ o;sf e]bnfO{ ;f]bfx/0f pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .

@=#=!@ g]kfnL efiffsf j0f{x¿sf] klxrfg, juL{s/0f / j0f{g

-!_ g]kfnL efiffsf j0f{x¿sf] klxrfg
g]kfnL efiffdf v08Lo / v08]t/ b'j} lsl;dsf j0f{x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . v08Lo cGtu{t :j/
/ Jo~hg j0f{ tyf v08]t/ cGtu{t cg'gfl;stf g]kfnL efiffdf Jolt/]sL j0f{sf ¿kdf :yflkt
ePsf b]lvG5g\ . Jolt/]sL ljt/0fsf cfwf/df j0f{x¿sf] lgwf{/0f jf klxrfg ul/G5 . n3'td
o'Udsf ;'?, lar / clGtd kl/j]zdf Jolt/]sL eP/ cfpg] s'g} Wjlg j0f{ x'G5 eGg] dfGotfnfO{
Jolt/]sL ljt/0fdf hf]8 lbOG5 . oxL Jolt/]sL ljt/0fsf cfwf/df g]kfnL efiffsf j0f{x¿sf]
lgDgcg';f/ lgwf/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ g]kfnL efiffsf :j/ j0f{x¿sf] klxrfg
g]kfnL efiffdf k/Dk/fut b]jgfu/L lnlksf ÷c÷, ÷cf÷, ÷O÷, ÷p÷, ÷P÷ / ÷cf]÷ u/L 5 cf]6f
:j/j0f{x¿ dfq Jolt/]sL cj:yfdf /x]sf b]lvG5g\ . h:t} M
j0f{ ;'? lar cGTo
÷c÷ crf/ sd\ t/ ‘;+of]hs’
÷cf÷ cfrf/ sfd\ t/ ‘tfg{] sfd u/\’
÷O÷ OgL ls/f] uf]l/
÷p÷ pgL s'/f] uf]?
÷P÷ P;\ s]/f uf]/]
÷cf]÷ cf];\ sf]/f uf]/f]
dflysf pbfx/0fdf ÷c÷, ÷cf÷, ÷O÷, ÷p÷, ÷P÷ / ÷cf]÷ 5 j6f Wjlgx¿ n3'td o'Udsf ;'?,
lar / cGTodf Jolt/]sL eP/ cfPsf 5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm k/Dk/fut j0f{dfnf [O{] / [pm]
g]kfnLdf ÷O÷ / ÷p÷ sf ¿kdf pRrl/t x'G5g\ eg] [P]] / [cf}] ;+o'Qm j0f{ x'g\ . [C] nfO{ g]kfnLdf
‘l/’ Pjd\ [c+] / [cM] nfO{ ‘cd\’ / ‘cx\’ eg]/ pRrf/0f ul/G5 . To;}n] g]kfnL efiffdf ÷c÷, ÷cf÷,
÷O÷, ÷p÷, ÷P÷ / ÷cf]÷ 5 j6f dfq :j/j0f{ /x]sf 5g\ .

52
-v_ Jo~hg j0f{sf] lgwf{/0f
g]kfnL efiffdf k/Dk/fut b]jgfu/L lnlksf lgDgcg';f/sf j0f{x¿ Jolt/]sL ¿kdf
b]lvPsf 5g\ . n3'td o'Udsf ;'?, lar / cGTosf ljleGg kl/j]zdf logLx¿sf] Jolt/]stfnfO{
x]g{ ;lsG5 M
j0f{ ;'? lar cGTo
÷s\÷ sg\ sfls rfs\
÷v\÷ vg\ sflv rfv\
÷u\÷ ug\ dfu] dfu\
÷3\÷ 3g\ df3] df3\
÷ª\÷ * gfª\nf] hfª\
÷r\÷ rfn\ sfFrf] dfr\
÷5\÷ 5fn\ df5f] k'5\
÷h\÷ hfn\ afFhf] dfh\
÷em\÷ emfn\ -km;L{sf] emfn_ dfemf] k'em -h\_
÷6\÷ 6f]s\ sfF6f sf6\
÷7\÷ 7f]s\ sfl7 sf7\
÷8\÷ 8f]sf sfF8f sf8\
÷9\÷ 9f]sf sfl9 sfF9\
÷t\÷ tfg\ 5flt kft\
÷y\÷ yfg\ Joyf afy\
÷b\÷ bfg\ ubf kfb\
÷w\÷ wfg\÷wfd\ afwf afFw
÷g\÷ gfd\ gflg afg\
÷k\÷ kn\ ;kf/\ ;fk\
÷k\m÷ kmn\ ;kmf ;fk\m
÷a\÷ an\ ;af/\ bfa\
÷e\÷ en\ ;ef nfe\
÷d\÷ dn\ ;df nfd\
÷o\÷ ofd\ sfof *
÷/\÷ /fd\ kfl/ ;f/\
÷n\÷ nfd\ dfln ;fn\
÷j\÷ j/ sfjf *
÷;\÷ ;ft\ dl; ;f;\
÷x\÷ xft\ dlx *
dfly /x]sf @( j6f j0f{x¿ g]kfnL efiffdf Jolt/]sL eP/ cfPsf 5g\ . o;afx]ssf
k/Dk/fut b]jgfu/L lnlksf [`\] nfO{ g]kfnLdf [g\], [0f\] nfO{ [g\] jf [8\] tyf [z\] / [if\] nfO{ [;\]
sf ¿kdf pRrf/0f ul/G5 . To;}u/L [If], [q] / [1] ;+oQ ' m Jo~hg ePsfn] g]kfnLdf ÷s\÷, ÷v\÷,

53
÷u\÷, ÷3\÷, ÷ª\÷, ÷r\÷, ÷5\÷, ÷h\÷, ÷em\÷, ÷6\÷, ÷7\÷, ÷8\÷, ÷9\÷, ÷t\÷, ÷y\÷, ÷b\÷, ÷w\÷, ÷g\÷, ÷k\÷, ÷k\m÷, ÷a\÷,
÷e\÷, ÷d\÷, ÷o\÷, ÷/\÷, ÷n\÷, ÷j\÷, ÷;\÷ / ÷x\÷ u/L hDdf @( j6f Jo~hg dfq j0f{ /x]sf b]lvG5g\ .
-u_ v08]t/ j0f{sf] lgwf{/0f
dfqf, ;'/, anf3ft, cg'gfl;stf nufotsf j0f{nfO{ v08]t/ j0f{ elgG5 . oL j0f{x¿dWo]
g]kfnLdf cg'gfl;stf dfq :ki6 ¿kdf j0f{sf ¿kdf b]vfk/]sf] 5 . h:t} M
afF; s'Fb\
af; s'b\
oL pbfx/0fdf cg'gfl;stf cy{e]bs eP/ cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
-@_ g]kfnL efiffsf j0f{x¿sf] juL{s/0f / j0f{g
-s_ :j/ j0f{x¿sf] juL{s/0f / j0f{g
g]kfnL efiffsf :j/ j0f{nfO{ lha|fsf] ;lqmotf, lha|fsf] prfO / cf]7sf] cj:yfsf
cfwf/df lgDgcg';f/ juL{s/0f ug{] rng 5 M
-c_ lha|fsf] ;lqmotfsf cfwf/df juL{s/0f
:j/sf] pRrf/0fdf lha|f] slxn] cl3 ;g]{, slxn] kl5 ;g]{ / slxn] t6:y cj:yfdf /xg]
ub{5 . o; cj:yfdf qmdzM lha|fsf] cluNnf], kl5Nnf] / lar efu ;lqmo x'G5 . oL ljleGg
cj:yfdf pRrl/t g]kfnLsf :j/nfO{ d"ntM ltg efudf afFl8G5 M
cu| :j/ – ÷O÷, ÷P÷
kZr :j/ – ÷p÷, ÷cf]÷, ÷c÷, ÷cf÷
-cf_ lha|fsf] prfOsf cfwf/df
:j/ j0f{sf] pRrf/0fsf ;Gbe{df lha|fn] ljleGg prfO lng] ub{5 . o; cj:yfdf lha|f]
dfly, tn jf oL b'O{ prfOsf lardf /xg ;S5 . o;f] x'Fbf d'vljj/ ;fF3'/f] jf ;+j[t, w]/} v'ns
] f]
jf ljj[t jf oL b'O{ cj:yfsf larsf] s'g} cj:yfdf /xg ;S5 . o; cfwf/df g]kfnL efiffsf
:j/ j0f{nfO{ lgDglnlvt rf/ efudf juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M
;+jt[ , aGb jf pRr – ÷O÷, ÷p÷
c4{ ;+jt[ , cfwf aGb jf pRr dWo – ÷P÷, ÷cf]÷
cw{ ljj[t, cfwf v'nf jf lgDg dWo – ÷c÷
ljj[t, v'nf jf lgDg – ÷cf÷
-O_ cf]7sf] cj:yf
:j/ j0f{sf] pRrf/0f ubf{ cf]7 uf]nf] x'g] tyf t6:y /xg] b'j} cj:yf x'G5g\ . o;sf
cfwf/df g]kfnL efiffsf :j/ j0f{nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M
uf]lnt– ÷p÷, ÷cf]÷
cuf]lnt– ÷O÷, ÷P÷, ÷cf÷, ÷c÷
dfg:j/ tflnsfdf g]kfnL efiffsf :j/j0f{nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ b]vfpg ;lsG5 M

54
 cu| s]Gb|Lo kZr
;+j[t, cuf]lnt O p – ;+jt[ , uf]lnt
cw{;+jt[ , cuf]lnt P cf] – cw{;+jt[ , uf]lnt
cw{ljj[t, cuf]lnt c – cw{ljj[t, cuf]lnt
ljj[t, cuf]lnt
cf
-v_ Jo~hg j0f{sf] juL{s/0f / j0f{g
g]kfnL efiffdf @( j6f Jolt/]sL Jo~hg j0f{x¿ 5g\ . oL Jolt/]sL Jo~hg j0f{x¿nfO{
pRrf/0f :yfg, pRrf/0f k|lqmof, k|f0fTj / 3f]ifTjsf cfwf/df juL{s/0f u/L cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 .
-c_ pRrf/0fsf :yfgsf cfwf/df juL{s/0f
Wjlgsf pRrf/0f cjojx¿nfO{ :yfg / s/0f b'O{ efudf juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . :yfg
eg]sf lgliqmo cjoj x'g\ . ;lqmo cjojx¿ s/0f x'g\ . s/0fn] :yfgnfO{ 5'Fbf Wjlgsf] pRrf/0f
x'g] ub{5 . :yfgsf cfwf/df Jo~hg j0f{nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ cf]i7\o֌of]i7\o Jo~hg
tNnf cf]7n] dflyNnf] cf]7nfO{ :kz{ ubf{ jf b'j} cf]7sf] ;xeflutfaf6 pRrf/0f ul/g]
Jo~hg j0f{nfO{ cf]i7\o jf åof]i7\o elgG5 . g]kfnsf ÷k\÷, ÷km\÷, ÷a\÷, ÷e\÷, ÷d\÷ / ÷j\÷ cf]i7\o
Jo~hg x'g\ .
-v_ bGTo Jo~hg
lha|fsf] kmnsn] bfFtnfO{ 5F'bf jf :kz{ ubf{ pRrf/0f ul/g] j0f{ bGTo Jo~hg j0f{ x'g\ .
g]kfnLsf ÷t\÷, ÷y\÷, ÷b\÷ / ÷w\÷ bGTo j0f{ x'g\ .
-u_ jT:o{÷bGtd"nLo Jo~hg
bfFteGbf k5fl8sf] / s7f]/tfn'eGbf cufl8sf] efunfO{ jT;{ jf bGtd"n elgG5 . jT;{nfO{
lhÅjfu| / lhÅjfkmnsn] 5'Fbf jT:o{ j0f{x¿ pRrl/t x'G5g\ . o; cfwf/df g]kfnL efiffsf ÷6\÷,
÷7\÷, ÷8\÷, ÷9\÷, ÷g\÷, ÷/\÷ / ÷n\÷ lhÅjfu| jT:o{ x'g\ eg] ÷r\÷, ÷5\÷, ÷h÷, ÷em\÷ / ÷;\÷ kmnsLo jT:o{
Jo~hg j0f{ x'g\ .
-3_ tfnJo Jo~hg
lhÅjfdWo / s7f]/tfn'sf ;xeflutfaf6 pRrf/0f x'g] Jo~hgnfO{ tfnJo Jo~hg
elgG5 . g]kfnsf] ÷o\÷ tfnJo Jo~hg j0f{ xf] .
-ª_ sf]dn tfnJo÷s07\o÷xg'd"nLo
s7f]/ tfn'eGbf k5fl8sf] g/d efunfO{ sf]dn tfn' jf xg'dn" elgG5 . lha|fsf] kZr
efun] sf]dn tfn'nfO{ 5'Fbf sf]dn tfnJo Jo~hg pRrl/t x'G5g\ . ÷s\÷, ÷v\÷, ÷u\÷, ÷3\÷ / ÷ª\÷
sf]dn tfnJo Jo~hg j0f{ x'g\ .
-r_ :j/oGqd'vL Jo~hg
b'O{ :j/tGqL ldnL pRrl/t x'g] WjlgnfO{ :j/oGqd'vL Jo~hg elgG5 . :j/oGqd'vaf6
pRrf/0f ul/Psfn] of] gfds/0f ul/Psf] xf] . g]kfnLsf] ÷x\÷ :j/oGqd'vL Jo~hg j0f{ xf] . o;nfO{
clts07\o Jo~hg klg elgG5 .

55
cf= pRrf/0f k|oTg jf k|lqmofsf cfwf/df juL{s/0f
Jo~hg j0f{sf] pRrf/0f ug{] tl/sfnfO{ pRrf/0f k|oTg jf k|lqmof elgG5 . o;nfO{
pRrf/0f ljlw klg elgG5 . pRrf/0f k|lqmofsf cfwf/df g]kfnLsf Jo~hgx¿nfO{ lgDgcg';f/
juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ :kzL{ Jo~hg
:kzL{ Jo~hgsf] pRrf/0f ubf{ kmf]S;f]af6 ;f; cfpg], b'O{ pRrf/s cjojx¿ hf]l8O{
;f; /f]lsg] / oL cjojx¿ ‰jf§ v'nL ;f; aflx/ lg:sg] ub{5 . g]kfnLdf lgDglnlvt :kzL{
Jo~hgx¿ /x]sf 5g\–
i) cf]i7\o:kzL{ M ÷k\÷, ÷km\÷, ÷a\÷, ÷e\÷
ii) bGTo:kzL{ M ÷t\÷, ÷y\÷, ÷b\÷, ÷w\÷
iii) jT:o{:kzL{ M ÷6\÷, ÷7\÷, ÷8\÷, ÷9\÷
iv) sf]dn tfnJo :kzL{ M ÷s\÷, ÷v\÷, ÷u\÷, ÷3\÷
-v_ ;ª\3ifL{ Jo~hg
b'O{ pRrf/s cjojx¿ glhs ePsf ;Gbe{df 3if{0fsf ;fy ;f; aflx/ lg:sFbf pRrl/t
x'g] Jo~hgnfO{ ;ª\3ifL{ Jo~hg j0f{ elgG5 . g]kfnLsf ÷;\÷ / ÷x\÷ ;ª\3ifL{ Jo~hg x'g\ .
-u_ :kz{;ª\3ifL{ Jo~hg
lha|fsf] kmnsn] jT;{nfO{ 5'Fbf 3if{0fsf ;fy ;f; aflx/ lgl:sO{ pRrl/t x'g] j0f{nfO{
:kz{;ª\3ifL{ Jo~hg j0f{ elgG5 . g]kfnLsf ÷r\÷, ÷5\÷, ÷h\÷ / ÷e\m÷ :kz{;ª\3ifL{ Jo~hg x'g\ .
-3_ gfl;So Jo~hg
kmf]S;f]af6 cfPsf] ;f; s]xL cj/f]w;lxt d'v / gfs b'j} lt/af6 lg:sFbf pRrl/t x'g]
j0f{nfO{ gfl;So elgG5 . g]kfnLsf ÷ª\÷, ÷g\÷ / ÷d\÷ gfl;So Jo~hg x'g\ .
-ª_ kflZj{s Jo~hg
lha|f] bf]la|P/ b'j} 5]paf6 ;f; aflx/ lg:sFbf pRrl/t x'g] Jo~hgnfO{ kflZj{s j0f{
elgG5 . g]kfnLsf] ÷n\÷ kflZj{s j0f{ xf] .
-r_ k|slDkt Jo~hg
lha|f] sfFKbf jf yls{+bf pRrl/t x'g] Jo~hgnfO{ k|slDkt elgG5 . g]kfnLsf] ÷/\÷ k|slDkt
Jo~hg j0f{ xf] .
-5_ cGtM:y jf cw{:j/
pRrf/0f ubf{ :j/j0f{df h:tf] geO{ s]xL dfqfdf cj/f]w x'g] / Jo~hg j0f{df h:tf] k"0f{
cj/f]w klg gx'g] cyf{t\ :j/ / Jo~hgsf] dWojtL{ cj:yfdf pRrf/0f ug{ ;lsg] Jo~hgnfO{
cGtM:y Jo~hg j0f{ elgG5 . o:tf j0f{df :j/j0f{sf s]xL clenIf0f kfOg] ePsfn] logLx¿nfO{
cw{:j/ elgPsf] xf] . g]kfnLsf ÷o\÷ / ÷j\÷ o:tf Jo~hg j0f{ x'g\ .
O= k|f0fTjsf cfwf/df juL{s/0f
Jo~hg j0f{sf] pRrf/0f ubf{ ;f; yf]/} jf w]/} aflx/ lg:sG5 . o; cfwf/df Jo~hg
j0f{nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ cNkk|f0f Jo~hg
ck]Iffs[t ¿kdf s]xL sd ;f; aflx/ lg:sFbf pRrl/t x'g] Jo~hg j0f{nfO{ cNkk|f0f
Jo~hg elgG5 . g]kfnLsf lgDglnlvt Jo~hg j0f{ cNkk|f0f x'g\ M
÷s\÷, ÷u\÷, ÷ª\÷, ÷r\÷, ÷h\÷, ÷6\÷, ÷8\÷, ÷t\÷, ÷b\÷, ÷g\÷, ÷k\÷, ÷a\÷, ÷d\÷, ÷o\÷, ÷/\÷, ÷n\÷ / ÷j\÷

56
-v_ dxfk|f0f Jo~hg
ck]Iffs[t a9L dfqfdf ;f; aflx/ lg:sFbf pRrl/t x'g] Jo~hg j0f{nfO{ dxfk|f0f elgG5 .
g]kfnLsf lgDglnlvt j0f{x¿nfO{ dxfk|f0f Jo~hg elgG5 M
÷v\÷, ÷3\÷, ÷5\÷, ÷e\m÷, ÷7\÷, ÷9\÷, ÷y\÷, ÷w\÷, ÷k\m÷, ÷e\÷, ÷;\÷ / ÷x\÷
O{= 3f]ifTjsf cfwf/df juL{s/0f
:j/oGqdf x'g] sDkgnfO{ 3f]ifTj elgG5 . :j/tGqLx¿ 6f9f /x]sf a]nf sd sDkg x'G5
eg] glhs /x]sf a]nf a9L sDkg x'G5 . o; cfwf/df Jo~hg j0f{nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ juL{s/0f ug{
;lsG5 M
-s_ c3f]if Jo~hg
:j/tGqLx¿ s]xL 6f9f /xFbf :j/oGqdf sDkg x'Fbg} . o; cj:yfdf pRrl/t x'g] j0f{nfO{
c3f]if Jo~hg elgG5 . g]kfnLdf lgDgcg';f/sf c3f]if j0f{x¿ 5g\ M
÷s\÷, ÷v\÷, ÷r\÷, ÷5\÷, ÷6\÷, ÷7\÷, ÷t\÷, ÷y\÷, ÷k\÷, ÷k\m÷ / ÷;\÷
-v_ ;3f]if÷3f]if Jo~hg
:j/tGqLx¿ glhs x'Fbf :j/oGqdf sDkg eO{ pRrf/0f x'g] Jo~hg j0f{nfO{ ;3f]if÷3f]if
Jo~hg elgG5 . g]kfnLdf lgDgfg';f/ ;3f]if Jo~hg j0f{x¿ 5g\ M
÷u\÷, ÷3\÷, ÷ª\÷, ÷h\÷, ÷e\m÷, ÷8\÷, ÷9\÷, ÷b\÷, ÷w\÷, ÷g\÷, ÷a\÷, ÷e\÷, ÷d\÷, ÷o\÷, ÷/\÷, ÷n\÷, ÷j\÷ / ÷x\÷
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= g]kfnL efiffsf Jolt/]sL :j/j0f{x¿ slt j6f 5g\ <
-s_ $ -v_ % -u_ ^ -3_ &
@= g]kfnLsf Jo~hg j0f{x¿ sltj6f 5g\ <
-s_ @( -v_ #^ -u_ $) -3_ $(
#= zAbflbsf] kl/j]zdf gcfpg] g]kfnL j0f{ s'g xf] <
-s_ ª -v_ / -u_ ; -3_ x
#= zAbfGtsf] kl/j]zdf cfpg g;Sg] g]kfnLsf Jolt/]sL j0f{ s'gs'g x'g\ <
-s_ o–j -v_ ;–x -u_ /–t -3_ d–e
$= zAbdWosf] kl/j]zdf P]lR5s b]lvg] g]kfnLsf] j0f{ s'g xf] <
-s_ x -v_ a -u_ 3 -3_ 5
%= g]kfnL efiffsf] Jolt/]sL Jo~hg s'g xf] <
-s_ ` -v_ 0f -u_ ; -3_ z
^= lha|fsf] kZrefusf] ;lqmotfaf6 g]kfnLsf s'g s'g :j/j0f{ Jolt/]sL x'g k'U5g\ <
-s_ O, p -v_ P, cf]
-u_ O, P -3_ p, cf]
&= lha|fn] clwstd prfO lnFbf g]kfnLsf s'gs'g :j/j0f{ Jolt/]sLsf ¿kdf lrlgG5g\ <
-s_ P, cf] -v_ O, p
-u_ c, cf] -3_ cf, p
*= g]kfnLsf bGTo :kzL{ Jolt/]sL j0f{ s'g dflgG5g\ <
-s_ s, r -v_ t, /
-u_ 3, w -3_ y, b

57
(= :jf;k|jfxsf] dfqf a9L x'Fbf Jolt/]sL x'g] j0f{x¿ s'g x'g\ <
-s_ d, o -v_ s, v
-u_ ;, x -3_ 6, t
ljifout k|Zg
!= g]kfnLsf :j/j0f{sf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
@= g]kfnLsf Jolt/]sL Jo~hgx¿sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .
#= g]kfnLsf :j/j0f{ / Jo~hg j0f{ lgwf{/0fsf cfwf/x¿sf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
$= pRrf/0f :yfgsf cfwf/df g]kfnLsf Jo~hg j0f{nfO{ lrgfpg'xf];\ .
%= pRrf/0f k|oTgsf cfwf/df g]kfnLsf j0f{x¿sf] juL{s/0f ug{'xf];\ .
^= 3f]ifTj / k|f0fTjsf cfwf/df g]kfnLsf Jo~hgnfO{ lrgfpg'xf];\ .
ljj]rgfTds k|Zg
!= pRrf/0f :yfg, pRrf/0f k|oTg, 3f]ifTj / k|f0fTjsf cfwf/df g]kfnLsf Jo~hg j0f{sf]
ljZn]if0f ug{'xf];\ .

@=#=!# lje]bs clenIf0fsf cfwf/df g]kfnL j0f{x?sf] klxrfg

-!_ lje]bs clenIf0fsf] kl/ro
lje]bs clenIf0fsf af/]df q'a]Rsf]o, /f]dg ofsf]A;g, Åofn], rD:sL cflb
efiffzf:qLn] lj:t[t cWoog u/]sf 5g\ . q'a]Rsf]on] ;j{k|yd lje]bs lj/f]wsf ¿kdf o;nfO{
cufl8 NofPsf x'g\ . o;eGbf k5fl8 ofsf]A;g, Åofn], rD:sL h:tf ljåfg\x¿n] o;
cjwf/0ffnfO{ cem ;+zf]lwt / kl/is[t kfb{} nu]sf] b]lvG5 . oxfF q'a]Rsf]o, ofsf]A;g / rD:sL
tyf Åofn]n] k|:t't u/]sf lje]bs clenIf0fnfO{ ;ª\If]kdf s]nfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 M
-s_ q'a]Rsf]osf lje]bs lj/f]w
q'aR] sf]on] Wjlg jf j0f{sf cf}Rrfl/s ljz]iftfsf cfwf/df lje]bs lj/f]wsf ¿kdf
lje]bs clenIf0fnfO{ lrgfPsf 5g\ . pgn] lje]bs lj/f]wnfO{ lgDgcg';f/ ltg cfwf/df
juL{s/0f u/L lrgfPsf 5g\ M
-c_ clenIf0fsf] ;du| lj/f]w Joj:yf;“usf] ;DaGw
-!_ låkflZj{s lj/f]w M Pp6f dfq clenIf0f leGg x'g'ý h:t}M g]kfnLsf ÷k\÷ / ÷k\m÷
df k|f0fTj dfq leGg 5 .
-@_ ax'kflZj{s lj/f]w M PseGbf a9L clenIf0f leGg x'g'ý h:t}M ÷k\÷ / ÷e\÷ df
3f]ifTj / k|f0fTj b'O{ clenIf0f leGg 5g\ .
-#_ ;dfg'kflts lj/f]w M Ps ju{sf j0f{df h'g k|s[ltsf] lj/f]w 5 csf{ ju{sf
j0f{df klg ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] lj/f]w x'gý' h:t}M ÷s\÷, ÷v\÷, ÷u\÷ / ÷3\÷ df h'g
k|sf/sf] lj/f]w 5 ÷6\÷, ÷7\÷, ÷8\÷ / ÷9\÷ df klg ;f]xL k|s[ltsf] lj/f]w 5 .
-$_ Psn lj/f]w M Ps 9fFrfsf j0f{df h'g k|sf/sf] lj/f]w 5, ToxL cg'kftdf cGo
j0f{df lj/f]w gx'gý' h:t}M ÷/÷ / ÷n\÷ tyf ÷o\÷ / ÷j\÷ sf lardf h'g 9fFrfsf]
lj/f]w 5 To:tf] cGoq kfOFb}g .
-cf_ lj/f]wL ;b:ox¿sf larsf] ;DaGw

58
 -!_ cefj;"rs lj/f]w M Pp6f j0f{df ePsf] clenIf0f csf{df gx'g' cefj;"rs
;DaGw xf] . h:t}M ÷k\÷ / ÷a\÷ 3f]ifTjsf] pkl:ylt / cg'kl:yltsf cfwf/df leGg
5g\ .
-@_ qmlds lj/f]w M cg'qmddf b]lvg] lj/f]w qmlds lj/f]w xf] . h:t}M ÷c÷, ÷cf]÷ /
÷p÷ df qmlds pRrtfsf] leGgtf 5 .
-#_ ;dt'lnt lj/f]w M cefj;"rs / qmlds lj/f]weGbf leGg lj/f]w ;dt'lnt
lj/f]w xf] . h:t}M ÷k\÷ / ÷6\÷ df g cefj;"rs lj/f]w 5 g qmldstfsf] leGgtf
5 . oxfF t pRrf/0f cjojsf lqmofzLntfsf] leGgtf /x]sf] 5 .
-O_ lje]bs zlQmsf] ;Ldf
-!_ l:y/ M ;j{q lj/f]wsf] l:ylt b]lvg' l:y/ lj/f]w xf] . h:t}M ÷s\÷ / ÷v\÷ df
dxfk|f0fsf] leGgtf l:y/ lj/f]wsf ¿kdf b]lvG5 .
-@_ t6:yLs/0fLo M Ps :yfgdf lj/f]w eP klg Ps :yfgdf t6:y x'g'
t6:yLs/0fLo l:ylt xf] . h:t}M ÷u\÷ / ÷3\÷ df k|f0fTj lje]bs clenIf0f xf] t/
oL ÷u\÷ / ÷3\÷ ‘afu’ / ‘af3’ df t6:yLs[t 5g\ . b'j} zAbsf] pRrf/0f ÷afu\÷ g}
x'G5 .
-v_ ofsf]A;gsf] lje]bs clenIf0f
ofsf]A;gn] q'jR] sf]os} l;4fGtnfO{ kl/is/0fsf ;fy k|:t't u/]sf x'g\ . q'jT] sf]on]
Wjlgsf cf}Rrfl/s ljz]iftfnfO{ dfq cfwf/ agfO{ lje]bs lj/f]wsf ¿kdf of] l;4fGt k|:t't
u/]sf lyP eg] logn] Wjlgsf ;f~rfl/s ljz]iftfnfO{ ;d]6L of] l;4fGtnfO{ kl/isf/ u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . ofsf]A;gsf] lje]bs clenIf0f l;4fGtn] ;a} lj/f]wx¿nfO{ lår/ lj/f]wsf ¿kdf
x]b{5 . Åofn]sf ;xsfl/tfdf ofsf]A;gn] lgDglnlvt lje]bs clenIf0fx¿ k|:t't u/L ltgnfO{
cf}Rrfl/s / ;f~rfl/s ljz]iftfsf cfwf/df kl/eflift u/]sf 5g\M
(1) Jo~hgfTds /cJo~hgfTds
(2) :j/fTds /c:j/fTds
(3) ;3g /ljsL0f{
(4) kl/wLo /s]Gb|Lo
(5) cwf]gt /;dtn
(6) b[9 /lzlyn
(7) 3f]if /c3f]if
(8) k|jfxL /ck|jfxL
(9) ss{z /dw'/
(10) gfl;So /df}lvs
(11) pGgt /;dtn
(12) lgolGqt /clgolGqt
-u_ rD:sLsf lje]bs clenIf0f
Åofn]sf] ;xsfl/tfdf g} rD:sLn] kl/is/0fsf ;fy lje]bs clenIf0f l;4fGtnfO{
cufl8 NofPsf 5g\ . rD:sLsf clenIf0fx¿ Wjlgsf] cf}Rrfl/s ljz]iftf;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf
5g\ . logn] k"jj{ tL{ q'a]Rsf]o / ofsf]A;gn] rrf{ u/]sf eGbf leGg s]xL cGo clenIf0fx¿sf

59
af/]df klg rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ . rD:sLn] lje]bs clenIf0fnfO{ lgDgcg';f/ juL{s/0f u/L cWoog
u/]sf] kfOG5 M
-c_ d'Vo juL{o clenIf0f
Wjlgsf] pRrf/0fsf ;Gbe{df jfo'dfu{ v'Ng] jf jGb x'g] ub{5 . jfo'dfu{ v'Nbf ljgf
cj/f]w ;f; aflx/ lg:sG5 eg] jfo'dfu{ aGb x'Fbf Zjf;k|jfxdf cj/f]w x'G5 . oxL k|lqmofnfO{
cfwf/ agfO{ d'Vo juL{o clenIf0fx¿sf] lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . d'Vo juL{o clenIf0f
lgDgcg';f/ tLg lsl;dsf x'G5g\ M
!= d'vl/t÷cd'vl/t
jfo'dfu{af6 lg/Gt/ lgaf{w ¿kdf ;f; k|jflxt x'Fbf ±d'vl/t / lg/Gt/ / lgaf{w ¿kdf
;f; k|jflxt gx'Fbf–d'vl/t Wjlg pRrl/t x'G5g\ . :j/, >'lt -o\, j\, x\_, gfl;So Jo~hg / t/n -
/, n_ ±d'vl/t tyf :kzL{, ;ª\3ifL{ / :kzL{;ª\3ifL{ Wjlgx¿ –d'vl/t Wjlg x'g\ .
@= :j/fTds÷c:j/fTds
d'v] cf]9f/ v'nf eO{ :jtGq ¿kdf Zjf; k|jflxt ePsf a]nf pRrl/t Wjlg ± :j/fTds
x'g\ . o:tf Wjlgsf] pRrf/0fdf :j/lrD6L ;fF3'l/Fb}gg\ / d'v] cf]9f/df s]xL ;ª\s'rg x'G5 . :j/
Wjlg / t/n -/, n_ ±:j/fTds clenIf0f ePsf Wjlg x'g\ . t/n Wjlgsf pRrf/0fdf d'v]
cf]9f/df afwf eP klg Zjf;k|jfx rflx+ :jtGq x'g] ub{5 .
d'v] cf]9f/df ;ª\s'rg x'g] / :j/lrD6L ;fF3'l/g] l:yltdf pRrl/t x'g] Wjlg
–:j/fTds x'g\ .
#= Jo~hgfTds÷cJo~hgfTds
jfo'dfu{sf lardf lgs} afwf x'Fbf pRrl/t x'g] Wjlg ±Jo~hgfTds / jfo'dfu{sf aLrsf]
efu g;fF3'l/O{ pRrl/t x'g] Wjlg –Jo~hgfTds x'g\ . :j/ / >'lt –Jo~hgfTds Wjlg x'g\ eg]
oLafx]ssf ;a} ±Jo~hgfTds Wjlg x'g\ .
-cf_ ljj/ clenIf0f
ljj/ clenIf0fsf] ;DaGw d'vljj/leqsf cjoj;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . o;df pRrf/0f
:yfg / lha|fsf] l:yltnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ clenIf0fx¿sf] lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . ljj/ clenIf0fnfO{
lgDgcg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M
!= zLif{÷czLif{
lha|fsf] kmns ;fdfGo cj:yfeGbf dfly p7\bf ±zLif{ -bGTo, jT:o{, jT:o{ tfnJo tyf
d"w{Go_ Wjlg / lha|fsf] kmns ;fdfGo cj:yfdf /xFbf –zLif{ -:j/, cw{:j/ / sfsNo_ Wjlg
pRrl/t x'G5g\ .
@= cu|÷ccu|
jT;{ / tfn' If]qeGbf cufl8 afwf k}bf x'Fbf ±cu| -cf]i7\o, bGTo, jT:o{_ Wjlg / o;
If]qeGbf k5fl8 afwf x'Fbf –cu| -jT:o{tfnJo, d"w{Go, tfnJo, s07\o, sfsNo / 3f]qm]_ Wjlg
pRrl/t x'G5g\ .
#= pRr÷cpRr
lha|f] ;fdfGo cj:yfeGbf dfly p7\bf ±pRr -jT:o{tfnJo, tfnJo, d"w{Go, s07\o
Jo~hg / [O, p] :j/ tyf cw{:j/_ / lha|f] ;fdfGo cj:yfeGbf dfly gp7\bf –pRr -cf]i7\o,
bGTof]i7\o, bGTo, jT:o{, sfsNo, 3f]qm], :j/oGqd'vL Jo~hg tyf [O, p] afx]ssf :j/_ Wjlgx¿
pRrl/t x'G5g\ .
$= lgDg÷clgDg

60
 lha|f] ;fdfGo cj:yfeGbf tn hfFbf ±lgDg -3f]qm], :j/oGqd'vL_ / lha|f] ;fdfGo
cj:yfdf /xL tn ghfFbf –lgDg -cf]i7\o, bGTof]i7\o, jT:o{, d"w{Go, tfnJo, s07\o cflb Jo~hg /
lgDg :j/afx]ssf :j/_ Wjlg pRrl/t x'G5g\ .
%= kZr÷ckZr
lha|f] ;fdfGo cj:yfeGbf s]xL v'lDrFbf ±kZr -s07\o, sfsNo, 3f]qm], :j/oGqd'vL /
kZr :j/_ tyf lha|f] gv'lDrFbf –kZr -cf]i7\o, bGTof]i7\o, bGTo, jT:o{, d"w{Go, tfnJo,
jT:o{tfnJo / cu| :j/_ Wjlg pRrl/t x'G5g\ .
^= uf]lnt÷cuf]lnt
cf]7 ;fFul' /P/ uf]nf] x'Fbf ±uf]lnt -[p, cf]] h:tf :j/ / cw{:j/ [j]_ / cf]7 uf]nf] gePsf
;Gbe{df –uf]lnt -plNnlvt WjlgeGbf afx]s ;a}_ Wjlg pRrl/t x'G5g\ .
&= ljtl/t÷cljtl/t
Zjf;dfu{sf a9L If]qdf ;ª\s'rg x'Fbf ±ljtl/t -cf]i7\o, jT:o{, tfnJo ;ª\3ifL{_ / sd
If]qdf ;ª\s'rg x'Fbf –ljtl/t -bGTof]i7\o, bGTo / d"w{Go ;ª\3ifL{_ Wjlg pRrl/t x'G5g\ .
*= cfj[Q÷cgfj[Q
of] clenIf0f d"ntM :j/Wjlg;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . 3f]qm]leQf] ;fF3'l/O{ tgfasf ;fy :j/oGq
dfly p7\bf ±cfj[Q -l:jl8; efiffsf] uf]lnt [ ü ]) / 3f]qm]leQf] g;fF3'l/O{ tgfa k}bf gx'Fbf –
cfj[Q -l:jl8; efiffsf] [ y ]) Wjlg pRrl/t x'G5g\ .
(= gfl;So÷cgfl;So
sf]dntfn' tn em/L d'vljj/ aGb x'Fbf ±gfl;So -ª\, g\, d\_ / sf]dntfn' dfly p7L
d'vljj/af6 ;f; lg:sFbf gfl;So -ª\, g\, d\ afx]ssf ;a}_ Wjlg pRrl/t x'G5g\ .
!)= kflZj{s÷ckflZj{s
lha|fsf] dWoefusf b'j} 5]p s]xL em's]/ ;f; k|jflxt x'Fbf ±kflZj{s [ n\ ] Wjlg / o:tf]
gx'Fbf –kflZj{s Wjlg pRrl/t x'G5g\ .
-O_ pRrf/0f k|lqmofut clenIf0f
Wjlgsf] pRrf/0fdf x'g] leGgleGg k|lqmofsf cfwf/df lgwf{l/t clenIf0fx¿ o;cGtu{t
kb{5g\ . pRrf/0f cjojx¿sf] kf/:kl/s ;DaGw / Zjf;k|jfxsf] l:yltaf6 o:tf clenIf0fx¿
lglb{i6 x'G5g\ . pRrf/0f k|lqmofut clenIf0fnfO{ lgDgcg';f/ rrf{ ug{ ;lsG5 M
!= k|jfxL÷ck|jfxL
pRrf/0f cjojdf :kz{ geO{sg Zjf;k|jfxdf sd afwf x'Fbf jf afwf g} gx'Fbf ±k|jfxL
Wjlg -:j/, t/n, >'lt, ;ª\3ifL{_ pRrl/t x'G5g\ eg] pRrf/0f cjojdf :kz{ eO{ Zjf;k|jfxdf
k"0f{ afwf x'Fbf–k|jfxL Wjlg -plNnlvt Wjlgafx]ssf ;a}_ pRrl/t x'G5g\ .
@= tfTIfl0fs÷ctfTIfl0fs
s'g} pRrf/0f cjoj k/:k/ :kz{ u/L tTsfn} oyf:yfgdf cfpFbf ±tfTIfl0fs -:kzL{
Wjlg_ / pRrf/0f cjoj k/:k/ :kz{ u/L s]xL l9nf] 3if{0fsf ;fy tL cjojx¿ cnlUuFbf –
tfTIfl0fs -:kz{;ª\3ifL{, ;ª\3ifL{ / t/n_ Wjlg pRrl/t x'G5g\ . o;nfO{ tfTsflns df]rg klg
eGg] ul/Psf] 5 .
#= tgfaL÷ctgfaL
df+zk]zLdf tgfa cfpFbf ±tgfaL -dxfk|f0f Jo~hg, bL3{ :j/_ Wjlg / df+zk]zL lzlyn
x'bF f –tgfaL -cNkk|f0f / x|:j :j/_ Wjlg pRrl/t x'G5g\ .
-O{_ ;|f]t clenIf0f

61
 :j/lrD6Lsf] k|sDkg, Zjf;k|jfxsf] 3if{0f / tLj|tf tyf >j0fLotf h:tf ljz]iftfsf cfwf/df
lgwf{l/t clenIf0fx¿ ;|ft] clenIf0f x'g\ . ;|ft] clenIf0f lgDgcg';f/ b'O{ lsl;dsf 5g\ M
!= 3f]if÷c3f]if
:j/lrD6L glhlsO{ sDkgsf ;fy ;f; k|jflxt x'Fbf ±3f]if Wjlg -:j/ Wjlg / [u\, 3\, ª\,
h\, em\, 8\, 9\, b\, w\, g\, a\, e, e\, o\, /\, n, j\, x\]_ tyf :j/lrD6L oyf:yfgdf /xL ljgfsDkg
Zjf; k|jflxt x'Fbf 3f]if -plNnlvt Jo~hgafx]ssf ;a} Jo~hg Wjlg_ pRrl/t x'G5g\ .
@= tLI0f÷ctLI0f
3if{0fsf ;fy tLj| ¿kdf ;f; k|jflxt x'Fbf ±tLI0f -;ª\3ifL{ / :kz{;ª\3ifL{_ Wjlg /
3if{0fljgf ck]Iffs[t ;fdfGo l:yltdf ;f; k|jflxt x'Fbf–tLI0f -:j/, >'lt, gfl;So, t/n /
:kzL{_ Wjlg pRrl/t x'G5g\ .
-@_ lje]bs clenIf0fsf cfwf/df g]kfnL j0f{x¿sf] klxrfg
lje]bs clenIf0f ;+;f/sf ;a} efiffsf j0f{x¿sf] lgwf{/0fsf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf]
l;4fGt xf] . oL ;a} clenIf0fx¿ Pp6} efiffsf j0f{df gkfOg klg ;S5g\ . To;} u/L dfly pNn]v
ul/Psf clenIf0fx¿dWo] vf; s]xL j0f{sf ljZn]if0fsf nflu dfq pkof]uL x'G5g\, cGo j0f{sf
lgwf{/0fdf ltgLx¿sf] cfjZostf g} kb{}g .
rD:sL / Åofn]sf 9fFrfnfO{ cjnDag u/L g]kfnLsf :j/ / Jo~hg j0f{sf lje]bs
clenIf0fnfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 M
-s_ lje]bs clenIf0fsf cfwf/df g]kfnL :j/ j0f{x¿sf] lgwf{/0f
clenIf0f c cf O p P cf]
d'v/ ± ± ± ± ± ±
:j/fTds ± ± ± ± ± ±
cfIfl/s ± ± ± ± ± ±
Jo~hgfTds – – – – – –
pRr – – ± ± – –
lgDg – ± – – – –
kZr ± ± – ± – ±
uf]lnt – – – ± – ±
oxfF clenIf0fsf pkl:yltnfO{ ±lrÅgåf/f / cg'kl:yltnfO{ –lrÅgåf/f hgfOPsf] 5 .
-v_ lje]bs clenIf0fsf cfwf/df g]kfnLsf Jo~hg j0f{x¿
s\ v\ u\ 3\ ª\r\ 5\ h\ em\ 6\ 7\ 8\ 9\ t\ y\ b\ w\ g\ k\ km\ a\ e\ d\ o\ /\n\ j\ ;\ x\
d'v/ – – – – ± – – – – – – – – – – – – ± – – – – ± ± ± ± ± – ±
:j/fTds – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – ± – – ± – –
Jo~hgfTds ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± – ± ± – ± –
zLif{ ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± – ± ± – ±
cu| – – – – – ± ± ±– ± – – – ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± –
pRr ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± – – – – – – – – – – ± – ± –
lgDg – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – ±
kZr ± ± ± ± ± – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – ± – ±
uf]lnt – ±
ljtl/t ± ± ± ± – – – – – – – – ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±
gfl;So – – – – ± – – – – – – – – – – – – ± – – – – ± – – – – – –
kflZj{s – ±
k|jfxL – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – ± ± ± ± ± ±
tfTIfl0fs ± ± ± ± ± – – – – ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± – – ± – –
tgfaL – ± – ± – – ± – ± – ± – ± – ± – ± – – ± – ± – – – – – ± ±
3f]if – – ± ± ± – – ± ± – – ± ± – – ± ± ± – – ± ± ± ± ± ± ± – ±

62
tLI0f – – – – – ± ± ± ± – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – ± –
dxfk|f0f – ± – ± – – ± – ± – ± – ± – ± – ± – – ± – ± – – – – – ± ±

PsfOut ;f/f+z
Wjlglj1fg / j0f{lj1fg zLif{sdf cfwfl/t o; PsfOcGtu{t Wjlglj1fgsf] kl/ro,
To;sf cf}Rrfl/s, ;f~rfl/s / >fjl0fs e]bsf] rrf{, lrq;lxt pRrf/0f cjojsf] kl/ro /
To;sf sfo{ Pjd\ Wjlg -eflifs Wjlg_ pTkfbg k|lqmofsf] rrf{sf ;fy} v08Lo / v08]t/
Wjlgsf dfWodaf6 eflifs Wjlgx¿sf] klxrfg, juL{s/0f / j0f{g, cGt/f{li6«o WjlgtflŒjs
j0f{dfnf / To;sf ljz]iftf Pjd\ k|wfg / uf}0f e]b;lxt dfg:j/sf] kl/ro lbg] sfd ePsf] 5 .
o;} PsfOsf] bf];|f] pkzLif{sdf j0f{lj1fgsf] kl/ro, Wjlglj1fg / j0f{lj1fgsf ;DaGw,
j0f{ljZn]if0f k|lqmof / j0f{ l;4fGtsf] lrgf/L, j0f{, ;+j0f{ / n3'td o'Udsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{
;f]bfx/0f lrgfpgfsf ;fy} v08Lo / v08]t/ j0f{sf] klxrfg, juL{s/0f / j0f{g Pjd\ lje]bs
clenIf0fsf cfwf/df g]kfnL j0f{sf] klxrfg ug]{ sfo{df hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .
PsfOut cEof;
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= lje]bs clenIf0fsf af/]df ;j{k|yd rrf{ ug{] JolQm sf] x'g\ <
-s_ q'jR] sf]o -v_ /f]dg ofsf]A;g
-u_ Åofn] -3_ rD:sL
@= ofsf]A;gn] lje]bs clenIf0fsf] ljZn]if0fdf leœofPsf] gjLgtf s] xf] <
-s_ cf}Rrfl/s Wjlgsf] ljZn]if0f -v_ ;f~rfl/s Wjlgsf] ljZn]if0f
-u_ >fjl0fs Wjlgsf] ljZn]if0f -3_ Jo~hgfTds Wjlgsf] ljZn]if0f
#= lje]bs clenIf0fsf] ljZn]if0fdf rD:sLsf ;xof]uL efiffzf:qL sf] x'g\ <
-s_ q'jT] sf]o -v_ ofsf]A;g -u_ Åofln8] -3_ Åofn]
ljifout k|Zg
!= lje]bs clenIf0f eg]sf] s] xf] <
@= lje]bs clenIf0fsf ;DaGwdf q'jT] sf]osf] ljz]iftf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .
#= rD:sLsf] lje]bs clenIf0fsf d"ne"t k|jl[ Qx¿sf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
ljj]rgfTds k|Zg
!= lje]bs clenIf0fsf cfwf/df g]kfnLsf j0f{sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .

63
 PsfO ltg
¿klj1fg
#=! kl/ro
k|:t't PsfOsf] d"n ljifo ¿klj1fg xf] . o;cGtu{t ¿kljZn]if0fsf k|lqmof / k4ltx¿,
¿kljZn]if0fsf] l;4fGt Pjd\ ¿kljZn]if0fsf] cEof; cWoog ug{] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . To:t}
¿kfog k|lqmofcGtu{t ¿kfogsf sf]l6x¿ / ¿k;/l0f -¿kfjnL_ tyf Jo'Tkfbg k|lqmofcGtu{t
pk;u{, k/;u{ / dWo;u{, ju{kl/jt{s / ckl/jt{s, Jo'TkGg zAb, zAbju{ / To;sf e]bf]ke]b,
¿kfog / Jo'Tkfbg k|lqmofdf leGgtf Pjd\ zAblgdf{0fsf ;df;, låTj / cGo k|lqmofsf klg
cWoog ug{] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . To;/L g} ¿kWjGofTds k|lqmofcGtu{t cfGtl/s / afÅo ;lGw
Pjd\ ¿kWjGofTds kl/jt{gsf lgodsf] cWoog ug{] nIo o; PsfOdf /flvPsf] 5 .
#=@ ljlzi6 p2]Zo tyf kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
• ¿klj1fgsf] kl/ro lbg ¿klj1fg
• ¿kljZn]if0fsf k|lqmof / k4ltsf]] #=! ¿klj1fgsf] kl/ro
;f]bfx/0f kl/ro lbg #=@ ¿kljZn]if0fsf k|lqmof / k4ltx¿
• ¿kljZn]if0fsf l;4fGtcGtu{t ;+/rgf, cy{ #=# ¿kljZn]if0fsf]
/ kl/j]zsf cfwf/sf] pkof]u ug{ #=$ ¿kljZn]if0fsf] cEof;
• ¿kljZn]if0f;DaGwL cEof; ug{
• ljleGg zAbx¿sf] ¿kfog x'g] k|lqmof #=% ¿kfogsf k|lqmof M ¿kfog sf]l6x¿ / ¿k;/l0f
atfpg #=^ Jo'Tkfbg M
• Jo'Tkfbgsf] kl/ro lbg #=^=! pk;u{, dWo;u{ / k/;u{ k|lqmof
• Jo'Tkfbgdf pk;u{, dWo;u{ / k/;u{ #=^=@ ju{kl/jt{s / ju{ ckl/jt{s Jo'Tkfbg
k|lqmofsf] ;f]bfx/0f kl/ro lbg #=& zAbju{ M zAbx¿sf] sfo{d"ns ju{ tyf pkju{
• pbfx/0f lbP/ ju{kl/jt{s / #=* ¿kfog k|lqmof / Jo'Tkfbg k|lqmofdf leGgtf
ju{ckl/jt{s Jo'Tkfbgsf] lrgf/L lbg #=( cGo k|lqmof M ;df;, låTj / cGo
• zAbsf sfo{d"ns ju{ tyf ltgsf #=!) ;lGwlj1fg
pkju{sf] j0f{g ug{ #=!)=! cfGtl/s / afXo;lGw
• ¿kfog k|lqmofsf] kl/ro lbO{ ¿kfog / #=!)=@ ¿kWjGofTds kl/jt{gsf lgodx¿
Jo'Tkfbg k|lqmofdf kfOg] leGgtf atfpg
• ;df;, låTj / cGo ljljw Jo'Tkfbg
k|lqmofsf] pbfx/0f lbg
• ;f]bfx/0f ;lGwlj1fgsf] lrgf/L lbg

#=# kf7\oj:t'sf] k|:t'tLs/0f

#=#=! ¿klj1fgsf] kl/ro
efiffsf] Go"gtd cy{o'Qm PsfOnfO{ ¿k elgG5 . o; lsl;dsf ¿ksf] j}1flgs cWoog
ug{] efifflj1fgsf] zfvf g} ¿klj1fg xf] . ¿klj1fgn] s'g} klg efiffsf ¿kfog, Jo'Tkfbg jf
zAb/rgfsf ljleGg kIfdf ;xefuL x'g] ¿kx¿sf] j}1flgs cWoog ub{5 .
¿klj1fgn] efiffsf cy{o'Qm Go"gtd cfsf/sf] ljZn]if0f ug{] ;}4flGts cfwf/ k|bfg
ub{5 . ;fdu|L ;ª\sngdf n]Vo ¿knfO{ eGbf sYo ¿knfO{ dxŒj lbg', j0f{gfTds k4ltaf6
eflifs pRrf/leqsf ¿kx¿ s]nfpg', j0f{lj1fg / jfSolj1fg;Fu cGt/;DalGwt eP/ ¿ksf]
ljZn]if0f ug{', lj1fg;Ddt k4ltaf6 ¿kx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug{' ¿klj1fgsf ljz]iftf x'g\ .
¿klj1fgn] zAbx¿sf] ;ª\sng u/L ¿ksf] klxrfg ugf{sf cltl/Qm ¿kx¿sf]
juL{s/0f ug]{ sfd ub{5 . o;} u/L zAbdf ¿kx¿ s]–s;/L /x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] vf]hL ug{sf

64
nflu PsfO / ;dfof]hg, PsfO / k|lqmof tyf zAb / ¿kfjnLh:tf k4ltx¿nfO{ cfwf/
agfpFb5 . ctM ¿ksf] ljZn]if0f / lgwf{/0f ug{' ¿klj1fgsf] dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . o;n] ¿kfog,
Jo'Tkfbgh:tf k|lqmofx¿sf] cWoog ugf{sf ;fy} ¿kWjGofTds kl/jt{g Pjd\ ;lGw;DaGwL
lgodsf] ;d]t cWoog ub{5 . oltdfq geO{ of]ufTds, cof]ufTds cflb cfwf/df efiffsf]
k|sf/ut cWoog ug{sf nflu klg ¿klj1fg pkof]uL /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
ljifout k|Zg
-c_ ;ª\lIfKt k|Zg
!= ¿klj1fgsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
@= ¿klj1fgn] cWoog ug{ ¿kx¿sf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
#= ¿klj1fgsf ljz]iftfx¿ 7Dofpg'xf];\ .
$= ¿klj1fgsf] cWoog If]q lgwf{/0f ug{'xf];\ .
#=#=@ ¿kljZn]if0fsf k|lqmof / k4ltx¿
s'g} klg pRrf/, zAb jf PsfOdf Ps jf PseGbf a9L ¿kx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . s'g} zAbdf
Pskl5 csf{] ub{} cfg'qmlds ¿kdf ¿kx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ eg] s'g} zAbdf cg'qmddf g/xL ;+lZni6
¿kdf ¿kx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . o;/L s'g} klg PsfOdf /x]sf ¿kx¿nfO{ b]vfpg] k|lqmof jf
k4ltnfO{ ¿kljZn]if0f k|lqmof jf k4lt elgG5 . ¿ksf] ljZn]if0fsf nflu efiffj}1flgsx¿n]
PsfO / ;dfof]hg k4lt, PsfO / k|lqmof k4lt tyf zAb / ¿kfjnL k4lt u/L ltg k4ltsf]
ljsf; u/]sf] kfOG5 .
-!_ PsfO / ;dfof]hg
eflifs PsfOx¿ Pp6f lglZrt cg'qmddf Jojl:yt eP/ cfPsf x'G5g\ eGg] dfGotf
PsfO / ;dfof]hgdf /flvG5 . eflifs PsfOcGtu{t wft', k|fltklbs, k/;u{, k|Too, h:tf eflifs
¿kx¿ cfpF5g\ . oL ¿kx¿sf] :yfg lgwf{/0f ug{] sfd PsfO / ;dfof]hg k4ltdf
ul/G5 . h:t}M c1fgtf zAbsf] lgdf{0fdf ‘1fg’ cfwf/kbsf clulNt/ ‘c’ sf] ;+of]hg ubf{ ‘c1fg’
/ kl5lNt/ ‘tf’ sf] ;+of]hg ubf{ ‘c1fgtf’ zAb aGb5 .
PsfO / ;dfof]hg k4ltaf6 ax'¿kfTds PsfOsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;xh x'G5 .
zflAbs PsfO cfwf/kb ;u{
g}lts gLlt Os
cJofjxfl/stf xf/ c, lj, cj, Os, tf
a]:jflbnf]kg :jfb a], Onf], kg
5f]/f] 5f]/\ cf]
3'dfO 3'd\ cfO
dflysf ax'¿kfTds zAbdf Pp6f cfwf/kb / Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9L ;u{x¿ nfu]sf 5g\ .
o:tf] l:ylt c;+lZni6 of]ufTds k|s[ltsf efiffsf] ljZn]if0fdf a9L lqmofzLn x'G5 .
o; k4ltdf ¿kx¿sf] ;+of]hg ubf{ ltgn] axg ug{] sf]zLo cy{ / Jofs/l0fs cy{sf]
qmdnfO{ klg cfwf/ agfPsf] kfOG5 . h:t}M
zflAbs PsfO sf]zLo cy{ Jofs/l0fs cy{
k9\5 k9\ 5 -;fdfGo, ce"t, ;Ílt_
hfFb} lyof] hf b} lyof] -ck"0f{, e"t, ;Ílt_
b]Vof] b]v\ of] -k',+ P=j=, t[=k'=, ;fdfGo kIf, e"t, cgfb/ = = = .

65
 o; k4ltdf cfwf/kbnfO{ kl/jt{gsf/L kIf / ;u{ jf k|ToonfO{ ¿kfos eg]sf] kfOG5 .
-@_ PsfO / k|lqmof
;a} zAbdf ¿kx¿ Pskl5 csf]{ ub{} c;+lZni6 ¿kdf /x]sf x'Fb}gg\ . s'g} zAbdf ¿kx¿
vf; k|lqmofåf/f ;+lZni6 ¿kdf cfPsf x'G5g\ . o:tf PsfOsf] ljZn]if0f PsfO / ;dfof]hg
k4ltaf6 ;Dej x'Fbg} . To;}n] o; lsl;dsf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu of] k4ltsf] ljsf;
ePsf] xf] .
PsfO / k|lqmof k4ltåf/f ¿ksf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;j{k|yd cfwf/ ¿ksf] lgwf{/0f ul/G5 .
To;kl5 dfq To;df nfu]sf ¿kfos jf Jo'Tkfbs ;u{x¿ 5'6\ofOG5 . PseGbf a9L ¿kx¿ Pp6}
cljefHo Wjlg;+/rgfaf6 ;ª\s]ltt x'g] l:yltdf jf ¿k / cy{sf] Psf]xf]/f] ;DaGw gePsf
l:yltdf of] k4ltsf] pkof]u ul/G5 . h:t} M
s= took v= df/ u= b]
take + past df/\ ± k|]/0ff lb±cf1f
dflysf pbfx/0fdf ;+lZni6 ¿kx¿sf] k|of]u ePsf PsfOx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . oL PsfOx¿
vf; k|lqmofåf/f lgld{t ePsf 5g\ . oL PsfOx¿df /x]sf ¿kx¿nfO{ PsfO / ;dfof]hg k4ltdf
h:tf] 6'So|fpg ;lsFbg} . o;y{ lZni6 jf ljnogfTds efiffsf ¿kx¿sf] ljZn]if0fsf nflu of]
k4lt pkof]uL x'g] ub{5 . ;ª\If]kdf s'g} PsfO jf ¿k cfkl/jt{gdf 3l6t ePsf] 5 eg] To;nfO{
PsfO / k|lqmofåf/f ljZn]if0f ul/G5 .
-#_ PsfO / ¿kfjnL
zAbsf ;du| ¿kfjnLnfO{ cufl8 /fvL s'g} klg ¿ksf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ k4lt PsfO /
¿kfjnL k4lt xf] . s'g} klg zAbdf /x]sf ¿knfO{ s]nfpFbf To; zAbsf cGo ¿kfjnLnfO{
cfwf/ agfO{ ¿ksf] jf:tljs ljz]iftf kQf nufpgsf nflu of] k4lt a9L pkof]uL x'G5 . s'g}
¿k jf kbsf] ;du| ¿kfjnL cufl8 /fvL ;femf tŒjsf] klxrfg u/L ¿ksf] ljZn]if0f ug{' o;
k4ltsf] sfo{ xf] . Pp6f ¿kn] cg]s cy{ atfpg ;S5 . ;du| ¿kfjnLnfO{ x]/]kl5 To;n] s]–
s:tf sfo{ u/]sf] 5 eg]/ s]nfpg ;lsG5, Pp6f dfq zAbdf s]lGb|t x'Fbf To; ¿kn] ug{] ;Dk"0f{
sfo{sf af/]df hfgsf/L x'g ;St}g . To;}n] ¿ksf] :ki6 klxrfgsf nflu of] k4ltsf] ljsf;
ul/Psf] xf] . ;+:s[t efiffsf] ‘lnv\’ wft'sf] jt{dfg sfnsf] ;du| ¿kfjnL cufl8 /fvL
lgDgcg';f/ ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 M
Psjrg låjrg ax'jrg
k|yd k'?if lnvlt lnvtM lnvlGt
dWod k'?if lnvl; lnvyM lnvy
pQd k'?if lnvfld lnvfjM lnvfdM
÷lnv\÷ → wft'
÷c\÷ → k|yd k'?if, dWod k'?if
lnvlt

÷t\÷ → k|yd k'?if, Psjrg, låjrg, ax'jrg

÷O÷ → Psjrg, k|ydk'?if ax'jrg
oxfF ÷lnv\÷ wft' xf] . ÷c÷ sf] pkl:ylt k|yd / dWod k'?ifsf ;a} ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . ctM
÷c÷ sf] cy{ jf sfo{ k|yd / dWod k'?ifnfO{ hgfpg' xf] . ÷t\÷ n] k|yd k'?ifsf Psjrg, låjrg /
ax'jrgsf] sfo{ u/]sf] 5 eg] ÷O÷ Psjrgsf ;a} ¿kdf / k|yd k'?if ax'jrgdf cfPsf] 5 .
o;/L s'g} zAbdf /x]sf] Pp6f ¿kn] s]–slt sfo{ u/]sf] 5 eg]/ s]nfpgsf nflu ;a}
¿kfjnLnfO{ cfwf/ agfpg'k5{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ of] k4ltn] hf]8 lbG5 . g]kfnL efiffsf] lgDglnlvt
pbfx/0fnfO{ x]/f}+ M
Psjrg ax'jrg

66
 k|yd k'?if hfpFm hfcf}+
låtLo k'?if hf÷hfpm hfcf]
t[tLo k'?if hfcf];\ hfpmg\
hfcf] ÷hf÷ → wft'
÷cf]÷ → låtLo k'?if, ax'jrg, cf1f
Psjrg ax'jrg
k|yd k'?if a:5' a:5f}+
låtLo k'?if a:5;\ a:5f}
t[tLo k'?if a:5 a:5g\

÷a;\÷ → wft'
a:5'

÷5\÷ → ce"t
÷p÷ → k|yd k'?if, Psjrg
¿ksf] cfÇgf] :ki6 kl/rfos cy{ x'Fbg} ý o;nfO{ zAb jf kbsf ;du| ¿kfjnLsf
;Gbe{af6 dfq af]w ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ o; k4ltn] hf]8 lbG5 . zAbsf] d"n ¿ksf] ls6fg
u/L To;df hf]l8Psf cGo ;u{x¿nfO{ ;du| ¿kfjnLsf ;Gbe{df s]nfpg' o; k4ltsf] vf;
lrgf/L xf] .
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= ¿kljZn]if0fsf] ;a}eGbf pko'St k4lt s'g dflgG5 <
-s_ PsfO / ;dfof]hg -v_ PsfO / k|lqmof
-u_ zAb / ¿kfjnL -3_ ¿kfjnL
ljifout k|Zg
-c_ ;ª\lIfKt k|Zg
-1_ ¿kljZn]if0f k|lqmofsf] clek|fo :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
-2_ ¿kljZn]if0fsf k4ltx¿ slt lsl;dsf 5g\ < pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
-3_ PsfO / ;dfof]hg k4ltdf ¿ksf] ljZn]if0f s;/L ul/G5 < ;f]bfx/0f rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
-4_ PsfO / k|lqmofdf s:tf ¿ksf] cWoog x'G5 < lrgf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .
-5_ PsfO / ¿kfjnL k4ltsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-cf_ ljj]rgfTds k|Zg
-!_ ¿kljZn]if0fsf k|lqmof / k4ltnfO{ ;f]bfx/0f ljZn]if0f ug{'xf];\ .
#=#=# ¿kljZn]if0fsf] l;4fGt
s'g} klg efiffsf ¿k / ;+¿k 5'§ofpgsf nflu :yfkgf ul/Psf l;4fGtnfO{ ¿kljZn]if0f
l;4fGt elgG5 . ¿kljZn]if0fsf nflu ;+/rgfjfbL efiffj}1flgs gfO8fn] 5 cf]6f l;4fGtx¿ k];
u/]sf 5g\ . gfO8fsf oL l;4fGtx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L ¿kljZn]if0fsf d'Vo l;4fGtnfO{ ;+/rgf,
cy{ / kl/j]z ltg cfwf/df lgDgcg';f/ rrf{ ug{ ;lsG5 M

67
-!_ ;+/rgfut leGgtfsf] l;4fGt
jfl0f{s cfsf/nfO{ ;+/rgf elgG5 . o; l;4fGtcg';f/ s'g} b'O{ n3'td cy{oQ' m PsfOx¿
;dfg kl/j]zdf ;dfg cy{ lnP/ b]vfk/] klg tL b'O{ PsfO 5'§f–5'§} ¿k x'G5g\ . h:t} M
s= vf]nflt/ – vf]nftk{m
v= ufpFlt/ – ufpFtk{m
u= 6]andf – 6]andfly
3= pme}+m – pmh:t}
dflysf pbfx/0fdf zAbfGt kl/j]zdf cfPsf ÷lt/÷ – ÷tk{m÷, ÷df÷ –÷dfly÷ / ÷e}+m÷ –
÷h:t}÷ ¿kx¿n] Pp6} cy{ a'emfP klg logLx¿ 5'§f5'§} ¿k dflgG5g\ . o; l;4fGtcg';f/ leGg
jfl0f{s cfsf/df b]lvPsf lktf–a'af, kq–lr7L, /lj–;"o{ h:tf kof{ojfrL zAbx¿ km/s–km/s
¿k dflgG5g\ .
-@_ cy{ut leGgtfsf] l;4fGt
sf]zLo ;"rgf tyf lnª\u, jrg, k'?if, sfn cflb Jofs/l0fs sfo{nfO{ cy{ elgG5 .
;dfg kl/j]zdf ;dfg ;+/rgf lnP/ b]vfk/]sf Go"gtd cfyL{ PsfOx¿ cy{ut b[li6n] leGg 5g\
eg] ltgLx¿nfO{ 5'§f5'§} ¿k elgG5 . h:t} M
s= p;n] kq k9\of] .
v= p;n] lzjnfO{ a]nsf] kq r9fof] .
u= p;n] lstfasf kq kN6fof] .
oL pbfx/0fdf cfPsf ÷kq!÷, ÷kq@÷ / ÷kq#÷ ;dfg ;+/rgfdf b]lvP klg logLx¿sf]
cy{df leGgtf /x]sfn] logLx¿ 5'§f5'§} ¿k dflgG5g\ . cg]sfy{s ¿kx¿ Pp6} geP/ 5'§f5'§} ¿k
x'g\ . s'g} klg PsfOdf hltj6f cy{ x'G5g\ Toltj6} ¿k x'G5g\ eGg] dfGotf;Fu of] l;4fGt s]lGb|t
/x]sf] 5 .
-#_ ;+/rgfy{ut leGgtfsf] l;4fGt
s'g} ¿kx¿ Pp6} kl/j]zdf cfP klg ltgLx¿sf] cy{ / ;+/rgf b'j} leGg 5g\ eg] ltgLx¿
5'§f5'§} ¿k x'G5g\ . h:t}M
s= s]6f] cfof] – s]6L cfO{ .
v= efO cfof] – Zofd cfof] .
pbfx/0f -s_ sf ÷cf]÷ / ÷O÷ tyf -v_ sf ÷efO÷ / ÷Zofd÷ leGg cy{ / leGg ;+/rgfdf
b]lvPsf 5'§f5'§} ¿k x'g\ .
-$_ kl/j]zut leGgtfsf] l;4fGt
¿ksf] ljt/0f x'g] :yn, l5d]sdf /x]sf j0f{x¿ tyf s'g} ljlzi6 sf/0fnfO{ kl/j]z
elgG5 . o; b[li6n] ¿kx¿ kl/k"/s tyf d'Qm ljt/0fdf pkl:yt x'g] ub{5g\ . kl/j]zut b[li6n]
¿kx¿sf] ljZn]if0f lgDglnlvt 5'§f5'§} b'Oj{ 6f l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ug{'kg{] b]lvG5 M
-s_ kl/k"/s ljt/0fsf] l;4fGt
n3'td cy{o'Qm eflifs ¿kx¿ cy{sf b[li6n] ;dfg eP klg Pp6fsf :yfgdf csf{]
pkl:yt x'g ;St}gg\ eg] To:tf ¿kx¿ km/s–km/s ¿k geO{ kl/k"/s ljt/0fdf cfPsf ;+¿k
dflgG5g\ . h:t} M
[;ª\] – ;ª\sNk
[;`\] – ;~ro

68
 ÷;d\÷ [;g\]
– ;Gtfk
[;+] – ;+of]u
o; pbfx/0f [;ª\], [;`\], [;g\] / [;+] df ;dfg cy{ eP klg logLx¿ Ps csf{sf
7fpFdf cfpg ;St}gg\ . To;}n] logLx¿ kl/k"/s ljt/0fdf cfPsf ;+¿k x'g\ . logLx¿sf] ;femf cfyL{
÷;d\÷ rflxF ¿k xf] .
-v_ d'Qm ljt/0fsf] l;4fGt
s'g} cy{o'Qm eflifs PsfOsf ¿kx¿ ;dfg kl/j]zdf ;dfg cy{ JoQm ug{ leGg
;+/rgfdf cfO{ j}slNks ¿kdf 3l6t x'G5g\ eg] tL leGg–leGg ¿k geO{ Pp6} ¿ksf d'St
lje]bs x'g\ . h:t} M
s= [hf] – hfOPnf v= [xf]] – xf]OPnf
÷hf÷ ÷x'÷
[u] – uOPnf [e] – eOPnf
u= [b] – a:b5 3= [b'O] – b'O6f
÷b÷ ÷b'O{÷
[t] – a:t5 [bf]] – bf]6f
oxfF [hf] / [u], [xf]] / [e], [b] / [t] / [b'O] / [bf]] ;dfg kl/j]zdf ;dfg cy{ lnP/
leGg ;+/rgfdf j}slNks ¿kdf 3l6t ePsfn] oL 5'§f5'§} ¿k geP/ Pp6} ¿ksf ;+¿k x'g\ .
logLx¿sf ;femf cfyL{ PsfO qmdzM ÷hf÷, ÷x'÷, ÷b÷ / ÷b'O÷{ rflxF ¿k x'g\ .
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= ¿ksf] ljz]iftf s'g xf] <
-s_ ¿k efiffsf] cy{o'St PsfO xf] <
-v_ ¿k efiffsf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] PsfO xf] <
-u_ ¿ksf] sf]zLo cy{ dfq x'G5
-3_ ¿k kbsf ¿kdf klg /xG5
@= d'St ¿ksf] k|of]u s'g zAbdf ePsf] 5<
-s_ bfh'efO -v_ pT;fx -u_ aFb]n -3_ s;/L
#= j4¿ksf] pbfx/0f s'gnfO{ dfGg ;lsG5 <
-s_ d -v_ Tof] -u_ snd -3_ oxL
$= ;+¿knfO{ lrgfpg s'g egfO pko'Qm x'G5 <
-s_ cy{o'St PsfOsf] jfSofTds e]b -v_ cy{o'St PsfOsf] WjGofTds e]b
-u_ cy{o'St PsfOsf] ;+/rgfTds e]b -3_ cy{o'St PsfOsf] Jolt/]sL e]b
%= ;+¿ksf] ljz]iftf s'g xf] <
-s_ eGbf] -v_ dfGbf] -u_ ;Stf] -3_ b]Vbf]
^= Pp6} kl/j]z eP klg cy{ / ;+/rgf leGg ePsf ¿k s'g x'g\ <
-s_ vfof]–vfO{ -v_ lt/–tkm{
-u_ xf]OPnf–hfOPnf -3_ kq–lr7L
&= ;dfg kl/j]zdf / ;dfg cy{ af]s]sf ¿kx¿ s'g x'g\ <
-s_ uf]nf]–af6'nf] -v_ x'G5–x'Fb}g
-u_ hfG5–uof] -3_ t/–lt/
*= ;+/rgf / kl/j]z ;dfg eP/ klg cy{df leGgtf Nofpg] ¿k s'gnfO{ dflgG5 <
-s_ kq -v_ kft

69
 -u_ lr7L -3_ kGgf
ljifout k|Zg
-c_ ;ª\lIfKt k|Zg
!= ;+/rgfut leGgtfsf cfwf/df ¿knfO{ lrgfpg'xf];\ .
@= kl/j]zut leGgtfsf cfwf/df ¿ksf] ljZn]if0f ug{'xf];\ .
#= ¿k / d'St ¿ksf larsf] leGgtf :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
$= ¿k / ;+¿ksf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-cf_ ljj]rgfTds k|Zg
!= ¿kljZn]if0fsf l;4fGtsf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
#=#=$ ¿kljZn]if0fsf] cEof;
¿kljZn]if0f ug{' eg]sf] s'g} PsfO jf pRrf/0fdf /x]sf ¿k, ¿lkd Pjd\ ;+¿kx¿nfO{
6'qmf kf/]/ b]vfpg' xf] . Jolt/]sL Go"gtd cfyL{ PsfOnfO{ ¿lkd, d"t{ cfsf/df jf ef}lts cfsf/df
b]vfkg{] Go"gtd cfyL{ cfsf/nfO{ ¿k / ljz]if ljt/0fdf cfpg] tyf Pp6} cy{ lbg] s'g} ¿ksf
;b:onfO{ ;+¿k elgG5 eGg] s'/f o; cufl8 g} rrf{ eO;s]sf] 5 . oxfF o:tf ¿kx¿sf]
ljZn]if0f ug{sf nflu s]xL k4ltnfO{ cufl8 ;fl/Psf] 5 . oL k4ltx¿ lgDglnlvt 5g\ M
-!_ /]vLo k4lt
o; k4ltcg';f/ ¿ksf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ klxn] pRrf/nfO{ /flvG5 . To;kl5 To;sf
¿knfO{ / cfjZostf cg';f/ ;+¿k / ¿lkdnfO{ b]vfOG5 . h:t} M
s= v=
pRrf/ – et]/ pRrf/ – 7'NbfO
¿k÷;+¿k – et\ – P/ ¿k÷;+¿k – 7'n\ – bfO
¿lkd – eft\ – P/\ ¿lkd – 7"n\ – bfO
oL pbfx/0fdf ;j{ky| d pRrf/nfO{ /flvPsf] 5 . To;kl5 Tof] pRrf/nfO{ Ps cy{ Ps
¿ksf cfwf/df 6'qmf kfl/Psf] 5 . tL k|To]s 6'qmf ¿k / ;+¿k x'g\ . o;/L ¿k / ;+¿knfO{ Ps}
rf]l6 b]vfpFbf ¿k / ;+¿k eGg] s'/f Pp6} /x]5g\ eGg] e|d kg{ ;S5 . o; ljifodf s] x]Ssf /fVg'
k5{ eg] ef}lts ¿kdf pkl:yt x'g] lalQs} ltgLx¿ ¿k x'G5g\ . Pp6} ÷s\÷ Jofjxfl/stfsf nflu
leGg :j¿kdf b]vfk/] ;+¿k / pxL :j¿kdf b]vfk/] ¿k dfGg] k|rng 5 . ¿lkd eg]sf] t xfd|f]
dfgl;s cjwf/0ff jf ¿ksf] cy{kIf dfq} xf] . oxL cy{nfO{ x]/]/ Jolt/]stfnfO{ 5'6\ofOG5 . To;}n]
oxfF cy{ut Jolt/]stfnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ To;sf] d"n :j¿knfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 . h:t}M dflysf pbfx/0f
-s_ df [et\] / -u_ df [7'n\] ;+¿k x'g\ eg] ÷eft\÷ / ÷7'n\÷ ¿lkd x'g\ .
-@_ j[Iff/]v k4lt
o;df ¿ksf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ låwf ljefhgdf 6'qmf kfb{} nluG5 . h:t} M
s= et]/ v= /l;nf]
/l;nf]
et]/
/l;n\ cf]
et\ P/\

eft\ /;\ On\

70
 o;}u/L pN6f] j[Iff/]v, sf]i7s, afs; cflb k4ltdf cfwfl/t eP/ klg ¿ksf] ljZn]if0f
ug{ ;lsG5 . ¿ksf] ljZn]if0fsf nflu ;aeGbf pko'Qm k4lt eg] ws{] k4lt g} dflgG5 . /]vLo
k4ltåf/f oxfF s]xL zAbdf /x]sf ¿kx¿nfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 M
rgf}6f] e'“8Lkmf]/f
¿k÷;+¿k – rg\–cf}6\–cf] ¿k÷;+¿k – e'F8L–kmf]/–\ cf
¿lkd – rGbg\–cf}6\–cf] ¿lkd – e'F8L–kmf]/–\ cf
u}/gful/s b'ikfk
¿k÷;+¿k – u}/\–gfu/\–Os\ ¿k÷;+¿k – b'if\–kfk\
¿lkd – u}/\–gu/\–Os\ ¿lkd – b';–\ kfk\
dfly ;a} pbfx/0fdf ¿k tyf ;+¿k / ¿lkdnfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 . ¿lkd eg]sf] dfgl;s
cjwf/0ff xf] . dfgl;s cjwf/0ff eg]sf] To; PsfOsf] cy{ xf] . Tof] PsfO ha cfsf/ jf ef}lts
¿kdf b]vfkb{5 Tof] ¿k aGg k'U5 . o; lsl;dsf] ef}lts cfsf/ pxL ¿kdf jf s]xL leGg
:j¿kdf b]vfkg{ ;S5 . leGg :j¿kdf b]vfk/] Tof] ;+¿k aGg k'U5 . oxfF ;Demg' kg{] ljz]if s'/f s]
xf] eg] ef}lts cfsf/df cfpg] ¿k leGg :j¿kdf b]vfk/] klg jf gk/] klg Tof] ;+¿k g} aGg
k'Ub5 .
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= /]vLo k4ltcg';f/ ¿ksf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ ;j{k|yd s'g kIfdf hf]8 lbOG5 <
-s_ pRrf/ -v_ ¿k
-u_ ;+¿k -3_ d'St ¿k
@= j[Iff/]v k4ltcg';f/ ¿ksf] ljZn]if0f s;/L ul/G5 <
-s_ 6'qmf kfb{} uOG5 . -v_ låwf ljefhg ub{} nluG5
-u_ PsLs[t ¿kdf ul/G5 -3_ k[ysLs[t ¿kdf x]l/G5 .
#= ¿kljZn]if0f ug{] ;a}eGbf pko'St k4lt s'gnfO{ dfGg ;lsG5 <
-s_ ws{] k4lt -v_ j[Iff/]v k4lt
-u_ afs; k4lt -3_ sf]i7s k4lt
ljifout k|Zg
!= ¿kljZn]if0f ug{] k4ltx¿sf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
@= j[Iff/]v k4ltsf cfwf/df lgDglnlvt zAbsf] ¿kljZn]if0f ug{'xf];\ .
a]:jflbnf]kg, cJojxfl/stf
#= /]vLo k4ltsf cfwf/df ¿ksf] ljZn]if0f s;/L ul/G5 < :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
#=#=% ¿kfogsf k|lqmof M ?kfogsf sf]l6x? / ?k;/l0f
-!_ ¿kfogsf] kl/ro
s'g} zAbnfO{ jfSodf k|of]uof]Uo agfpg] k|lqmofnfO{ ¿kfog elgG5 . ¿kfog x'Fbf cfwf/
jf k|s[ltdf lnª\u, jrg, k'?if, sfn, kIf, efj cflb Jofs/0ffTds sfo{;uF ;DalGwt ;u{x¿
nfUg] ub{5g\ . lnª\u, jrg, k'?if cflbsf cfwf/df zAbsf] ¿kfjnL tof/ ug{' jf o; lsl;dsf
;u{x¿sf] of]uaf6 zAbdf ufFl;Psf lnª\u, jrg, k'?if cflbsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg' ¿kfogsf]
d'Vo p2]Zo xf] . Jo'Tkfbgdf h:tf] ¿kfogdf zAbn] s'g} gofF cy{ glbP/ Jofs/l0fs ;"rgf dfq
lbg] ub{5 . o;nfO{ lgDglnlvt pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 M
s]6fn] efOnfO{ af]nfof]

71
 s]6\–cf–n] efO–nfO{ af]n–\ cfp–o\–cf]
k|:t't pbfx/0fsf ltgj6f kbfjnLdf ‘s]6\’, ‘efO’ / ‘af]n’\ cfwf/ jf k|s[lt x'g\ .
logLx¿dWo] ‘s]6\’ cfwf/df ‘cf’ / ‘n]’ b'Oj{ 6f ;u{x¿ nfu]sf 5g\ . oL ;u{x¿dWo] ‘cf’ n]
c:qLlnª\u Pjd\ lto{s\ ¿knfO{ / ‘n]’ n] stf{nfO{ hgfPsf 5g\ . ‘efO’ cfwf/df hf]l8Psf] ‘nfO{’
n] ljelQm jf sd{sf] sfd u/]sf] 5 . To;} u/L ‘af]n’\ cfwf/df hf]l8Psf] ‘cfp’ n] ¿kfogsf] geO{
Jo'Tkfbgsf] sfd u/]sf] 5 / af]na\ f6 gofF ‘af]nfp’ cfwf/sf] lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 . ‘af]nfp’ df
hf]l8Psf] ‘o\’ ;u{n] e"tsfnsf] / ‘cf]’ n] c:qLlnª\u, t[tLo k'?if, Psjrgsf] sfo{ u/]sf 5g\ .
o;/L cfwf/kbdf Jofs/0ffTds ;u{ hf]l8O{ jfSo /rgfsf nflu of]Uo kbsf] lgdf{0f ug{] sfo{nfO{
g} ¿kfog elgG5 .
¿kfogsf ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ cy{tŒjsf] ;'/Iff
¿kfog x'Fbf ¿kfog x'ge ' Gbf cufl8sf] cfwf/ kbsf] cy{df / ¿kflot eO;s]sf kbsf]
cy{df s'g} leGgtf x'Fbg} . h:t} M
3/ → 3/n], 3/df, 3/b]lv, 3/af6, 3/df, 3/x¿ ===== .
oxfF, ‘3/’ df h'g cy{ 5 ¿kflot zAbdf klg ;f]xL cy{ ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 .
-v_ ju{kl/jt{g gx'g'
¿kfog x'Fbf zAbsf] ju{df kl/jt{g x'Fbg} . h:t} M
s= s]6\–cf] v= sfn\–cf] u= a;\–5\–c
s]6\–O sfn\–O a;\–o\–cf]
s]6\–cf sfn\–cf
dflysf ‘s]6’\ cfwf/df km/s–km/s ¿kfolgs ;u{x¿ nfu] klg zAbsf] ju{df kl/jt{g
cfPsf] 5}g . oxfF ‘s]6\’ n] gfdnfO{ hgfPsf] 5 eg] o;af6 ag]sf s]6f], s]6L, s]6fn] klg gfdnfO{
g} hgfPsf 5g\ . pbfx/0f -v_ / -u_ sf ljz]if0f / lqmof ju{sf zAbdf klg oxL l:ylt b]lvG5 .
-u_ pTkfbstf
Ps lsl;dsf] ju{sf zAb jf cfwf/df h'g ¿kfos ;u{x¿ nfUb5g\ To; lsl;dsf
zAbju{sf ;a} cfwf/df To;} lsl;dsf ;u{x¿ nfU5g\ . o:tf] ljz]iftfnfO{ pTkfbstf elgG5 .
h:t} M
s= a:5, n]V5, eG5, ;'G5 = = = =
v= s]6fx¿, ;fyLx¿, dfG5]x¿, ufO{x¿ = = = =
oxfF s=df ‘5\’ / ‘c’ b'O6f ¿kfolgs ;u{x¿ / v=df ‘x¿’ ¿kfolgs ;u{ cfPsf 5g\ .
o;af6 s] b]lvG5 eg] ‘5’ / ‘c’ ;u{ ;a} wft'df cfpF5g\ eg] ‘x¿’ ;a} gfddf cfpg ;S5 .
-3_ ;'kl/eflift ¿kfjnL
s]–s:tf cfwf/df s]–s:tf Jofs/l0fs wf/fdf ¿kfog x'G5 eGg] s'/f efiffx¿df :ki6
x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu g]kfnLdf wft'sf] lnª\u, jrg, k'?if cflb ;a} Jofs/l0fs sf]l6sf
cfwf/df, gfdsf] lnª\u, jrg, cfb/ / sf/ssf cfwf/df, ljz]if0fsf] lnª\u, jrg, cfb/ /
sf/ssf cfwf/df tyf ;j{gfdsf] k'?if, jrg, sf/s / cfb/sf cfwf/df ¿kfog x'G5 eGg] s'/f
:ki6 5 .
-ª_ cfwf/aflx/sf] ;+/rgf
s'g} k|s[lt jf cfwf/sf] lgdf{0f eO;s]kl5 dfq To;df ¿kfolgs ;u{x¿ nfUg] ub{5g\ .
To;}n] ¿kfognfO{ cfwf/eGbf aflx/sf] ;+/rgfsf ¿kdf cYof{pg ;lsG5 . dg'n,] dfgjn],
dfgjtfn] dfgjLokgfb]lv h:tf kbsf cGTodf dfq ¿kfolgs ;u{x¿ nfu]sf 5g\ .

72
-r_ jfSofTds ;Gbe{df a4
zAbnfO{ jfSofTds ;Gbe{sf nflu of]Uo agfpg dfq ¿kfog ul/G5 . gq ¿kfogsf]
cfjZostf x'Fbg} . ‘/fd’ cfwf/df ‘n]’, ‘nfO{’, ‘af6’ h:tf ¿kfolgs ;u{x¿ jfSofTds
;Gbe{cg';f/ hf]l8G5g\ . o;y{ jfSofTds ;Gbe{df a4 x'g' ¿kfogsf] csf]{ ljz]iftf xf] .
-5_ lj?4tfsf] ¿kfjnL
¿kfogdf Ps lsl;dsf kbdf / csf{ lsl;dsf kbdf lj/f]w x'G5 . g]kfnLdf ‘a;\’
wft'sf] k|yd k'?if Psjrgsf] of] ¿kfjnL x]/f}+ M
a;]F – a;]sf] lyPF – a:b} lyPF
a:5' –a;]sf] 5' – a:b} 5'
oL ;a} pbfx/0fdf a:g] lqmof ;femf cfyL{ clenIf0f xf] . cy{tflŒjs Pjd\ ;Gbe{ut
cfwf/df pQm ;d'Rrosf PsfOx¿ lar k/:k/ lj/f]wsf] l:ylt /x]sf] 5 .
-@_ ¿kfogsf sf]l6x¿ / ¿k;/l0f
s'g} cfwf/ jf k|s[ltnfO{ jfSodf k|of]u ubf{ To;sf] sf]zLo cy{nfO{ sfod /fVb} To;
cfwf/ jf k|s[ltnfO{ csf{] zAb jf kbsf PsfO;Fu ;Da4 u/fpg] ju{nfO{ ¿kfolgs sf]l6
elgG5 . o;sf cfwf/df ¿kfjnL lgdf{0f ug]{ sfdnfO{ ¿k;/l0f elgG5 . ¿kfolgs sf]l6nfO{
Jofs/l0fs wf/f klg eGg] ul/Psf] 5 . lnª\u, jrg, k'?if cflb o; lsl;dsf ¿kfolgs sf]l6
x'g\ . logLx¿nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ lrgfpg ;lsG5 M
-s_ lnª\u
jfSodf cfPsf gflds kbsf dfgjLo–dfgj]t/, :qL–k'?if h:tf cfsf/sf] ;ª\s]t ug{]
sf]l6nfO{ lnª\u elgG5 . g]kfnLdf of] sf]l6 gfd, s]xL ;j{gfd, ljz]if0f / wft'df dfgjLo–
dfgj]t/ / c:qLlnª\u tyf :qLlnª\u h:tf e]bdf afFl8Psf] b]lvG5 .
lnª\u Jo'Tkfblgs / ¿kfolgs b'O{ lsl;dsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnLdf gfd, ;j{gfd Pjd\
ljz]if0f;Fu ;DalGwt lnª\uljwfg Jo'Tkfblgs b]lvG5 . lsgeg] oL zAbdf lnª\uaf]ws ;u{
hf]l8;s]kl5 klg ¿kfogsf nflu cfwf/sf] lgdf{0f ePsf] b]lvG5 t/ wft'df rflxF of] ¿kfolgs
sf]l6sf ¿kdf b]vfk/]sf] 5 .
g]kfnLdf Jo'Tkfblgs lnª\u dfgjLo / dfgj]t/ tyf :qL / c:qLsf ¿kdf gfldsdf
b]vk/]sf] 5 . h:t} M
dfgjLo dfgj]t/
sf] → ÷s\÷ – ÷cf]÷ s] → ÷s\÷ – ÷P÷
hf] → ÷h\÷ – ÷cf]÷ h] → ÷h\÷ – ÷P÷
oxfF ÷cf]÷ / ÷P÷ n] qmdzM dfgjLo / dfgj]t/ lnª\unfO{ ;ª\s]t u/]sf 5g\ .
lnª\uaf]ws ;u{ c:qLlnª\u :qLlnª\u
÷cf÷ 5fq 5fqf
÷O÷ s]6f] s]6L
÷lg÷ gflt gfltgL
÷Olg÷ yfkf ylkgL
÷Plg÷ ef]6] ef]6]gL
÷cflg÷ b]j/ b]j/fgL
oxfFsf ÷cf÷, ÷O÷, ÷lg÷, ÷Olg÷, ÷Plg÷ / ÷cflg÷ Jo'Tkfblgs lnª\u;Fu ;DalGwt ;u{ x'\g\ .

73
 g]kfnLdf lqmofkbdf dfq jfSofTds b[li6n] lnª\u lgwf{l/t x'g] ePsfn] lqmofkblgi7
lnª\unfO{ ¿kfolgs sf]l6 dflgPsf] 5 . gflds;Fu lqmofkbsf] ;ª\ult ldnfpg] ;Gbe{df
lqmofdf lnª\usf] pkl:ylt /xg] ub{5 . lqmofdf of] :qL Pjd\ c:qLlnª\usf ¿kdf b]lvG5ý
h:t} M
c:qLlnª\u :qLlnª\u
÷P÷ a:5 a:5]
÷O÷ a:5g\ al:5g\
a;]5 al;5
oxfF ÷P÷ / ÷O÷ n] :qLlnª\usf] ;ª\s]t u/]sf 5g\ . dflysf ¿k;/l0fdf ÷c÷ / ÷P÷ n]
c:qLlnª\u tyf ÷P÷ / ÷O÷ n] :qLlnª\unfO{ ;ª\s]t u/]sf 5g\ .
-v_ jrg
gflds tyf lqmofsf] ;ª\Vof hgfpg] Jofs/l0fs sf]l6nfO{ jrg elgG5 . of] efiffcg';f/
leGgleGg lsl;dn] cleJoQm ePsf] b]lvG5 . sltko efiffdf Psjrg / ax'jrgsf], sltko
efiffdf Psjrg, låjrg / ax'jrgsf] tyf sltko efiffdf Psjrg, låjrg, lqjrg /
ax'jrgsf] Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnLdf of] Psjrg / ax'jrgsf ¿kdf cleJoQm ePsf]
5 . g]kfnLdf gfd, ;j{gfd, s]xL ljz]if0f / wft'df of] sf]l6 /x]sf] kfOG5 . h:t} M
Psjrg ax'jrg
÷x¿÷ dfG5] dfG5]x¿
ltdL ltdLx¿
km6fxf km6fxfx¿
÷g\÷ a:5 a:5g\
hfG5 hfG5g\
÷P÷ a:of] a;]
÷cf}÷ a:5;\ a:5f}
oxfF ÷x¿÷ n] gfldsdf tyf ÷g\÷, ÷P÷ / ÷cf}÷ n] wft' jf lqmofdf ax'jrgsf] ;ª\s]t u/]sf
5g\ .
-u_ k'?if
eflifs k|of]udf ;xeflutfsf ljleGg l:ylt JoQm ug{] Jofs/l0fs sf]l6nfO{ k'?if
elgG5 . of] jQmf, >f]tf / cGo -JolQm jf ljifo_;Fu ;DalGwt x'g] cfwf/df k|yd, låtLo / t[tLo
u/L ltg lsl;dsf] x'G5 . of] sf]l6 ;j{gfd / wft'df cleJoQm ePsf] b]lvG5 . h:t} M
;j{gfd
k|yd k'?if låtLo k'?if t[tLo k'?if
d, xfdL tF, ltdL, tkfO{F pm, pgL, pgLx¿
lqmofkb
lqmofkbdf gflds k'?ifsf] ;ª\s]t ug{ ÷p÷, ÷;\÷, ÷ F÷, ÷c÷, ÷cf]÷, ÷P÷ h:tf ¿kx¿
cfpF5g\ý h:t} M
÷p÷ a:5' a:b} 5' a;]sf] 5' – k|yd k'?ifdf
÷;\÷ a:5;\ al;;\ a:b} 5;\ – låtLo k'?ifdf
÷ F÷ a;]F a:of}F a;]sf lyof}F+ – k|yd k'?ifdf

74
 ÷c÷ a:5 a:g]5 a;]sf] 5 – t[tLo k'?ifdf
÷cf]÷ a:of] a;]sf] lyof] = = = – t[tLo k'?ifdf
÷P÷ a;] a;]sf lyP, a:g] lyP – t[tLo k'?ifdf
-3_ sf/s
gflds kb / lqmofsf larsf] ;DaGwnfO{ sf/s elgG5 . o;nfO{ cy{tflŒjs e"ldsf /
¿ktflŒjs ;DaGwsf cfwf/df x]g]{ ul/Psf] 5 . ¿ktflŒjs ;DaGw rflxF+ ¿kfolgs sf]l6;Fu
;DalGwt x'G5 . o; sf]l6nfO{ gfldssf] kl/jt{g;Fu ;DalGwt Jofs/l0fs sf]l6sf ¿kdf x]g]{
ul/Psf] 5 . o; cfwf/df sf/sx¿ ;/n / lto{s\ u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g\ .
jfl0f{s cfsf/df kl/jt{g gx'g] sf/s ;/n sf/s xf] . d, pm, Tof], s]6f], af6f] h:tf
Psjrg Pjd\ ljelQm/lxt sf/s ;/n sf/s x'g\ . :j¿kdf s]xL kl/jt{g ePsf tyf ljelQm
lrÅg;lxtsf sf/s lto{s\ x'g\ . sf/ssf] cleJolQm ljz]iftM gflds kbdf x'g] ub{5 . h:t} M
;/n lto{s\
÷P]÷ d d}n] ˜ P]
÷cf÷ s]6f] s]6f ˜ cf
÷;\÷ of] o; ˜ ;\
pm p;sf] ˜ ;\
÷pg\÷ hf] h'g ˜ pg\
÷P÷ d d]/f] ˜ P
oxfF ÷P]÷, ÷cf÷, ÷;\÷, ÷pg÷, ÷P÷ h:tf ¿kn] lto{s\ sf/ssf] ;ª\s]t u/]sf 5g\ .
-ª_ ljelQm
jfSosf cGo kb;Fu ;DaGw hf]8\gsf nflu gfldssf ;fydf cfpg] aflx/L lrÅgnfO{
ljelQm elgG5 . oL ljelQmx¿ k|ydfb]lv ;KtdL;Ddsf x'G5g\ . oL ljelQmx¿dWo] s]xL
ljelQmx¿n] sf/sLo ;DaGwnfO{ hgfpF5g\ eg] s]xLn] sf/s]t/ ;DaGwnfO{ hgfpF5g\ . ifi7L
ljelQmsf ¿kdf cfpg] ÷s\÷, ÷/\÷ / ÷g\÷ n] sf/s]t/ ;DaGwnfO{ hgfpF5g\ . of] sf]l6 gflds kb;Fu
;DalGwt x'G5 . h:t} M
d}n], dnfO{, daf6, ddf ============= .
/fdn], /fdnfO{, /fdaf6, /fddf, /fdsf] ======= .
sfn]n], sfn]nfO{, sfn]af6, sfn]sf] ========= .
-r_ cfb/
JolQmsf] k|lti7fnfO{ ;ª\s]t ug{] Jofs/l0fs sf]l6nfO{ cfb/ elgG5 . efiffsf]
k|s[ltcg';f/ cfb/sf txdf leGgtf x'g ;S5 . g]kfnLdf ;fdfGo, dWod, pRr / cTo'Rr u/L rf/
txsf] cfb/sf] Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfnLdf of] sf]l6 ;j{gfd, ljz]if0f / wft'af6 JoQm x'G5 .
h:t} M
;fdfGo dWod pRr cTo'Rr
;j{gfd → pm pgL pxfF xh'/
ljz]if0f → /fd|f] /fd|f /fd|f /fd|f
wft' → vfG5 vfG5g\ vfg'x'G5 vfOl;G5÷ vfOalS;G5
-5_ sfn

75
 lqmofsf] ;do;Fu ;DalGwt ¿kfolgs sf]l6nfO{ sfn elgG5 . g]kfnLdf of] lqmof jf
wft'af6 cleJoQm x'G5 . g]kfnLdf ÷o\÷, ÷φ÷, ÷5\÷ h:tf ¿kaf6 sfnsf] cleJolQm x'G5 . h:t} M
÷o\÷ → a:of] → a;\ –o\ –cf]
÷φ÷ → a;] → a;\ –φ –P
÷5\÷ → a:5 → a;\ –5\ –c
oxfF ÷o\÷ / ÷φ÷ n] e"tsfnsf] / ÷5\÷ n] ce"t sfnsf] ;ª\s]t u/]sf 5g\ .
-h_ kIf
sfnsf ljljw cj:yf ljz]ifnfO{ ;ª\s]t ug{] ¿kfolgs sf]l6nfO{ kIf elgG5 . of] klg
lqmofdf cleJoQm x'g] sf]l6 xf] . of] sflns ;u{eGbf cufl8 b]vfkb{5 . g]kfnLdf ÷φ÷, ÷t}÷, ÷b}÷,
÷Ps\÷, ÷P÷ cflb ;u{n] kIfsf] cleJolQm ub{5g\ . h:t} M
;fdfGo ÷φ÷ → a:5 → a;\ – φ – 5\ – c, a:of] → a;\ – φ – o\ – cf]
ck"0f{ ÷t}÷b}÷ → a:b} 5 → a;\–b}–5\–c
k"0f{ ÷Ps\÷ → a;]sf] lyof] → a;\–Ps\–cf] ly–o\–cf]
c1ft ÷P÷O÷ → a;]5 → a;\–P–5\–c, al;5 → a;\–O–5\–c
cEo:t ÷y\÷ → a:Yof] → a;\–y\–o\–cf]
cjf:tljs ÷g]÷ → a:g]5 → a;\–g]–5\–c
-em_ efj
jQmfsf] dgf]efj a'emfpg] wft' jf lqmof;Fu ;DalGwt ¿kfolgs sf]l6nfO{ efj, cy{ jf
j[lQ elgG5 . o;n] sfn / kIfafx]s lgZro, clgZro, ;Defjgf, cg'dfg, cf1f, OR5fh:tf
jQmfsf dgf]efjnfO{ cleJoQm ub{5 . efiffcg';f/ efj jf cy{ ljleGg lsl;dsf x'G5g\ .
g]kfnLdf rflx+ ;fdfGo, ;Defjgf, ljWoy{ u/L efj ltg lsl;dsf b]lvG5g\–
-c_ ;fdfGofy{
jQmfsf] s'g} ljz]if dgf]efj ga'emfPdf To;nfO{ ;fdfGofy{ elgG5 . ;fdfGofy{nfO{ ÷φ÷
¿kn] ;ª\s]t ub{5 . h:t} M
a:of], a:5, a;]sf] 5
oxfF sfn / kIfaf]ws ¿kfolgs sf]l6sf] dfq pkl:ylt 5 .
-cf_ ljWoy{
cf1f, OR5f h:tf dgf]efjnfO{ cleJoQm ug{] Jofs/l0fs sf]l6nfO{ ljWoy{ elgG5 .
o;nfO{ cf1fy{ / OR5fy{ u/L 5'§f5'§} rrf{ ug{ ;lsG5 M
!= cf1fy{
jQmfsf] OR5f jf cf1f;DaGwL dgf]efj hgfpg] ¿kfolgs sf]l6nfO{ cf1fy{ elgG5 . of]
låtLo k'?ifdf dfq kfOG5 . ÷φ÷, ÷p÷, ÷c÷, ÷cf]÷,÷g"÷ h:tf ¿kx¿n] o;sf] cleJolQm ub{5g\ý
h:t}
÷φ÷ → a;\, hf
÷p÷ → hfpm, vfpm, xf]pm
÷c÷ → a;, k9, n]v
÷cf]÷ → hfcf], vfcf]
÷g"÷ → a:g", hfg", k9\g"

76
@= OR5fy{
jQmfsf] OR5f;DaGwL dgf]efj a'emfpg] ¿kfolgs sf]l6 OR5fy{ xf] . lqmofdf cleJoQm
x'g] of] sf]l6 tLg} k'?ifdf kfOG5 . ÷pmF÷, ÷cf}+÷, ÷cf];\÷, ÷pg\÷, ÷P;\÷, ÷P÷, h:tf ¿kx¿n] OR5fy{nfO{
;ª\s]t ub{5g\ý h:t} M
÷pF÷ → hfpFm, a;F"
÷cf}+÷ → hfcf}F, a;f}+
÷P;\÷ → uP;\, a;];\
÷P÷ → uP, a;]
÷cf];\÷ → hfcf];\, a;f];\
÷pg\÷ → hfpmg\, a;"g\
-#_ ;Defjgfy{
;Defjgf jf clglZrt dgf]efj hgfpg] ¿kfolgs sf]l6nfO{ ;Defjgfy{ elgG5 . ÷n\÷
¿kn] ;Defjgfy{sf] ;ª\s]t u5{ . h:t}
a:nf, al:ng\, a;'Fnf, a;f}nf ====== .
-`_ jfRo
jfSodf cfPsf ljljw kbx¿dWo] s'g} PsnfO{ sYo agfO{ tbg'¿ksf] ;ª\ult Joj:yf
lgwf{/0f ug{] ¿kfolgs sf]l6nfO{ jfRo elgG5 . of] klg lqmofdf cleJoQm x'G5 . g]kfnLdf st{[ /
cst[{ u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf] jfRo Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 M
-c_ st[{jfRo
stf{nfO{ sYo agfpg] tyf stf{ / lqmofsf lardf ;ª\ult x'g] jfRo st{[jfRo xf] . ÷φ÷
¿kn] g]kfnLdf st{[jfRosf] ;ª\s]t ub{5 . h:t} M
csd{s – /fd d]rdf a:5 .
;sd{s – efOn] dnfO{ af]nfof] .
-cf_ cst{[jfRo
stf{ / lqmofsf lardf ;ª\ult gx'g] jfRo cst{[jfRo xf] . o;cGtu{t sd{jfRo /
efjjfRo kb{5g\ M
!= sd{jfRo
sd{ / lqmofsf lardf ;ª\ult x'g] jfRo sd{jfRo xf] . o;df ;sd{s lqmofsf] dfq
k|of]u x'G5 . ÷O÷ ¿kn] sd{jfRonfO{ ;ª\s]t ub{5 . h:t} M
/fdåf/f eft vfOG5 . efOåf/f lstfa kl9of] .
@= efjjfRo
stf{ / sd{ b'j};uF ;ª\ult gx'g] jfRo efjjfRo xf] . ÷O÷ ¿kn] g} o;nfO{ klg ;ª\s]t
ub{5 . ;sd{s / csd{s b'j} lqmofdf efjjfRo /xG5 . h:t} M
;sd{s → efOnfO{ af]nfOof] . w]/} af3 dfl/of] .
csd{s → oxL+ al;of] .
-6_ lgif]wg

77
 lqmof;Fu ;DalGwt gsf/fTds cy{af]ws ¿kfolgs sf]l6nfO{ lgif]wg elgG5 . of] lqmofdf
cleJoQm x'G5 eg] ÷g÷ n] o;sf] ;ª\s]t ub{5 . h:t} M
s/0f cs/0f
hfG5 hfFb}g
uP5 uPg5
÷g÷
uPsf] lyof] uPsf] lyPg
hfGYof] hfFb}gYof]
oL ljljw ¿kfolgs sf]l6sf cfwf/df ¿k;/l0f tof/ kfg{ ;lsG5 .
vf;u/L gfd, ;j{gfd, ljz]if0f / wft' jf lqmofsf] dfq ¿k;/l0f aGb5 . oLdWo] gfdsf]
lnª\u, jrg, cfb/ / sf/ssf cfwf/df† ;j{gfdsf] k'?if, jrg, sf/s / cfb/sf cfwf/df†
ljz]if0fsf] lnª\u, jrg, sf/s / cfb/sf cfwf/df tyf wft' jf lqmofsf] ;a} ¿kfolgs sf]l6sf
cfwf/df ¿k;/0fL x'g] b]lvG5 . ljleGg ¿kfolgs sf]l6sf cfwf/df wft' jf lqmofsf]
¿k;/l0fnfO{ lgDgcg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M
wft' – hf
:qLlnª\u – hfG5 Psjrg – hfG5
v= jrg
s= lnª\u c:qLlnª\u–hfG5] ax'jrg – hfG5g\

k|yd k'?if – hfG5' ;fdfGo – hfG5

u= k'?if låtLo k'?if–hfG5;\ dWod –hfG5f}
3= cfb/
t[tLo k'?if – hfG5 pRr – hfg'x'G5
cTo'Rr– uOl;G5÷ uOaS;G5
;/n – hfG5 e"t – uof]
r= sfn
ª= sf/s lto{s\ –hfG5g\ ce"t – hfG5

;fdfGo – hfG5, uof]

ck"0f{ –hfFb} 5, hfFb} lyof]
5= kIf k"0f{ – uPsf] 5, uPsf] lyof]
c1ft – uP5
cEo:t – hfGYof]

;fdfGofy{ – hfG5' st{[ – hfG5

h= k'?if ljWoy{ –hf, hfcf];\ em= jfRo cst{[ – uOG5
;Defjgfy{ – hfnf

s/0f – hfG5
`= lgif]wg cs/0f– hfFb}g
j:t'ut k|Zg

78
!= ¿kfog k|lqmof eg]sf] s] xf] <
-s_ zAbleq ¿kfTds ljrng x'g'
-v_ ;u{ nfUbf ¿k WjGofTds kl/jt{g x'g'
-u_ k|Too nfuL gofF aGg'
-3_ gofF zAb aGbf zAbju{df kl/jt{g x'g'
@= ¿kfog ug{ g;lsg] zAb s'g xf] <
-s_ af6f] -v_ afFw]sf] -u_ af]nfP/ -3_ alxgL
#= Jofs/l0fs sf]l6sf ;a} cfwf/df ¿kfog x'g] zAb s'gnfO{ dflgG5 <
-s_ gfd -v_ ;j{gfd -u_ ljz]if0f -3_ lqmof
$= Jofs/0ffTds sf]l6sf] pbfx/0f s'g xf] <
-s_ ;j{gfd -v_ jrg -u_ k"/s -3_ lgkft
%= jStf / >f]tfsf] ;+jfb ;Gbe{ hgfpg] Jofs/l0fs sf]l6 s'gnfO{ dfGg ;lsG5 <
-s_ jrg -v_ sfn -u_ cfb/ -3_ k'?if
^= jStfsf] dgf]j[lQ hgfpg] lqmofsf] sf]l6 s'g xf] <
-s_ efj -v_ jfRo -u_ sfn -3_ kIf
&= stf{ jf sd{sf] ;ª\ultcg';f/ ¿kflot gx'g] jfRo s'g xf] <
-s_ st{[jfRo -v_ sd{jfRo -u_ efjjfRo -3_ efjsd{jfRo
*= ‘d ef]ln ahf/ hfG5'’ s'g sfnsf] jfSo xf] <
-s_ e"tsfn -v_ jt{dfg sfn
-u_ eljiot\ sfn -3_ sflns ljrng
(= lqmofsf] sfo{af6 ljt/0f hgfpg] sf]l6 s'g xf] <
-s_ sfn -v_ efj -u_ kIf -3_ jfRo
ljifout k|Zg
-1_ ¿kfog eg]sf] s] xf] <
-2_ ¿kfog k|lqmofsf ljz]iftfx¿sf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
-3_ ¿kfogsf sf]l6 / ¿k;/l0f -¿kfjnL_ sf] ;DaGw s:tf] 5 <
-4_ ¿kfolgs sf]l6nfO{ lrgfpg] cfwf/x¿ s] s] x'g\ <
-5_ k9\ wft'sf ;fdfGo jt{dfg sflns lqmofsf] ¿kfjnL tof/ ug{'xf];\ .

#=#=^ Jo'Tkfbg
-!_ Jo'Tkfbgsf] kl/ro
s'g} d"n jf cfwf/af6 csf]{ d"n jf cfwf/sf] lgdf{0f ug{] k|lqmofnfO{ Jo'Tkfbg elgG5ý
h:t} M
d"n jf cfwf/ k|fylds cfwf/ låtLos cfwf/ t[tLos cfwf/
s= g'g – On\ ˜ g'lgn\ – cf] ˜ g'lgnf] – kg ˜ g'lgnf]kg
v= dg' – c ˜ dfgj – O{o ˜ dfgjLo – tf ˜ dfgjLotf
u= /;\ –On\ ˜ /l;n\ – cf] ˜ /l;nf] –kgf ˜ /l;nf]kgf

79
 dflysf] pbfx/0f -s_df ‘g'g’ d"n ¿k jf cfwf/ xf] To;df ÷On\÷ k|Too ufFl;P/ ‘g'lgn\’
csf]{ cfwf/sf] lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . To;df ÷cf]÷ k|Too hf]l8Pkl5 ‘g'lgnf]’ csf]{ cfwf/sf] / To;df
k]ml/ ÷kg÷ ;u{ hf]l8Pkl5 ‘g'lgnf]kg’ zAb ag]sf] 5 . pbfx/0f -v_ / -u_ df klg oxL l:ylt 5 .
o;/L Pp6f cfwf/af6 csf{] cfwf/ jf zAb aGg] k|lqmofnfO{ Jo'Tkfbg elgG5 . ;fdfGo cy{df
wft'd"n jf zAbd"ndf pk;u{ tyf k/;u{ nfu]/ gofF zAb aGg] k|lqmofnfO{ Jo'Tkfbg elgP klg
o;sf] If]q cToGt} Jofks 5 . Jo'TkfbgcGtu{t låTj, ;df;, ld>0f, ;ª\If]k, v08rog,
kZr/rgf, st{g, clw6ª\sg, cGt/0f, cfb]z nufotsf ;a} s'/fx¿ kb{5g\ .
-@_ Jo'Tkfbgsf ljz]iftfx¿
Jo'Tkfbgsf ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ ;ª\If]kdf lgDgcg';f/ rrf{ ug{ ;lsG5M
-s_ ju{kl/jt{gdf e"ldsf
s'g} Jo'Tkfbs ;u{x¿ ju{ kl/jt{s x'G5g\ eg] s'g} ju{ ckl/jt{s x'G5g\ . h:t}M
s= 3/ -gfd_ – Pn' ˜ 3/]n' -ljz]if0f_
v= nfh -gfd_ – cfp ˜ nhfp -wft'_
u= afn -gfd_ – s ˜ afns -gfd_
oxfF -s_ / -v_ df zAbju{ kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 eg] -u_ df ju{ kl/jt{g ePsf] 5}g . ctM
zAbsf] ju{ kl/jt{gdf e"ldsf /xg' Jo'Tkfbgsf] Pp6f ljz]iftf xf] .
-v_ ;+o'Hotfdf kl/jt{g
wft'sf] ;+o'Hotfdf kl/jt{g ug{' Jo'Tkfbgsf] csf]{ ljz]iftf xf] . ;+oH' otf eg]sf] lqmofn]
lng] gfldssf] ;ª\Vof xf] . csd{s lqmofn] Pp6f dfq gfldsnfO{ lnG5 eg] ;sd{s lqmofn]
b'O6f / låsd{s lqmofn] ltgj6f gfldsnfO{ lng] ub{5 . Jo'Tkfbg x'Fbf csd{s lqmof ;sd{s /
;sd{s lqmof låsd{s x'G5 / oL wft'n] lng] ;+oH' otfdf klg kl/jt{g x''G5 . h:t} M
a;\ -csd{s_ – cfp ˜ a;fp -;sd{s_
k9\ -;sd{s_ – cfp ˜ k9fp -låsd{s_
d/\ -csd{s_ – ckl/jt{g ˜ df/\ -;sd{s_
-u_ cy{df k|efj
Jo'Tkfbgaf6 ;fdfGotof cy{df leGgtf cfpg] ub{5 . cy{df k"0f{ ¿kdf leGgtf geP klg
s]xL g s]xL cjwf/0ffdf kl/jt{g ePs} x'G5 . h:t} M
a]–:jfb ˜ a]:jfb
k/f–ho ˜ k/fho
oxfF pk;u{ / k|Too nfu]kl5 zAbsf cy{df g} kl/jt{g ePsf] b]lvG5 . s]xL cfwf/ kbdf
eg] o:tf] kl/jt{g kfOFbg} . h:t} M
k|–sfo{ ˜ k|sfo{
afn–s ˜ afns
;'–/Iff ˜ ;'/Iff
lj–gfz ˜ ljgfz
-3_ cg'Tkfbstf
s'g} Pp6f cfwf/df h'g ;u{ nfu]sf] 5 ;a} cfwf/df Tof] ;u{ nfUg g;Sg' cg'Tkfbstf xf] M
cSs8 – -s_ a'emSs8, lkoSs8, e'nSs8
-v_ *p7Ss8, *n]vSs8
pbfx/0f -s_ df ‘cSs8’ ;u{ ljtl/t ePsf] 5 eg] -v+_df o;sf] ljt/0f ePsf] 5}g .
o;y{ cg'Tkfbs x'g' Jo'Tkfbgsf] csf{] ljz]iftf xf] .

80
-ª_ lj/f]w ¿kfjnLsf] cefj
Jo'Tkfbgaf6 ¿kfjnLsf] lgdf{0f geO{ :jtGq k|s[ltsf sf]zLo zAbx¿sf] lgdf{0f x'G5 /
Jo'Tkfbgaf6 lgdf{0f ePsf zAbdf lj/f]wsf] l:ylt klg b]lv+bg} . h:t} M
-s_ a;\ – cfO ˜ a;fO
-v_ a;\ – P/ ˜ a;]/
oxfFsf b'O6} zAb Pp6} cfwf/af6 ag] klg logLx¿sf lardf s'g} lj/f]w b]lvFb}g .
-5_ cfwf/sf] ;+/rgf
Jo'Tkfbgaf6 gofF cfwf/sf] lgdf{0f x'g] ub{5 / o;/L lgdf{0f ePsf cfwf/df c¿ ¿kfos
jf Jo'Tkfbs ;u{x¿ nfUg ;S5g\ . h:t} M
cfwf/ ;u{ cfwf/ ;u{ cfwf/ ;u{
;dfh – Os ˜ ;fdflhs – tf ˜ ;fdflhstf – af6 ˜ ;fdflhstfaf6
dg' – c ˜ dfgj – O{o ˜ dfgjLo –kg ˜ dfgjLokg
oL pbfx/0fdf Jo'Tkfbg k|lqmofsf cfwf/df Pp6f cfwf/af6 csf{] cfwf/sf] lgdf{0f ePsf]
s'/f b]vfOPsf] 5 . Jo'Tkfbgsf] d'Vo ljz]iftf klg oxL xf] .
-#_ pk;u{, dWo;u{ / k/;u{ k|lqmof
-s_ pk;u{ k|lqmof
s'g} cfwf/sf cufl8 hf]l8g] ;u{nfO{ pk;u{ elgG5 . of] zAb Jo'Tkfbgsf] dxŒjk"0f{
k|lqmof xf] . pk;u{ a4 ¿k eP klg cfwf/df hf]l8Pkl5 logLx¿n] cy{df lgDgcg';f/ k|efj
kf/]sf] kfOG5 M
ljz]if cy{ Bf]tg ug]{
clt – plQm ˜ cTo'lQm
;' – Joj:yf ˜ ;'Joj:yf
cy{df ljk/Lttf Nofpg]
cj – u'0f ˜ cju'0f
ck – dfg ˜ ckdfg
c – of]Uo ˜ cof]Uo
cy{df leGgtf x'g]
k| – xf/ ˜ k|xf/
cf – nf]s ˜ cfnf]s
cle – of]u ˜ cleof]u
cy{df lgs[i6tf Nofpg]
s' – sd{ ˜ s'sd{
b'/\ – uGw ˜ b'u{Gw
;dfg cy{ JoQm ug]{
lj – ho ˜ ljho
lj – z'4 ˜ ljz'4
g]kfnLdf k|, k/f, ck, ;+, cg', cj, lg;\, lg/\, b';\, b'/\, lj, cf, lg, clw, clk, clt, ;',
pt\, cle, k|lt, kl/, pk h:tf pk;u{af6 gofF zAbsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] b]lvG5 .

81
-v_ dWo;u{ k|lqmof
cfwf/sf lardf ;u{ l5/]/ gofF Jo'Tkfbg x'g] k|lqmofnfO{ dWo;u{ k|lqmof elgG5 .
dWo;u{n] cfwf/sf lardf l5/]/ cy{df k|efj kfb{5g\ . g]kfnL efiffdf o:tf] k|j[lQ gb]lvP klg
g]kfns} ;tf/ efiffdf o:tf] k|j[lQ lgs} kfOG5 . h:t} M
cfwf/ cy{ dWo;u{ Jo'TkGg zAb cy{
cfGhf]d ‘;'Gg'’ kf cf–kf – Ghf]d ‘;'gf;'g ug{'’
cf]/ ‘tfGg'’ kf] cf]–kf] –/\ ‘tfgftfg ug{'’
xfnf]ª\ ‘5fGg'’ s\ xf–s\ –nf]ª\ ‘5fGb}’
dGemL ‘d'lvof’ k d–k –GemL ‘d'lvofx¿’
bn ‘s'6\g’' k b–k –n ‘s'6fs'6 ug'{’
-u_ k/;u{ k|lqmof
cfwf/eGbf k5fl8 ;u{ hf]l8O{ gofF zAb aGg] k|lqmofnfO{ k/;u{ elgG5 . k/;u{x¿ wft'd"n /
k|fltklbs jf cwft' d"nsf cGTodf hf]l8g] ub{5g\ . wft'd"ndf ;u{ ufFl;P/ ag]sf zAbnfO{ s[bGt
/ cwft'df ;u{ ufFl;O{ ag]sf zAbnfO{ tl4tfGt zAb elgG5 . k/;u{n] cfwf/df ufFl;P/
lgDgcg';f/sf sfo{ ub{5 M
c= zAbju{df kl/jt{g
3/ -gfd_ – Pn' ˜ 3/]n' -ljz]if0f_
lx+8\ -wft'_ – cfO ˜ lx+8fO -gfd_
8/ -gfd_ – cfp ˜ 8/fp -wft'_
;'Gb/ -ljz]if0f_ – tf ˜ ;'Gb/tf -gfd_
-cf_ ;dfg lsl;dsf] jf ToxL eGg] cy{ lbg]
leIf' – s ˜ leIf's
afn – s ˜ afns
O= d'Qm :j¿ksf] lgdf{0f
s]6\ – cf] ˜ s]6f]
/l;n\ – cf] ˜ /l;nf]
cfk\m – g' ˜ cfÇg"
O{= Jo'b|'kfog -¿kfog / Jo'Tkfbg b'j} sfo{ ug{] sfdnfO{ Jo'b|'kfog elgG5_
h:t} M
kfs\ – cf] ˜ kfsf]
oxfF ‘kfsf] dfG5]’ eGbf ‘cf]’ ljz]ifl0fs k|Too eP/ cfPsf] 5 eg] ‘eft kfsf]’ eGbf ‘cf]’
n] t[tLo k'?if, Psjrg / c:qLlnª\u eGg cy{ lbPsf] 5 . To:t} ‘k9\g] dfG5]’ df ‘g]’ n]
ljz]if0fsf] / ‘d k9\g’] df ‘g]’ n] ¿kfolgs sfo{ u/]sf] 5 . Jo'Tkfbgn] o; lsl;dsf] sfo{ klg
ub{5 .
-$_ ju{ kl/jt{s / ju{ ckl/jt{s Jo'Tkfbg
Jo'Tkfbgaf6 zAbsf ju{df kl/jt{g x'g] / gx'g] b'j} l:ylt b]lvG5 . Jo'Tkfbg x'ge
' Gbf
cufl8sf] lglZrt ju{sf] zAb Jo'Tkfbg ePkl5 ToxL ju{df /x] To;nfO{ ju{ ckl/jt{s / ju{df
kl/jt{g eP To;nfO{ ju{ kl/jt{s Jo'Tkfbg elgG5 .
-s_ ju{ kl/jt{s Jo'Tkfbg

82
 Jo'Tkfbgaf6 zAbsf ju{df kl/jt{g x'Fbf Ps ju{sf zAbx¿ cGo ju{df kl/jt{g x'g]
ub{5g\ . o; lsl;dsf cj:yfnfO{ lgDgcg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M
!= gfdaf6 ljz]if0f
v]n\ – cf8L ˜ v]nf8L
hfF8\ – cfxf ˜ hF8o\ fxf
g]kfn – O{ ˜ g]kfnL
@= gfdaf6 lqmofljz]if0f
jif{ – PgL ˜ j;]{gL
;fn – OGbf ˜ ;flnGbf
#= gfdaf6 wft'
8/ – cfp ˜ 8/fp
ef]s – cfp ˜ ef]sfp
$= ;j{gfdaf6 ljz]if0f
sf] – lt ˜ slt
hf] – lt ˜ hlt
%= ;j{gfdaf6 lqmofljz]if0f
Tof] – c/L ˜ To;/L
hf] – c/L ˜ h;/L
^= ljz]if0faf6 gfd
b'i6 – ofOF ˜ b':6\ofOF ;'Gb/ – tf ˜ ;'Gb/tf
df]6f] – cfO ˜ df]6fO wL/ – o ˜ w}o{
&= ljz]if0faf6 lqmofljz]if0f
/fd|f] – c/L ˜ /fd|/L
*= ljz]if0faf6 wft'
df]6f] – cfp ˜ df]6fp
cldnf] – ofp ˜ cldNofp
(= lqmofljz]if0faf6 gfd
k/ – cfO ˜ k/fO
leq – Oof ˜ lelqof
!)= lqmofljz]if0faf6 ljz]if0f
kl5 – cf}6] ˜ k5f}6]
kl5 – nf] ˜ kl5Nnf]
!!= lqmofljz]if0faf6 wft'
kl5 – ofp ˜ k5\ofp
leq – ofp ˜ leœofp
!@= wft'af6 gfd
n]v\ – c ˜ n]v /f]k\ – cfOF ˜ /f]kfOF
r'g\ – cfp ˜ r'gfp n]v\ – cf]6 ˜ n]vf]6
!#= wft'af6 ljz]if0f
3'd\ – cGt] ˜ 3'dGt] af]n\ – cSs8 ˜ af]nSs8

83
 xfF;\ – Onf] ˜ xFl;nf] ;/\ – pjf ˜ ;?jf
-v_ ju{ ckl/jt{s Jo'Tkfbg
Jo'Tkfbg x'Fbf zAbsf ju{df kl/jt{g geO{ pxL ¿kdf ;d]t /xg] ub{5 . ju{ ckl/jt{s
Jo'Tkfbgsf] l:yltnfO{ lgDgcg';f/ b]vfpg ;lsG5 M
!= gfdaf6 gfd
ldq – tf ˜ ldqtf xf6 – Oof ˜ xl6of
5fq – cf ˜ 5fqf u'? – Tj ˜ u'?Tj
w'k\ – cf}/\–cf] ˜ w'kf}/f] rGbg – cf}6\–cf] ˜ rgf}6f]
@= ljz]if0faf6 ljz]if0f
7u – cfxf ˜ 7ufxf w'nf] – cf}6f] ˜ w'nf}6f]
;'Gb/ – O{ ˜ ;'Gb/L cfnf] – cf}6f] ˜ cnf}6f]
#= lqmofljz]if0faf6 lqmofljz]if0f
;/f;/ – O{ ˜ ;/f;/L bGbg – O{ ˜ bGbgL
km6fkm6 – O{ ˜ km6fkm6L ;/;/ – tL ˜ ;/;tL{
$= wft'af6 wft'
a;\ – cfp ˜ a;fp u/\ – cfp ˜ u/fp
k9\ – O ˜ kl9 n]v\ – O ˜ n]lv
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= zAb Jo'Tkfbgdf gkg{] zAblgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof s'gnfO{ dflgG5 <
-s_ ¿kfog k|lqmof -v_ ;u{ k|lqmof
-u_ ;df; k|lqmof -3_ låTj k|lqmof
@= Jo'TkfbgnfO{ s;/L lrgfpg ;lsG5 <
-s_ gofFgofF zAblgdf{0f ug{] k|lqmof
-v_ ;df;åf/f zAblgdf{0f ug{] k|lqmof
-u_ ;u{ k|lqmofåf/f zAblgdf{0f ug{] lqmof
-3_ låTjåf/f zAbJo'Tkfbg ug{] tl/sf
$= tl4t k|Too s:tf cfwf/ tTjdf nufOG5 <
-s_ wft'df dfq nfUg] k|Too
-v_ cfwf/ tŒjsf clulNt/ nfUg] k|Too
-u_ cfw]o tŒjsf kl5lNt/ nfUg] k|Too
-3_ d"n / Jo'TkGg b'a} zAbdf nfUg] k|Too
%= ;u{kl| qmofåf/f lgld{t zAb s'g xf] <
-s_ 3/;+;f/ -v_ 3/u[x:yL -u_ 3/fo;L -3_ 3/Jojxf/
^= k|fltklbsn] a'emfpg] cy{ s] xf] <
-s_ gflds cfwf/ kb -v_ lqmofof]lus cfwf/ tTj
-u_ wft'afx]ssf] cfwf/kb -3_ lqmofy{ cfwf/ kb
&= ‘cfGhf]d’ af6 ‘cfkfGhf]d’ aGbf s'g ;u{ nfu]sf] 5 <

84
 -s_ k"j{ ;u{ -v_ k/;u{ -u_ dWo;u{ -3_ tl4t\ ;u{
*= Jo'Tkfbgsf cfwf/df ul/Psf] zAbsf] juL{s/0f s'gnfO{ dfGg ;lsG5 <
-s_ ljsf/L / cljsf/L -v_ d"n / Jo'TkGg
-3_ d'St / a4 -3_ df}lns / cfuGt's
*= ju{ ckl/jt{s Jo'TkGg zAb s'g xf] <
-s_ dfgj – dfgjtf -v_ sf]– slt
-u_ kl5– kl5Nnf] -3_ hfF8– hF8\ofxf
ljifout k|Zg
-1_ Jo'Tkfbgsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-2_ ;u{ k|lqmofsf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
-3_ pk;u{ / k/;u{df s] leGgtf 5 < :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
-4_ s[T;u{ / tl4t\ ;u{nfO{ ;f]bfx/0f lrgfpg'xf];\ .
-5_ ju{kl/jt{s Jo'Tkfbgsf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
-6_ ju{kl/jt{s / ckl/jt{s Jo'Tkfbgsf larsf] leGgtf :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
#=#=& zAbju{ M zAbx?sf] sfo{d"ns ju{ tyf pk;u{
-!_ kl/ro
sfo{ut cfwf/df lglZrt ;d'Rrodf ;d"xLs[t zAbx¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ zAbju{ elgG5 .
k/Dk/fut Jofs/0fdf zAbju{ elgPsf] o; PsfOnfO{ cfw'lgs efifflj1fgdf Jofs/l0fs sf]l6
elgPsf] kfOG5 . o;} u/L o;nfO{ jfSofTds sf]l6 tyf kb ljefu klg eGg] ul/Psf] 5 .
s'g} klg efiffsf zAbx¿nfO{ s]xL lglZrt cfwf/df ljleGg ju{df ljefhg ug{] rng
5 . o:tf cfwf/x¿nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ rrf{ ug{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ sf]zLotf jf cy{tflŒjs cfwf/
zAbx¿sf] :jtGq cy{ 5 eg] To:tf zAbx¿nfO{ sf]zLo zAb elgG5 . s'g} zAbsf]
:jtGq cy{ x'G5 eg] s'g} zAbsf] ;Gbe{af6 dfq cy{ v'Nb5 . o; cfwf/df zAbnfO{ zflAbs ju{
/ czflAbs ju{ u/L b'O{ ju{df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . gfd, ljz]if0f, lqmofljz]if0f, lqmofh:tf
:jtGq cy{ x'g] zAbx¿ zflAbs ju{df kb{5g\ eg] ;j{gfd, lgkft, k/:yflgs, lgwf{/s, ;+of]hs,
lj:doflbaf]ws h:tf zAbx¿ czflAbs ju{df kb{5g\ .
-v_ ¿ktflŒjs cfwf/
¿kfog x'g] / gx'g] cfwf/ ¿ktflŒjs cfwf/ xf] . efiffsf sltko zAbx¿sf] lnª\u,
jrg, k'?if, sfn cflb ¿kfolgs sf]l6sf cfwf/df ¿k kl/jt{g x'G5 eg] sltko zAbx¿sf]
¿k kl/jt{g x'Fbg} . o; cfwf/df zAbnfO{ ljsf/L / cljsf/L b'O{ ju{df afF8\g ;lsG5 . gfd,
;j{gfd, ljz]if0f / lqmofkbsf] ¿kfolgs sf]l6sf cfwf/df ¿k kl/jt{g x'g] ePsfn] logLx¿nfO{
ljsf/LcGtu{t / cJoo ju{sf lgkft, ;+of]hs, lqmofof]uL, k/:yflgs, lj:doflbaf]wsnfO{
cljsf/LcGtu{t /flvG5 .
-u_ jfSofTds ljt/0f
jfSodf zLif{ eP/ cfpg ;Sg' jf g;Sg' jfSofTds ljt/0f xf] . o; cfwf/df s]xL zAb
jfSodf zLif{ eP/ cfpg ;S5g\ . gfd, ljz]if0f, lqmofljz]if0f / lqmofkb zLif{ x'g;Sg] zAb x'g\

85
eg] ;j{gfd, lgkft, k/:yflgs nufot czflAbs ju{sf zAbx¿ zLif{ aGg g;Sg] zAb x'g\ . o;
b[li6af6 zAbsf] juL{s/0f ubf{ jfSofTds ;+/rgfnfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbOG5 .
-3_ Jofs/0ffTds sfo{
jfSodf cfP/ p2]Zo, ljw]o, k"/s cflbsf] sfo{ ug{] jf o:tf kbx¿nfO{ hf]8\g] cfwf/df
ul/g] juL{s/0f Jofs/0ffTds sfo{ xf] . o;nfO{ jfSofTds sfo{ klg elgG5 . o; cfwf/df
zAbnfO{ gflds, lqmofTds / lqmofof]lus ltg ju{df afF8\g] ul/Psf] 5 . o;}nfO{ ;"Id ¿kdf
juL{s/0f ubf{ gfd, ;j{gfd, ljz]if0f, lqmof / cJoo u/L kfFr e]bdf / cem ;"Idtfdf hfFbf gfd,
;j{gfd, ljz]if0f, lqmof, gfdof]uL, lqmofof]uL, lgkft, ;+of]hs / lj:doflbaf]ws u/L gf} e]bdf
juL{s0f ug{] ul/Psf] 5 .
-ª_ sfnqmlds cfwf/
efiffdf s]xL zAbx¿sf] ;ª\Vof ;docg';f/ a9\b} hfG5 eg] s]xL zAbx¿ lglZrt
;ª\Vofdf x'G5g\ . lglZrt ;ª\Vofdf x'g] zAbx¿df yk36 x'Fbg} . o; cfwf/df zAbnfO{ v'nf
ju{ / aGb ju{ u/L b'O{ ju{df 5'6\ofpg ;lsG5 . gfd, ljz]if0f, lqmof, lqmofof]uL h:tf zAbsf
;ª\Vofdf yk36 eO/xg] x'gfn] logLx¿nfO{ v'nf ju{cGtu{t / ;j{gfd, lgkft, lgwf{/s,
;+of]hs, lj:doflbaf]ws h:tf ;w}F lglZrt ;ª\Vofdf /xg] zAbx¿nfO{ aGb ju{cGtu{t /fVg]
ul/Psf] 5 .
-@_ zAbx¿sf] sfo{d"ns ju{ tyf pkju{
jfSodf cfP/ zAbn] ljleGg lsl;dsf sfo{x¿ ub{5g\ . o:tf sfo{sf cfwf/df
zAbx¿nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ juL{s/0f u/L cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ gfd
gfdnfO{ cy{ut / ¿kjfSofTds ljz]iftfsf cfwf/df lrgfpg ;lsG5 . cy{ut b[li6n]
s'g} JolQm, j:t', :yfg cflbnfO{ hgfpg] zAbnfO{ gfd elgG5 . o:tf gfdx¿ sf], s] h:tf
k|Zgsf pQ/df cfpg] ub{5g\ . h:t} M
3/ -s] <_ lxdfn -s] <_ ;fyL -sf] <_
ljt/0ffTds / ;+/rgfTds ljz]iftfnfO{ ¿kjfSofTds ljz]iftf elgG5 . ljt/0fut
b[li6n] gfdkb gfdkbfjnLdf zLif{ eP/ cfpF5 eg] pkjfSo jf jfSodf stf{, sd{, s/0f cflb
eP/ cfpF5 .
;+/rgfTds ljz]iftf eg]sf] jfSodf k|of]u x'Fbf ¿kfolgs sf]l6x¿, j0f{gfTds
ljz]ifsx¿ / ;fDalGws ;j{gfd lng ;Sg' eGg] xf] . gfdn] jfSodf k|of]u x'Fbf jrg, ljelQm
h:tf ¿kfolgs sf]l6x¿ lng] ub{5ý h:t} M s]6f], s]6fx¿, s]6fn] cflb . o:t} gfdn] ljz]ifs
-h:t} M c;n dfG5]_ / ;fDalGws ;j{gfd -h:t} M d]/f] 5f]/f]_ lng] ub{5 .
o;/L s'g} JolQm, j:t' cflbnfO{ hgfpg]ý gfd kbfjnLdf zLif{ eP/ cfpg], jfSodf
p2]Zo, sd{ jf k"/ssf :yfgdf /x]/ stf{, sd{ cflbsf] sfo{ ug{] tyf ¿kfolgs sf]l6sf cfwf/df
¿kfog x'g] zAbnfO{ gfd elgG5 .
k/Dk/fut ¿kdf gfdnfO{ JolQmjfrs, hfltjfrs, ;d"xjfrs, b|Jojfrs / efjjfrs
u/L kfFr pkju{df ljefhg ug{] rng 5 . of] cy{tflŒjs cfwf/df ul/Psf] juL{s/0f xf] .
cfw'lgs ;Gbe{df gfdnfO{ lgDgcg';f/ juL{s/0f u/L cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 M
-c_ ljz]if÷;fdfGo gfd
Pp6f dfq JolQm, j:t' jf 7fpFnfO{ ;ª\s]t ug]{ gfdnfO{ ljz]if gfd elgG5ý h:t} M /fd,
g]kfn, sf];L .

86
 s'g} Pp6f JolQm, j:t' jf 7fpFnfO{ ghgfO{ To; lsl;dsf ;a}nfO{ hgfpg] gfdnfO{
;fdfGo gfd elgG5ý h:t} M 3/, lxdfn, b]z cflb .
-cf_ u0fgLo÷cu0fgLo gfd
s'g} gfdnfO{ Ps–b'O{ u/]/ uGg ;lsG5 eg] s'g}nfO{ uGg ;lsFbg} . oxL cfwf/df gfdx¿
u0fgLo / cu0fgLo u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . 3/, lstfa, snd h:tf gfdx¿ u0fgLo x'g\ eg]
kfgL, b'w, df6f], rfdn h:tf gfdx¿ cu0fgLo x'g\ .
-O_ dfgjLo÷dfgj]t/ gfd
dfgjnfO{ hgfpg] gfd dfgjLo x'g\ eg] To;afx]ssf gfd dfgj]t/ x'g\ . /fd, k|wfgdGqL,
slj h:tf gfd dfgjLo x'g\ eg] cfuf], ufO{, g]kfnh:tf gfdx¿ dfgj]t/ x'g\ .
o;}u/L gfdnfO{ ;hLj / lghL{j, d"t{ / cd"t{h:tf c¿ pkju{df klg ljefhg ug{
;lsG5 .
-v_ ;j{gfd
;j{gfdsf] :jtGq cy{ gx'g] ePsfn] o;nfO{ czflAbs ju{cGtu{t /flvPsf] kfOG5 .
o;n] cu| jf kZr ;Gbe{s eP/ gfdnfO{ ;ª\s]t ug{] sfd ub{5 . klxn] cfPsf gfldsnfO{
;ª\s]t u/]df To;nfO{ cu|;Gbe{s / k5fl8 cfPsf gfdnfO{ ;ª\s]t u/]df To;nfO{ kZr;Gbe{s
elgG5 . h:t} M
/fd 3/ uof] . pm ca kms{b}g . – cu|;Gbe{s
pgL ;w} k|;Gg /xG5g\ h;nfO{ xfdL cfz'tf]if eG5f}+ . – kZr;Gbe{s
k/Dk/fut ¿kdf ;j{gfdnfO{ k'?ifjfrs, bz{sjfrs, ;DaGwjfrs, k|Zgjfrs,
lghjfrs cflb pkju{df afF8\g] ul/Psf] 5 .
-u_ ljz]if0f
gfdnfO{ h:t} ljz]if0fnfO{ klg cfyL{, ljt/0ffTds Pjd\ ;+/rgfTds ljz]iftfsf cfwf/df
lrgfpg ;lsG5 . cfyL{ b[li6n] gfdnfO{ ljlzi6Ls/0f ug]{ jf gfdsf] ljz]iftf a'emfpg] kbnfO{
ljz]if0f elgG5 . ljt/0ffTds b[li6n] of] ljz]if0f kbfjnLdf zLif{ eP/ cfpF5 eg] jfSo tyf
pkjfSodf ljz]ifs tyf k"/s eP/ cfpF5 . ;+/rgfTds jf ¿ktflŒjs b[li6n] s]xL ljz]if0fx¿n]
lnª\u, jrg, cfb/, sf/s h:tf ¿kfolgs sf]l6x¿ lng] ub{5g\ .
o;/L gfdnfO{ ljlzi6Ls/0f ug{], ljz]if0f kbfjnLdf zLif{ x'g,] jfSodf ljz]ifs Pjd\
k"/s eP/ cfpg] tyf s]xL ¿kfolgs sf]l6 u|x0f ug{] zflAbs ju{sf zAbnfO{ ljz]if0f elgG5 .
k/Dk/fut Jofs/0fdf ljz]if0fnfO{ u'0faf]ws, ;ª\Vofaf]ws, ;ª\s]taf]ws jf
;fj{gflds, kl/0ffdaf]ws h:tf pkju{df ljefhg ul/Psf] kfOG5 eg] j0f{gfTds ljz]if0f,
kl/df0fs ljz]if0f / ;fª\lVos ljz]if0f h:tf pkju{df ljefhg ul/Psf] klg kfOG5 . j0f{gfTds
ljz]if0f eg]sf gfdsf] j0f{g ug{ cfpg] ljz]if0f x'g\ . k/Dk/fut Jofs/0fdf u'0faf]ws elgPsf
ljz]if0fx¿ o;cGtu{t kb{5g\ . w]/,} yf]/}, s]xL h:tf ljz]if0fx¿ kl/df0fs ljz]if0f x'g\ eg] Ps,
;o, xhf/ h:tf ;ª\Vofjfrs ljz]if0fx¿ ;fª\lVos x'g\ .
-3_ lqmofkb
lqmofkb zflAbs ju{df kg]{ zAb xf] . o;nfO{ klg cfyL{, ljt/0ffTds / ;+/rgfTds
ljz]iftfsf cfwf/df lrgfpg ;lsG5 . s'g} sfo{, 36gf, kl/ro, cj:yf cflbnfO{ hgfpg] kbnfO{
cfyL{ b[li6n] lqmofkb elgG5 . h:t} M
/fdn] ;'Gtnf l6Kof] . – sfo{
efO n8\of] . – 36gf

87
 of] :s'n xf] . – kl/ro
lstfa emf]nfdf 5 . – cj:yf
lqmofkbnfO{ lqmofkbfjnLdf zLif{ eP/ cfpg], jfSo tyf pkjfSodf ljw]o eP/ cfpg]
kbsf ¿kdf lrgfpg ;lsG5 . To:t} ;a} lsl;dsf ¿kfolgs sf]l6 tyf ;xfos lqmofnfO{ lng]
kbnfO{ klg lqmofkb eGg ;lsG5 .
lqmofkbnfO{ lgDglnlvt rf/j6f cfwf/df ljleGg pkju{df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M
;dfksTjsf cfwf/df
;dfks – k9\of], k9\5 = = =
c;dfks – k9\g, k9]/, k9L = = =
cy{k|wfgtfsf cfwf/df
d'Vo lqmof – k9\of], k9]sf] 5
;xfos lqmof – 5, lyof]
cy{k"0f{tfsf cfwf/df
k"0f{ – k9]sf] lyof], k9]sf] 5
ck"0f{ – k9\b} lyof], k9\b} 5
sd{stfsf cfwf/df
csd{s – a:of], ;'Tof], lgbfof]
;sd{s – vfof], n]Vof], ;'Gof]
låsd{s – lbof] .
-ª_ lqmofof]uL
lqmofof]uL sf]zLo jf zflAbs ju{df kg{] zAb xf] . o;nfO{ cfyL{ / ljt/0fh:tf
ljz]iftfsf cfwf/df lrgfpg ;lsG5 . cfyL{ b[li6n] lqmofsf] :yfg, ;do, lbzf, /Llt,
kl/df0fh:tf ljz]iftf atfpg] kbnfO{ lqmofof]uL elgG5 eg] ljt/0ffTds ljz]iftfsf cfwf/df
kbfjnLsf] zLif{ eP/ cfpg], jfSosf ;'?df tyf lqmofkbsf cufl8 / slxn]sfxL+ ljz]if0fsf
cufl8 ljtl/t x'g] kbnfO{ lqmofof]uL elgG5 . ¿kfolgs sf]l6sf cfwf/df ¿kfog gx'g'
lqmofof]uLsf] ljz]iftf xf] .
lqmofof]uLnfO{ ;dojfrs, :yfgjfrs, /Lltjfrs, kl/df0fjfrs, sf/0fjfrs h:tf
pkju{df 5'6\ofpg] ul/Psf] 5 .
-r_ lgkft
of] czflAbs ju{df kg]{ kb xf] . o;sf] sf]zLo cy{ xF'Fbg} , of] zLif{ klg aGg ;St}g /
o;n] ¿kfolgs sf]l6 klg lng ;St}g . jfSofTds ;+/rgfleq cfO{ c¿ kbx¿sf] cy{nfO{
Bf]tg ug{' lgkftsf] vf; lrgf/L xf]ý h:t} M
-s_ s]6f] d¥of] .
-v_ s]6f] t d¥of] .
-u_ s]6f] d¥of] t .
oxfF -s_ df lgkftsf] k|of]u 5}g . o; jfSon] ;fdfGo cy{ Bf]tg u/]sf] 5 .
-v_ df ‘t’ lgkftn] ‘s]6f]’ sf] cy{df / -u_ df ‘d¥of]’ sf] cy{df k|efj kf/]sf] b]lvG5 .
-5_ gfdof]uL

88
 cfÇgf] :jtGq cy{ gx'g] tyf PSn} kbfjnLsf] lgdf{0f ug{ g;Sg] gfd, ;j{gfd cflb;Fu
hf]l8P/ cfpg] kbnfO{ gfdof]uL elgG5 . g]kfnLdf leq, aflx/, dfly, d'lg h:tf lqmofof]uLsf
¿kdf b]lvg] :jtGq kbx¿sf ;fy} ;Fu, h:tf, lt/, kl§, tk{m h:tf :jtGq ¿kdf k|of]udf
gcfpg] kb o; ju{df kb{5g\ . cy{tflŒjs cfwf/df lqmofsf] nIo, ;|ft] , sf/0f ;fwg cflb a'emfpg'
tyf ljt/0fsf b[li6n] gfd, ;j{gfdsf k5fl8 cfpg' gfdof]uLsf ljz]iftf x'g\ .
-h_ ;+of]hs
zAb, jfSo jf cg'R5]bnfO{ hf]8\gsf nflu cfpg] :jtGq cy{ gePsf kbnfO{ ;+of]hs
elgG5 . of] zLif{ klg aGg ;St}g / o;n] ¿kfolgs sf]l6nfO{ klg lng ;St}g . o;nfO{ sfo{,
/rgf / k|of]usf cfwf/df ljleGg pkju{df afF8\g ;lsG5 M
sfo{ M lg/k]If / ;fk]If
lg/k]If – /, jf, clg, klg = = =
;fk]If – ha, hxfF hlxn] = = =
/rgf M ;/n / hl6n
;/n -Pp6f dfq zAb ePsf_ – /, jf, klg, egL = = =
hl6n -PseGbf a9L zAb ePsf_ – lsgeg], tfklg, x'g t= = =
k|of]u M Psn / o'un
Psn – clg, klg, jf, eg]/ = = =
o'un – ha = = = ta, hxfF = = = ToxfF = = = .
-em_ lj:doflbaf]ws
l;ª\uf] jfSofy{nfO{ Bf]tg ug{], zLif{ aGg g;Sg] tyf ¿kfolgs sf]l6nfO{ klg lng g;Sg]
zAbnfO{ lj:doflbaf]ws zAb elgG5 . lgkftn] kbfy{nfO{ / lj:doflbaf]wsn] jfSofy{nfO{ Bf]tg
ub{5 . vf;u/L lj:doflbaf]ws zAbn] xif{, zf]s, lj:do, 3[0ffh:tf dgf]efjnfO{ JoQm ub{5g\ .
-c_ lgwf{/s
k/Dk/fut Jofs/0fdf ljz]if0fcGtu{t /flvPsf o; PsfOnfO{ cfw'lgs ;Gbe{df
czflAbs ju{cGtu{t 5'§} rrf{ ug{] ul/Psf] 5 . gfdnfO{ lgwf{/0f ug]{, To;nfO{ glhs, 6f9f, tn,
dfly sxfF eg]/ tf]Sg], zLif{ x'g g;Sg] t/ kbfjnLsf] ljz]ifs rflx+ x'g] zAbnfO{ lgwf{/s elgG5 .
h:t} M
Tof] dfG5] of] s'/f
Tof] 7fpF tL ufpFn] = = = .
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= jfSofTds ljt/0fdf zLif{ eP/ cfpg g;Sg] zAb s'g ;d"xdf k5{g\ <
-s_ ;+of]hs -v_ ;j{gfd -u_ ljz]if0f -3_ lqmofof]uL
@= sf]zLo ju{df kg{] zAbju{ s'g xf] <
-s_ ;+of]hs -v_ ;j{gfd -u_ lqmof -3_ lgkft
#= k'?if tyf bz{s jfrs ;j{gfdsf pbfx/0f s'g x'g\ <
-s_ d, cfkm" -v_ sf], s]
-u_ hf], h] -3_ Tof], of]
$= sfo{sf b[li6n] ;dfg ju{df kg{] zAb s'g x'g\ <
-s_ gfd / ;j{gfd -u_ lqmof / ljz]if0f

89
 -v_ ljz]if0f / lgkft -3_ ;j{gfd / lqmof
%= cfb/fyL{ / ax'jrg b'j} a'emfpg] ;j{gfd s'g xf\ <
-s_ pm -v_ ltdL -u_ ltdL -3_ tL
^= ‘ulx/L v]tsf] wfg xfjfn] g/fd|/L 9Nof]’ o; jfSodf lqmofljz]if0f hgfpg] zAb s'g xf] <
-s_ ulx/L -v_ wfg -u_ g/fd|/L -3_ 9Nof]
ljifout k|Zg
-1_ zAbjuL{s/0f ug{] cfwf/x¿ s] s] x'g\ < rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
-2_ cy{tŒjsf cfwf/df zAbsf] ju{ 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
-3_ ¿ktflŒjs b[li6n] zAbju{ s;/L 5'6o\ fOG5 < :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
-4_ jfSofTds ljt/0fdf s'g ju{sf zabx¿ zLif{ x'G5g\ <
-5_ Jofs/0ffTds sfo{sf cfwf/df zAbnfO{ s;/L lrgfOG5 <
-6_ gflds zAbnfO{ lrgfpg] cfwf/ s] x'g\ < pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
-7_ ;j{gfdsf cu|;Gbe{s / kZr ;Gbe{snfO{ pbfx/0f lbO{ lrgfpg'xf];\ .
-8_ ljz]if0fnfO{ s'g s'g cfwf/df lrgfpg ;lsG5 < pbfx/0f lbO{ :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
-9_ lqmofkbsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-10_ lqmofof]uLsf ljz]iftfx¿ pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
-11_ s:tf zAbnfO{ ;+of]hs elgG5 < ;f]bfx/0f rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
#=#=* ¿kfog / Jo'Tkfbg k|lqmofdf leGgtf
¿kfog / Jo'Tkfbgsf lardf kfOg] d'Vo–d'Vo leGgtfx¿nfO{ lgDglnlvt cfwf/df
5'6\ofpg ;lsG5 M
-s_ ju{kl/jt{gdf e"ldsf
¿kfogaf6 zAbsf] ju{df kl/jt{g x'Fbg} t/ Jo'Tkfbgaf6 zAbsf] ju{df kl/jt{g x'g] / gx'g]
b'j} cj:yf /xG5 .
-v_ pTkfbstf
Ps ju{sf] s'g} Pp6f zAbdf nfUg] ¿kfolgs ;u{ To; ju{sf cGo ;a} zAbdf nfUg
;S5 . Jo'Tkfblgs ;u{x¿df eg] of] l:ylt /xFbg} . h:t} M
-s_ s]6f], s]6fn], s]6fnfO{, s]6fdf
-v_ 3/, 3/n], 3/nfO{, 3/df
-u_ a'emSs8, af]nSs8, lkoSs8
-3_ *n]vSs8, *a;Ss8
oxfF -s_ / -v_df ¿kfolgs ;u{ nfu]sf 5g\ eg] -u_df nfu]sf Jo'Tkfblgs ;u{ -3_df
nfUg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . o;y{ ¿kfogdf pTkfbstf /xG5 eg] Jo'Tkfbgdf pTkfbstf /xFb}g .
-u_ ;'kl/eflift ¿kfjnL
¿kfogaf6 s'g} klg cfwf/sf] ;du| ¿kfjnL lgdf{0f x'G5 eg] Jo'Tkfbgaf6 :jtGq jf
sf]zLo zAbx¿sf] lgdf{0f x'g] ePsfn] ¿kfjnLsf] lgdf{0f x'g ;Sb}g .
-3_ lj?4tfsf] ¿kfjnL

90
 ¿kfogaf6 ag]sf ¿kfjnLsf kbx¿df Ps–csf{df lj/f]w x'G5 t/ Jo'Tkfbgaf6 ag]sf
kbx¿df k/:k/ lj/f]w /xFb}g .
-ª_ ;+/rgf :yfg
cfwf/df ;j{ky| d Jo'Tkfbs ;u{x¿ nfUb5g\ . cfwf/df klxn] ¿kfos / To;kl5
Jo'Tkfbs ;u{ nufpg ;lsFbg} . h:t} M
3/]n'n], 3/]n'nfO{, 3/]n'df
*3/n]Pn' *3/nfO{Pn', *3/dfPn'
-r_ jfSofTds ;Gbe{
jfSofTds ;+/rgfdf cfa4 agfpgsf nflu zAbsf] ¿kfog x'g] ePsfn] ¿kfogaf6 lgld{t
zAbx¿ jfSofTds ;Gbe{df cfa4 x'G5g\ . Jo'Tkfbgaf6 sf]zLo zAbx¿sf] lgdf{0f x'g] ePsfn] o:tf
zAbx¿ jfSofTds ;Gbe{;uF cfa4 x'Fbg} g\ .
-5_ cy{df k|efj
¿kfogaf6 zAbsf] cjwf/0ff jf cy{df leGgtf cfpFbg} t/ Jo'Tkfbgaf6 zAbsf] cy{df
leGgtf cfpg ;S5 . h:t} M
xf/ – k|xf/
a;\ – a;fO
oxfF cJo'TkGg / Jo'TkGg zAbsf cy{df leGgtf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
-h_ ;u{sf] clgjfo{tf
¿kfogdf ;u{sf] clgjfo{tf sltko ;Gbe{df g/xg ;S5 t/ Jo'Tkfbgdf eg] ;u{sf]
clgjfo{tf /x]sf] x'G5 . h:t} M
s]6f] uof] .
a; uof] .
oxfF ‘s]6f]’ / ‘a;’ df s'g} ¿kfos ;u{ nfu]sf] b]lvFbg} t/ ‘uof]’ lqmofdf ¿kfos ;u{
nfu]sf] 5 . Jo'Tkfbgdf k|lqmofdf eg] clgjfo{ ¿kdf s'g} g s'g} ;u{ nfu]s} x'G5 .
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= Jo'Tkfbg / ¿kfogdf kfOg] df}lnstf s] xf] <
-s_ ju{kl/jtg -v_ cy{tTjsf] ;'/Iff
-u_ ;u{sf] clgjfo{tf -3_ zAb/rgf
@= ¿kfog / Jo'Tkfbgdf b]lvg] d'Vo cGt/ s] xf] <
-s_ ¿k;/l0f aGg' / gaGg'
-v_ sfo{ut leGgtf b]lvg' / gb]lvg'
-u_ Jofs/0ffTds cy{ km/s x'g' / gx'g'
-u_ lgoldt x'g' / gx'g'
ljifout k|Zg
!= ¿kfog / Jo'Tkfbg k|lqmofdf s] leGgtf 5 < :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
#=#=( ;df;, låTj / cGo k|lqmof
-!_ ;df;

91
 PseGbf a9L zAbx¿sf] ;ª\If]kLs[t :j¿knfO{ ;df; elgG5 . o;/L b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf
a9L zAbx¿sf] ;ª\If]kLs/0f x'Fbf sltko zAbsf] s'g} c+z nf]k x'g ;S5, ;lGw x'g ;S5, cfud
x'g;S5, cfb]z x'g ;S5 jf ¿kWjGofTds kl/jt{g x'g ;S5 . h:t} M
gfs s6f] ˜ gs6f] – ‘s\’ nf]k
eflgh bfO ˜ efGbfO – ‘Oh\’ nf]k
zLt pi0f ˜ zLtf]i0f – ;lGw -c ± p ˜ cf]_
hfof klt ˜ bDktL – cfb]z -hfofsf :yfgdf bd\_
o;/L PseGbf a9L zAbx¿sf lardf d]n eO{ ;ª\If]kLs[t :j¿k lgdf{0f x'g] k|lqmofnfO{
;df; elgPsf] kfOG5 .
;df;df lgDglnlvt ljz]iftfx¿ /xG5g\ M
-s_ ;+of]hg ;fdYo{
;df; x'gsf nflu cfwf/ jf zAbx¿sf lardf ;+of]hg ;fdYo{ /xg' kb{5 . h:t} M
-s_ jgdf af; ˜ jgaf;
-v_ km;L{sf] h/f] ˜ km;L{sf] h/f]
oxfF -s_ sf lju|lxt zAbsf lardf ;+of]hgsf] ;fdYo{ /x]sf] 5 eg] -v_ sf zAbsf
lardf Tof] ;fdYo{ 5}g . To;}n] oxfF -s_ ;df; xf] -v_ xf]Og .
-v_ Ps cfwf/sf] lgdf{0f
;df; x'Fbf lju|x cj:yfdf /x]sf zAbx¿sf] ;+of]hg eO{ Pp6} cfwf/sf] lgdf{0f x'g'kb{5 .
o;/L Pp6} cfwf/ aGg] ;Gbe{df lju|x cj:yfdf /x]sf cfwf/sf c+zsf] nf]k x'g ;S5 . h:t} M
h"gh:tf] 6LsL ˜ h'G6LsL
sfnf] lha|f] ePsf] ˜ slNha|]
-u_ Psfy{sf] k|s6Ls/0f
;df;af6 lgld{t ;d:t zAbn] Pp6f l;ª\uf] cy{ cleJoQm u/]sf] x'G5 . ;d:t zAbn]
lju|xdf /x]sf cfwf/x¿sf 5'§f5'§} cy{nfO{ geO{ ‰jfKk Pp6f cy{nfO{ JoQm u/]sf] x'G5 . h:t} M
k"hfsf nflu sf]7f ˜ k"hfsf]7f -k"hf ug{] 7fpF eGg] Pp6} cy{_
df;' / lrp/f ˜ df;'lrp/f -df;' lrp/f ldl>t eGg] Pp6} cy{_
-3_ d'Qm :j¿ksf] pkl:ylt
;d:t zAbdf sDtLdf Pp6f d'Qm :j¿ksf] pkl:ylt x'g'kb{5 . efifflj1fgn] ;a} ¿k
d'Qm :j¿kdf /xg' kg{] dfGotf cufl8 ;f/] klg of] dfGotf g]kfnL, ;+:s[t nufotsf dfGotf;Fu
ldNb}g . o;}n] ;d:t zAbdf sDtLdf Pp6f ¿k eg] d'Qm :j¿ksf] x'g} kb{5 . ;d:t zAbdf
Pp6f klg ¿k d'Qm gkfOP To;nfO{ ;df; gegL ld>0f dfGg'kg{] b]lvG5ý h:t}
-s_ eflgh bfO ˜ efGbfO → ‘bfO’ d'Qm :j¿kdf /x]sf]
-v_ bfn / eft ˜ bfneft → b'j} d'Qm :j¿kdf /x]sf
-u_ sl6 aGwgL ˜ sGwgL → s'g} d'Qm :j¿kdf g/x]sf
oxfF pbfx/0f -s_ / -v_ nfO{ ;df; dflgG5 . -u_ rflx+ ;df; geP/ ld>0f xf] .
k/Dk/fut Jofs/0fdf cy{ut k|wfgtf, zAbsf] k|s[lt, ;df; k|lqmof cflbnfO{ cfwf/
agfO{ tTk'?if, sd{wf/o, åGå, låu', ax'jL| lx, cJooLefj / cn's\ ;ft lsl;dsf ;df; x'g]
atfOPsf] 5 . efiffj}1flgs b[li6n] ;df;nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ ljljw cfwf/df juL{s/0f u/L cWoog
ug{ ;lsG5 M

92
-c_ zAbju{ut cfwf/
ljleGg ju{sf zAbx¿sf lardf ;df; eO{ ;d:t zAbsf] lgdf{0f x'G5 . h:t}M
lju|x ;d:t zAb
dfdf ± ;;'/f ˜ dfdf;;'/f -gfd / gfdlar d]n_
To; ± cy{ ˜ To;y{ -;j{gfd / gfdlar d]n_
3/ ± leq ˜ 3/leq -gfd / lqmofof]uL lar d]n_
/ftf] ± lk/f] ˜ /ftf]lk/f] -ljz]if0f / ljz]if0flar d]n_
nfdf] ± kf]v/L ˜ nfDkf]v/L -ljz]if0f / gfd_
-cf_ eflifs PsfOsf] cfwf/
;df; x'Fbf slxn] zAb–zAbsf] d]n ePsf] x'G5 eg] slxn] l;ª\uf] jfSo ;ª\If]kLs[t
ePsf] x'G5 . o; cfwf/df ;df; zAbfTds / jfSofTds x'g] ub{5 . h:t} M
bfn / eft ˜ bfneft -zAbfTds_
efG;fsf nflu 3/ ˜ efG;f3/ -zAbfTds_
rGb|dfh:tf] d'v 5 h;sf] ˜ rGb|d'vL -jfSofTds_
nfdf] k'R5/ 5 h;sf] ˜ nfDk'R5«] -jfSofTds_
-O_ cy{ut k|wfgtfsf] cfwf/
lju|x cj:yfdf /x]sf zAbx¿dWo] ;df; ePkl5 s'g} ;Gbe{df Pp6f kbsf] cy{, s'g}
;Gbe{df csf{] kbsf] cy{, slxn] b'j} kbsf] cy{ / slxn] cGofy{sf] k|wfgtf /xg] ub{5 . o;
cfwf/df ;df;nfO{ k"jk{ bfy{kw| fg, pQ/kbfy{k|wfg, ;j{kbfy{k|wfg / cGo kbfy{k|wfg u/L rf/
efudf juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t} M
e/ hGd ˜ e/hGd → k"j{ kbfy{k|wfg
efG;fsf nflu 3/ ˜ efG;f3/ → pQ/ kbfy{k|wfg
gju|xsf] ;d"x ˜ gju|x → pQ/ kbfy{kw| fg
bfn / eft ˜ bfneft → ;j{ kbfy{k|wfg
nfdf] k'R5/ ePsf] ˜ nfDk'R5«] → cGo kbfy{k|wfg
vf; u/L k/Dk/fut Jofs/0fsf cJooLefj ;df;df k"jk{ bfy{sf]† tTk'?if, låu' /
sd{wf/o ;df;df pQ/kbfy{sf]† åGådf ;j{kbfy{sf] Pjd\ ax'jL| lx ;df;df cGokbfy{sf] k|wfgtf
/xg] ub{5 .
-O{_ zflAbs ;DaGwsf] cfwf/
lju|x cj:yfdf /x]sf zAbx¿dWo]df Ps kb d'Vo x'g] / csf{] kbn] To;}sf] ljz]iftf
a'emfpg] jf ;a} zAb d'Vo x'g] cj:yf /xG5 . lju|x cj:yfdf /x]sf zAbdf ljz]if0f–ljz]io
;DaGw 5 eg] To:tf] ;df;nfO{ cGtMs]lGb|s / lju|x cj:yf ;a} zAbx¿ d'Vo 5g\ eg] To;nfO{
alxM s]lGb|s ;df; elgG5 . h:t} M
7'nf] ± bfh' ˜ 7'Nbfh' ˜ cGtMs]lGb|s
nfdf] ± ˜ nfDk'R5/\– ˜ nfDk'R5]«– cGtMs]lGb|s
k'R5/ P
dfdf ± ;;'/f ˜ dfdf;;'/f ˜ alxMs]lGb|s
bfn ± eft ˜ bfneft ˜ alxMs]lGb|s

93
-@_ låTj k|lqmof
s'g} ¿k jf zAbsf] s]xL c+z jf k"/} efu bf]xf]l/P/ gofF zAb aGg] k|lqmofnfO{ låTj
elgG5 . o:tf] k|jl[ Q ljleGg efiffdf b]Vg ;lsG5ý h:t} M
6'n' 6'n'6'n'
/ftf] /ftf]/ftf]
lrnf] lrlrnf]
s/ s/s/
¿k jf zAbsf] k'/} c+z, s]xL c+z tyf Wjlg kl/jt{g;lxt k'/} c+z bf]xf]l/g] cfwf/df
låTjnfO{ lgDgcg';f/ ltg efudf juL{s/0f u/L cWoog ul/Psf] kfOG5 M
-s_ k"0f{ låTj
s'g} ¿k jf zAbsf] k"/} c+z bf]xf]l/O{ gofF zAb aGg] k|lqmofnfO{ k"0f{ låTj elgG5 . h:t} M
/d – /d/d
nx – nxnx
3/ – 3/3/
-v_ cf+lzs låTj
s'g} ¿k jf zAbsf] s]xL c+z dfq bf]xf]l/O{ gofF zAb aGg] k|lqmofnfO{ cf+lzs låTj
elgG5 . h:t} M
lªr – lªRr
lrnf] – lrlrnf]
cfÇgf] – cfcfÇgf]
-u_ cfkl/jlt{t låTj
s'g} ¿k jf zAbsf] låTj x'Fbf Wjlg kl/jt{g;d]t ePdf To;nfO{ cfkl/jlt{t låTj
elgG5 . h:t} M
eft – eft;ft
k'm6 – kmf6k'm6
tof/ – tDtof/
-#_ zAb Jo'Tkfbgsf cGo k|lqmof
-s_ ld>0f
PseGbf a9L cfwf/df klxnf] cfwf/sf] klxnf] c+z / csf]{ cfwf/sf] kl5Nnf] c+z
ldnfP/ gofF zAb agfpg] k|lqmofnfO{ ld>0f elgG5 . ld>0faf6 ag]sf] zAbdf a4¿k dfq
x'G5g\ . ;df;df h:tf] o;df sDtLdf Pp6f jf ;a} ¿k d'Qm x'Fb}gg\ . h:t} M
sl6 ± aGwgL ˜ sGwgL
ag]n ± ;'Fu'/ ˜ aª\u'/
s07 ± 6fnf] ˜ s7fnf]
ef/t ± o'/f]kn] L ˜ ef/f]k]nL
-v_ ;ª\If]k
Pp6} jf leGg–leGg cfwf/sf ;'?–;'?sf c+zdfq /fv]/ To;} cy{df k|of]uof]Uo csf{]
cfwf/sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ ;ª\If]k k|lqmof elgG5 . h:t} M

94
 ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt → uflj;÷uf=lj=;=
g]kfnL a[xt\ zAbsf]z → g]a[z÷g]=a[=z=
/fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldlt → /f;;÷/f=;=;=
k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no → klgsf÷k=lg=sf=
-u_ v08rog
Pp6f dfq cfwf/sf] cl3Nnf] jf kl5Nnf] jf b'j} x6fO{ Pp6f dfq c+z l6k]/ To;} cy{df
csf{] cfwf/ agfpg] k|lqmofnfO{ v08rog elgG5 . h:t}M
df]6/afOs → afOs
6]lnkmf]g → kmf]g
lk;fa → lk;
;Da/L → a/L
-3_ kZr/rgf
Pp6} cfwf/ jf k|s[ltsf] klxnf] c+zdfq /fv]/ cs{} ju{sf] cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{
kZr/rgf elgG5 . h:t} M
editor – edit (Verbal Base)
donation – donate (Verbal Base)
television – televise (Verbal Base)
v08rog / kZr/rgf Ps} h:tf b]lvP klg oL b'O{df leGgtf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
v08rogaf6 lgld{t cfwf/sf] cy{ / pxL zAbju{ x'G5 eg] kZr/rgfdf ju{ kl/jt{g ul/G5 /
klxnf] cfwf/sf] kl5Nnf] c+znfO{ ;u{h:t} dfg]/ x6fOG5 . h:t} M
kfj{tL → kf/\ ± p ˜ kf?
;l/tf → ;/\±p ˜ ;?
-ª_ st{g
s'g} Ps zAb jf cfwf/af6 Pp6f c+z dfq sf6]/ lnO{ a4 ¿k agfpg] k|lqmofnfO{ st{g
elgG5ý h:t} M
will – ll, is – is, have – ve,
would – d, not – n't, do not – don't .
-r_ clw6ª\sg
s'g} Jo'TklQut cy{ gePsf PsfOnfO{ ofb[lR5s lsl;dn] ljlzi6 gfddf k|of]u ug{' jf
Ps cy{sf zAb¿knfO{ gofF cy{ lbg'nfO{ clw6ª\sg eGg ;lsG5 . jf:tjdf of] gofF zAb
cfljisf/ ug{] k4lt xf] . /f/f, ;fª\lu|nf, sf]sfsf]nf, lnlnk'6 o:t} clw6ª\sg ul/Psf zAb
x'g\ .
-5_ cGt/0f
Pp6f cfwf/nfO{ s'g} kl/jt{gljgf leGg–leGg zAbju{df k|of]u ug'{nfO{ cGt/0f elgG5 .
h:t} M
rfn – t]/f] rfn l7s 5}g . – gfd
Tof] uf]6L rfn\ . – lqmof
5fk – o;df 5fk nufpm . – gfd
tF rfF8f] lstfa 5fk\ . –lqmof

95
-h_ cfb]z
Pp6f ¿k jf cfwf/sf ;§f To;} cy{df s'g} kl/j]zdf csf{] cfwf/sf] lgdf{0f ug{'nfO{
cfb]z elgG5 . h:t} M
x' – e → x'G5 – eof]
hf – u → hfG5 – uof] 
-em_ ax'n/rgf
PseGbf a9L cfwf/df Ps}rf]l6 Wjlgnf]k, Wjlgkl/jt{g, ;df;, ld>0f jf cGo
k|lqmofx¿ 3l6t eO{ gofF cfwf/ aGg] k|lqmofnfO{ ax'n/rgf elgG5 . h:t} M
ls6 ± ktª\u ˜ lsy|f]
rfdn ± kfgL ˜ rf}nfgL
lax] ± b'nx\– cf] ˜ a]x'nf]
hankerschief – hanky
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= alxMs]lGb|s ;df;sf] pbfx/0f s'gnfO{ dfGg ;lsG5 <
-s_ nfDk'R5]« -v_ efGbfO
-u_ ;fukft -3_ rGb|d'vL
@= l;Íf] jfSo ;ª\If]kLs[t eO{ ag]sf] ;df; s'g xf] <
-s_ uf]j/u0f]z -v_ ljBfwg -u_ gj/Tg -3_ efG;f3/
#= zAblgdf{0fsf] s'g k|lqmofdf d'St±d'St ¿ksf] ;+of]hg x'G5 <
-s_ pk;u{ k|lqmof -v_ k/;u{ k|lqmof
-u_ ;df; k|lqmof -3_ låTj k|lqmof
$= jfl0f{s låTj eP/ ag]sf] zAb s'g xf] <
-s_ lªRr -v_ cfnf]kfnf] -u_ ;;{Nnfx -3_ tFtF
%= ax'n/rgf k|lqmof sxfF b]Vg ;lsG5 <
-s_ gs6f] -v_ a]x'nf] -u_ rf/ -3_ eof]
^= ld>0f k|lqmofåf/f lgld{t zAb s'g xf] <
-s_ sGwgL -v_ jfOs -u_ rf}nfgL -3_ 3v]6L
ljifout k|Zg
-1_ ;df; k|lqmofsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-2_ ;df;sf ljz]iftfx?sf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
-3_ låTjsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-4_ låTj slt lsl;dsf x'G5g\ < pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
-5_ k"0f{ låTj / cf+lzs låTjdf s] leGgtf 5 < :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
-6_ ld>0f k|lqmofsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-7_ st{g k|lqmofaf6 lgld{t zAbnfO{ lrgfpg'xf];\ .
-8_ clw6ª\sgn] zAblgdf{0fsf] s'g k|lqmofnfO{ hgfpF5 < rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .

96
#=#=!) ;lGwlj1fg
-!_ ;lGwsf] kl/ro
‘;lGw’ zAbn] cf]Nnf] PsfO / kNnf] PsfOsf ;fFw jf ldng:yndf x'g] Wjlgut kl/jt{g
nfO{ hgfpF5 . o;/L ;lGw eg]sf] b'O{ eflifs PsfOsf] ;+of]hg x'Fbf ;Ldf:yndf x'g] Wjlgut
kl/jt{g xf] . h:t} M
-s_ /df ± O{z ˜ /d]z -cf±O ˜ P_
-v_ ljBf ± cyL{ ˜ ljBfyL{ -cf ± c ˜ cf_
oxfF -s_df ‘/df’ sf] ‘cf’ / O{zsf] ‘O{’ b'O6f eflifs PsfO x'g\ . oL b'Os
{ f] ;+of]hg x'Fbf
;Ldf:yndf ‘cf’ / ‘O{’ Wjlg kl/jt{g eP/ ‘P’ ePsf 5g\ . pbfx/0f -v_df klg ‘ljBf’ sf] ‘cf’ /
cyL{sf] ‘c’ b'O{ eflifs PsfO x'g\ . logLx¿sf] ;+of]hg x'Fbf ‘cf’ ePsf] 5 . o;/L b'O{ eflifs
PsfOsf ;Ldf:yndf b]lvg] Wjlgut kl/jt{gnfO{ ;lGw elgPsf] kfOG5 .
;lGwnfO{ cfw'lgs efifflj1fgdf ¿kWjGofTds k|lqmof elgG5 . ;lGw / ¿kWjGofTds
k|lqmofnfO{ Pp6} cy{df k|of]u ug{ vf]lhP klg oL b'O{sf lardf tflŒjs cGt/ /x]sf] kfOG5 .
h:t} M
-s_ k':ts ± cfno ˜ k':tsfno
-v_ kxf8 ˜ kfxf8
-u_ ;dfh ± Os ˜ ;fdflhs
pbfx/0f -s_df ;Ldf:yndf Wjlgut kl/jt{g ePsfn] of] ;lGw xf] . ;fy} ‘k':ts’ /
‘cfno’ b'O6f ¿kdf / ‘c’ / ‘cf’ b'O6f ;Ldf:ynsf Wjlgdf kl/jt{g eO{ ‘cf’ ePsf] x'gfn] of]
¿kWjGofTds kl/jt{g jf ¿kWjGofTds k|lqmof klg xf] . pbfx/0f -v_df ;Ldf:yn 5}g . oxfF Pp6}
¿kleqsf Wjlgdf dfq kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . t;y{ of] s]jn ¿kWjGofTds k|lqmofdfq xf] . pbfx/0f
-u_df ;Ldf:yn / ;Ldf:yn eGbf afx]s klg Wjlgut kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . ;Ldf:yndf ePsf]
;+of]hg / Wjlgut kl/jt{g ;lGw klg xf] / ¿kWjGofTds k|lqmof klg xf] t/ ;dfhsf] ‘;’ df
/x]sf] ‘c’, ‘cf’ df kl/jt{g x'g' s]jn ¿kWjGofTds kl/jt{g xf] . o; JofVofaf6 s] :ki6 x'G5
eg] hxfF ;lGw x'G5 ToxfF ¿kWjGofTds kl/jt{g ePs} x'G5 t/ hxfF ¿kWjGofTds kl/jt{g
ePsf] 5 ToxfF ;lGw gePsf] klg x'g ;S5 . ;"Id ¿kdf x]g]{ xf] eg] ;lGw ;Ldf:yndf dfq x'G5
eg] ¿kWjGofTds kl/jt{g ;Ldf:yn / ;Ld]t/ :yndf klg x'g] ub{5 . o;y{ ;lGwsf] eGbf
¿kWjGofTds k|lqmofsf] If]q Jofks /x]sf] 5 .
;lGw;DaGwL o; lsl;dsf] j}1flgs cWoognfO{ ;lGwlj1fg / cfw'lgs efifflj1fgn]
o;}nfO{ ¿kWjlglj1fg eg]sf] kfOG5 .
-@_ cfGtl/s / af≈o ;lGw
Pp6} ¿kleq x'g] ;lGwnfO{ cfGtl/s ;lGw / PseGbf a9L ¿kx¿ hf]l8+bf ;Ldf:yndf
x'g] Wjlgut kl/jt{gnfO{ afÅo ;lGw elgG5 . oxfF logLx¿sf] ;+:s[t Pjd\ g]kfnL ;lGw
lgod;lxt s]xL lj:tf/df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 M
-s_ cfGtl/s ;lGw
Pp6} ¿kleq x'g] Wjlgut kl/jt{gnfO{ cfGtl/s ;lGw elgG5 . sYok|of]u, :j/;ª\ult,
cNkk|f0fLejg, lå:j/Lejg, k/;j0f{ cflbsf sf/0f cfGtl/s ;lGw ePsf] kfOG5 . h:t} M
c= sYo k|of]u
alxgL → a}gL
e}+;L → e'O;
F L

97
cf= :j/;ª\ult
cxf] → cf]xf] -‘cf]’ :j/sf k|efjdf ‘c’, ‘cf]’ ePsf]_
kxf8 → kfxf8 -‘cf’ :j/sf k|efjdf ‘c’, ‘cf’ ePsf]_
O= cNkk|f0fLejg – dxfk|f0f Wjlg cNkk|f0f x'g] l:yltý h:t} M
af3 → afu
sfFw → sfFb
;femf → ;fhf
O{= lå:j/Lejg – b'O{ j6f Ps :j/x¿ ldnL lå:j/ x'g] l:ylt . h:t} M
vO/f] → v}/f] -‘c’ / ‘O’ – ‘P]’ ePsf_
sfOt] → sfOt] -‘cf’ / ‘O’ – ‘cfO’ ePsf_
bfp/] → bfp/] -‘cf’ / ‘p’ – ‘cfp’ ePsf_
p= k/;j0f{ – cg':jf/ Wjlg kl5Nnf] j0f{sf k|efjdf kl/jlt{t x'g' . h:t} M
c+lst → cª\lst -‘s\’ sf k|efjdf cg':jf/ ‘ª\’ ePsf]_
z+v → zª\v -‘v\’ sf k|efjdf cg':jf/ ‘ª\’ ePsf]_
u'+kmg → u'Dkmg -‘k\m’ sf k|efjdf cg':jf/ ‘d\’ ePsf]_
o;/L Pp6} ¿kleq ePsf] Wjlgut kl/jt{gnfO{ cfGtl/s ;lGw elgG5 .
-v_ af≈o ;lGw
b'Oj{ 6f eflifs PsfOsf ;Ldf:yndf x'g] ;lGwnfO{ afÅo;lGw elgG5 . o:tf] ;lGw x'Fbf
;Ldf:ynsf] Pp6f Wjlgdf jf b'j} Wjlgdf kl/jt{g x'g] / t];|f] Wjlg b]vfkg{] h:tf cj:yfx¿ /xg]
ub{5g\ . h:t} M
cg' ± Pif0f ˜ cGj]if0f
g/ ± O{z ˜ g/]z
lul/ ± O{z ˜ lu/Lz
;t\ ± hg ˜ ;Hhg
o; ± n] ˜ oNn] cflb .
;+:s[tdf rrf{ ul/Psf cr\;lGw, xn\;lGw, lj;u{;lGw, :jflb;lGw / k|s[t efj afÅo
;lGwcGtu{t kb{5g\ . h:t}M
-c_ cr\;lGw -:j/;lGw_
;LdfjtL{ b'j} :j/Wjlgsf lardf x'g] ;lGwnfO{ ;+:s[tdf cr\;lGw elgPsf] 5 . g]kfnLdf
o;nfO{ :j/;lGw eGg ;lsG5 . cr\;lGwcGtu{t ;+:s[tdf lgDgcg';f/sf ;lGwx¿sf] rrf{
ul/Psf] kfOG5 M
-s_ o0f\ ;lGw
c;j0f{ :j/j0f{ k5fl8 /xFbf ‘O÷O{’, ‘p÷pm’, ‘C÷n[’ Wjlg qmdzM ‘o\’, ‘j\’, ‘/’, ‘n\’ Wjlgdf
kl/jt{g x'g] ;lGwnfO{ o0f\ ;lGw elgG5 . efiffj}1flgs b[li6n] o;nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ b]vfpg
;lsG5 M
‘O÷O{’, ‘p÷pm’, ‘C÷n[’  o\, j\, /\, n\ – c;j0f{ :j/
olb ± clk ˜ oBlk -‘O’ ‘o’ ePsf], ‘c’ c;j0f{ :j/ k5fl8 /x]sf]_
cg' ± Pif0f ˜ cGj]if0f -‘p’ ‘j\’ ePsf], ‘P’ c;j0f{ :j/ k5fl8 /x]sf]_
lkt[ ± cfs[lt ˜ lkqfs[lt -‘C’ ‘/\’ ePsf], ‘cf’ c;j0f{ :j/ k5fl8 /x]sf]_
n[ ± cfs[lt ˜ nfs[lt -‘n[’ ‘n’ ePsf], ‘cf’ c;j0f{ :j/ k5fl8 /x]sf]_

98
-v_ u'0f;lGw
‘c’ jf ‘cf’ kl5 c;j0f{ ‘O÷O{’, ‘p÷pm’, ‘C÷n[’ :j/ cfpFbf b'j} :j/ ‘P’, ‘cf]’, ‘c/\’ /
‘cn\’df kl/jt{g x'g] ;lGwnfO{ u'0f;lGw elgG5 . o;nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ b]vfpg ;lsG5 M
c÷cf ± O÷O{ → P
c÷cf ± p÷pm → cf]
c÷cf ± C → c/\
c÷cf ± n[ → cn\
;'/ ± OGb| ˜ ;'/]Gb|,
;"o{ ± pbo ˜ ;"of]{bo,
dxf ± pbo ˜ dxf]bo,
b]j ± Clif ˜ b]jlif{,
gj ± pm9f ˜gjf]9f
-u_ coflb ;lGw
c;j{0f :j/ k5fl8 /x]df ‘P’, ‘cf]’, ‘P]’, ‘cf}’ Wjlgx¿sf 7fpFdf qmdzM ‘co\’, ‘cj\’,
‘cfo\’, ‘cfj\’, cfb]z x'g] ;lGwnfO{ coflb ;lGw elgG5 . o;nfO{ lgDglnlvt ;"qdf b]vfpg
;lsG5 M

⎡ PP] ⎤ ⎡⎢ cfo Ñ⎤⎥

co Ñ

⎢ cf] ⎥ → ⎢ cj Ñ ⎥ ÷– c;j0f{ :j/

⎣ cf} ⎦ ⎣ cfj ⎦Ñ
g] ±cg ˜ gog
g} ±cg ˜ gfos
e" ±cg ˜ ejg
gf} ±Os ˜ gfljs
-3_ j[l4 ;lGw
‘c’ jf ‘cf’ kl5 ‘P’, ‘P]’, ‘cf]’, ‘cf}’, ‘C’, ‘n[’ cfpFbf ‘P]’, ‘cf}’, ‘cf/\’, ‘cfn\’ x'g]
;lGwnfO{ j[l4 ;lGw elgG5 . ;"q M
c÷cf ± P÷P] → P]
c÷cf ± cf]÷cf} → cf}
c÷cf ± C → cf/\
c÷cf ± n[ → cfn\

Ps ± Ps ˜ Ps}s,
;bf ± Pj ˜ ;b}j, dxf ± P]Zjo{ ˜ dx}Zjo{
jg ± cf}iflw ˜ jgf}iflw, k/d ± cf}iflw ˜ k/df}iflw
dxf ± cf]h:jL ˜ dxf}h:jL,
sfd ± Ct ˜ sfdft{, ;'v ± Ct ˜ ;'vft{

99
-ª_ bL3{ ;lGw
;j0f{ :j/sf lardf ;lGw eO{ bL3{ :j/ x'g] l:yltnfO{ bL3{ ;lGw elgG5 . o;nfO{
lgDglnlvt ;"qdf b]vfpg ;lsG5 M
c÷cf, O÷O{, p÷pm ± c÷cf, p÷pm ˜ cf, O{, pm
b'Mv ± cGt ˜ b'MvfGt, k':ts ± cfno ˜ k':tsfno
ljBf ± cyL{ ˜ ljBfyL{, ljBf ± cfno ˜ ljBfno
slj ± OGb| ˜ sjLGb|, lul/ ± O{z ˜ lu/Lz
k[YjL ± OGb| ˜ k[YjLGb|, gf/L ± O{Zj/ ˜ gf/LZj/
efg' ± pbo ˜ efg"bo,
aw" ± pT;j ˜ aw"T;j,
-cf_ xn\ ;lGw -Jo~hg ;lGw_
Jo~hg Wjlg;Fu :j/ jf Jo~hg Wjlg ldNbf Jo~hg Wjlgdf kl/jt{g x'g] ;lGwnfO{
Jo~hg ;lGw elgG5 . ;+:s[tdf o;nfO{ xn\ ;lGw elgPsf] 5 . o;cGtu{t kg{] d'Vo ;lGw
lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M
-s_ 3f]if cNkk|f0f ;lGw
o;df c3f]if cNkk|f0f Wjlgx¿ 3f]if cNkk|f0f Wjlgdf kl/jt{g x'G5g\ . o;nfO{
lgDglnlvt pbfx/0fdf k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t} M
jfs\ ± O{z ˜ jfuLz, lbs\ ± cDa/ ˜ lbuDa/
cr\ ± cGt ˜ chGt, if6\ ± cfgg ˜ if8fgg
pt\ ± of]u ˜ pb\of]u, ;'k\ ± cGt ˜ ;'aGt
-v_ cg'gfl;s ;lGw
cg'gfl;s :kzL{ Jo~hgx¿ k/jtL{ :yfgdf /xFbf ‘s\, r\, 6\, t\, k\’ Wjlgx¿ ‘ª\, `\, 0f\, g\,
d\’ df kl/jt{g ePdf To;nfO{ k"j;{ j0f{ cg'gfl;s ;lGw elgG5 . h:t} M
jfs\ ± do ˜ jfª\do, if6\ ± d'v ˜ if0d'v
pt\ ± d'lQm ˜ pGd'lQm, hut\ ± gfy ˜ huGgfy
To;}u/L :kzL{ Jo~hgx¿ k/jtL{ ePdf cg':jf/ ‘d\’ Wjlg ;j0f{ gfl;So -ª\, `\, 0f\, g\,
d\_ df kl/jt{g x'g] ;lGwnfO{ k/;j0f{ cg'gfl;s ;lGw elgG5 . h:t} M
;d\ ± sNk ˜ ;ª\sNk, ;d\ ± rf/ ˜ ;~rf/
;d\ ± tlt ˜ ;Gtlt, ;d\ ± dfg ˜ ;Ddfg
-3_ cg':jf/ ;lGw
‘d\’ Wjlg cGtM:y / pmid cl3 x'Fbf cg':jf/ - + _ df kl/jt{g x'g] ;lGwnfO{ cg':jf/ ;lGw
elgG5 . h:t} M
;d\ ± of]u ˜ ;+of]u, ;d\ ± /rgf ˜ ;+/rgf
;d\ ± lZni6 ˜ ;+lZni6, ;d\ ± ;f/ ˜ ;+;f/
-ª_ tfnJoLejg ;lGw
÷;\÷ Wjlg ÷z\÷ôWjlgdf / tju{ rju{df kl/jt{g x'g] ;lGwnfO{ tfnJoLejg elgG5 . h:t} M
b';\ ± zf;g ˜ b'Zzf;g, lg;\ ± ro ˜ lgZro
;t\ ± lrt\ ˜ ;lRrt\, pt\ ± rf/0f ˜ pRrf/0f

100
-r_ d"w{GoLejg ;lGw
‘t’ ju{sf :yfgdf 6 ju{ / ‘;’ sf 7fpFdf ‘if’ Wjlg x'gn
' fO{ d"w{Go ;lGw elgG5 .
wg';\ ± 6ª\sf/ ˜ wg'i6ª\sf/, pt\ ± 6ª\lst ˜ p6\6ª\lst
j[if\ ± lt ˜ j[li6
-5_ ;dLejg ;lGw
÷t\÷ j0f{eGbf kl5 ÷n\÷ j0f{ 5 eg] pQm ÷t\÷ j0f{ ÷n\÷ j0f{df kl/jt{g x'g] ;lGwnfO{
;dLejg elgG5 . h:t} M
pt\\ ± n]v ˜ pNn]v, tt\ ± nLg ˜ tNnLg
-h_ r cfud ;lGw
‘c, cf, O, p’ kl5 5sf/ x'Fbf eg] lardf ÷r\÷ cfud x'g] ;lGwnfO{ rfud ;lGw elgG5 .
h:t} M
k| ± 5Gg ˜ k|R5Gg, cf ± 5fbg ˜ cfR5fbg
kl/ ± 5]b ˜ kl/R5]b, cg' ± 5]b ˜ cg'R5]b
-O_ lj;u{ ;lGw
lj;u{sf ;fydf x'g] ;lGwnfO{ lj;u{ ;lGw elgG5 . o;cGtu{t lgDglnlvt ;lGwx¿
kb{5g\ M
-s_ ;Tj ;lGw
÷t\÷, ÷y\÷ / ÷;\÷ j0f{sf cl3 lj;u{sf :yfgdf ÷;\÷ x'g] ;lGwnfO{ ;Tj ;lGw elgG5 . h:t} M
lgM ± t]h ˜ lg:t]h b'M ± t/ ˜ b':t/
dgM ± tfk ˜ dg:tfk b'M ± ;fx; ˜ b':;fx;
-v_ ifTj ;lGw
kl5lNt/ ÷s\÷, ÷v\÷ jf ÷k\÷, ÷k\m÷ Wjlg x'Fbf ‘O’ / ‘p’ eGbf kl5sf] lj;u{ ÷if\÷ Wjlgdf
kl/jt{g x'g] ;lGwnfO{ ifTj ;lGw elgG5 . h:t} M
lgM ± qmd0f ˜ lgiqmd0f, lgM ± kfk ˜ lgikfk
b'M ± sd{ ˜ b'isd{, b'M ± kl/0ffd ˜ b'ikl/0ffd
-u_ /sf/Lejg ;lGw
3f]if Jo~hg k/jtL{ x'Fbf lj;u{sf :yfgdf ÷/\÷ x'g] k|lqmofnfO{ /sf/Lejg ;lGw elgG5 .
h:t} M
b'M ± u'0f ˜ b'u{'0f lgM ± u'0f ˜ lgu{'0f
lgM ± hn ˜ lgh{n k'gM ± hLjg ˜ k'ghL{jg
-O{_ :jflb ;lGw
;+:s[tdf ;', cf}, hz\ h:tf ljelQm lrÅgx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ltg} ljelQm lrÅgsf ;fydf
x'g] ;lGwnfO{ ;+:s[tdf :jflb ;lGw elgG5 . h:t} M
dg;\ ± ;' ± /y ˜ dgf]/y
jo;\ ± ;' ± j[4 ˜ jof]j[4
t]h;\ ± ;' ± /flz ˜ t]hf]/flz

101
-p_ k|s[ltefj ;lGw
;LdfjtL{ b'O{ Wjlgsf lardf kl/jt{g eO{ ;lGw x'g] cj:yf eP klg vf; sf/0fn]
oyfl:yltdf /xg] ;lGwnfO{ k|s[ltefj ;lGw elgG5 . h:t} M
O ± OGb| ˜ O ← OGb| – Ps :j/fTds lgkft ePsfn]
p ± pd]z ˜ p ← pd]z – Ps :j/fTds lgkft ePsfn]
-#_ ¿kWjGofTds kl/jt{gsf lgodx¿
;lGw jf ¿kWjGofTds kl/jt{g x'Fbf ljleGg k|lqmofx¿ 3l6t x'G5g\ . s'g} Wjlg ylkg],
s'g} Wjlg nf]k x'g,] Pp6f Wjlgsf 7fpFdf csf]{ Wjlg cfpg], b'j} Wjlgsf ;§fdf cs{} Wjlg
b]vfkg]{, Wjlgsf qmddf kl/jt{g x'g] h:tf k|lqmofx¿ ;lGw jf ¿kWjGofTds kl/jt{gsf ;Gbe{df
3l6t x'G5g\ . oL k|lqmofx¿ lgDgcg';f/ 5g\M
-s_ nf]k
;lGw jf ¿kWjGofTds kl/jt{gsf qmddf s'g} Wjlg 36\g] jf x/fpg] k|lqmofnfO{ nf]k
elgG5 . h:t} M
7'nf] ± bfO ˜ 7'NbfO -‘cf]’ nf]k ePsf]_
pt\ ± :yfg ˜ pTyfg -‘;’ nf]k ePsf]_
;fgf] ± bfO ˜ ;fGbfO -‘cf]’ nf]k ePsf]_
-v_ cfud
;lGw jf ¿kWjGofTds kl/jt{gsf qmddf ;Ldf:yndf s'g} Wjlg ylkg] k|lqmofnfO{
cfud elgG5 . h:t} M
? ± cfO ˜ ?jfO -‘j\’ sf] cfud ePsf]_
kl/ ± 5]b ˜ kl/R5]b -‘r\’ sf] cfud ePsf]_
-u_ cfb]z
¿kWjGofTds kl/jt{gsf ;Gbe{df Pp6f j0f{ jf Wjlgsf 7fpFdf csf]{ j0f{, Wjlg jf
Wjlg;d"x cfpg] k|lqmofnfO{ cfb]z elgG5 . h:t} M
cg' ± Pif0f ˜ cGj]if0f -‘p’ sf :yfgdf ‘j’ cfb]z_
/df ± O{z ˜ /d]z -‘cf’ / ‘O’ sf :yfgdf ‘P’ cfb]z_
g] ± cg ˜ gog -‘P’ / ‘c’ sf 7fpFdf ‘o’ cfb]z_
af3 – ˜ afu -‘3’ sf 7fpFdf ‘u\’ cfb]z_
;t\ ± hg ˜ ;Hhg -‘t\’ sf 7fpFdf ‘h\’ cfb]z_
-3_ k|s[ltefj
;Ldf :yndf /x]sf b'Oj{ 6f Wjlgdf k/:k/ ;+of]hg x'g] kl/l:ylt eP/ klg Wjlgdf
kl/jt{g gx'g] l:yltnfO{ k|s[ltefj elgG5 .
dfdf±;;'/f ˜ dfdf;;'/f
5fk\±Psf] ˜5fk]sf]
vf]k\±cf] ˜ vf]kf]
l;±p/˜ l;p/
o;k|sf/ nf]k, cfud, cfb]z, qmdkl/jt{g jf ljko{o / k|s[ltefj ;lGw ¿kWjGofTds
kl/jt{gsf dxŒjk"0f{ k|lqmofsf ¿kdf b]lvG5g\ .

102
PsfOut ;f/f+z
k|:t't PsfOsf] d"n zLif{s ¿klj1fg /x]sf] 5 . o;cGtu{t ¿kljZn]if0fsf k|lqmof /
k4ltx¿, ¿kljZn]if0fsf] l;4fGt Pjd\ ¿kljZn]if0fsf] cEof;;Fu ;DalGwt ;fdu|L /x]sf 5g\ .
To:t} ¿kfog k|lqmofcGtu{t ¿kfogsf sf]l6x¿ / ¿k;/l0f -¿kfjnL_ tyf Jo'Tkfbg
k|lqmofcGtu{t pk;u{, k/;u{ / dWo;u{, ju{kl/jt{s / ckl/jt{s, Jo'TkGg zAb, zAbju{ /
To;sf e]bf]ke]b, ¿kfog / Jo'Tkfbg k|lqmofdf leGgtf Pjd\ zAblgdf{0fsf ;df;, låTj / cGo
k|lqmofsf ;fy} ¿kWjGofTds k|lqmofcGtu{t cfGtl/s / afÅo ;lGw Pjd\ ¿kWjGofTds
kl/jt{gsf lgodsf] cWoog ug{]tkm{ ljz]if hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .
PsfOut cEof;
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= ;lGwn] s'g k|lqmofnfO{ hgfpF5 <
-s_ ¿kWjGofTds -v_ Jo'TkfbgfTds
-u_ cg's/0ffTds -3_ ¿kfogfTds
@= j[l4 ;lGwsf] pbfx/0f s'g xf] <
-s_ 5fqfjf; -v_ cf}Bf]lus
-u_ ljBfyL{ -3_ /fhlif{
#= lj;u{sf 7fpFdf ‘cf]’ cfudg ePsf] ;lGw s'g xf] <
-s_ dg:tfk -v_ oz:s/
-u_ kof]w/ -3_ dx]Gb|
$= o0f ;lGwsf] k|of]u s'gdf b]lvG5 <
-s_ e|i6frf/ -v_ cTofrf/
-u_ nf]sfrf/ -3_ ;bfrf/
%= cfb]z k|lqmofaf6 lgld{t ;lGw s'gnfO{ dflgG5 <
-s_ uj}of -v_ nfDk'R5]« -u_ 5'§L -3_ cg'R5]b
^= nf]k ;lGwsf] pbfx/0f s'g xf] <
-s_ cf]/fnf] -v_ leœofpg' -u_ kFw]/f] -3_ /S:ofxf
&= ;lGw lgoddf cfudsf] pbfx/0f s'gnfO{ dflgG5 .
-s_ ;'tfO -v_ vjfO -u_ k9fO -3_ /f]kfOF
ljifout k|Zg
-1_ ¿kWjGofTds k|lqmofsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-2_ cfGtl/s ;lGwsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-3_ Jo~hg ;lGwnfO{ pbfx/0f lbO{ lrgfpg'xf];\ .
-4_ lj;u{ ;lGwsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-5_ ¿kWjGofTds kl/jt{gsf lgodx¿sf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .

103
 PsfO rf/
jfSolj1fg

$=! kl/ro
k|:t't PsfOsf] d'Vo zLif{s jfSolj1fg xf] . o; cGtu{t jfSolj1fgsf] kl/ro,
¿klj1fg / jfSolj1fgsf] ;DaGw, kb, kbfjnL, pkjfSo, jfSo / ;ª\sygh:tf eflifs
PsfOsf] kl/ro Pjd\ lnÍ, jrg, k'?if, sf/s, ljelSt, sfn, kIf, efj jfRo h:tf
Jofs/0ffTds sf]l6sf] cWoog ul/g] 5 . To:t} kb;ª\ult / zf;g, kbqmd / o;sf k|sf/,
;dtnLo ;+/rgf / txut ;+/rgf, cjz]if / ;~rfng Pjd\ p2]Zo, ljw]o, sd{ / k"/s h:tf
Jofs/0ffTds k|sfo{sf] cWoog klg o; PsfOdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L kbfjnLsf]
zLif{s / ljz]ifs, kbfjnLsf d"n k|ltaGwg, cf>ossf] kl/ro, lgs636s ljz]if0f / o;sf
;Ldf cGtM s]lGb|s ;+/rgf / alxM s]lGb|s ;+/rgf, rD:sLsf] ¿kfGt/ Jofs/0fsf cfwf/e"t
cjwf/0ff, ¿kfGt/0f lgod, ¿kfGt/0f k|lqmof Pjd\ g]kfnLsf cfwf/e"t, ;/n, ;+oS' t /
;lGglji6 jfSox¿sf] cWoog ug{] ck]Iff o; PsfOdf /flvPsf] 5 .
$=@ ljlzi6 p2]Zo tyf kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
• jfSolj1fgsf] kl/ro lbg, jfSolj1fg
• ¿klj1fg / jfSolj1fgsf] ;DaGw $=! jfSolj1fgsf] kl/ro
atfpg $=@ ¿klj1fg / jfSolj1fgsf] ;DaGw
• kb, kbfjnL, pkjfSo, jfSo / ;+sygsf] $=# kb, kbfjnL, pkjfSo, jfSo / ;ª\sygsf] kl/ro
kl/ro lbg $=$ Jofs/0ffTds sf]l6
• lnË, jrg, k'?if, sf/s, ljelQm, sfn, $=$=! lnË
efj, kIf / jfRo h:tf Jofs/0ffTds $=$=@ jrg
sf]l6sf] :j¿k / k|of]u kIfsf] lrgf/L $=$=# k'?if
k|:t't ug{ $=$=% sf/s
• ;ª\ult / zf;gsf] kl/ro lbg $=$=^ ljelQm
• kbqmd / o;sf k|sf/x¿sf] j0f{g ug{ $=$=& sfn
• ;dtnLo ;+/rgf / txut ;+/rgfsf] $=$=* kIf
:j¿k / pbfx/0f k|:t't ug{ $=$=( efj
• cjz]if / ;+rngsf] pbfx/0f lbg $=$=!) jfRo
• Jofs/0ffTds k|sfo{sf] kl/ro lbg $=% ;ª\ult / zf;gsf] kl/ro
• kbfjnLsf ;fy} tbGtu{tsf zLif{s / $=^ kbqmd / o;sf k|sf/
ljz]ifssf] kl/ro lbg $=& ;dtnLo ;+/rgf / txut ;+/rgf
• ;f]bfx/0f kbfjnLsf] d"n k|ltaGwgsf] $=* cjz]if / ;+rng
:j¿k atfpg $=( Jofs/0ffTds k|sfo{
• cf>ossf] cjwf/0ff k|:t't ug{ $=(=! p2]Zo
• jfSosf lgs6 36sx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug{ / $=(=@ ljw]o
To;sf] ;Ldf lgb{]z ug{ $=(=# sd{
• pbfx/0f;lxt cGts]lGb|s / alxMs]lGb|s $=(=$ k"/s
;+/rgfsf] :j¿k / k|sf/ atfpg $=!) kbfjnLsf] zLif{ / ljz]ifs -:k]l;kmfo/_
• rD:sLsf] ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fsf] cfwf/e"t $=!! kbfjnLsf d"n k|ltaGwg -sG:6]«G6_
cjwf/0ff :ki6;Fu j0f{g ug{
$=!@ cf>os -slDKnd]G6/fOh/_ sf] kl/ro
• ;f]bfx/0f clgjfo{ / P]lR5s ¿kfGt/0f
$=!# lgs6 36s ljZn]if0f / o;sf ;Ldf
lgodsf] JofVof ug{
$=!$ cGtMs]lGb|s / alxMs]lGb|s ;+/rgf

104
• g]kfnL jfSosf cfwf/df ¿kfGt/0f $=!% rD:sLsf] ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fsf cfwf/e"t cjwf/0ff
k|lqmofsf] lrgf/L lbg $=!^ ¿kfGt/0f lgod -clgjfo{ tyf P]lR5s_
• g]kfnLsf cfwf/e"t, ;/n, ;+o'Qm / $=!& ¿kfGt/0f k|lqmof -cs/0f, ljWoy{s, ;+efjgfy{s
;lGglji6 jfSosf] pbfx/0f;lxt kl/ro tyf jfSofGt/0ffTds_
lbg $=!* g]kfnLsf cfwf/e"t, ;/n, ;+oQ' m / ;lGglji6
jfSox¿

$=# kf7\oj:t'sf] k|:t'tLs/0f

$=#=! jfSolj1fgsf] kl/ro
jfSosf] j}1flgs cWoog ug{] efifflj1fgsf] zfvfnfO{ jfSolj1fg elgG5 . jfSo
efiffsf] ;aeGbf pkNnf] PsfO xf] . o;df Pp6f cleJolQmsf] k"0f{tf /x]sf] x'G5 . sygsf] k"0f{tf
x'g] ePsfn] o;nfO{ ;f]kfgqmlds cfwf/df efiffsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] PsfO dflgPsf] xf] . o;sf
;+/rs PsfOdf kbfjnL jf pkjfSo cfPsf x'G5g\ . cfwf/ jfSo 5 eg] ToxfF kbfjnLx¿
;+/rssf ¿kdf / hl6n ;+/rgfsf] jfSo 5 eg] ToxfF pkjfSox¿ ;+/rssf ¿kdf cfPsf
x'G5g\ . cfwf/ jfSonfO{ pkjfSo tyf jfSo b'j} ¿kdf ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsg] s'/f oxfF :d/0fLo 5 .
jfSosf] k|s[lt x]/]kl5 Tof] pkjfSo jf jfSo s] xf] eg]/ 5'6\ofpg ;lsG5 . h:t} M
-s_ sljtf uLt ufpFl5g\ .
-v_ sljtf uLt ufpFl5g\ / hLjg rnfpFl5g\ .
oxfF pbfx/0f -s_ / -v_ b'j} jfSo x'g\ t/ pbfx/0f -v_ df cfPsf] ‘sljtf uLt ufpFl5g\’
rflxF pkjfSo xf] . oxfF -s_ jfSodf kbfjnLx¿ / -v_ jfSosf pkjfSosf ;+/rs eP/ cfPsf 5g\
.
ljGof;qmlds ;DaGwdf /x]sf kbx¿sf] ;d'Rro jfSo xf], o;df Ps jf a9L
pkjfSox¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ .
csf]{ kbsf ;fydf /xg ;Sg] u'0f ljBdfg x'g' ljGof;qmldstf xf] . ‘cfufn] lehfpF5’ df
‘lehfpg' kb‘;Fu ‘cfuf]’ ljGo:t x'g ;Sb}g . ‘kfgLn] lehfpF5’ df rflxF ljGof;qmlds ;DaGw
/x]sf] 5 . To;} u/L jfSodf p2]Zo / ljw]osf] sfo{ ug{] b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L kbx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ .
o;} u/L jfSodf Ps jf PseGbf a9L pkjfSo;d]t /x]sf x'G5g\ý h:t} M
-s_ g]tfn] b]z lauf/] .
-v_ :jfy{df nfu]/ g]tfn] b]z lauf/] .
-u_ g]tf :jfyL{ eP, hgtf b'MvL eP .
-3_ ha g]tfn] ult 5f8] ta b]zdf ul/aL a9\of] .
dflysf jfSox¿ dWo] -s_ Pp6f dfq pkjfSon] ag]sf] jfSo xf] eg] -v_, -u_ / -3_
b'O{–b'Oj{ 6f pkjfSoaf6 ag]sf jfSo x'g\ . -u_ / -3_ sf b'j} pkjfSox¿ ;dflksf lqmofo'Qm 5g\
eg] -v_ jfSodf Pp6f pkjfSodfq ;dflksf lqmofo'Qm 5 . o;/L pkjfSoeGbf dflyNnf] /
;ª\sygeGbf tNnf] eflifs PsfOnfO{ jfSo dfGg ;lsG5 .
jfSolj1fgn] o; lsl;dsf jfSox¿sf] j:t'ut cWoog ub{5 . jfSofTds
;+/rgfleqsf kbsf sfo{sf] cWoog ug{', jfSosf k|sf/, jfSofGt/0f, jfSo;+of]hg, ld>0f
cflbsf] cWoog ug{' jfSolj1fgsf] sfo{ xf] .
ljifout k|Zg
;ª\lIfKt k|Zg
!= jfSolj1fgsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .

105
$=#=@ ¿klj1fg / jfSolj1fg
¿klj1fg / jfSolj1fgsf leGgtfnfO{ lgDgcg';f/ b]vfpg ;lsG5 M
¿klj1fg jfSolj1fg
1= kbsf ;+/rgfsf] cWoog 1= kbsf sfo{sf] cWoog
2= ¿kfogsf k|lqmofsf] cWoog 2= ¿kfogsf sf]l6x¿sf] cWoog
3= zAblgdf{0f k|lqmofsf] cWoog 3= Jo'TkGg zAbsf k|sfo{sf] cWoog
4= Go"gtd cy{o'Qm PsfOsf] cWoog 4= a[xQd cy{o'Qm PsfOsf] cWoog
5= cy{ut ¿kdf cljefHo PsfOsf] cWoog 5= cy{ut ¿kdf ljefHo PsfOsf] cWoog
6= ¿kb]lv kb;Ddsf] cWoog 6= kbb]lv jfSo;Ddsf] cWoog
7= cy{ut Pjd\ ;DaGwut tŒjsf] ljZn]if0f 7= jfSosf 36sx¿sf] lgs6tfsf] cWoog
8= zAbsf agf]6 k|lqmofsf] cWoog 8= zAbzAbsf larsf] kf/:kl/s ;DaGwsf] cWoog
9= ;+/rgfTds kIfdf hf]8 9= k|sfo{k/s kIfdf hf]8
ljifout k|Zg
;ª\lIfKt k|Zg
-1_ ¿klj1fgsf] cWoog If]qsf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
-2_ jfSolj1fgcGtu{t cWoog ul/g] ljifosf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
-3_ ¿klj1fg / jfSolj1fgsf] ;DaGw :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
¿k j0f{eGbf dflyNnf] / kbeGbf tNnf] PsfO xf] eg] jfSo pkjfSoeGbf dflyNnf] /
;ª\sygeGbf tNnf] PsfO xf] . ¿klj1fgn] d"ntM ¿ksf] / jfSolj1fgn] ljz]iftM jfSosf]
cWoog ub{5g\ . ¿ksf] If]q kb;Dd / jfSosf] If]q klg kb;Dd lj:tfl/t ePsfn] logLx¿
k/:k/ ;DalGwt /x]sf b]lvG5g\ . olt eO{sg klg logLx¿sf] cWoog ug{] k4lt eg] leGg x'g]
ub{5 .
$=#=# kb, kbfjnL, pkjfSo, jfSo / ;ª\sygsf] kl/ro
-!_ kb
¿keGbf dflyNnf] / kbfjnLeGbf tNnf] PsfOnfO{ kb elgG5 . ;fdfGotof zAb / kbnfO{
kof{osf ¿kdf k|of]u ul/P klg oL b'O{df kof{Kt leGgtf kfOG5 . zAb efiffsf] sRrf kbfy{ xf] .
Tof] kl/kSj ePkl5 kb aGb5 . zAbdf cy{tŒj dfq /x]sf] x'G5 eg] To;df ;DaGw tŒj
hf]l8Pkl5 ToxL PsfO kb aGb5 . h:t} M
-s_ /fd, efO
-v_ /fdn] efOnfO{ s'6\of] .
oxfF pbfx/0f -s_ df b'O{ cf]6f cy{tŒj /x]sf PsfO 5g\ eg] -v_ sf oL PsfOdf stf{
Pjd\ sd{af]ws ;DaGwtŒj ufFl;Psf 5g\ . ctM -s_ sf PsfOx¿ zAb x'g\ eg] -v_ sf
PsfOx¿ kb x'g\ . o;/L vf; sfo{ ug{sf nflu ;DaGw tŒj;lxt pkl:yt ePsf zAbnfO{ kb
elgG5 .
kbdf jfl0f{s, ¿kftflŒjs, jfSotflŒjs, cy{tflŒjs h:tf ;"rgfx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . h:t}
kb → s]6fn]
jfl0f{s ;"rgf → s\P6\cfn\P
¿ktflŒjs ;"rgf → s]6\–cf–n]
jfSotflŒjs ;"rgf → p2]Zo jf stf{ eP/ cfpg]

106
 ⎡ ±dfgj ⎤
⎢ ±;hLj⎥
cy{tflŒjs ;"rgf →
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ±k'?if ⎦
kbnfO{ PSn} jf :jtGq ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . of] glhssf] csf{] tŒjaf6 k|efljt
geO{ kl/j]z d'Qm x'G5 . kbnfO{ efiffsf] ;aeGbf ;fgf] :jtGq ¿k dfGg ;lsG5 .
kbnfO{ ¿ktflŒjs / k|sfof{Tds u/L b'O{ cfwf/df juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . ¿ktflŒjs
b[li6n] ;/n / hl6n u/L kb b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . Pp6f dfq ¿kaf6 lgld{t ePsf kbnfO{ ;/n
/ PseGbf a9L ¿kaf6 lgld{t kbnfO{ hl6n elgG5 . 3/, /fd, lbbL h:tf kb ;/n x'g\ eg] 3/]n',
dfgjLo, kf}/vL h:tf kb hl6n x'g\ .
k|sfof{Tds jf kbn] jfSodf cfP/ ug{] sfo{sf cfwf/df kbnfO{ zflAbs / Jofs/l0fs
u/L b'O{ ju{df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . sf]zLo cy{ jf :jtGq cy{ ePsf zAbnfO{ zflAbs kb
elgG5 . gfd, ljz]if0f, lqmofof]uL, lqmofkb sf]zLo jf zflAbs ju{sf kbx¿ x'g\ . l;w} :jtGq
cy{ a'emfpg g;Sg], sf]zLo kbsf cy{nfO{ :ki6 kfg{] tyf Jofs/0ffTds sfo{ ug{] kbnfO{
Jofs/0ffTds kb elgG5 . o:tf kbx¿nfO{ ;+/rgfTds ju{sf kb klg eGg] ul/Psf] 5 . ;Lldt
;ª\Vofsf /xg', sf]zLo kbsf tfTko{df cly{g,' ;+/rgfåf/f cy{ lgwf{l/t x'g', Jofs/0ffTds kbsf
ljz]iftf x'g\ . lgwf{/s, lgkft, ;j{gfd, ;+of]hs, lj:doflbaf]ws nufotsf kbx¿ o; ju{df
kb{5g\ .
-@_ kbfjnL
kbeGbf 7"nf] / pkjfSoeGbf ;fgf] PsfOnfO{ kbfjnL elgG5 . o;df k/:k/ ;DaGw /fVg]
b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L kbx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . o:tf kbx¿ lglZrt qmddf ldn]/ cfPkl5 kbfjnLsf]
lgdf{0f x'g] ub{5 . d"ntM kbfjnL b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L ck]Iffs[t d'Qm :j¿ksf kbx¿sf] ;+of]hg
¿k xf] h;n] Ps} cjwf/0ffnfO{ cleJoQm ub{5 . h:t} M
s= Tof] s'/f v= w]/} ld7f]
u= w]/} cufl8 3= YofRr a:of]
dflysf pbfx/0fdf b'O{–b'O{ j6f kbx¿sf] ;+of]hg x'gfsf ;fy} tL ;+of]lht PsfOn] Pp6}
cjwf/0ff cufl8 ;f/]sf 5g\ .
efiffj}1flgs ;Gbe{df jfSoleqsf Ps jf PseGbf a9L kbx¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ kbfjnL
elgPsf] kfOG5 . Pp6f dfq kb eP klg To;n] kbfjnLs} sfo{ u5{ . ctM Pp6} dfq kbnfO{ klg
kbfjnL elgG5 . o:tf kbfjnLnfO{ g]kfnL efiffsf ;Gbe{df gfdkbfjnL, ljz]if0fkbfjnL,
lqmofljz]if0f kbfjnL / lqmofkbfjnL u/L rf/ efudf juL{s/0f u/L cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 .
-#_ pkjfSo
kbfjnLeGbf dflyNnf] / jfSoeGbf tNnf] eflifs PsfOnfO{ pkjfSo elgG5 . jfSo
Pp6f k"0f{ syg xf] eg] To;leqsf p2]Zo kbfjnL / ljw]o kbfjnLaf6 ;+/lrt PsfOnfO{
pkjfSo elgG5 . k/Dk/fut b[li6sf]0fcg';f/ pkjfSo x'g To;df p2]Zo / ljw]o hgfpg]
PsfOx¿ cfpg} kb{5 .
efiffj}1flgs b[li6sf]0fcg';f/ pkjfSo x'gsf nflu ;dflksf lqmofsf] cfjZostf
clgjfo{ dflgFbg} . cfw'lgs efifflj1fgn] eflifs cleJolQmnfO{ cfGtl/s / afÅo u/L b'O{ efudf
5'6\ofPsf] 5 . o;cg';f/ cfGtl/s txdf hltj6f pkjfSox¿ x'G5g\ý afÅo txdf cfpFbf
;dflksf lqmofo'Qm geP klg pkjfSo g} dflgG5g\ . h:t} M
s]6f] 3/ uP/ cfof] .
afÅo ;+/rgfdf /x]sf] jfSo xf] . To; jfSosf] cfGtl/s ;+/rgfdf s]6f] cfof] / s]6f] 3/
uof] u/L b'Oj{ 6f jfSo 5g\ . afÅo ;+/rgfdf Pp6} dfq ;dflksf lqmof b]lvP klg cfGtl/s
;+/rgfnfO{ cwf/ agfpFbf x]bf{ pSt jfSodf b'O6} pkjfSo /x]sf b]lvG5g\ . o;/L cfw'lgs

107
efifflj1fgcg';f/ jfSofTds ;+/rgfsf ;+/rs eP/ cfpg] kbfjnLeGbf dflyNnf] / jfSoeGbf ;fgf]
PsfOnfO{ pkjfSo elgG5 .
pkjfSonfO{ ;+/rgf / k|sfo{sf cfwf/df juL{s/0f u/L cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 . ;+/rgfsf
b[li6n] pkjfSox¿ lqmof/lxt, c;dflksf lqmofo'Qm / ;dflksf lqmofo'Qm u/L ltg lsl;dsf x'G5g\ M
-s_ lqmof/lxt M pkjfSosf] cfGtl/s ;+/rgfdf :ki6 b]lvP klg afÅo txdf cfpFbf lqmofkb
x/fpg] pkjfSo lqmof/lxt x'g\ . h:t} M
s= dnfO{ Zofd c;n nfUof] .
jf

gfk lqmk
dnfO{
gfk lqmk
jf nfUof]

gfk lqmk
Zofd
gfk lqmk

c;n 5
o; cf/]vdf :ki6 b'O6f pkjfSox¿ /x]sf 5g\ . cfGtl/s txdf /x]sf oL pkjfSox¿dWo]
‘Zofd c;n 5’ pkjfSo afÅo txdf lqmof/lxt eP/ b]vfk/]sf] 5 .
-v_ c;dflksf lqmofo'Qm M afÅo ;+/rgfdf c;dflksf lqmofsf ;fy cfpg] pkjfSonfO{
c;dflksf lqmofo'Qm pkjfSo elgG5 . h:t} M
s= bLkf+z' dnfO{ b]v/] /dfpFl5g\ .
jf

gfk lqmk
bLkf+z '
gfk lqmk
jf /dfpFl5g\

gfk lqmk
bLkf+z '
gfk lqmk
dnfO{ b]lV5g\
oxfF cfGtl/s ;+/rgfdf /x]sf] ‘bLkf+z' dnfO{ b]lV5g\’ eGg] pkjfSo afÅo txdf
c;dflksf lqmofsf ;fy b]vfk/]sf] 5 .
-u_ ;dflksf lqmofo'Qm M cfGtl/s txdf b]lvg] pkjfSo afÅo txdf ;dflksf lqmof;lxt
cfPdf To:tf pkjfSonfO{ ;dflksf lqmofo'Qm pkjfSo elgG5 . h:t} M
s= d SofDk; uPF t/ pm 3/df a:of] .

108
 jf

jf! ;+= jf@

t/
gfk lqmk gfk lqmk

d pm
gfk lqmk gfk lqmk

SofDk; uPF 3/df a:of]

oxfF cfGtl/s ;+/rgfdf /x]sf ‘d SofDk; uPF’ / ‘pm 3/df a:of]’ pkjfSox¿ ;dflksf
lqmofsf ;fy afÅo ;+/rgfdf cfPsf 5g\ .
k|sfo{sf cfwf/df pkjfSox¿ :jfwLg / cfl>t u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . jfSofTds
;+/rgfdf l;w} jfSoaf6 cwLg:y /x]sf] jf s'g} kbfjnLsf] ;+/rs geO{ cfPsf] pkjfSonfO{
:jtGq pkjfSo elgG5 . k/Dk/fut ¿kdf ;+o'Qm jfSodf cfpg] ;a} pkjfSo / ld>jfSodf cfpg]
k|wfg pkjfSo :jfwLg pkjfSo x'g\ . h:t} M
-s_ SofDk; nfUof] t/ k9fO ePg .
jf

jf! ;+= jf@

t/
gfk lqmk gfk lqmk
SofDk; nfUof] k9fO ePg

-v_ xl/n] d hfG5' eGof] .

jf

gfk lqmk
xl/n]
gfk lqmk
jf eGof]

gfk lqmk
d hfG5'

pbfx/0f -s_ sf b'j} pkjfSox¿ jfSoaf6 l;w} cwLg:y 5g\ . oL b'j} :jtGq pkjfSo
x'g\ . pbfx/0f -v_df ‘xl/n] eGof]’ pkjfSodfq jfSoaf6 l;w} cwLg:y 5 . ‘xl/n] eGof]’
:jfwLg pkjfSo xf] . oxfF ‘d hfG5'’ rflxF jfSoaf6 geO{ gfd kbfjnLaf6 cwLg:y /x]sf]
pkjfSo xf] . o;y{ of] cfl>t pkjfSo xf] . s'g} kbfjnLsf] ;+/rs ag]/ cfpg] jf kbfjnLsf]
cwLg:y pkjfSonfO{ cfl>t pkjfSo elgG5 . o:tf pkjfSon] gfd, ljz]if0f / lqmofljz]if0fsf]
sfd ug{] ePsfn] cfl>t pkjfSo gfd pkjfSo, ljz]if0f pkjfSo / lqmofljz]if0f pkjfSo u/L
ltg lsl;dsf x'G5g\ M

109
-c_ gfd pkjfSo M gfdsf] sfo{ ug]{ jf gfdkbfjnLsf] cwLg:y ag]/ cfpg] pkjfSonfO{ gfd
pkjfSo elgG5 . h:t} M
-s_ ddfq xfF;"Fn] dfG5]nfO{ lauf5{ .
jf

gfk lqmk
jf
gfk lqmk
gfk lqmk dfG5]n fO{ lauf5{
ddfq xfF; "Fn ]

-v_ u'?n] ltdLx¿ k9 eGg'eof] .

jf

gfk lqmk
u'?n]
gfk lqmk
jf eGg'eof]

gfk lqmk
ltdLx¿ k9
pbfx/0f -s_df gfd kbfjnLeGbf tn /x]sf] pkjfSon] stf{sf] / -v_ df gfdkbfjnL
cwLg:y pkjfSon] sd{sf] sfd u/]sf 5g\ . gfdsf] sfd u/]sf x'gfn] logLx¿nfO{ gfd pkjfSo
elgG5 .
-cf_ ljz]if0f pkjfSo M ljz]if0fsf] sfd ug{] jf ljz]if0f kbfjnLsf] cwLg:y eP/ cfpg]
pkjfSonfO{ ljz]if0f pkjfSo elgG5 . h:t} M
-s_ h;n] kl/>d u5{, p;n] k'/:sf/ kfpF5 .
jf

gfk lqmk

ljk gfk gfk lqmk

jf p;n] k'/:sf/ kfpF5

p;n] kl/>d u5{

-v_ cN5L ug{] s]6f] cg'QL0f{ eof] .

110
 jf

gfk lqmk

ljk gfk gfk lqmk

jf s]6f] cg'QL0f{ eof]

s]6fn] cN5L u¥of]

pbfx/0f -s_ / -v_ sf ljz]if0f kbfjnLsf cwLg:y pkjfSox¿n] ljz]if0fs} sfd
u/]sf x'gfn] logLx¿nfO{ ljz]if0f pkjfSo elgG5 .
-O_ lqmofljz]if0f pkjfSo M lqmofljz]if0f kbfjnLsf] ;+/rs eP/ cfpg] / jfSodf cfP/
lqmofljz]if0fs} sfd ug{] pkjfSonfO{ lqmofljz]if0f pkjfSo elgG5 . h:t}M
-s_ ltdL h;/L k9\5f} To;/L n]v .
jf

gfk lqmk
ltdL lqmljk n]v

jf lqmljk
To;/L
ltdL To;/L k9\5 f}
-v_ pgLx¿ kfgL k/]sfn] cfPgg\ .
jf

gfk lqmk
pgLx¿
lqmljk lqmk
jf cfPgg\

kfgL k¥of]
oxfF -s_ / -v_ df lqmofljz]if0fsf ;+/rs pkjfSox¿n] lqmofljz]if0f kbfjnLs} sfd
u/]sf x'gfn] logLx¿nfO{ lqmofljz]if0f pkjfSo elgG5 .
-$_ jfSo
pkjfSoeGbf dflyNnf] / ;ª\sygeGbf tNnf] eflifs PsfOnfO{ jfSo elgG5 . jfSonfO{
;+/rgfTds Pjd\ cy{tflŒjs -k|sfo{_sf cfwf/df juL{s/0f ug{] k|rng /x]sf] 5 . ;+/rgfTds
b[li6n] jfSonfO{ cfwf/e"t / lj:tfl/t u/L juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . cfwf/ ;+/rgfdf /x]sf
jfSonfO{ cfwf/e"t jfSo elgG5 . cfwf/e"t jfSodf rf/j6f ljz]iftfx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\–
lgZrofy{stf, st[{jfrstf, c;lGglji6tf / s/0ffy{stf . h:t} M
s]6f] 3/ uof] .
o; jfSodf jfSofTds ;+/rgfsf cfwf/e"t 36s stf{, sd{ / lqmof /x]sf 5g\ . o;
jfSon] ;fdfGofy{ jf lgZrofy{ cleJoQm u/]sf] 5 eg] o;df stf{ / lqmofsf lardf ;ª\ult

111
ePsfn] st{[jfrstf klg /x]sf] 5 . o;df ;+of]hg, ld>0f, gfdLs/0f, ljz]if0fLs/0f,
lqmofof]uLs/0f h:tf k|lqmofx¿ 3l6t ePsf 5}gg\ . o; jfSon] ;sf/fTds cy{nfO{ klg
;ª\s]t u/]sf] 5 . lj:tfl/t jfSox¿ ;/n, ;+o'Qm / ld> u/L ltg lsl;dsf x'G5g\ .
cy{tflŒjs jf k|sfo{sf cfwf/df jfSonfO{ ;fdfGofy{, k|Zgfy{, ljWoy{ -cf1fy{, OR5fy{_,
;Defjgfy{ cflb efudf ljefhg u/L cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 . cj/f]xL cg'tfgdf pRrf/0f x'g]
lgZrofy{s jfSonfO{ ;fdfGofy{af]ws jfSo elgG5 eg] cf/f]xL cg'tfgdf pRrf/0f x'g] / k|Zg a'emfpg]
jfSonfO{ k|Zgfy{s jfSo elgG5 . OR5f, cf1f, cg'dlt, cg'/f]w cflb efjnfO{ cleJoSt ug{]
jfSox¿ ljWoy{s jfSo x'g\ . clglZrt cy{af]ws jfSo ;Defjgfy{s jfSo x'g\ .
-%_ ;ª\syg
jfSoeGbf dflyNnf] eflifs PsfOnfO{ ;ª\syg elgG5 . o;n] jfSoeGbf dflysf]
efiffsf] k|of]ulj:tf/nfO{ hgfpF5 . of] k"0f{ Pjd\ l;ª\uf] cleJolSt xf] . jfSo, k|s/0f, cg'R5]b,
kl/R5]bh:tf PsfOx¿ ;ª\sygsf ;+/rs tŒjx¿ x'g\ . ;ª\syg sYo / n]Vo u/L b'O{
lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . ukm, s'/fsfgL, ;+jfb, 5nkmn, ljjfb, ufnL, 7§f, cGtjf{tf{ cflb sYo
;ª\sygcGtu{t / syf, sljtf, n]v, lgaGw, pkGof;, dxfsfJo cflb n]Vo ;ª\sygcGtu{t
kb{5g\ . sYo ;ª\sygdf eflifs kIfsf ;fy} xfpefpnufotsf eflifs]t/ kIfx¿sf] klg
;dfj]z ePsf] x'G5 eg] n]Vo ;ª\sygx¿ eflifs kIfdf g} s]lGb|t x'G5g\ .
;ª\sygdf ljleGg lsl;dsf plQmx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . oL plQmx¿nfO{ clGjltk"0f{ agfpg
;ª\sygdf ;+;lQm / ;+o'lQmn] ljz]if e"ldsf v]ns ] f x'G5g\ . jfSo jf jfSoeGbf dflyNnf
eflifs PsfOx¿sf lar cGt/;DaGw hgfpg cfpg] ;fj{gflds, sflns, :yfgut cflb eflifs
tŒjnfO{ ;+;lQm elgG5 . of] jfSox¿sf lar z[ª\vnf jf clGjlt hgfpg cfpg] Ps lsl;dsf]
o'lQm xf] . o;nfO{ jfSoeGbf dflyNnf] txdf cGt/jfSoLo ;Da4tfsf nflu k|oQ ' m x'g] eflifs
cGjos, hf]8 jf hf]gL{sf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . h:t} M
æb]jsf]6f @))$ ;fndf 3/kl/jf/ / hflu/ 5f8]/ agf/; uP . ToxfF /xFbf pgn] ;flxTo
/rgf ugf{sf cltl/Qm w]/} /rgfTds sfo{x¿ u/] . To; ;dodf ef/tdf ‘ef/t 5f]8f]’ cfGbf]ng
rln/x]sf] lyof] . To; qmflGtdf b]jsf]6fn] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf lyP .Æ
o; ;ª\sygdf cfPsf ‘/’, ‘ToxfF’, ‘pgn]’, ‘To; ;dodf’, ‘To;’ h:tf 36sx¿n]
clGjltnfO{ z[ª\vnfa4 agfpg] sfd u/]sf 5g\ .
cleJolStsf] j}rfl/s l;nl;nfnfO{ ;+o'lQm elgG5 . o;nfO{ cg'qmddf cfPsf
sygx¿ eGg ;lsG5 . dflysf] ;ª\sygdf ‘b]jsf]6f @))$ ;fndf 3/kl/jf/ / hflu/ 5f8L
agf/; hfg'’, ‘agf/;df /xFbf ;flxTo /rgf ugf{sf cltl/Qm w]/} /rgfTds sfo{ ug{'’ h:tf
cg'qmddf cfPsf sygx¿ g} ;+o'lQm x'g\ .
o;/L jfSoeGbf pkNnf] ;Da4s / ;DaGwgo'Qm k"0f{ / l;ª\uf] eflifs cleJolQmnfO{
;ª\syg elgG5 . ;ª\syg Pp6f l;ª\uf] / k"0f{ cleJolSt ePsfn] ‘w'd|dfg lgif]w’, ‘zflGt’,
‘k|j]z lgif]w’ h:tf sygx¿ klg ;ª\syg aGg k'Ub5g\ .
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= kbfjnLsf] cWoog efifflj1fgsf] s'g zfvfdf ul/G5 <
-s_ jfSolj1fg -v_ ¿klj1fg -u_ Wjlglj1fg -3_ j0f{lj1fg
@= efiffsf] dflyNnf] Jofs/l0fs PsfO s'g xf] <
-s_ jfSo -v_ ;ª\syg -u_ pkjfSo -3_ kbfjnL
#= jfSosf cfwf/e"t 36s s'gs'g x'g\ <
-s_ stf{ / sd{ -v_ stf{ / lqmof

112
 -u_ sd{ / lqmof -3_ ;j{gfd / cJoo
$= gfdkbfjnLdf s'gs'g kb ;dfj]z x'G5g\
-s_ ljz]if0f -v_ lqmof
-u_ ;+of]hs -3_ lqmofof]uL
%= ‘efO ljBfnoaf6 cfO{ u[xsfo{ u/]/ km'6an x]g{ uof]’ k|:t't jfSosf] ;+/rgfdf sltj6f
pkjfSo 5g\ <
-s_ Ps -v_ b'O{ -u_ ltg -3_ rf/
^= jfSox¿sf larsf] s:tf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;+ol' St elgG5 <
-s_ kof{o–ljkof{o -v_ sf/0f–sfo{
-u_ ;fj{gflds -3_ ljz]if0f–ljz]io
ljifout k|Zg
-1_ zAb / kbnfO{ pbfx/0f lbO{ lrgfpg'xf];\ .
-2_ pkjfSosf] ;f]bfx/0f kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-3_ kbfjnL / pkjfSodf kfOg] leGgtf :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
-4_ jfSo / ;ª\sygsf larsf] ;DaGwsf af/]df rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
$=#=$ Jofs/0ffTds sf]l6
jfSofTds ;+/rgf;Fu ;DalGwt lnÍ, jrg, k'?if, cfb/, sfn, kIf, efj, jfRo, lgif]wg
cflbnfO{ hgfpg] sf]l6nfO{ oxfF Jofs/0ffTds sf]l6 elgG5 . j:t'tM efiffj}1flgs ;Gbe{df o;
lsl;dsf sf]l6x¿nfO{ ¿kfolgs sf]l6 eGg] ul/Psf] 5 . Jofs/0ffTds sf]l6 eGgfn] rflx+
k/Dk/fut cy{sf zAbju{nfO{ lng] ul/Psf] 5 . oxfF rflxF Jofs/0ffTds sf]l6 jf wf/f egL oL
sf]l6x¿nfO{ x]l/Psf] 5 .
Jofs/0ffTds sf]l6 eg]sf jfSodf lnÍ, jrg, k'?if, sfn, kIf, efj cflbnfO{
cleJoSt ug{] kIfx¿ x'g\ . logLx¿sf af/]df ¿kfogsf sf]l6x¿ zLif{scGtu{t rrf{ eO;s]sf]
5.
$=#=% ;ª\ult / zf;gsf] kl/ro
-!_ ;ª\ult
jfSofTds ;+/rgfleqsf 36sx¿sf lardf lnÍ, jrg, k'?if / cfb/sf cfwf/df x'g]
d]nnfO{ ;ª\ult elgG5 . ;ª\ult ¿kfogfTds efiff;Fu ;DalGwt Jofs/0ffTds clenIf0f xf] .
o;y{ jfSoleq cfpg] kbx¿ k/:k/ ¿kfogdf lgoGq0f x'g] k|lqmofnfO{ ;ª\ult elgG5 . ;ª\ult
x'bF f jfSofTds ;+/rgfdf cfPsf b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L PsfOx¿n] ;dfg ¿kut clenIf0f
b]vfPsf x'G5g\ .
;ª\ult ¿kfogfTds tyf k|Took|wfg efiff;Fu ;DalGwt x'gfsf ;fy} gfd, ;j{gfd,
ljz]if0f / lqmofkbh:tf ¿kfogfTds PsfO;Fu cGt/;DalGwt /x]sf] x'G5 . x/]s efiffdf cf–cfÇg}
k|s[ltsf] ;ª\ult Joj:yf x'g] ePsfn] o;nfO{ efifflgi7 Jofs/0ffTds clenIf0f dfGg] ul/Psf]
5 . o;nfO{ lgDgcg';f/sf e]bdf juL{s/0f u/L cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ p2]Zo / ljw]osf lardf ;ª\ult
jfSodf lqmofn] JoQm u/]sf] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{] gflds kb jf kbfjnLnfO{ p2]Zo elgG5
eg] p2]Zosf af/]df s]xL ;"rgf lbg] kbnfO{ ljw]o elgG5 . st{[jfRosf ;Gbe{df stf{,

113
sd{jfRosf ;Gbe{df sd{ / efjjfRosf ;Gbe{df lqmof g} p2]Zosf ¿kdf b]vfk5{g\ . p2]Zo /
ljw]osf lardf lgDgcg';f/sf] ;ª\ult Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 M
-c_ stf{ / lqmofsf larsf] ;ª\ult
stf{ h'g lnÍ, jrg, k'?if / cfb/df /xG5 tbg'¿ks} 9fFrfdf lqmofkb /xg' stf{ /
lqmofsf larsf] ;ª\ult xf] . h:t} M
-s_ efO k9\5 – t[=k', P=j= c:qLlnÍL, cgfb/ stf{ / lqmof
-v_ xfdL k9\5f}F – k|=k'=, a=j= stf{ / lqmof
-u_ tkfOF k9\g'xG' 5 – lå=k'=, P=j=, cfb/ stf{ / lqmof
stf{ / lqmofsf lardf x'g] ;ª\ultut Joj:yf cg]s lsl;dsf] x'G5 . g]kfnL efiffsf
;Gbe{df o;nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
(i) PseGbf a9L Pp6} k'?ifsf kbx¿ stf{sf ¿kdf cfPsf 5g\ eg] pxL k'?ifsf] ax'jrgsf]
lqmofkb k|of]u x'G5 . h:t} M
-s_ /fd / Zofd ;x/ uP .
-v_ nIdL, cg' / bLkf+z' ahf/ hfG5g\ .
-u_ Tof] / pm w]/} ldN5g\ .
(ii) k|yd k'?if;lxt PseGbf a9L kbx¿ stf{sf ¿kdf cfO{ km/s–km/s lnÍ, jrg /
k'?ifdf eP k|yd k'?if ax'jrg lqmofkbsf] k|of]u x'G5 . h:t} M
-s_ ltdL, d / pgLx¿ ;Fu} hfcf}+ .
-v_ tF, d / pm ;Fu} v]nf}+ .
(iii) låtLo k'?if / t[tLo k'?ifsf kbx¿ stf{ eP låtLo k'?if ax'jrg lqmofsf] k|of]u x'G5 .
h:t} M
-s_ tF / pm c;n 5f} .
-v_ tkfO{+ / pgLx¿ p:t} x'g'xG' 5 .
(iv) ‘ls’, ‘g’, ‘jf’, ‘of’ h:tf j}slNks ;+of]hsn] hf]8]sf kbx¿ stf{ eP lqmofsf]
glhssf] kbcg';f/ lqmofkb lgwf{l/t x'G5 . h:t} M
-s_ ;Ltf jf /fd hfG5 .
-v_ /fd jf ;Ltf hfG5] .
-u_ tF jf d hfpFm .
-3_ d jf tF hf .
(v) :qLlnÍ ax'jrg stf{ / cfb/fyL{ stf{ x'Fbf lqmofkbdf Ps} lsl;dsf] lnÍ Joj:yf
/xG5 . h:t} M
-s_ 5f]/Lx¿ uP . u= cfdf cfpg'eof] .
-v_ 5f]/fx¿ uP . 3= bfh' cfpg'eof] .
-cf_ sd{ / lqmofsf larsf] ;ª\ult
sd{jfRodf sd{ p2]Zo x'G5 eg] sd{cg';f/ g} lqmofkbsf] lnÍ, jrg, k'?if / cfb/sf]
lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . h:t} M
-s_ d s'l6PF . – k|k'=, Pj= sd{ / lqmof
-v_ ;fdfgx¿ lslgP . – t[k'= aj= sd{ / lqmof

114
 -u_ ;l/tf lkl6O{ . – Pj=, :qLlnÍL sd{ / lqmof
-O_ efj;·lt
efjjfRodf lqmofsf] cy{ d'Vo x'g] ePsfn] lqmofkb ;w}F t[tLo k'?if, c:qLlnÍ /
Psjrgdf /xG5ý h:t} M
-s_ bfh'x¿af6 3/ uOof] .
-v_ lbbLx¿åf/f lgbfOof] .
-u_ bfh'åf/f ufpFd} al;of] .
-v_ gfd / ;j{gfdsf lardf ;ª\ult
gfd h'g jrg, k'?if / cfb/df /x]sf] x'G5 ;j{gfd ;f]xLcg'¿ksf] x'g' gfd / ;j{gfdsf
larsf] ;ª\ult xf]ý h:t} M
-s_ Zofd ahf/ uof] . p;n] 6f]kL lsGof] .
-v_ u'? cfpg'eof] eg] pxfFn] dnfO{ ufnL ug{'x'G5 .
-u_ ljz]if0f / ljz]iosf larsf] ;ª\ult
ljz]iocg'¿k ljz]if0fsf] lnÍ, jrg, cfb/ lgwf{l/t x'g' ljz]if0f / ljz]iosf larsf]
;ª\ult xf]ý h:t} M
-s_ sfnf] s]6f] -lnÍ_, sfnL s]6L -lnÍ_, sfnf s]6Lx¿ -jrg_, sfnf s]6f -cfb/_
-v_ ;fgf] s]6f] -lnÍ_, ;fgL s]6L -lnÍ_, ;fgf s]6Lx¿ -jrg_, ;fgf s]6f -cfb/_
-3_ e]B / e]bssf larsf] ;ª\ult
e]B / e]bssf lardf klg ljz]if0f / ljz]iosf] h:t} ;ª\ult /x]sf] x'G5ý h:t} M
-s_ d]/f] 5f]/f] -lnÍ_, d]/L 5f]/L -lnÍ_, d]/f 5f]/Lx¿ -jrg_, d]/f] 5f]/f -cfb/_
-v_ /fdsf] efO -lnÍ_, /fdsL alxgL -lnÍ_, /fdsf alxgLx¿ -jrg_, /fdsf efO -cfb/_
-@_ zf;g
zAb jf kbnfO{ jfSofTds ;+/rgfsf PsfOsf ¿kdf ljefhg u/L ltgLx¿nfO{ ljleGg
k|sfof{Tds e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sg] agfpg] Jofs/l0fs k4ltnfO{ zf;g elgG5 . zf;g
k/;uf{Tds Pjd\ ljelQmo'Qm efiffdf ljelQm;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 eg] lglj{elQms Pjd\
k/;u{/lxt efiffdf kbqmd;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 .
jfSoleqsf zAb jf kbx¿ ljelQmsf dfWodaf6 k/:k/ clGjt x'g], lqmof;Fu ;DaGw
/fVg] tyf ljleGg k|sfo{ k"/f ug{ ;Sg] x'G5g\ . k/;uf{Tds efiffdf /xg] To:tf] Joj:yf g} zf;g
xf] . ljelQmsf cefjdf o:tf kbx¿df cy{tŒj dfq /xg] ePsfn] ltgLx¿n] s'g} k|sfo{ jf
e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;St}gg\ . h:t} M
-s_ */fd efO af]nfof] .
-v_ /fdn] efOnfO{ af]nfof] .
pbfx/0f -s_ cJofs/l0fs 5 . oxfFsf kbx¿ k/:k/ cglGjt 5g\ . ltgLx¿n] s'g}
e"ldsf jf k|sfo{ k"/f u/]sf 5}gg\ . jfSo -v_ df ljelQm lrÅgsf k|of]usf sf/0f kbx¿ k/:k/
clGjt x'gfsf ;fy} ‘/fd’ n] stf{sf] / ‘efO’ n] sd{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf 5g\ . j:t'tM ljelQm
lrÅgs} sf/0f oL kbx¿n] o; lsl;dsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
lglj{elQms tyf k/;u{/lxt efiffdf zf;g kbqmdsf] cwLg /x]sf] x'G5 . o:tf efiffdf
To; efiffsf] kbqmlds Joj:yfcg'¿k kbx¿n] cfÇgf] k|sfo{ k"/f ub{5g\ý h:t} M

115
 -s_ Ram killed Ravan.
-v_ Ravan killed Ram.
-u_ d}n] efOnfO{ e]6]F .
-3_ efOnfO{Çd}n] e]6]+ .
oxfF -s_ / -v_ df kbqmdsf] kl/jt{gaf6 cy{df ;d]t kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 eg] -u_ / -3_
df of] l:ylt kfOFbg} . -s_ df kbqmds} sf/0f Ram stf{sf ¿kdf / Ravan sd{sf ¿kdf
cfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] -v_ df Ravan n] stf{ / Ram n] sd{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf 5g\ . -u_ /
-3_ df eg] kbqmd kl/jt{g ul/P klg ‘d’ stf{sf ¿kdf / ‘efO’ sd{sf ¿kdf g} cfPsf 5g\ .
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= jfSodf zf;gnfO{ hgfpg] pko'St zAb s'g xf] <
-s_ cwLg:ytf -v_ clwstf
-u_ clGjlt -3_ cg'¿ktf
@= sd{ / lqmoflar ;Ílt ldn]sf] jfSo s'g xf] <
-s_ /fdn] a]x'nL b]Vof] -v_ cfdfåf/f d af]nfOPF
-u_ alxgL leq uOg\ -3_ cfh t kfgL knf{
ljifout k|Zg
-1_ ;ª\ultsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-2_ ;ª\ultsf k|sf/nfO{ ;f]bfx/0f lrgfpg'xf];\ .
-3_ zf;gnfO{ ;f]bfx/0f :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
-4_ ;ª\ult / zf;gdf s] leGgtf 5 <
$=#=^ kbqmd / o;sf k|sf/
jfSodf k|of]u x'g] cfwf/e"t kbx¿sf] qmlds ljGof;sf] l:yltnfO{ kbqmd elgG5 .
kbqmd ;+;f/sf efiffx¿sf] k|sf/ut juL{s/0f ug{] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ cfwf/ xf] . jfSosf] cfwf/
;+/rgfsf ¿kdf kb÷kbfjnL cfpg] x'Fbf o:tf kb jf kbfjnLsf cfwf/df g} jfSosf] ;+/rgf
lgwf{l/t x'G5 . To;}n] jfSosf] rrf{sf qmddf kbqmdnfO{ k|:yfgljGb'sf ¿kdf lng] ul/Psf] 5 .
jfSodf kbx¿ jfSofTds ;DaGwsf cfwf/df qmdzM b]a|]lt/af6 bflxg]lt/sf] cg'qmddf cfa4
x'Fb} hfG5g\ . o; l:yltdf cfwf/e"t ¿kdf s'g kbkl5 s'g kb cfpF5 eGg] s'/f efiffcg';f/
lgwf{l/t x'G5 .
kbqmd jfSo/rgf;Fu ;DalGwt Jofs/0ffTds ljwfg eP klg sltko efiffdf o;n]
Jofs/l0fs sfd klg ub{5 . ljelQmk|wfg efiffdf kbqmd ;'lglZrt x'Fbg} . o:tf efiffdf kbqmd
kl/jt{gn] jQmfsf] tfTko{df dfq leGgtf NofpF5, cy{df leGgtf cfpFb}g . sltko lglj{elQms
efiffdf eg] kbqmdsf] kl/jt{gaf6 cfyL{ ;+/rgf g} elTsG5 . h:t} M
lrlgofF – jfª tfª rfª -jfªn] rfªnfO{ df5{_
– rfª tfª jfª -rfªn] jfªnfO{ df5{_
cª\u|]hL – Ram killed Ravan -/fdn] /fj0fnfO{ df/]_
– Ravan killed Ram -/fj0fn] /fdnfO{ df/] _
o;/L kbqmd jfSofTds Joj:yfdfq geP/ Jofs/0ffTds sfo{ ug{] Joj:yfsf ¿kdf
;d]t b]vfk/]sf] 5 .

116
 jfSodf kbqmdsf] cWoog ug{ d"ntM stf{, sd{ / lqmofsf] qmdnfO{ x]g{] ul/G5 . o;
cfwf/df tfls{s ¿kdf kbqmd lgDgcg';f/ ^ lsl;dsf] x'g] b]lvG5 M
1. stf{ lqmof sd{ (SVO)
2. stf{ sd{ lqmof (SOV)
3. lqmof stf{ sd{ (VSO)
4. lqmof sd{ stf{ (VOS)
oL kbqmdx¿dWo] !–# sf kbqmddf g} ;+;f/sf clwsf+z efiffx¿ ;+/lrt 5g\ . To;}n]
!–# sf kbqmdnfO{ d'Vo kbqmd / rf}yf] kbqmdnfO{ uf}0f kbqmd eGg] ul/Psf] 5 . oLdWo] klxnf]
kbqmd cª\u|]hL, lu|s, O6flnog cflb efiffdf, bf];|f] kbqmd dfnfuf;L, k]GgL, g]kfnL cflb
efiffdf kfOG5 .
kbqmd tfls{s ¿kdf 5 k|sf/sf] dflgP klg lqmofnfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/ kbqmdsf] rrf{ ug{]
k/Dk/f klg 5Fb} 5 . o; b[li6n] lqmofkb ;'?, lar / cGTodf cfpg] cfwf/df efiffx¿ klg lqmoflb,
lqmofdWo / lqmofGt ltg lsl;dsf x'g] ub{5g\ .
sltko efiffdf kbqmd lglZrt x'G5 eg] sltko efiffdf nrsbf/ kbqmd x'G5 .
nrsbf/ jf kl/jt{gzLn kbqmd x'g] efiffdf klg dfgs jf Jofs/0ffTds kbqmd eg] lglZrt g}
x'G5 . ;~rng x'g ;Sg] / g;Sg] cfwf/df kbqmd lgDgcg';f/sf] x'g] b]lvG5 M
kbqmd

lglZrt nrsbf/

d'Qm kl/;Lldt
lglZrt kbqmd ePsf efiffx¿df kbqmdn] Jofs/l0fs sfo{ u/]sf] x'G5 . To:tf efiffdf
kbqmd s'g} klg cj:yfdf ;~rlnt x'g ;St}g . nrsbf/ kbqmd ePsf efiffdWo] s]xL efiffdf
d'Qm k|s[ltsf] kbqmd x'G5 . o:tf efiffdf ;a} ;Gbe{df kbqmd ;~rlnt x'G5 eg] kl/;Lldt
kbqmdo'Qm efiffdf s'g} jfSodf kbqmd ;~rlnt x'g] / s'g}df gx'g] cj:yf /xG5 .
nrsbf/ kbqmd ePsf efiffdf d'Vo / uf}0f u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf] kbqmd x'G5 . o:tf
efiffdf cfj[lQ / lrlÅgttf b'O{ cfwf/df d'Vo / uf}0f kbqmd lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . cfj[lQ eg]sf]
k6sk6s Pp6} 9fFrfsf] k|of]u ug{' xf] . jQmfn] efiffsf] pRrf/0fdf k6sk6s Pp6} 9fFrfsf] k|of]u
ub{5 eg] Tof] 9fFrf jf kbqmd To; efiffsf] d'Vo kbqmd x'G5 . lrlÅgttf eg]sf] s'g} kbdf hf]8
lbg' xf] . s'g} kbdf hf]8 lb+bf jfSofTds ;+/rgfsf To:tf kbx¿ cu|Ls[t x'g] ub{5g\ . o;
cj:yfdf b]lvg] kbqmd eg] To; efiffsf] uf}0f kbqmd x'G5 . h:t} M
d'Vo kbqmd – bLkf+z' n'uf nufpFl5g\ .
uf}0f kbqmd – n'uf bLkf+z' nufpFl5g\ .
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= stf{ ± sd{ ± lqmofsf] ;+/rgfdf lgld{t jfSo s'g xf] <
-s_ efO eft vfG5 -v_ xl/ laxfg} p7\5
-u_ pk]Gb| 6fpsf] g'xfpF5 -3_ ;Demgf d';'Ss xfF:5]
@= uf}0f kbqmdsf] ;+/rgfdf cfPsf] jfSo s'g xf] <
-s_ d"vs { f dgdf ctL{ ufnLt'No laemfpF5 .
-v_ kmn]sf] j[Ifsf] xfFuf] gem's]sf] sxfF 5 / <

117
 -u_ ug{" ldnL ;a} sfd x'G5 cToGt kmfObf
-3_ 5f]6f] a9]kl5 ef/L km'lt{9fFrf a9fpF5 .
ljifout k|Zg
-1_ kbqmdnfO{ ;f]bfx/0f lrgfpg'xf];\ .
$=#=& ;dtnLo / txut ;+/rgf
jfSofTds ;+/rgfsf txut / ;dtnLo u/L b'O{ e]b 5g\ . oL e]bsf cfwf/df ;+;f/sf
efiffx¿sf] juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotf /flvG5 . jfSodf Jofs/l0fs sfo{ ;DkGg ug{
cfpg] p2]Zo, ljw]o, k"/s, clwof]hL h:tf kbx¿ x'G5g\ . oL kbx¿ sltko efiffdf cf/]vfTds
jf txut ¿kdf cfPsf x'G5g\ . txut ¿kdf cfpg] o:tf kb txut ;+/rgf ePsf] efiff elgG5 .
txut ;+/rgf ePsf] efiffdf jfSosf] ;+/rgf lgDgcg';f/ x'G5 M
txut ;+/rgf x'g] efiffsf jfSox¿sf] ;+/rgf lgDgcg';f/ x'G5 M
tx – ! # jf #
tx – @ # gfk! ± lqmk! #
tx – # # lg ± gf ± gfk@ ± lqmk@ #
tx – $ # lg±gf ± lg ± gf ± gfk# ± lqmk# #
tx – % # lg ± gf ± lg ± gf ± lg ± gf ± d'lqm ± ;lqm #
o;nfO{ cf/]vdf lgDgcg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M
jf

gfk! lqmk!

lg gf gfk@ lqmk@

lg gf gfk# lqmk#

lg gf d'lqm ;lqm

To; s]6fn] oL s]6LnfO{ oL sndx¿ lb of] -o\–cf]_

of] dfGotf ;+/rgfjfbsf] lgs636s ljZn]if0f k4lt, ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fsf] kbfjnL
;+/rgf k4lt / Joj:yfks tyf ¿kfy{k/s Jofs/0fsf] >]0fLdfkg k4ltaf6 k|efljt /x]sf] 5 .
jfSofTds ;+/rgf ;dtnLo ePsf efiffx¿ klg ;+;f/df 5g\ . txut ;+/rgfdf jfSo >
jfSof+z > kbfjnL > kbx¿sf] txut ;+/rgf /x]sf] x'G5 eg] ;dtnLo ;+/rgf ePsf efiffdf
kbx¿ ;d:t/sf ¿kdf cfPsf x'G5g\ . ;dtnLo ;+/rgf ePsf efiffdf jfSosf] ;+/rgf
o;k|sf/ x'G5 .
jfSo

gfk! gfk@ gfk# lqmk

118
 pko{'St pbfx/0fdf gfk!, gfk@, gfk# ;a} jfSoaf6 ;f]em} zfvflot 5g\ . To;}n]
km/skm/s txdf gcfO{ ;dfg :t/df cfPsfn] oL kbnfO{ ;dtnLo ;+/rgfsf] 9fFrf dflgG5 .
-!_ txut / ;dtnLo ;+/rgf lgwf{/0fsf cfwf/
s'g efiff txut ;+/rgf ePsf] xf] / s'g efiff ;dtnLo ;+/rgfsf] xf] eGg] 5'6\ofpg]
cfwf/ kbqmd, z"Gosf]l6 / ;~rng u/L ltg lsl;dsf 5g\ M
-s_ kbqmd
;dtnLo ;+/rgf ePsf efiffsf] kbqmd :jtGq x'G5 eg] txut ;+/rgfsf efiffsf]
kbqmd lglZrt x'G5 .
-s_ jfSo -gfk! -lqmk, gfk@__
-v_ jfSo -gfk!, gfk@, gfk#_
pbfx/0f -s_ g]kfnL, lxGbL, c+u|]hL nufotsf efiff;Fu ;Da4 5 . o:tf efiff txut
;+/rgfdf cfPsf x'G5g\ / logLx¿sf] kbqmd lglZrt 5 . pbfx/0f -v_ df gfk! gfk@ gfk# sf]
;dfgtf b]lvPsfn] kbqmd :jtGq / ;+/rgf klg ;dtnLo b]lvG5 .
-v_ z"Gosf]l6
jfl0f{s ;+/rgf gePsf] t/ Jofs/l0fs sfo{ ug{] kbnfO{ z"Gosf]l6 elgG5 . txut
;+/rgfdf z"Gosf]l6sf] k|of]u x'G5 eg] ;dtnLo ;+/rgfdf z"Gosf]l6sf] k|of]u x'Fbg} . o;nfO{
hgfpg e sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . pbfx/0ffy{ g]kfnLsf] sd{jfRonfO{ lng ;lsG5 . o;df stf{sf]
Jofs/l0fs sfo{ sfod eP klg To;nfO{ hgfpg] jfl0f{s ;+/rgfsf] z"Gotf /xG5 . h:t}M
jf ˜ gfk!e -gfk@ lqmk_
jf

gfk! lqmk
/fdåf/f
gfk@ lqmk
eft vfOG5
pQm jfSodf gfk! cGtu{tsf] stf{ z"Gosf]l6 xf] . o:tf] z"Gosf]l6 ;dtnLo ;+/rgf
ePsf jfSodf kfOFb}g .
-u_ ;~rng
;~rngsf] lgod txut ;+/rgf ePsf efiffdf nfu" x'G5 . ;dtnLo ;+/rgf ePsf
efiffdf ;~rngsf] lgod nfu" x'Fbg} . ;~rng eg]sf] jfSodf cfPsf jf a;]sf kbx¿n] cfÇgf]
7fpF 5f]8L cGoq a:g' xf] . cfÇgf] 7fpF 5f]8L cGoq uPsf] 7fpFnfO{ hgfpg T (Trace) sf] k|of]u
ug{] rng 5 .
-s_ xl/ eft vfG5 .
-v_ eft xl/ T vfG5 .
pbfx/0f -v_ sf] eft ;~rlnt kb xf] . sd{n] hgfpg] cy{ cfÇg} 7fpFdf 5f8L of]
stf{eGbf cufl8 cfPsf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yf txut ;+/rgfdf dfq b]lvG5 . ;dtnLo ;+/rgf
ePsf efiffdf kbx¿ ;~rlnt x'Fb}gg\, cfÇg} 7fpFdf /xG5g\ .

119
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= ;dtnLo ;+/rgfdf kbqmdsf] l:ylt s:tf] b]lvG5 <
-s_ :jtGq -v_ cfl>t -u_ lglZrt -3_ a4
@= z"Gosf]l6sf] k|of]u s'g jfSodf kfOG5 <
-s_ xl/ 3/ hfG5 -v_ alxgL lstfa k9\5]
-u_ u'? sljtf k9fpg'x'G5 -3_ lbg]zåf/f klqsf kl9G5 .
#= ;dtnLo / txut ;+/rgfsf] lgwf{/0fdf e"ldsf gv]Ng] tTj s'g xf] <
-s_ kbqmd -v_ z"Gosf]l6
-u_ ;~rng -3_ j0f{g
ljifout k|Zg
!= txut jfSofTds ;+/rgfnfO{ pbfx/0f lbO{ lrgfpg'xf];\ .
@= ;dtnLo jfSofTds ;+/rgfsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
#= txut / ;dtnLo jfSofTds ;+/rgfsf] leGgtf cf}+Nofpg'xf];\ .
$=#=* cjz]if / ;~rng
cjz]if / ;~rng rD:sLsf] lj:tfl/t dfgs l;4fGt -!(&)_ df rrf{ ul/Psf
¿kfGt/0fsf nf]k, cfud, cfb]z / qmdkl/jt{gsf rf/j6f lgodx¿dWo] qmdkl/jt{g lgod;Fu
;DalGwt 5g\ . rD:sLn] ‘clwzf;g / cfa4tf l;4fGt’ -!(*!_ ;Dd cfOk'Ubf o; cl3sf ;a}
¿kfGt/0f lgodnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L cNkmf ;~rng (Alpha Movement) sf] cjwf/0ff cufl8
NofPsf] kfOG5 . α –;~rngcg';f/ cfGtl/s ;+/rgf afÅo ;+/rgfdf cfpFbf s'g} klg kb jf
kbfjnL h'g;'s} 7fpFdf ;g{ ;S5g\ . rD:sLsf log} ;}4flGts ;Gbe{;uF cjz]if / ;~rngsf]
;DaGw hf]l8Psf] 5 .
;~rng eg]sf] jfSofTds ;+/rgfleqsf s'g} kb, kbfjnL jf pkjfSo cfÇgf] 7fpF 5f8L
jfSoleqs} cGo 7fpFdf hfg] k|lqmof xf] . cjz]if / ;~rng l;4fGtcg';f/ jfSoleqsf] s'g} kb,
kbfjnL jf jfSof+z afofF jf dfly ;~rlnt x'g ;S5 eg] sltko ;Gbe{df bfofF jf tn klg
:yfgfGt/0f x'g] ub{5 . afofF jf dfly ;~rlnt x'g] l:ylt clwsf+z efiffdf kfOG5 eg] bfofF jf
tn :yfgfGt/0f x'g] l:ylt Hofb} sd kfOG5 .
jfSofTds ;+/rgfleqsf ;~rlnt kb, kbfjnL jf jfSof+zsf] cfwf/e"t :yfgnfO{
cjz]if elgG5 . ;~rng x'g] ;Gbe{df s'g} klg 36sx¿ cfÇgf] 7fpF 5f8]/ cGt} a:g ;S5g\ jf
;~rlnt 36sx¿sf] To; :yfgl;t s'g} g s'g} gftf hf]l8Ps} x'G5 . rD:sLn] o; k|sf/sf]
cjz]ifnfO{ hgfpg t -6];« _ sf] k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . of] t n] kb, kbfjnL, pkjfSo ;a}nfO{ hgfpF5 .
cjz]if / ;~rngnfO{ lgDgcg';f/sf pbfx/0faf6 :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ /fdn] eft vfof] .
-v_ eft /fdn] t vfof] .

120
 jf

gfk@ gfk! lqmk

3/
eft /fd
gfk@ lqmk
t
uof]
vfof]
oxfF -v_ df gfk@ ‘eft’ / cf/]vdf gfk@ ‘3/’ sf] ;~rng ePsf] 5 eg] t n] ;~rng
x'g'eGbf cufl8sf] :yfgnfO{ hgfPsf] 5 .
cjz]if l;4fGtn] kbfjnLsf] ;+/rgfdf nfUg] ¿kfGt/0f k|lqmof tyf cfwf/ kbfjnLsf]
:yfg / ¿kfGtl/t kbfjnLsf :yfgsf] cGt/;DaGwsf] JofVof ub{5 . dflysf] cf/]vdf oL ;a}
s'/fsf] ;ª\s]t ul/Psf] 5 .
oxfF gfk@ cfk"meGbf cufl8 jf dfly cu|Ls[t ePsf] 5 . cfÇgf] 7fpF 5f8L ;g{' ¿kfGt/0f
k|lqmof xf] . oxfF ¿kfGtl/t gfk@ n] cufl8 uP/ klg sd{s} sfo{ ug{' :yfgut cGt/;DaGw xf] .
jfSofTds ;+/rgfsf h'g kb, kbfjnL jf jfSof+z ;~rlnt ePsf x'G5g\ ltgLx¿sf]
sf]zLo cy{df s'g} leGgtf cfpFbg} t/ cy{df eg] ljlzi6tf cfpF5 . ;~rlnt 36sdf hf]8 lbOg]
x'gfn] ToxfF cGo kbx¿sf] eGbf ;~rlnt kbsf] cy{ :jtM ljlzi6 ag]/ b]vfkb{5 . ;~rlnt
x'ge
' Gbf cufl8 To; kbn] stf{, sd{, k"/s cflb h'g k|sfo{ lgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 ;~rlnt eP klg
To; kbn] ;f]xL k|sfo{ k'/f u5{ .
cjz]if / ;~rng l;4fGtcg';f/ jfSofTds ;+/rgfleqsf 36sx¿ ljifoLs/0f tyf
hf]8sf nflu ;~rlnt x'g] ub{5g\ . ljifo agfpg rfx]sf] kbnfO{ ;~rng u/L ;'?df Nofpg]
k|lqmofnfO{ ljifoLs/0f elgG5 eg] jQmfn] h'g s'/fdfly ljz]if hf]8 lbg rfx]sf] 5 To;nfO{
;ª\s]t ug{] kb jf kbfjnLnfO{ jfSosf cl3 jf ljifoLs/0feGbf kl5 ;~rng ug{] k|lqmofnfO{
hf]8 elgG5 . ljifoLs/0f / hf]8nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ tflnsfaf6 :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 M
ljifoLs/0f hf]8 ;fdfGo jfSo
s= d}n] efOnfO{ k};f lbPF .
v= d}n] t efOnfO{ k};f lbPF .
u= d}n] k};f t efOnfO{ lbPF .
3= efOnfO{ d}n] t k};f lbPF .
oxfF -s_ df ;fdfGo jfSodfq 5 . -v_ df ‘c¿n] xf]Og d}n’] eGg] tfTko{df ‘d}n’] nfO{
ljifoLs/0f u/L cu|Ls[t ul/Psf] 5 . -u_ df ljifoLs/0fsf ;fy} ‘c¿ yf]s xf]Og k};f’ xf] eGg]
tfTko{df ‘k};f’ df hf]8 lbO{ To;nfO{ ljifoLs/0feGbf k5fl8 cu|Ls[t ul/Psf] 5 . -3_ df
‘c¿nfO{ xf]Og efOnfO{’ eGg] tfTko{df ‘efOnfO{’ df hf]8 lbO{ To;nfO{ jfSosf ;'?df NofOPsf] 5
. ljifoLs/0fdf s'g} kbnfO{ sYo jf zLif{ agfOG5 eg] hf]8df To; ;+/rgfdf /x]sf 36sx¿dWo]
s'g} Ps 36sdf hf]8 lbOG5 .
;~rng x'g] ;Gbe{df kb, kbfjnL jf pkjfSo g} ;~rlnt x'g ;S5g\ . h:t}M
s= d}n] eft vfPF .
v= eft d}n] t vfPF . – kb ;~rlnt ePsf]
u= p;n] sfnf] sf]6 lsGof] .
3= sfnf] sf]6 p;n] t lsGof] – kbfjnL ;~rlnt ePsf]

121
 ª= u'?n] d cfpFlbgF eGg' eof] .
r= d cfpFlbgF u'?n] t eGg'eof] – pkjfSo ;~rlnt ePsf]
-!_ ;~rngsf k|sf/
;~rng b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g\ M :yfgLo txdf x'g] ;~rng / afÅo txdf x'g] ;~rng .
-s_ :yfgLo txdf x'g] ;~rng
Pp6} jfSofTds ;+/rgfleq x'g] ;~rngnfO{ :yfgLo txsf] ;~rng elgG5 . s'g}
jfSofTds ;+/rgfleqsf PsfOx¿ ljifoLs/0f jf hf]8sf ;Gbe{df cu|Ls[t x'g] ub{5g\ . h:t} M
-s_ xl/ :s'n hfG5 .
-v_ xl/ t :s'n hfG5 .
-u_ Zofdn] efOnfO{ lstfa lbof] .
-3_ Zofdn] lstfa efOnfO{ t lbof] .
oxfF pbfx/0f -s_ / -u_ df ;fdfGo sygo'Qm jfSo /x]sf 5g\ eg] -v_ df
ljifoLs/0fsf ;Gbe{df ‘xl/’ cfÇgf] 7fpFdf cjz]if 5f8]/ / -3_ df hf]8sf ;Gbe{df lstfa cfÇgf]
7fpFdf cj]zif 5f8]/ cu|Ls[t ePsf 5g\ . logLx¿nO{ cf/]vdf o;/L b]vfpg ;lsG5 M
s= jf v= jf

gfk gfk lqmk gfk lqmk

xl/ t Zofdn]
gfk lqmk gfk gfk lqmk
:s'n hfG5 lstfa efOnfO{
gfk lqmk
t

-v_ af≈o txdf x'g] ;~rng

jfSofTds ;+/rgf gf3L To;eGbf aflx/ ;~rlnt x'g] l:yltnfO{ afÅo txdf x'g]
;~rng elgG5 . o;cGtu{t lgDglnlvt k|sf/x¿ kb{5g\ M
-c_ afÅo txdf ljifoLs/0f jf hf]8
jfSofTds ;+/rgfleqsf] s'g} kb jf kbfjnL ljifoLs/0f jf hf]8sf sf/0f cfk"m /x]sf]
jfSofTds ;+/rgfnfO{ gf3]/ dflyNnf] jfSofTds ;+/rgfsf] ljifoLs/0f jf hf]8sf :yfgdf
;~rlnt x'g] k|lqmofnfO{ afÅo txdf ljifoLs/0f jf hf]8 elgG5 . h:t} M
-s_ dnfO{ xl/ k|yd x'G5 h:tf] nfU5 .
-v_ xl/ dnfO{ t k|yd x'G5 h:tf] nfU5 .
oxfF ‘xl/’ cfk"m /x]sf] jfSofTds ;+/rgfnfO{ gf3]/ dflyNnf] jfSosf] ljifoLs/0fsf
:yfgdf ;~rlnt ePsf] 5 .
-cf_ p2]Zo pTyfkg
d'Vo pkjfSosf] p2]Zo :yndf s]xL klg jf p2]Zo gePsf ;Gbe{df cwLg pkjfSosf]
p2]Zon] cfÇgf] pkjfSofTds ;+/rgfnfO{ gf3L To; 7fpFdf cjz]if 5f8]/ d'Vo pkjfSosf] p2]Zo
:yfgdf ;~rlnt x'g] k|lqmofnfO{ p2]Zo pTyfkg elgG5 . h:t} M
-s_ -jf! gfke -jf@ ufO{n] 3fF; vf– e"t_ nfu\ –e"t_
-v_ -jf! gfk ufO{n] -jf@ t 3fF; vf–e"t_ nfu\–e"t_ ⇒ ufO{n] 3f; vfg nfUof] .

122
 s= jf

gfke lqmk

gfk lqmk
nfu\–e"t
jf

gfk lqmk
ufO{n]
gfk lqmk
3fF; vf– e"t
-v_
jf

gfk lqmk
ufO{n]
gfk lqmk
nfu\–e"t
jf

gfk lqmk
t
gfk lqmk
3fF; vf– e"t
oxfF, -s_ jfSodf d'Vo pkjfSosf] p2]Zo :yfgdf z"Gosf]l6 /x]sf] 5 jf p2]Zo :yn
l/Qm /x]sf] 5 eg] -v_ df cwLg pkjfSosf] p2]Zo cfÇgf] 7fpFdf cjz]if 5f8L d'Vo pkjfSosf]
p2]Zo :yfgdf pTyflkt ePsf] 5 .
-O_ :yfgfGt/0f
;~rng x'g] ;Gbe{df s'g} PsfOx¿ cfk"meGbf afFoflt/ cu|Ls[t x'G5g\ . afFoflt/ g;/L
bfofFlt/ ;~rng ePdf To;nfO{ :yfgfGt/0f elgG5 . o;nfO{ ;~rngsf] ljk/Lt k|lqmofsf
¿kdf klg x]g{] ul/Psf] 5 . h:t} M
s= u'?n] d cfpFlbgF eGg'eof] .
v= u'?n] t eGg'eof] d cfpFlbgF .
oxfF ‘d cfpFlbgF’ pkjfSo cfÇgf] :yfgdf cjz]if 5f8L bfofFlt/ :yfgfGtl/t ePsf] 5 .
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= rD:sLsf] ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fdf cjz]if / ;~rng k|lqmofsf] rrf{ ;j{k|yd s'g
l;4fGtdf ul/Psf] 5 <
-s_ Snfl;sn l;4fGt -v_ dfgs l;4fGt
-u_ lj:tfl/t dfgs l;4fGt -3_ clw zf;g / cfj4tf l;4fGt
@= cjz]if / ;~rngsf] ;Da4tf ¿kfGt/0f k|lqmofsf s'g lgod;Fu 5 <
-s_ nf]k -v_ cfod -u_ cfb]z -3_ qmdkl/jt{g
#= jfÅo txdf ;~rng ePsf] pbfx/0f s'g xf] <

123
 -s_ efOnfO{ Zofdn] lstfa lbof]
-v_ xl/ dnfO{ lstfa eGg] yfxf lbof]
-u_ lgwf{l/t ;dodf kfgL gk/] clgsfn nfU5
-3_ ltdL l56f] 3/ hfpm .
ljifout k|Zg
-1_ cjz]if / ;~rng k|lqmofnfO{ ;f]bfx/0f lrgfpg'xf];\ .
-2_ afÅo txdf x'g] ;~rngsf k|sf/x¿sf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
-3_ cfGtl/s ;~rng / afÅo ;~rngsf] leGgtf cf}+Nofpg'xf];\ .
$=#=( Jofs/0ffTds k|sfo{
kbn] jfSofTds ;+/rgfleq ug]{ sfo{nfO{ g} Jofs/0ffTds k|sfo{ elgG5 . h:t} M
-s_ s]6f] c;n 5 .
-v_ s]6fn] efOnfO{ snd lbof] .
oxfF -s_ df ‘s]6f]’ gfdn] p2]Zo jf stf{sf], ‘c;n’ ljz]if0fn] k"/ssf] / ‘5’ lqmofn]
ljw]os jf lqmofkbsf] k|sfo{ k'/f u/]sf 5g\ eg] -v_ df ‘s]6fn]’ n] p2]Zosf], ‘efOnfO{’ n]
ck|ToIf sd{sf], ‘snd’ n] k|ToIf sd{sf] / ‘lbof]’ n] ljw]osf] jf lqmofkbsf] sfo{ u/]sf 5g\ .
o;/L kbx¿n] jfSofTds ;+/rgfdf cfP/ ug]{ sfo{ g} Jofs/0ffTds k|sfo{ xf] . p2]Zo, ljw]os,
k"/s, lqmofof]lus o; lsl;dsf Jofs/0ffTds k|sfo{ x'g\ .
-!_ p2]Zo
jfSodf lqmofn] JoQm u/]sf] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ cfpg] gfdkb jf kbfjnLnfO{ p2]Zo
elgG5 . h:t} M
-s_ s]6f] ahf/ uof] .
-v_ eft vfOof] .
oxfF -s_ df ‘s]6f]’ / -v_ df ‘eft’ p2]Zosf ¿kdf cfPsf 5g\ . ;fdfGotof jfSosf]
;'?df cfpg', lqmofkb;Fu ;ª\ult /fVg', jfSodf clgjfo{ eP/ cfpg' p2]Zosf] vf; lrgf/L xf] .
-@_ ljw]o
jfSodf p2]Zo 5'6o\ fPkl5 afFsL /x]sf] c+znfO{ ljw]o elgG5 . p2]Zosf af/]df s]xL eGg]
jf hfgsf/L lbg] 36s g} ljw]o xf] . dflysf pbfx/0fdf ‘ahf/ uof]’ / ‘vfOof]’ ljw]o x'g\ . ljw]o
efudf Ps jf PseGbf a9L kbx¿ /xg ;S5g\ . ljw]o efusf kbx¿sf] Jofs/0ffTds
k|sfo{nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ lrgfpg ;lsG5 M
-s_ ljw]os
ljw]os ljw]o efusf] d'Vo tyf clgjfo{ 36s xf] . jfSodf lqmofkbn] ljw]ossf] sfd
u/]sf] x'G5 . p2]Zosf af/]df jf p2]Zon] ;DkGg u/]sf] sfo{sf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg' ljw]ossf]
d'Vo lrgf/L xf] . ;fdfGotof of] jfSosf] cGTodf cfO{ p2]Zocg';f/ lgwf{l/t ePsf] x'G5 .
-v_ k"/s
ljw]o efudf kg{] csf{] PsfOnfO{ k"/s elgG5 . vf; u/L ljw]ossf nflu cfjZos
sfo{ ug{] kbnfO{ k"/s elgG5 . k/Dk/fut Jofs/0fsf k|ToIf sd{, ck|ToIf sd{ / ;fdfgfwLs/0f
kbnfO{ k"/ssf ¿kdf lng] ul/Psf] 5 .
-c_ k|ToIf sd{

124
 jfSofTds ;+/rgfdf lqmofn] JoQm u/]sf sfo{sf] c;/ kg{] kbnfO{ k|ToIf sd{ elgG5 .
jfSodf Pp6f dfq sd{ /xFbf ToxL kb k|ToIf sd{sf ¿kdf / b'Oj{ 6f sd{ ePsf ;Gbe{df ‘nfO{’
ljelQm nfu]sf] kb k|ToIf sd{sf ¿kdf cfpF5 . h:t} M
-s_ efO eft vfG5 .
-v_ k|x/L rf]/nfO{ lk6\5 .
-u_ /fd efOnfO{ 38L lbG5 .
oxfF ‘eft’, ‘k|x/LnfO{’ / ‘38L’ qmdzM k|ToIf sd{sf ¿kdf cfPsf 5g\ .
-cf_ ck|ToIf sd{
låsd{s lqmofn] lng] b'O6f sd{x¿dWo] ‘nfO{’ ljelQmsf ;fydf cfpg] sd{nfO{ ck|ToIf sd{
elgG5 . ck|ToIf sd{ nfes jf k|fkssf ¿kdf cfPsf] x'G5 . h:t} M
s= a'afn] lbbLnfO{ k};f lbg'eof] .
oxfF ‘lbbLnfO{’ ck|ToIf sd{sf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 .
-O_ ;dfgflws/0f
k/Dk/fut Jofs/0fdf rrf{ ul/Psf k"/snfO{ g} ;dfgflws/0f elgG5 . vf;u/L
k"/sfk]IfL lqmofn] lng] sd{h:t} kbnfO{ ;dfgflws/0f elgG5 . o:tf kbx¿ stf{ jf sd{sf
;dfgflws/0f eP/ cfPsf x'G5g\ . h:t} M
-s_ s]6f] Odfgbf/ 5 .
-v_ xfdLn] p;nfO{ w"t{ 7fGof}+ .
oxfF -s_ df ‘Odfgbf/’ kb ‘s]6f]’ stf{sf] ;dfgflws/0fsf ¿kdf / -v_ df ‘w"t{’ kb
‘p;nfO{’ sd{sf] ;dfgflws/0fsf ¿kdf cfPsf 5g\ . k/Dk/fut ¿kdf logLx¿nfO{ qmdzM
st{[k"/s / sd{k"/s elgPsf] kfOG5 .
-#_ lqmofof]lus
ljw]ossf af/]df yk hfgsf/L u/fpg cfpg] kbnfO{ lqmofof]lus elgG5 . o:tf kbn]
lqmofsf] ;do, :yfg, /Llt, kl/df0f / sf/0fnfO{ hgfpF5g\ . h:t} M
-s_ ef]ln bLkf+z' :s'n hflG5g\ .
-v_ /fwf e'OFdf al:5g\ .
-u_ lzIff ;/f;/ cfpFl5g\ .
-3_ sljtf w]/} l/;fpFl5g\ .
-ª_ ;'gLtf k9\g hflG5g\ .
dflysf /]vfª\lst kbx¿n] jfSofTds ;+/rgfdf lqmofof]lussf] Jofs/0ffTds k|sfo{
k'/f u/]sf 5g\ .
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= Jofs/0ffTds k|sfo{sf] P]lR5s 36s s'g xf] <
-s_ stf{ -v_ sd{ -u_ k"/s -3_ lqmofof]uL
@= ‘3/df emu8f ug{] ;'lzn aflx/ cToGt} 1fgL 5’ o; jfSodf Jofs/0ffTds k|sfo{sf
b[li6n] p2]Zo a'emfpg] kb s'g xf] <
-s_ 3/df -v_ ;'lzn -u_ aflx/ -3_ 1fgL
#= ‘lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ k':ts lbg'eof]’ o; jfSodf Jofs/0ffTds k|sfo{sf cfwf/df
ljBfyL{nfO{’ s] elgG5 <

125
 -s_ p2]Zo -v_ ljw]o -u_ ck|ToIf sd{ -3_ k|ToIf sd{
ljifout k|Zg
-1_ k"/s / lqmofof]uLsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-2_ jfSofTds sfo{sf cfwf/df p2]Zo / ljw]osf af/]df rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
-3_ k|ToIf sd{ / ck|ToIf sd{sf larsf] leGgtf :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
$=#=!) kbfjnLsf] zLif{ / ljz]ifs
b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L kbx¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ kbfjnL elgG5 . kbfjnLdf /xg] oL kbx¿n]
Pp6} cjwf/0ff jf tfTko{nfO{ hgfP klg kbfjnLsf ;+/rs kbx¿dWo] s]xL kb d'Vo x'G5g\ eg]
s]xL kbn] d'Vo kbnfO{ ljlzi6Ls/0f u/]sf x'G5g\ . kbfjnLdf d'Vo x'g] kbnfO{ zLif{ /
zLif{afx]ssf cGo kbnfO{ ljz]ifs elgG5 .
zLif{ kbfjnLsf] d'Vo 36s xf] . zLif{s} cfwf/df kbfjnLsf] gfds/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 .
gfdkbfjnLdf gfd, ljz]if0f kbfjnLdf ljz]if0f, lqmofljz]if0f kbfjnLdf lqmofljz]if0f / lqmof
kbfjnLdf lqmof zLif{ x'G5 eg] zLif{afx]s ;DalGwt kbfjnLsf ;a} kbx¿ ljz]ifs x'G5g\ .
h'g;'s} kbfjnLdf Ps jf PseGbf a9L ljz]ifs /xg ;S5g\ . h:t} M
-s_ gfk M /dfOnf] ufpF
ljz]ifs gf=
-v_ gfk M Tof] /dfOnf] ufpF
ljz]ifs±ljz]ifs± gf=
-u_ ljk M w]/} ld7f]
ljz]ifs±ljz]if0f
-3_ ljk M emg\ w]/} ld7f]
ljz]ifs±ljz]ifs±ljz]if0f
-ª_ lqm=lj=M w]/} dfly
ljz]ifs±lqm=lj=
-r_ lqmk M h'?Ss p7\of]
ljz]ifs±lqmof
oL pbfx/0fdWo] -s_ / -v_ df ‘ufpF’, -u_ / -3_df ‘ld7f]’, -ª_ df ‘dfly’ / -r_ df
‘p7\of]’ kb zLif{sf ¿kdf cfPsf 5g\ eg] zLif{afx]ssf cGo kbx¿n] ljz]ifssf] sfd u/]sf 5g\
.
kbfjnLsf ;Gbe{df zLif{ / ljz]ifssf larsf] ;DaGw ;+/rgfTds ;x;DaGwsf
cfwf/df lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . kbfjnLdf Pp6f dfq ljz]ifs 5 eg] ToxfF ;dfg txdf zLif{ / ljz]ifs
/x]sf x'G5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf ljz]ifsn] zLif{nfO{ dfq ljlzi6Ls/0f u/]sf] x'G5 eg] b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf
a9L ljz]ifsx¿ /x]sf cj:yfdf kbfjnLdf zLif{ / ljz]ifsx¿ txut ¿kdf cfPsf x'G5g\ . o;
cj:yfdf dflyNnf] txdf /x]sf ljz]ifsn] ljz]ifs;lxtsf] zLif{nfO{ ljlzi6Ls/0f u/]sf] x'G5 .
h:t} M
-s_ gfk M b'Anf] dfG5]
ljz]ifs±gf
-v_ gfk M Tof] b'Anf] dfG5]
ljz]ifs±ljz]ifs±gf=

126
 pbfx/0f -s_ df ljz]ifs / zLif{ ;dfg txdf cfPsf 5g\ . oxfF ‘b'Anf]’ ljz]ifsn] ‘dfG5]’
zLif{nfO{ ljlzi6Ls/0f u/]sf] 5 . -v_ df b'O6f ljz]ifs cfPsfn] kbfjnLsf] ;+/rgf txut aGg
k'u]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df ‘Tof]’ ljz]ifsn] ‘b'Anf] dfG5]’ kbfjnLnfO{ g} ljlzi6Ls/0f u/]sf] 5 eg]
‘b'Anf]’ ljz]ifsn] ‘dfG5]’ zLif{nfO{ dfq ljlzi6Ls/0f u/]sf] 5 .
kbfjnLx¿ rf/ lsl;dsf x'G5g\– gfd kbfjnL, ljz]if0f kbfjnL, lqmofljz]if0f
kbfjnL / lqmof kbfjnL . gfd kbfjnLdf lgwf{/s tyf ljz]if0f, ljz]if0f kbfjnLdf dfqf jf
kl/df0faf]ws lqmofljz]if0f, lqmofljz]if0f kbfjnLdf dfqfaf]ws lqmofljz]if0f / lqmofkbfjnLdf
sfn, ;do, /Llt cflbnfO{ hgfpg] lqmofljz]if0f ljz]ifssf ¿kdf cfPsf x'G5g\ . slxn]sfxL+
l;Íf] jfSofTds ;+/rgf klg ljz]ifssf ¿kdf cfPsf] x'G5 . h:t} M
gfk

jf gf
s]6f]
sfd ug{]
-s]6f] sfd u5{_
oxfF l;ª\uf] jfSofTds ;+/rgf g} ljz]ifssf ¿kdf cfPsf] 5 .
kbfjnLdf zLif{ sxfF /xG5 eGg] s'/f s'g} klg efiffsf] kbqmlds Joj:yfdf lge{/ x'G5 .
;}4flGts cfwf/df zLif{ ;'? jf cGTodf /xg] b]lvG5 . zLif{ ;'?df /xg] efiffnfO{ zLiff{lb efiff /
zLif{ cGTodf /xg] efiffnfO{ zLiff{Gt efiff elgG5 . zLiff{lb efiffdf zLif{ afofFlt/ /xG5 eg] zLiff{Gt
efiffdf of] bfofFlt/ /xG5 . g]kfnL, lxGbL, cª\u|]hL h:tf efiffx¿ zLiff{Gt x'g\ .
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= g]kfnL efiffsf] kbfjnL ;+/rgfdf zLif{ zAb stflt/ /xG5 <
-s_ bfofF -v_ afofF -u_ pFwf] -3_ pFef]
@= gfd zLif{ ePsf] kbfjnL s'g xf] <
-s_ Hofb} df]6f] -v_ sfn] s]6f]
-v_ lj:tf/} 3'd]/ -3_ lgs} ;fgf]
#= ljz]ifs± ljz]ifs± ljz]if0fsf] ;+/rgfdf lgld{t kbfjnL s'g xf] <
-s_ 8fF8fsf] 7'nf] ?v -v_ lxhf] laxfg} uP/
-u_ k9fOdf cToGt rnfv -3_ lgs} df]6f] efn'
ljifout k|Zg
-1_ kbfjnL ;+/rgfsf zLif{ / ljz]ifsnfO{ pbfx/0f lbO{ :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
$=#=!! kbfjnLsf d"n k|ltaGwg
jfSofTds ;+/rgfleqsf kb, kbfjnL jf pkjfSox¿ cfÇgf] 7fpFdf cjz]if 5f8L
ljifoLs/0f jf hf]8sf ;Gbe{df ;~rlnt x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f o; cl3 rrf{ eO;s]sf] 5 . efiffsf
s'g} PsfOx¿ o;/L ;~rng x'g g;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ k|ltaGwg elgG5 . jfSofTds ;+/rgfsf
o;/L ;~rng x'g g;Sg] :yfgnfO{ k|ltaGwg :yn elgG5 . cjz]if / ;~rng efifflgi7
Joj:yf ePh:t} k|ltaGwg klg efiffljz]ifsf Joj:yfdf lge{/ /xg] ub{5 . g]kfnL efiffdf kfOg]
d"n k|ltaGwgx¿nfO{ oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M
-!_ hl6n gfdkbfjnL k|ltaGwg
;fdfGotof kbfnLleqsf Ps jf PseGbf a9L kbx¿ ;~rlnt x'g ;Sb}gg\ . h:t} M

127
 s= p;n] Tof] ;fgf] s]6fnfO{ lk6\of] .
v= *Tof] p;n] t ;fgf] s]6fnfO{ lk6\of] .
u= *;fgf] p;n] Tof] t s]6fnfO{ lk6\of] .
3= *s]6fnfO{ p;n] Tof] ;fgf] t lk6\of] .
ª= Tof] ;fgf] s]6fnfO{ p;n] t lk6\of] .
oxfF tf/flËt jfSox¿df kbfjnLleqsf] Pp6f kb ;~rlnt ul/Psfn] tL jfSo
cJofs/l0fs ag]sf 5g\ . l;Íf] kbfjnL g} ;~rng ePsf] 5 t/ -ª_ jfSo eg] Jofs/l0fs g}
5 . o;af6 s] a'lemG5 eg] s'g} klg kbfjnLleqsf kbx¿ PSn} ;~rng x'g ;St}gg\ t/ l;ª\uf]
kbfjnL eg] ;~rlnt x'g ;S5 .
hl6n gfdkbfjnL eg]sf] kbfjnLsf] k|sfo{ k"/f ug{] pkjfSofTds txsf] ;+/rgf xf] . of]
c;dflksf lqmof;lxt gfd jf ljz]if0f kbfjnLsf ¿kdf cfPsf] x'G5 . o:tf] kbfjnLsf] s'g}
Ps kb cfÇgf] ;+/rgf 5f8L cGoq ;~rlnt x'g ;St}g . Pp6f PsfOdfq ;~rng x'g g;Sg]
ePsfn] o;nfO{ PsfO ;~rng k|ltaGwg klg elgPsf] kfOG5 . o;nfO{ lgDglnlvt pbfx/0faf6
yk :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 M
s= u'?n] kl/>d ug{] ljBfyL{nfO{ wGojfb lbg'eof] .
v= *kl/>d u'?n] t ug]{ ljBfyL{nfO{ wGojfb lbg'eof] .
u= *ug{] u'?n] kl/>d t ljBfyL{nfO{ wGojfb lbg'eof] .
3= *ljBfyL{nfO{ u'?n] kl/>d ug{] t wGojfb lbg'eof] .
ª= kl/>d ug{] ljBfyL{nfO{ u'?n] t wGojfb lbg'eof] .
oxfF ‘kl/>d ug{] ljBfyL{nfO{’ hl6n gfdkbfjnL ag]/ cfPsf] 5 . o; kbfjnLsf s'g}
Ps ;+/rs ;~rlnt x'Fbf v=, u= / 3= jfSo cJofs/l0fs ag]sf 5g\ . l;Íf] kbfjnL ;~rlnt
x'bF f ag]sf] ª= jfSo eg] Jofs/l0fs g} 5 .
-@_ ;+o'Qm ;+/rgf k|ltaGwg
;+of]hs hf]l8Psf ax'zLif{ ;+/rgfnfO{ ;+o'Qm ;+/rgf elgG5 . ;+oQ ' m ;+/rgfsf
kbx¿dWo] s'g} Ps kb ;~rng x'g ;Sb}g t/ l;ª\uf] ;+/rgf eg] ;~rlnt x'g ;S5 . o;}n]
;+oQ
' m ;+/rgfnfO{ klg kbfjnLsf] k|ltaGwg :yn elgG5 . o;nfO{ ax'zLif{ ;+/rgf k|ltaGwg klg
elgG5 . lgDglnlvt pbfx/0fsf cfwf/df ;+o'Qm ;+/rgf k|ltaGwgnfO{ :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 M
s= d}n] crf/ / t/sf/L vfPF .
v= *crf/ d}n] t / t/sf/L vfPF .
u= *t/sf/L d}n] crf/ / t vfPF .
3= crf/ / t/sf/L d}n] t vfPF .
oxfF v= / u= jfSodf ;+o'Qm ;+/rgfsf s'g} Ps kbnfO{ ;~rng ubf{ oL jfSo
cJofs/l0fs ePsf 5g\ t/ l;ª\uf] ;+/rgf g} ;~rlnt x'Fbf ag]sf] 3= jfSorflxF Jofs/l0fs 5 .
-#_ ;f]2]Zo jfSo k|ltaGwg
s'g} kbfjnLsf] k|sfo{ k"/f ug{] p2]Zo;lxtsf] pkjfSofTds ;+/rgfsf] s'g} kb
;+/rgfnfO{ gf3]/ ;~rlnt x'g g;Sg] ePsfn] ;f]2]Zo jfSo klg k|ltaGwg :yn xf] . h:t} M
s= sljtfn] bLkf+z' k|ltefzfnL 5g\ elgg\ .
v= *bLkf+z' sljtfn] t k|ltefzfnL 5g\ elgg\ .
u= *k|ltefzfnL sljtfn] bLkf+z' t 5g\ elgg\ .

128
 3= *5g\ sljtfn] bLkf+z' k|ltefzfnL t elgg\ .
ª bLkf+z' k|ltefzfnL 5g\ sljtfn] t elgg\ .
of] jfSofTds ;+/rgfleqsf] ‘bLkf+z' k|ltefzfnL 5g\’ ;f]2]Zo jfSo xf] . of] jfSosf] s'g}
Ps kb ;~rlnt x'Fbf v=, u= / 3= sf jfSox¿ cJofs/l0fs ag]sf 5g\ t/ l;Íf] jfSo
;~rlnt x'Fbf ª= jfSorflx+ Jofs/l0fs g} ag]sf] b]lvG5 .
-$_ ljlzi6Ls[t p2]Zo k|ltaGwg
c;dflksf lqmof ePsf] pkjfSosf] stf{nfO{ ljlzi6Ls[t p2]Zo elgG5 . o:tf] p2]Zo
ePsf] pkjfSosf] s'g} 36s cfÇgf] ;+/rgfnfO{ gf3]/ ;~rlnt x'g g;Sg] ePsfn] o;nfO{ klg
k|ltaGwg :yn dflgPsf] 5 . h:t} M
s= d bfh' cfPkl5 SofDk; hfG5' .
v= *bfh' d t cfPkl5 SofDk; hfG5' .
u= *cfPkl5 d bfh' t SofDk; hfG5' .
3= bfh' cfPkl5 d t SofDk; hfG5' .
oxfF ‘bfh' cfPkl5’ ljlzi6Ls[t p2]Zo ePsf] ;+/rgf xf] . o; ;+/rgfsf] s'g} Ps 36s
;~rlnt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g eg] l;Íf] ;+/rgf ;~rlnt x'Fbf Jofs/l0fs jfSosf] lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 .
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= ‘Tof] p;n] ;fgf] s]6fnfO{ lk6\of]’ jfSosf] kbfjnL ;~rngdf s:tf] k|ltaGwg kfOG5 <
-s_ ljlzi6Ls[t p2]Zo k|ltaGwg -v_ ;f]2]Zo jfSo k|ltaGwg
-u_ hl6n gfd kbfjnL k|ltaGwg -3_ ;+o'St ;+/rgf k|ltaGwg
@= ljlzi6Ls[t p2]Zo k|ltaGwgdf ;+/lrt jfSo s'g xf] <
-s_ cfdf d cfPkl5 3/ hfG5' . -v_ t/sf/L d}n] / crf/ vfPF .
-u_ k9\5 efO lstfa egL ;Ltfn] -3_ 5f]/f] ;flxnfsf] dn]l;ofaf6 cfof] .
#= l;Íf] kbfjnL g} ;~rng x'g] k|ltaGwg s'g xf] <
-s_ hl6n gfd kbfjnL k|laGwg -v_ jfSofTds p2]Zo k|ltaGwg
-u_ cf>os k|ltaGwg -3_ ax'zLif{s k|ltaGwg
ljifout k|Zg
-1_ kbfjnL ;+/rgfsf] d"n k|ltaGwsf af/]df rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
-2_ kbfjnL ;+/rgfsf ;f]2]Zo jfSo k|ltaGwg / ljlzi6Ls[t p2]Zo k|ltaGwnfO{ pbfx/0f lbO{
lrgfpg'xf];\ .
-3_ kbfjnL ;+/rgfsf hl6n gfdkbfjnL k|ltaGwg / ;+o'St ;+/rgf k|ltaGwgsf] rrf{
ug{'xf];\ .
$=#=!@ cf>os
Pp6f pkjfSonfO{ csf{] pkjfSodfly cfl>t agfpg cfpg] kbnfO{ g} cf>os elgG5 .
cf>ossf] :jtGq cy{ gx'g] ePsfn] o;nfO{ czflAbs ju{cGtu{t /flvPsf] 5 . o;n]
kbfjnLsf] k|sfo{ k'/f ug{] gfd pkjfSo, ljz]if0f pkjfSo / lqmof pkjfSonfO{ d'Vo pkjfSo;Fu
hf]8\g] jf d'Vo pkjfSodfly cfl>t agfpg] sfd ub{5 .
cfw'lgs efifflj1fgdf cf>osnfO{ klg kbfjnLsf ¿kdf x]l/Psf] 5 . o:tf] cf>os
kbfjnLdf cf>os zLif{ ag]/ cfPsf] x'G5 eg] ¿kfos kbfjnL k"/s jf ljz]ifs ag]/ cfpF5 .
¿kfos kbfjnL eg]sf] ;dflksf lqmofo'Qm cfk}+mdf Pp6f jfSo xf] .

129
 jfSofTds ;+/rgfdf cf>os jfl0f{s ¿kdf dfq geO{ z"Go ¿kdf klg cfPsf x'g
;S5g\ . ls, eg], eg]/, ha–ta, hxfF–ToxfF h:tf cf>osx¿ jfl0f{s ¿kdf cfpF5g\ eg]
slxn]sfxLF z"Go ¿kdf ;d]t cf>osx¿ cfPsf b]lvG5g\ . o;nfO{ lgDgcg';f/sf cf/]vdf
x]/f}+ M
s= u'?n] ltdLx¿ k9 eg]/ ;Demfpg' eof] .
jf

gfk lqmk
u'¿n]
gfk lqmk
cfk ;Demfpg'eof]
jf cf
eg]/
ltdLx¿ k9

v= u'?n] d cfpFlbgF eGg'eof] .

jf

gfk lqmk
u'¿n]
gfk lqmk
cfk
eGg'eof]
jf cf
φ
d cfpFlbgF
pbfx/0f s=df ‘eg]/’ cf>os cfPsf] 5 . oxfF cf>os kbfjnLdf ‘ltdLx¿ k9’ eGg]
¿kfos kbfjnL k"/s eP/ cfPsf] 5 . cf>osn] ‘ltdLx¿ k9’ eGg] gfdkbfjnLsf] k|sfo{ k"/f
ug{] sfd u/]sf] 5 . pbfx/0f v= df z"Go cf>ossf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 . o;n] klg ‘d cfpFlbgF’ gfd
kbfjnLsf] k|sfo{ k"/f ug{] gfd pkjfSonfO{ ‘u'?n] eGg'eof]’ d'Vo pkjfSodfly cfl>t agfPsf]
5.
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= Pp6f pkjfSonfO{ csf{] pkjfSo dfly cfl>t agfpg] kbnfO{ s] elgG5 <
-s_ of]hs -v_ cf>os -u_ ;+/rgf -3_ kbfjnL
@= ‘pgLx¿ 3/ uP eg]/ /fdn] eGof]’ jfSodf cf>os s'g x]f <
-s_ 3/ -v_ uP -u_ eg]/ -3_ /fdn]
#= z"Go cf>ossf] k|of]u ePsf] jfSo s'g xf] <
-s_ j}1flgsx¿n] e'OrF fnf] cfpF5 eg]
-v_ h;nfO{ hgtf dg k/fpF5g\ ToxL g]tf x'G5 .

130
 -u_ hxfF OR5f x'G5 ToxfF pkfo x'G5 .
-3_ /fd 3/ hfG5 ls hfFb}g .
ljifout k|Zg
-1_ cf>osnfO{ ;f]bfx/0f lrgfpg'xf];\ .
$=#=!# lgs636s ljZn]if0f / o;sf ;Ldf
jfSosf 36sx¿sf lardf /xg] ;DaGwnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{] p2]Zon] cd]l/sL ;+/rgfjfbL
efiffzf:qL An'dlkmN8n] ;g\ !(## df ljsl;t u/]sf] jfSoljZn]if0fsf] ;+/rgfjfbL k4ltnfO{
lgs636s ljZn]if0f k4lt elgG5 . k|f/Dedf An'dlkmN8n] o; k4ltsf] rrf{ u/] klg o;sf]
ljsf;df kfOs, j]N;, Åofl/;, Anfv, lk|mh cflb ;+/rgfjfbL efiffj}1flgsx¿n] dxŒjk"0f{
of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf 5g\ .
jfSodf cfpg] k|To]s ;+/rsx¿ Ps–csf{;Fu cGt/;DalGwt x'G5g\ . jfSoleqsf
36sx¿sf] o; lsl;dsf] kf/:kl/s lgs6tf s]nfpg] k4lt g} lgs636s ljZn]if0f k4lt xf] .
o:tf kbx¿sf] kf/:kl/s lgs6tf :yfgut geP/ cy{ut x'g] ub{5 . d"ntM o; k4ltdf
cy{d"ns ;DaGw ePsf kbx¿sf] kf/:kl/s lgs6tfnfO{ s]nfpg] ul/G5 . An'dlkmN8n]
lgDglnlvt pbfx/0fsf dfWodaf6 o;nfO{ lrgfPsf 5g\–
Poor John ran away

oxfF Poor / John Pjd\ ran / away k/:k/ ;'?df glhs 5g\ eg] bf];|f] txdf 'Poor
John' / 'ran away' glhs /x]sf 5g\ .
An'dlkmN8n] kbsf tx;Dd k'uL 36sx¿sf] kf/:kl/s lgs6tfsf] cWoog u/] klg
cd]l/sL ;+/rgfjfbL efiffzf:qL j]N;n] ¿lkdsf tx;Dd k'u]/ 36sx¿sf] kf/:kl/s
lgs6tfnfO{ s]nfpg'kg{] wf/0ff /fv]sf 5g\ . h:t} M
He is eating

oxfF
eating df b'O6f ¿lkd /x]sf x'gfn] eat / ing ;j{ky| d glhs /x]sf 5g\ eg]
To;kl5 eating ;Fu is sf] / To;kl5 is eating ;Fu He sf] lgs6tf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
-!_ 36sLo ljZn]if0fsf k4ltx¿
jfSofTds ;+/rgfdf /x]sf 36sx¿sf] kf/:kl/s lgs6tf s]nfpFbf l;Íf] ;+/rgfnfO{
Psk6sdf b'O{ 6'qmf kfb{} kb jf ¿lkd;Dd k'Ug] rng 5 M
-s_ cf/]v k4lt
s= of] ufpFdf c;n dfG5]x¿ a:5g\ .

of] ufpFdf c;n dfG5]x¿ a:5g\

of] ufpFdf c;n dfG5]x¿ a:5g\

ufpF df c;n dfG5]x¿ a;\ 5g\

131
 v= of] ufpFdf c;n dfG5]x¿ a:5g\ .

cf/]v k4ltnfO{ j[Iff/]v k4lt klg eGg ;lsG5 . o; k4ltcg';f/ 36sx¿sf]

kf/:kl/s lgs6tf s]nfpFbf ;+/rgfaf6 ;+/rs;Dd jf ;+/rsaf6 ;+/rgf;Dd k'Ug ;lsG5 .
pbfx/0f -c_ df ;+/rgfaf6 ;+/rs;Dd k'Ug] 9fFrfnfO{ k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . lgs636s ljZn]if0fsf
nflu -cf_ 9fFrf a9L cy{k"0f{ dflgG5 . oxfF klxnf] r/0fdf ‘ufpF’ / ‘df’, ‘dfG5]’ / ‘x¿’ tyf ‘a;\’
/ ‘5g\’ glhs /x]sf 5g\ . bf];|f] txdf ‘of]’ / ‘ufpFdf’ df, ‘c;n’ / ‘dfG5]x¿’df tyf t];|f] txdf
‘a:5g\’ / ‘c;n dfG5]x¿’ df clg rf}yf] r/0fdf ‘c;n dfG5]x¿ a:5g\’ / ‘o; ufpFdf’ df
lgs6tf /x]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5 .
-v_ ws]{ k4lt
o; || ufpF | df |||| c;n || dfG5] | x¿ ||| a;\ | 5g\
oxfF klxnf] txsf] lgs6tfnfO{ hgfpg Pp6f wsf{ - | _ sf], bf];|f] txsf] lgs6tf hgfpg
b'O6f wsf{ - || _ sf], t];|f] txsf] lgs6tfsf nflu tLgj6f wsf{ - ||| _ sf] / rf}yf] txsf] lgs6tfsf
nflu rf/j6f wsf{ - |||| _ sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .
-u_ sf]i7s k4lt
---o;_ --ufpF_ -df___ ---c;n_ --dfG5]_ -x¿___ --a;_ -5g\____
oxfF klxnf] txdf k|To]s PsfOnfO{ sf]i7såf/f 3]l/Psf] 5 eg] bf];|f] txdf Tof] PsfO;Fu
lgs6 /x]sf PsfOnfO{ sf]i7sdf /flvPsf] 5 . o;} lsl;daf6 ;Dk"0f{ 36sx¿sf] lgs6tfnfO{
sf]i7ssf dfWodaf6 hgfOPsf] 5 .
-3_ afs; k4lt
-c_
o; ufpFdf c;n dfG5]x\? a:5g\
o; ufpFdf c;n dfG5]x¿ a:5g\
o; ufpFdf c;n dfG5]x¿ a:5g\
o; ufpF df c;n dfG x¿ a;\ 5g\
5]

v= of] ufpF df c;n dfG5] x¿ a;\ 5g\

oxfF k/:k/ lgs6 /x]sf 36sx¿nfO{ qmdzM afs;df /flvPsf] 5 .

dfly pNn]v ul/Psf s'g} klg k4ltsf cfwf/df jfSofTds ;+/rgfleqsf 36sx¿sf]
kf/:kl/s lgs6tfnfO{ s]nfpg ;lsG5 . oL ;a} k4ltx¿dWo] cf/]v k4ltn] eUgqmd ePsf]
;+/rgfnfO{ klg s]nfpg ;Sg] ePsfn] o;sf] pkof]lutf a9L dfqfdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . h:t} M
ufpFdf of] jif{ w]/} udL{ a9]sf] 5.

132
-@_ lgs636ssf k|sf/
jfSofTds ;+/rgfleq k/:k/ lgs6tf /fVg] 36sx¿ slxn]sfxL+ cg'qmddf cfPsf
x'G5g\ eg] slxn]sfxL+ eUgqmddf cfPsf x'G5g\ t slxn]sfxLF eUgqmd tyf ;dsflns ¿kdf
cfPsf x'G5g\ . o; cfwf/df lgs636sx¿nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ ltg efudf juL{s/0f u/L cWoog
ug{ ;lsG5 M
s= cljlR5Gg M 36sx¿ Pskl5 csf{] ub{} cg'qmddf cfPsf jf k/:k/;DaGw /fVg]
36sx¿ cg'qmddf cfPsf] cj:yfnfO{ cljlR5Gg lgs636s elgG5 . h:t} M
Tof] s]6f] ;f¥x} abdf; 5.

v= ljlR5Gg M k/:k/ ;DaGw /fVg] 36sx¿ Pskl5 csf{] ub{} cg'qmddf gcfO{ eUgqmddf
cfPdf To;nfO{ ljlR5Gg lgs636s elgG5 . h:t} M
l56f] hfcf] ltdLx¿

u= ;dsflns
lgs6:y cjojnfO{ Ps};fy pRrf/0f ul/G5 eg] To;nfO{ ;dsflns lgs636s elgG5
. jfSofTds ;+/rgfdf cfpg] cg'tfg, k|Zg cflbnfO{ o;cGtu{t /flvG5 . h:t} M
-c_ s]6f] n8\of] ¤
-cf_ efO cfof] <
oxfF s= df ‘s]6f] n8\of]’ eGg] jfSo;Fu} pb\uf/sf] / v= df ‘efO cfof]’ ;+/rgf;Fu} k|Zgsf]
pRrf/0f x'g] ePsfn] logLx¿nfO{ ;dsflns lgs636ssf ¿kdf lrgfpg ;lsG5 .
-#_ lgs636s ljZn]if0fsf ;Ldf
lgs636s ljZn]if0f jfSoljZn]if0fsf] ;+/rgfjfbL k4lt xf] . jfSofTds ;+/rgfleqsf
36sx¿sf] ljZn]if0fsf ;Gbe{df cf/]v, wsf{]nufotsf k4ltsf] pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] dfGotf
o;df cufl8 ;fl/P klg oL k4ltaf6 ;a} lsl;dsf jfSosf lgs6:y cjojx¿nfO{ s]nfpg
;ls+bg} . ;a} lsl;dsf ;+/rgfnfO{ s]nfpg g;Sg' g} o;sf] ;Ldf xf] . lgs6s36ssf ;LdfnfO{
lgDgcg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ eUgqmd ;+/rgf
lgs636s ljZn]if0f k4ltaf6 cg'qmddf /x]sf ;+/rsx¿sf] h'g;'s} 9fFrf ljZn]if0f ug{
;lsP klg eUgqmddf /x]sf ;+/rgfsf] kf/:kl/s lgs6tf s]nfpg sl7g x'G5 . o:tf] ;+/rgfnfO{
cf/]v k4ltaf6 s]xL dfqfdf s]nfpg ;lsP klg cGo k4ltaf6 s]nfpg ;lsFbg} . To;}n]
eUgqmlds ;+/rgf lgs636ssf] Pp6f ;Ldf xf] . h:t} M
-c_ hflG5g\ 3/ ;Ltf

-cf_ hflG5g\ 3/ ;Ltf

oxfF -c_ sf] ljZn]if0f 9fFrf pko'Qm 5}g eg] -v_ df ;+/rsx¿sf] kf/:kl/s
lgs6tfnfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 . sf]i7s, ws]{nufotsf k4ltaf6 o:tf] ;+/rgfsf] ljZn]if0f ug{
;lsFb}g .
-v_ ;+/rgfut ;d¿ktf
Pp6} ;+/rgf ePsf 36sn] PseGbf a9L cy{nfO{ JoQm ub{5 eg] To;nfO{ ;+/rgfut
;d¿ktf elgG5 . o:tf] ;+/rgfnfO{ klg lgs636s k4ltn] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sb}g . h:t} M

133
 s= d}n] 3/ hfFbf s]6fx¿nfO{ b]v]F .

v= d}n] 3/ hfFbf s]6fx¿nfO{ b]v]F .

oxfF -c_ 9fFrfdf ljZn]if0f ubf{ ‘d}n] 3/ uO/x]sf s]6fx¿nfO{ b]v]F’ eGg] cy{ x'G5 eg] -
cf_ 9fFrfdf ljZn]if0f ubf{ ‘3/ uO/x]sf a]nf d}n] s]6fx¿nfO{ b]v]F’ eGg] cy{ x'G5 . oxfF s'grflxF
cy{ l7s xf] eGg] s'/f ;Gbe{af6 dfq v'Ng] ePsfn] o;nfO{ klg lgs636s ljZn]if0fsf] ;Ldf
dfGg ;lsG5 .
-u_ cGjofGt/ ;DaGw
sltko ;Gbe{df b'O6f jfSon] Pp6} cjwf/0ff jf cy{nfO{ JoQm ub{5g\ . o:tf
jfSox¿n] Pp6} cy{ JoQm u/]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ lgs636s ljZn]if0fn] b]vfpg ;St}g . h:t} M
-c_ Zofdn] /fdnfO{ lk6\of] .
-cf_ Zofdåf/f /fd lkl6of] .
oL b'O{ jfSodf Pp6} cy{ /x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ of] k4ltn] b]vfpg ;St}g .
-3_ ;lGbUwfy{tf
;'?df ljz]if0f kb / To;kl5 gfd / gfd cfPdf ljz]if0f kbn] ;'?sf] gfd kbnfO{ jf b'j}
gfdkbnfO{ ljlzi6Ls/0f u/]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ o; k4ltåf/f ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsFbg} . h:t} M
s= lk/f] crf/ / t/sf/L

v= lk/f] crf/ / t/sf/L

oxfF -c_ / -cf_ sf] cy{dWo] s'grflxF cy{ ljj]Ro xf] eGg] s'/f o; k4ltn] b]vfpg
;Sb}g .
-ª_ låwf ljefhg
lgs636s ljZn]if0f k4ltn] Psk6sdf Pp6f ;+/rgfnfO{ b'O{ 6'qmfdf dfq ljefhg
ug{'k5{ eGg] dfGotf /fVb5 . ;+o'Qm ;+/rgfdf ltgj6f kb klg /x]sf x'G5g\ / To;nfO{ b'O{ 6'qmfdf
dfq 6'So|fpg ;lsFbg} . t;y{ låwf ljefhgnfO{ klg o;sf] ;Ldf dfGg ;lsG5 . h:t} M
/fd / Zofd

-r_ n'Kt kb
o; k4ltn] nf]k ePsf] / cWofxf/ u/]/ a'‰g'kg]{ 36s;Fu ;+/rgfleqsf 36sx¿sf]
;DaGw b]vfpg ;Sb}g . h:t} M
s= ToxfF hfpm .
oxfF ‘ltdL’ stf{ kbsf] cg'kl:ylt 5 . o; k4ltn] nf]k ePsf] ‘ltdL’ kbnfO{ cWofxf/
u/L 36sLo ;DaGwnfO{ b]vfpg ;Sb}g .
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= jfSoljZn]if0fsf] ;+/rgfjfbL k4ltsf k|:tfjs sf] x'g\ <
-s_ An'dlkmN8 -v_ ;lko/ -u_ ;:o'/ -3_ Åofl/;
@= lgs6 36s ljZn]if0fn] s:tf jfSosf] ljZn]if0f u5{ <
-s_ cy{ut lgs6 -u_ kbut lgs6

134
 -v_ :yfgut lgs6 -3_ ;Gbe{ut lgs6
#= lgs6 36s ljZn]if0fsf k4ltx¿ dWo]sf] d'Vo s'g xf] <
-s_ cf/]v k4lt -v_ ws{] k4lt
-u_ sf]i7s k4lt -3_ afs; k4lt
$= lgs636s ljZn]if0fn] s:tf ;+/rgfsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;Sb}g <
-s_ p;n] efOnfO{ lstfa lbof] .
-v_ oxL xf] d]/f] ldlynf
-u_ Tof] s]6f] ;fx|} abdf; 5 .
-3_ ;fgf] efOn] 7"nf] emf]nf af]Sof] .
%= ;+/rgfTds lgs6tf ePsf] jfSo s'g xf] <
-s_ /fdn] efOnfO{ lk6\of] -v_ efOnfO{ /fdn] lk6\of]
-u_ cfh /fdn] efOnfO{ lk6\of] -3_ /fdn] cfh lk6\of] efO
ljifout k|Zg
-1_ lgs6 36s ljZn]if0fsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-2_ lgs6 36s ljZn]if0fsf ;Ldfx¿sf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
-3_ lgs636s ljZn]if0fsf k4lt k|of]u u/L tnsf jfSosf] ljZn]if0f ug{'xf];\ .
d]/f ;fyLsf] sfG5f] efO lxhf] /flt dfbn ahfP/ gfRof] .
$=#=!$ cGtMs]lGb|s / alxMs]lGb|s ;+/rgf
;+/rsx¿sf] ;d'RronfO{ ;+/rgf elgG5 . ;+/rgf eg]sf] Psflws ;+/rsaf6 lgld{t x'g]
PsfO xf] . o; lsl;dsf] ;+/rgfnfO{ ;+/rgfjfbL efiffjfbL An'dlkmN8n] cGtMs]lGb|s /
alxMs]lGb|s u/L b'O{ efudf juL{s/0f u/]sf 5g\ .
-!_ cGtMs]lGb|s ;+/rgf
Pp6f s]Gb|Lo 36s / To;sf lj:tf/s eO{ c¿ 36s cfpg] ;+/rgfnfO{ cGtMs]lGb|s
;+/rgf elgG5 . Pp6f s'g} 36s s]Gb|df /xg' jf l;Íf] ;+/rgfnfO{ pQm 36s;Fu ;f6\g ;Sg',
s]Gb|s afx]ssf cGo ;a} kbx¿nfO{ x6fOlbP klg Jofs/l0fs b[li6n] pQm ;+/rgf cw'/f] gx'g'
cGtMs]lGb|t ;+/rgfsf ljz]iftf x'g\ . o:tf] ;+/rgfdf Pp6f ;+/rs clgjfo{ eP/ cfPsf] x'G5 eg]
cGo ;+/rsx¿ P]lR5s x'G5g\ . h:t} M
d]/L Kof/L 5f]/L h'?Ss pl7g\ .
o; pbfx/0fdf ‘d]/f] Kof/L 5f]/L’ / ‘h'?Ss pl7g\’ b'O{ cf]6f kbfjnLut ;+/rgf /x]sf
5g\ . oL b'j} cGtMs]lGb|s ;+/rgf x'g\ . klxnf] ;+/rgfdf ‘5f]/L’ s]Gb|Lo / clgjfo{ 36s xf] eg]
bf];|f] ;+/rgfdf ‘pl7g\’ clgjfo{ 36s xf] . b'j} ;+/rgfdf oL 36safx]ssf cGo 36sx¿
lj:tf/s jf P]lR5s ag]/ cfPsf 5g\ . oxfF s]Gb|Lo 36s;Fu l;Íf] ;+/rgfnfO{ ;f6\g ;lsg]
cj:yf klg /x]sf] 5 . oxfF s]Gb|s afx]ssf cGo 36snfO{ x6fpFbf klg Jofs/l0fs b[li6n]
;+/rgf cw'/f] /xFbg} . cGtMs]lGb|s ;+/rgf klg cfl>t / ;djuL{ u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf] x'G5 M
-s_ cfl>t
s'g} s]Gb|Lo 36s;Fu cfl>t eO{ lj:tf/ssf ¿kdf cGo 36sx¿ /xg] ;+/rgfnfO{
cfl>t cGtMs]lGb|s ;+/rgf elgG5 . h:t} M
s= sfnf] s]6f]
v= w]/} ld7f]
u= lgs} dfly

135
 3= h'?Ss p7\of]
oxfF ‘s]6f]’, ‘ld7f]’, ‘dfly’ / ‘p7\of]’ s]Gb|Lo 36s x'g\ eg] qmdzM ‘sfnf]’, ‘w]/}’, ‘lgs}’ /
‘h'?Ss’ cfl>t jf lj:tf/s 36s x'g\ .
-v_ ;djuL{
ljz]if0f/lxt ljz]iox¿ dfq /x]sf] / s'g} klg Pp6f 36s s]Gb|s aGg ;Sg] ;+/rgfnfO{
;djuL{ cGtMs]lGb|t ;+/rgf elgG5 . ;djuL{ ;+/rgfnfO{ klg ;d'Rrfos, j}slNks,
;dfgflws/0f cflb e]bdf juL{s/0f u/L cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t} M
s= cfdf / a'af → ;d'Rrfos
v= xl/ jf uf]kfn → j}slNks
u= cfz'slj b]jsf]6f, efO Zofdnfn → ;dfgflws/0f
oxfF s= df ;d'Rroaf]ws, v=df ljsNkaf]ws / u= df ;dfgflws/0f ;+/rgf /x]sf
5g\ . oL ;+/rgfdf s'g} klg Pp6f kb s]Gb|s aGg ;Sg] cj:yf /x]sf] x'G5 .
-!_ alxMs]lGb|s ;+/rgf
;+/rgfleq s'g} klg 36s s]Gb|s aGg g;Sg] ;+/rgf alxMs]lGb|s ;+/rgf xf] . ;+/rgfleqsf
;a} 36s clgjfo{ jf d'Vo x'g', ;+/rgfleqsf] s'g} Ps 36s;Fu l;Íf] ;+/rgfnfO{ ;f6\g g;Sg',
;+/rgfleqsf s'g} ;+/rsnfO{ x6fpFbf Jofs/l0fs b[li6n] q'l6k"0f{ x'g,' ;+/rgfeGbf aflx/ s]Gb|s
x'g' alxMs]lGb|s ;+/rgfsf ljz]iftfx¿ x'g\ . h:t} M
s= s]6f] ahf/lt/ nfUof] .
v= s]6f] lx+8\of] .
oxfF s= df ‘ahf/lt/’ / v=df ‘s]6f] lx+8\of]’ alxMs]lGb|s ;+/rgfsf pbfx/0f x'g\ . oL
;+/rgfleqsf ;a} ;+/rs d'Vo x'gfsf ;fy} Pp6f ;+/rsn] l;Íf] ;+/rgfnfO{ ;f6\g ;Sg] cj:yf
b]lv+b}g .
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= cGtM s]lGb|s ;+/rgfsf] ljz]iftf s] xf] <
-s_ s'g} Pp6} 36s s]Gb|df /xg' -v_ ;+/rgfleqsf ;a} 36s P]lR5s xg'
-u_ ;+/rgfeGbf aflx/ s]Gb|s x'g' -3_ ;+/rsx¿nfO{ x6fpg g;Sg'
@= cfl>t cGtM s]lGb|s ;+/rgfsf] pbfx/0f s'gdf kfOG5 <
-s_ /fd / Zofd -v_ YofRr a:of] -3_ pef]lt/ -3_ 5fgfdfly
#= alxs{]lGb|s ;+/rgfsf] k|of]u s'g jfSodf ePsf] 5 <
-s_ 3'Dg] d]rdfly cGwf] dfG5] -v_ efO h'?Ss p7\of]
-u_ /fdsf] h]7f] 5f]/f] cfof] . -3_ /fd / Zofd ef]ln cfpF5g\ .
ljifout k|Zg
-1_ cGtMs]lGb|s ;+/rgfsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-2_ alxMs]lGb|t ;+/rgfnfO{ lrgfpg'xf];\ .
-3_ cGtMs]lGb|s / alxMs]lGb|s ;+/rgfsf] leGgtf :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
$=#=!% rD:sLsf] ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fsf cfwf/e"t cjwf/0ff
-!_ ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fsf] kl/ro

136
 ca|fxd gf]d rD:sL jt{dfg cjlwsf ;jf{lws rlr{t efiffj}1flgs x'g\ . cg'ejjfbL
bz{g, Jojxf/jfbL l;4fGt / ;+/rgfjfbL efifflj1fgsf] af]njfnf /x]sf] cjlwdf
efiffljZn]if0fsf gofF b[li6sf]0f / 9fFrf lnP/ pbfPsf rD:sLn] efifflj1fgsf If]qdf gofF
qmflGtsf] ;"qkft u/]sf 5g\, o;nfO{ rD:s]nL qmflGt eGg] ul/Psf] 5 .
rD:sLn] ;+/rgfjfbL efifflj1fg tyf cg'ejjfbL / Jojxf/jfbL dgf]lj1fgsf] lj/f]w u/L
efifflj1fg Pj+ efiffl;sfOsf If]qdf gofF b[li6sf]0fx¿ k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf] ¿kfGt/0f
Jofs/0f ;+/rgfjfbL Jofs/0fsf ;Ldfx¿sf] lg/fs/0f ug{] ;Gbe{df ljsl;t ePsf] eflifs
lrGtg xf] . rD:sLsf] pbo x'ge ' Gbf cufl8 cd]l/sfdf jf]cf;, ;lko/, An'dlkmN8h:tf
efiffj}1flgsx¿sf] ;+/rgfjfbL eflifs l;4fGtn] / g]n;g u'8Dofg, lxn/L k6gd, 8An'=aL=
SjfOg, l:sg/, jf6;g, hf]g ns, js{n,] 8]la6 Åo'dh:tf JolQmx¿sf] cg'ejjfbL bz{g Pj+
Jojxf/jfbL dgf]lj1fgn] Jofks k|efj kf/]sf] lyof] . :jo+ rD:sL k|f/Dedf log} eflifs Pj+
dgf]j1} flgs lrGtgaf6 k|efljt /x]sf b]lvG5g\ . pgn] !(%! df oxL ;+/rgfjfbL k4ltdf g}
cfwfl/t eO{ ‘cfw'lgs lxa|' efiffdf ¿kWjlgk|lqmof’ zLif{sdf :gftsf]Q/ zf]wsfo{ ;DkGg klg
u/]sf lyP . o;/L ;+/rgfjfbL k4ltdf efiffsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ w]/} ;d:ofx¿ b]vfk/]kl5 pgn]
¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fsf] k|jt{g u/]sf x'g\ . vf; u/L tYox¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug{] ul0ftsf pTkfbs
;"qx¿h:t} eflifs tYosf] ljZn]if0fsf lglDt pTkfbs ;"qdf cfwfl/t eflifs l;4fGtsf] vf]hL
ug{] ;Gbe{df ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fsf] pbo ePsf] xf] .
rD:sLn] 6«fG;kmd{];gn PgfnfOl;; -!(%%_ / jfSofTds ;+/rgf -!(%&_ k':tssf
dfWodaf6 ;g\ !(%& df ;+/rgfjfbL eflifs ljZn]if0f k4lteGbf leGg gofF eflifs k4ltnfO{
cufl8 ;f/] . o;nfO{ zf:qLo l;4fGt elgG5 . zf:qLo l;4fGtsf] k|:tfjgfkl5 o; k4ltdf
cfwfl/t eO{ efiffsf] ljZn]if0f ug{] qmddf tLj|tf cfof] . o; qmddf !(%& b]lvs} cWoogx¿nfO{
;d]6]/ rD:sLn] !(^% df dfgs l;4fGt k|:tfljt u/] . dfgs l;4fGtnfO{ ;Rofpg] qmddf !(&)
df pgsf] lj:tfl/t dfgs l;4fGt b]vfk¥of] . k'gM rD:sLn] oL l;4fGtdf b]lvPsf sltko
;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf ;Gbe{df ;+zf]lwt lj:tfl/t dfgs l;4fGt !(&% df k|:tfljt u/] .
¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fsf ;Gbe{df pgsf cg'zf;g / cfa4tf l;4fGt, Go"gtdjfbL l;4fGt
nufotsf l;4fGtx¿ b]vfk/]sf 5g\ . o;/L ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0f;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} l;4fGtx¿
rD:sLsf kl/jt{gzLn wf/0ff / ;}4flGts ljZn]if0fsf ;Gbe{df ljsl;t ePsf b]lvG5g\ . log}
l;4fGtx¿sf s]Gb|Lotfdf ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fsf cfwf/e""t dfGotfx¿ :yflkt ePsf 5g\ .
-!_ ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fsf cfwf/e"t cjwf/0ff
¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0f ;+/rgfjfbL Jofs/0fsf lj/f]wdf plePsf] 5 . o;n] cg'ejjfbL
bz{g / Jojxf/jfbL dgf]lj1fgsf] v08g u/]sf] 5 . eflifs ljZn]if0fsf] km/s 9fFrfnfO{ k|:t't ub{}
o;n] eflifs ;fj{ef}ldstfsf] vf]hL u/]sf] 5 . eflifs ;fdYo{sf] vf]hL ug{', dfgjdl:tissf
pTkfbgzLntfsf] JofVof ug{' ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fsf ljz]iftf x'g\ . ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fsf o;
lsl;dsf dfGotfx¿nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ s]nfpg ;lsG5 M
-s_ cg'ejjfbL bz{g Pj+ Jojxf/jfbL dfGotfdf cfwfl/t ;+/rgfjfbL eflifs
dfGotfsf] lj/f]w
;+/rgfjfbL efifflj1fgn] cg'ejjfbL bz{g / Jojxf/jfbL dgf]lj1fgnfO{ ;}4flGts
cfwf/ agfO{ efiffl;sfO;Fu ;DalGwt kIfx¿sf] JofVof ub{5 . rD:sLsf] ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fn]
cg'ejjfbL bz{g / Jojxf/jfbL dgf]lj1fgn] cufl8 ;f/]sf dfGotfx¿sf] lj/f]w u/]sf] 5 .
:kz{, b[Zo Pj+ j0f{gaf6 k|fKt x'g] j:t'af]wsf k|lqmofnfO{ cg'ej elgG5 . OlGb|o
k|ToIftfaf6 k|fKt x'g] af]wsf] ;~ronfO{ d'VotM cg'ej elgG5 . cg'ejjfbL bfz{lgsx¿

137
cg'ejaf6 efiffl;sfO k|lqmof ;DkGg x'g] wf/0ff /fVb5g\ . logLx¿ pQ]hgf / k|ltlqmofsf
z[ª\vnfaf6 j:t'sf] af]w x'g] wf/0ff /fV5g\ . of] pQ]hgf / k|ltlqmofsf z[ª\vnfsf] k|lqmof
Jojxf/jfbL dgf]lj1fg;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] 5 . cg'ejjfbLx¿ pQ]hgf / k|ltlqmofeGbf k/ uP/
efiffsf] cl:tTj vf]Hg ;ls+bg} eGg] wf/0ff /fVb5g\ . hGdFbf afnssf] dlitis k"0f{ ¿kdf l/Qf]
jf vfnL x'G5 . p;n] pQ]hgf / k|ltlqmofsf z[ª\vnfaf6 cg'ejx¿ u|x0f ug{] / JoQm ug{] sfd
ub{5 . ;+/rgfjfbL cg'ejjfbL bfz{lgs hf]g ns dflg;sf] lbdfunfO{ vfnL afs; dfGb5g\ .
dflg;n] pQ]hgf / k|ltlqmofsf] k|lqmofaf6 efiff l;Sb} hfG5 . p;n] s'g} s'/fsf] pTkfbg gu/L
cg'ej / Jojxf/af6 lbdfudf ;~ro u/]sf cg'ejnfO{ JoQm ub{5 . nssf oL dfGotfx¿n]
dflg;sf] lbdfu k"0f{tof lgliqmo x'G5 eGg] b[li6sf]0fnfO{ k'li6 ug{ vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 .
Jojxf/jfbL dgf]lj1fgaf6 k|efljt ;+/rgfjfbLx¿ pQ]hgf / k|ltlqmof Pj+ k'ga{n /
j~rgsf cfwf/df afnsn] efiff l;Sb} hfg] dfGotfdf s]lGb|t 5g\ . afnsn] cfÇgf
cleefjsx¿sf] pTk|]/0ff / lgoGq0fåf/f zAbe08f/, jfSo 9fFrfnufot ;du| efiffs} ;+/rgf
a'emL efiff k|of]u ug{] afgLsf] lgdf{0f ub{5 eGg] logLx¿sf] lgisif{ 5 . l:sg/n] o;nfO{
l/kf]6{;x¿ hDdf ug{] k|lqmofsf ¿kdf lnPsf 5g\ . efiff l;sfOsf qmddf afnsx¿n]
l/kf]6{;x¿ hDdf ug{] / k|of]usf ;Gbe{df ltg} l/kf]6{;x¿nfO{ bf]xf]¥ofpFb} hfg] pgsf] wf/0ff 5 .
pgsf cg';f/ s'g} klg efiffefifLn] s'g} efiff hfg]sf] 5 eGg'sf] cy{ To;n] To; efiffsf
l/kf]6{;x¿ hDdf u/]sf] 5 eGg] x'G5 . o;/L Jojxf/jfbL dgf]lj1fgn] klg dfG5]sf] dl:tisnfO{
lgliqmo ;+oGq dfg]sf] b]lvG5 . rD:sLn] oL dfGotfx¿sf] v08g u/L ;+1fgjfbL b[li6sf]0fnfO{
¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fdf cufl8 ;f/]sf] kfOG5 .
-v_ a'l4jfb / dfgl;stfjfbL cjwf/0ffsf] ;dy{g
rD:sLn] ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fdf ;xh k|ToojfbL jf ;+1fgjfbL dfGotfnfO{ k|:t't u/]sf
5g\ . nfOjlgT;, kf]6{ /f]on h:tf j}ofs/0fx¿sf dfGotfnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL p;n] o; dfGotfnfO{
cufl8 NofPsf x'g\ . rD:sL lbdfunfO{ lgliqmo zlQm dfGb}gg\ . pgL dlitisdf efiffk|flKtsf]
;+oGq (Languages Acqusition Device-LAD) /x]sf] x'G5 eGg] wf/0ff /fVt5g\ . efiffk|flKt
jf 1fg–cfh{gsf] of] ;+oGq dfG5]sf] ;xhft jf cGthf{t ljz]iftf xf] . oxL zlQmsf cfwf/df
p;n] eflifs 1fg cfh{g u5{ eGg] rD:sLsf] b[li6sf]0f 5 . rD:sL, x}Dk;fo/h:tf ljåfg\x¿sf
cjwf/0ffx¿nfO{ cufl8 ;fb{} a'l4jfbL wf/0ffnfO{ k'li6 ub{5g\ . dflg;sf] lbdfudf 1fgfh{gsf]
;+oGq x'g], s]xL s'/f l;Sg] k"j{j[lQ dflg;df /lx/xg], dfG5]n] hGdFb} efiff l;Sg] jf eflifs ;+/rgf
a'em\g] ;fdYo{ lnP/ cfpg]h:tf dfGotfnfO{ cufl8 ;f/L rD:sLn] cg'ejjfbLx¿sf] lj/f]w u/]sf
5g\ .
rD:sLn] k'ga{n Pj+ j~rgsf k|lqmofnfO{ cdfGo 7x¥ofpFb} efiff l;sfOsf ;Gbe{df
cfsl:ds cjnf]sg, :jfefljs lh1f;f tyf cg's/0fsf] k|j[lQdfly hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . k|of]Qmfn]
cfkm"n] ;'g]sf s'/fdfq gbf]xf]¥ofO{ gofF zAb tyf jfSo9fFrfsf] k|of]u ug{], l/kf]6{;x¿dfq ;ª\sng
gu/L afnsn] gofF jfSo agfpg], ;fdYo{sf] ljsf; ug{], afnsn] k|lt¿ksf] lgdf{0f ug{], p;n]
efiff l;sfOsf qmddf q'l6 ub{} ;RofpFb} hfFbf efiffsf cfwf/e"t lgodx¿sf] 1fg xfl;n ug{] /
ltg} lgodsf cfwf/df gofF jfSo agfpg]h:tf ts{x¿ cufl8 ;fb{} rD:sLn] Jojxf/jfbLsf]
pQ]hgf–k|ltlqmofTds Jojxf/jfbL dfGotfnfO{ c:jLsf/ u/L a'l4jfbL Pj+ dfgl;stfjfbL
wf/0ffsf] ;dy{g u/]sf 5g\ . o;nfO{ ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fsf] d"ne"t dfGotfsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5
.
-u_ eflifs ;Dkfbgsf] lj/f]w / eflifs ;fdYo{df hf]8
rD:sLn] ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fdf ;+/rgfjfbLx¿n] dxŒj lbPsf] eflifs ;Dkfbg;Fu
;DalGwt dfGotfnfO{ c:jLsf/ u/L eflifs ;fdYo{df hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . ;+/rgfjfbLx¿n]
;Dkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt o; dfGotfnfO{ cToGt} j}1flgs dfg]sf lyP . pgLx¿ efiffsf] ljZn]if0f

138
ubf{ ;fdu|L ;ª\sng u/L juL{s/0f Pj+ ljZn]if0faf6 lgisif{ lgsfNg'kg{] s'/fdf hf]8 lbGy] . x/]s
efiffdf lghL ljz]iftf x'g,] ;+/rgfsf txdf s'g} efiff 7"nf]–;fgf] geO{ ;dfg x'g,] eflifs ljZn]if0f
ubf{ dfgs jQmfaf6 ;fdu|L lng'kg{], ;fdu|Lsf] juL{s/0f Pj+ tflnsLs/0f u/L lgisif{ lgsfNg'kg{],
j}1flgs lgisif{sf nflu cy{nfO{ dxŒj glbO{ eflifs ;fdu|Lsf] ljZn]if0f ug{'kg{,] s;n] s]
hfg]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] geP/ s;n] s] k|of]u u/]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] vf]hL ug{'kg{] s'/fdf
;+/rgfjfbLx¿sf] eflifs ;Dkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt dfGotfn] hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
rD:sLn] ;+/rgfjfbLx¿sf] efiffljZn]if0fsf] o; k4ltnfO{ eflifs ;Dkfbg gfd lbO{ o;
k4ltaf6 efiffsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ w]/} q'l6x¿ x'g] ljrf/ ;ts{ k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . cfbz{ jQmfaf6
lnOPsf ;a} ;fdu|L k|fdfl0fs x'g g;Sg], kl/j]zut leGgtfsf sf/0f jQmfn] Ps} ¿kdf efiffsf]
pRrf/0f ug{ g;Sg], Pp6f jQmfn] k|of]u u/]sf ;+/rgfnfO{ csf{ JolQmn] km/s 9ª\un] k|of]u
ug{]h:tf sf/0fn] eflifs ;Dkfbg ;LdfxLg Pj+ q'l6k"0f{ x'g] b[li6sf]0f rD:sLn] cufl8 ;f/]sf
5g\ . o;y{ eflifs ;Dkfbgdf geO{ eflifs ;fdYo{df hf]8 lbg'kg{] pgsf] lgisif{ 5 .
efiffefifLdf /x]sf] efiff;DaGwL jf:tljs 1fgnfO{ eflifs ;fdYo{ elgG5 . Jofs/0fn]
efiffsf ;+/rgfsf] j0f{g gu/]/ efiffefifLsf] jf:tljs 1fgnfO{ cleJoQm ug{'kg{], eflifs
l;4fGtn] cfbz{ jQmf / >f]tfsf eflifs Ifdtfx¿ efiffdf s;/L JoQm ePsf 5g\ eg]/ vf]hL
ug{'kg{h
] :tf s'/fnfO{ rD:sLn] eflifs ;fdYo{ eg]sf 5g\ . efiffsf] cfbz{ jQmf jf >f]tfdf ;xh
eflifs 1fg x'g], ckl7t jQmfdf klg ;xh ¿kdf cGtlg{i7 Jofs/0f /xg], jQmfdf jfSosf]
;+/rgf / q'l6x¿sf] klxrfg ug{], åofy{s zAb tyf jfSox¿sf] cy{ a'em\g], slxNo} g;'g]sf /
k|of]u gu/]sf jfSox¿ a'em\g] / ;Gbe{cg';f/ k|of]u ug{]h:tf u'0fx¿ /xg] wf/0ff /fVb} rD:sLn]
o; lsl;dsf] ljlzi6 eflifs IfdtfnfO{ eflifs ;fdYo{ eg]sf 5g\ . rD:sLn] efiffsf]
ljZn]if0fsf qmddf oxL eflifs ;fdYo{sf] vf]hL ug{'kg{] dfGotfnfO{ cufl8 ;f/]sf 5g\ .
-3_ eflifs ;fj{ef}ldstfsf] vf]hLdf hf]8
¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fn] ;+;f/sf ;a} efiffsf cfGtl/s txdf ;femf ljz]iftfx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\
eGg] dfGotfnfO{ k|:t't ub{} efiffsf] ljZn]if0fsf qmddf lghL ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ dfq gs]nfO{ ;femf
lgodx¿sf] vf]hL ug{'kg{] s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . efiffdf kfOg] log} ;fdfGo ljz]iftfnfO{ ;fdfGo
cy{df eflifs ;fj{ef}ldstf elgG5 .
;+;f/sf efiffx¿sf lardf ldNbf]hN' bf] l:ylt x'g' g} eflifs ;fj{ef}ldstf xf] . rD:sLsf
cg';f/ efiffsf lgodx¿ efifflgi7 eP/ klg ;fj{ef}d x'G5g\ . To;} u/L aflx/L txdf efiffx¿
ljlzi6 b]lvP klg cGtM ;+/rgfsf txdf ltgLx¿ ;dfg x'G5g\ . jfSo, pkjfSo, kbfjnL, p2]Zo,
ljw]o, j0f{, ¿knufotsf PsfOx¿ ;a} efiffdf /x]s} x'G5g\ . o;} u/L x/]s efiffsf jfSox¿ p2]Zo
/ ljw]odf ljeQm x'G5g\ . efiff–efiffsf larsf o:tf ;dfg ljz]iftf g} ;fj{ef}d eflifs ljz]iftf
x'g\ .
rD:sLsf cg';f/ efiffdf cfGtl/s / afÅo u/L b'O{ txsf] ;+/rgf /x]sf] x'G5 . pgL
;+;f/sf ;a} efiffdf ;fj{ef}d ¿kdf kbfjnL ;+/rgf /x]sf] x'G5 / cd"t{ :t/sf] oxL Ps}
;fj{ef}d kbfjnL ;+/rgfdf efiffljz]ifsf zAbx¿ / efifflgi7 ¿kfGt/0f lgodsf] k|of]u x'g]
wf/0ff /fV5g\ . o;nfO{ lgDgcg';f/sf cf/]vaf6 :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 M

139
 jf

gfk lqmk

lg gf gfk lqmk

± lglZrt ± ;hLj ± u'0f ± ;hLj

± lgs6 ± dfgj ± cfsf/ ± dfgj d'lqm ;lqm
± k'?if ± 7"nf] ± k|f}9 ± sd{ ± sfn
± lszf]/ ± 36gf ± ;ª\ult
± cg'e"lt
?kfGt/0f
-s_ o; s]6fn] 7'nf] af3 b]Vof] .
-v_ The boy saw big tiger.
-u_ PifM afnsM pGgt+ Jof3|+ ckZot\ .
dflysf pbfx/0fdf cfGtl/s / afÅo ;+/rgfnfO{ b]vfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . ¿kfGt/0f
lgod nfUg'eGbf klxn]sf] ;+/rgfnfO{ cfGtl/s ;+/rgf elgG5 . x/]s efiffsf] cfGtl/s ;+/rgf
o;} lsl;dsf] x'G5 . oxfF sf]i7sdf cfyL{ 36sx¿ /flvPsf] 5 . oL cfyL{ 36sdf efiffsf
zAbx¿sf] k|jz ] u/fOG5 / efifflgi7 ¿kfGt/0f lgodsf cfwf/df afÅo ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f ul/G5 .
o; cfyL{ 36sdf g]kfnL efiffsf zAbx¿ /fvL ¿kfGt/0f lgodsf] k|of]u ug{] xf] eg] -s_ jfSo
aGb5 . c+u|]hL jf ;+:s[tsf jfSo /fvL ;DalGwt efiffsf ¿kfGt/0f lgodsf] k|of]u ug{] xf] eg]
‘v’ jf ‘u’ jfSosf] lgdf{0f x'G5 . o;af6 klg s] k'li6 x'G5 eg] cfGtl/s ;+/rgf x/]s efiffdf
;dfg x'G5 / zAb k|ljli6 Pj+ ¿kfGt/0f lgodsf sf/0fn] afÅo txdf dfq x/]s efiff leGg–leGg
x'G5g\ . rD:sLn] efiff ljZn]if0fsf qmddf efifflgi7 lgodsf] dfq geO{ o; lsl;dn] eflifs
;fj{ef}ldstfsf] vf]hLdf hf]8 lbg'kg{] s'/f cufl8 ;f/]sf 5g\ .
-ª_ lå:t/Lo ;+/rgfsf] :jLsf/
rD:sLsf] ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fn] jfSosf] ;+/rgf afÅo / cfGtl/s u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf] x'G5
eGg] wf/0ff cufl8 ;f/]sf] 5 . ¿kfGt/0f lgod nfUg'eGbf cufl8sf] cd"t{ eflifs ;+/rgfnfO{
rD:sLn] cfGtl/s ;+/rgf / ¿kfGt/0f lgodkl5sf] k|of]uof]Uo ;+/rgfnfO{ afÅo ;+/rgfsf ¿kdf
lrgfPsf 5g\ . rD:sLn] cfGtl/s ;+/rgfdf kbfjnL ;+/rgf /xg], kbfjnL ;+/rgfdf cy{tflŒjs
clenIf0fsf cfwf/df sf]zLo k|ljli6 lgodn] 36sx¿sf] 5gf]6 ug{] / To;kl5 ¿kfGt/0f
lgodsf] k|of]u eO{ k|of]u;Ddt jfSo aGg] wf/0ff /fv]sf 5g\ . o;/L rD:sLn] ¿kfGt/0f lgodsf]
k|of]u x'ge
' Gbf cufl8sf] ;+/rgfnfO{ cfGtl/s ;+/rgf / ¿kfGt/0f lgod nfu]/ ag]sf] k|of]u;Ddt
jfSofTds ;+/rgfnfO{ afÅo ;+/rgfsf ¿kdf JofVof u/]sf 5g\ . o;nfO{ dfly lbOPsf] cf/]vdf
lgDgcg';f/sf pbfx/0fsf dfWodaf6 :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 . h:t}M
⇒ ¿kfGt/0f
cf=;+= Ö of] s]6f] af3 b]v\–e"t
af=;+= Ö o; s]6fn] af3 b]Vof] .
-r_ eflifs ;[hgzLntf jf pTkfbgzLntfdf hf]8
;Lldt lgodsf cfwf/df c;Lldt jfSox¿sf] pTkfbg ug{] dfgj–dl:tisLo ;fdYo{nfO{
pTkfbgzLntf jf ;[hgzLntf elgG5 . dfG5]n] efiffsf lgodx¿ hfg]sf cfwf/df slxNo}
g;'gs] f jfSox¿ a'em\g / gjLg jfSox¿ lgdf{0f ug{ ;St5 . efiff l;sfOsf ;Gbe{df jQmfn]
efiffsf lgodx¿sf] 1fg ub{5 jf eflifs ;fdYo{ cfh{g ub{5 . o;af6 p;n] c;ª\Vo
jfSox¿sf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5 . ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fsf] oxL dfGotfnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ o;
Jofs/0fnfO{ pTkfbs Jofs/0f klg eGg] ul/Psf] 5 .
-5_ jfSojfbL Jofs/0ffTds cjwf/0ffsf] :jLsf/

140
 ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fn] efiffsf] ljZn]if0f ug{] d"n cfwf/ txsf ¿kdf jfSonfO{ lnPsf] 5 .
k/Dk/fut Jofs/0fx¿ a9L dfqfdf Wjlg, j0f{, ¿kh:tf PsfOx¿sf] ljZn]if0fdf hf]8 lbG5g\ eg]
¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fn] jfSonfO{ eflifs ljZn]if0fsf] d'Vo cfwf/ agfPsf] 5 . o;n] jfSoaf6
ljZn]if0fsf] qmd cf/De u/L jfSosf ;+/rs PsfOx¿cGtu{t kbfjnL tyf kbx¿sf sfo{sf]
ljZn]if0f ub{5 . To;}n] ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fnfO{ jfSojfbL l;4fGt dfGg] ul/Psf] 5 .
-h_ eflifs Jojxf/ lgodzfl;t x'g] b[li6sf]0f
Jojxf/jfbL ;+/rgfTds Jofs/0fn] efiffl;sfOnfO{ afgL jf cfbtsf ¿kdf JofVof
u/]sf] 5 eg] rD:sLn] efiff l;sfOnfO{ dgf]j1} flgs k|lqmofsf ¿kdf JofVof u/]sf 5g\ .
efiffl;sfOsf ;Gbe{df afnsn] eflifs ¿ksf] dfq ;ª\sng gu/L eflifs lgodx¿sf] 1fg
xfl;n ub{5 . log} ;Lldt eflifs lgodx¿ hfg]sf cfwf/df p;n] Jofs/l0fs / cJofs/l0fs
jfSox¿ 5'6\ofpgfsf ;fy} c;ª\Vo jfSox¿sf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5 . o;y{ rD:sLsf] ¿kfGt/0f
Jofs/0fn] efiffnfO{ lgodzfl;t Jojxf/sf ¿kdf JofVof u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
lgrf]8df rD:sLsf] ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0f ;+/rgfjfbL efifflj1fgsf] lj/f]wdf b]vfk/]sf]
eflifs lrGtg xf] . o;df–
-1_ cg'ejsf cfwf/df efiff l;lsG5 eGg] cg'ejjfbL bz{gsf] lj/f]w ul/Psf] 5,
-2_ efiff pQ]hgf, k|ltlqmof, k'ga{n, j~rgh:tf Jofjxfl/s k|lqmofaf6 l;lsg] ljifo geO{
dfgjlgi7 g};lu{s k|lqmof xf] eGg] wf/0ff /flvPsf] 5,
-3_ ;ª\sng Pj+ ;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t ;+/rgfjfbL eflifs ljZn]if0f k4ltsf q'l6x¿ s]nfO{
eflifs ;fdYo{df hf]8 lbOPsf] 5,
-4_ ;+;f/sf efiffx¿ cfGtl/s ;+/rgfsf txdf ;dfg x'gfsf ;fy} dfgjdlitisdf ;+;f/sf
;a} efiff l;Sg] ;fdYo{ /x]sf] x'G5 eGg] dfGotfdf cfwfl/t eflifs ;fj{ef}ldstfsf af/]df
rrf{ ul/Psf] 5,
-5_ efiffdf cfGtl/s / afÅo u/L lå:t/Lo ;+/rgf /xg] / cfGtl/s ;+/rgfsf txdf ;a} efiff
;dfg x'g] b[li6sf]0f /flvPsf] 5,
-6_ ;Lldt lgodsf cfwf/df c;Lldt jfSox¿sf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg] dfgjdlitisLo
ljz]iftfsf] rrf{sf ;fy} eflifs ;[hgzLntf jf pTkfbgzLntfdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5,
-7_ eflifs ;fdu|Lsf] vf]hLdf eGbf eflifs lgodsf] vf]hLdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5,
-8_ dfgjdlitissf] ljZn]if0f u/L efiffsf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5,
-9_ efiffnfO{ dgf]j1} flgs ;Gbe{af6 lrgfOPsf] 5 cflb .
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= rD:sLn] eflifs ljZn]if0fdf ;j{ky| d leœofPsf] l;4fGt s'g xf] <
-s_ zf:qLo l;4fGt -v_ dfgs l;4fGt
-u_ cg'zf;g / cfj4tf -3_ Go"gtd jfbL l;4fGt
@= rD:sLsf] eflifs ljZn]if0fsf] ;}4flGts cfwf/ s] xf] <
-s_ cg'ejjfb -v_ Jojxf/jfb
-u_ a'l4jfb -3_ ;+/rgfjfb
#= ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fn] eflifs ljZn]if0fsf] d"n cfwf/ s]nfO{ agfPsf] 5 <
-s_ Wjlg -v_ j0f{ -u_ ¿k -3_ jfSo
$= ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fsf] ljz]iftf s] xf] <
-s_ ;Lldt lgodsf cfwf/df c;Lldt jfSo agfpg'
-v_ c;Lldt lgodsf cfwf/df ;Lldt jfSo agfpg'
-u_ k|fKt ;fdu|Lsf cfwf/df jfSosf] ljZn]if0f ug{'

141
 -3_ cg'ejnfO{ efiff l;sfOsf] cfwf/ agfpg'
ljifout k|Zg
-1_ rD:sLn] ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fsf] :yfkgfdf cg'ejjfbL bz{g / Jojxf/jfbL dgf]lj1fgsf]
lsg lj/f]w u/]sf 5g\ <
-2_ eflifs ;Dkfbg / eflifs ;fdYo{df s] leGgtf 5 <
-3_ ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fdf eflifs ;fj{ef}ldstfsf] vf]hL s;/L ul/Psf] 5 <
-4_ efiffsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ cfGtl/s ;+/rgf / afÅo ;+/rgfnfO{ s;/L b]vfpg ;lsG5 <
-5_ ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fsf dxŒjk"0f{ pknlAwnfO{ a'bF fut ¿kdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
ljj]rgfTds k|Zg
-1_ ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfsf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
$=#=!^ ¿kfGt/0f lgod
rD:sLsf b[li6df jfSosf cfGtl/s / afÅo u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf ;+/rgf x'G5g\ . k|of]uof]Uo
x'g'k"js
{ f] jfSosf] ;+/rgfnfO{ cfGtl/s ;+/rgf elgG5 . afÅo ;+/rgf eg]sf] jfSosf] k|of]uof]Uo
;+/rgf xf] . k|ofuof]Uo afÅo ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu cfGtl/s ;+/rgfdf ljleGg lsl;dsf
lgodx¿ nufOG5 . o; lsl;dsf lgodnfO{ g} ¿kfGt/0f lgod elgG5 . cfGtl/s ;+/rgfnfO{
afÅo ;+/rgfdf Nofpg k|of]u ul/g] lgod g} ¿kfGt/0f lgod x'g\ . o:tf lgodx¿nfO{
clgjfo{tfsf cfwf/df lgDgcg';f/ b'O{ efudf juL{s/0f u/L cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 M
-!_ clgjfo{ ¿kfGt/0f lgod
h'g lgodx¿sf] k|of]u gu/L k|of]u;Ddt jfSo agfpg ;lsFbg} To:tf lgodnfO{ clgjfo{
¿kfGt/0f lgod elgG5 . cfGtl/s ;+/rgfnfO{ afÅo ;+/rgfdf NofpFbf clgjfo{ ¿kdf k|of]u ug{}
kg{] ¿kfGt/0f lgodnfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kfGt/0f lgod elgG5 . g]kfnL efiffsf ;Gbe{df ljelQm
;lGgj]z lgod, ;lqm :yfkg lgod, ;Ílt :yfkg lgod nufotsf lgodnfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kfGt/0f
lgod elgG5 . h:t} M
s= pm efO af]nfp– e"t ⇒ stf{ ljelQm :yfkg
cfGtl/s ;+/rgf v= p;n] efO af]nfp – e"t ⇒ sd{ ljelQm :yfkg
u= p;n] efOnfO{ af]nfp –e"t ⇒ ;lqm :yfkg
afÅo ;+/rgf 3= p;n] efOnfO{ af]nfof] .
o;nfO{ cf/]vdf x]/f}+ M
s= jf

gfk lqmk
pm
gfk lqmk ⇒ stf{ ljelQm :yfkg
efO af]n fp – e"t

v= jf

gfk lqmk
pm;n]
gfk lqmk ⇒ sd{ ljelQm :yfkg
efO af]nfp – e"t

142
 u= jf

gfk lqmk
pm;n]
gfk lqmk ⇒ ;lqm :yfkg
efOnfO{ af]nfp – e"t
3= jf

gfk lqmk
pm;n]
gfk lqmk
efOnfO{ af]n fof] .
dflysf pbfx/0f s=, v= / u= cfGtl/s ;+/rgfsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . oxfF cfGtl/s
;+/rgfnfO{ afÅo ;+/rgfdf Nofpg stf{ ljelQm :yfkg, sd{ ljelQm :yfkg / ;lqm :yfkg
ltgj6f ¿kfGt/0f lgod nfu]sf 5g\ . oL ¿kfGt/0f lgod nfu]/ 3= jfSo k|of]u;Ddt ag]sf] 5 .
o:t} lsl;dn] Ps lsl;dsf jfSonfO{ csf{ lsl;dsf jfSodf kl/jt{g ug{] ;Gbe{df
clgjfo{ ¿kdf k|of]u ug{} kg]{ lgodnfO{ klg clgjfo{ ¿kfGt/0f lgod elgG5ý h:t} M
s= /fd lstfax¿ lsG5 .
⇒ stf{ nf]k

v= lstfax¿ lsG5 .
⇒ sd{jfRoLs/0f

u= lstfax¿ lslgG5 .
⇒ sd{ ;Ílt

3= lstfax¿ lslgG5g\ .
oxfF st{[jfRoaf6 sd{jfRodf ¿kfGt/0f u/L stf{ nf]k, sd{jfRoLs/0f / sd{ ;Ílt
ltgj6f lgodx¿ nfu]/ ‘lstfax¿ lslgG5g\’ jfSosf] lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . To;}n] oL lgodx¿nfO{
klg clgjfo{ ¿kfGt/0f lgodsf ¿kdf x]g{ ;lsG5 .
-@_ P]lR5s ¿kfGt/0f lgod
b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L j}slNks ¿kfGt/0f lgodx¿dWo] s'g} Ps lgodsf] k|of]u u/L
k|of]u;Ddt jfSo agfpg ;lsG5 eg] To:tf lgodnfO{ P]lR5s ¿kfGt/0f lgod elgG5 . g]kfnLdf
sltko ;Gbe{df stf{ ljelQm :yfkg lgod tyf sd{ ljelQm :yfkg lgod P]]lR5s x'g;S5g\ .
h:t} M
s= tkfO+{ hf k/\ – ;lqm⇒stf{ ‘n]’ ljelQm :yfkg
tkfO{+n] hfg} k5{ .
v= tkfO{+ hf k/\ – ;lqm⇒stf{ z"Go ljelQm :yfkg
tkfO{+ hfg} k5{ .
u= tkfO+{ hf k/\ – ;lqmo⇒stf{ ‘nfO{’ ljelQm :yfkg
tkfO{+nfO{ hfg} k5{ .

143
 oxfF ‘tkfO{+ hf k/\ – ;lqm’ nfO{ afÅo ;+/rgfdf ‘n]’ ljelQm :yfkg, ‘z"Go’ ljelQm
:yfkg / ‘nfO{’ ljelQm :yfkg ltgcf]]6f ¿kfGt/0f lgodx¿dWo] s'g} Pssf] k|of]u u/]/
k|of]u;Ddt jfSo agfpg ;lsg] ePsfn] oL lgodx¿nfO{ P]lR5s ¿kfGt/0f lgod eGg ;lsG5 .
sd{df klg of] l:ylt b]Vg ;lsG5 . h:t} M
s= /fd efO afnfp – e"t⇒stf{ ljelQm :yfkg
⇒sd{ z"Go ljelQm :yfkg
/fdn] efO af]nfp – e"t
/fdn] efO af]nfof] .
v= /fd efO af]nfp – e"t⇒stf{ ljelQm :yfkg
⇒sd{ ‘nfO{’ ljelQm :yfkg
/fdn] efO af]nfp– e"t
/fdn] efOnfO{ af]nfof] .
oxfF sd{df ‘z"Go’ / ‘nfO{’ ljelQmdWo] s'g} Pssf] k|of]u u/L k|of]u;Ddt jfSo agfpg ;lsg]
ePsfn] logLx¿nfO{ klg P]lR5s ¿kfGt/0f lgod eGg ;lsG5 .
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fsf cg';f/ cfGtl/s ;+/rgfnfO{ afÅo ;+/rgf;Fu hf]8\g] lgod s'g xf] <
-s_ kbfjnL ;+/rgf lgod -v_ ¿kfGt/0f lgod
-u_ ¿k;lGw lgod -3_ ;DaGw :yfkg lgod
@= ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fsf] afÅo ;+/rgfdf s'g s'/f kb{5 <
-s_ ¿kfGt/0f lgod -v_ ;DaGw :yfkg lgod
-u_ cfly{s 36s -3_ jfl0f{s 36s
ljifout k|Zg
-1_ ¿kfGt/0f lgod eg]sf] s] xf] <
-2_ clgjfo{ / P]lR5s ¿kfGt/0f lgodnfO{ ;f]bfx/0f :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .

$=#=!& ¿kfGt/0f k|lqmof

cfGtl/s ;+/rgfnfO{ afÅo ;+/rgfdf NofpFbf s'g} kbsf] nf]k ug]{, s'g} csf{] tŒjnfO{ Nofpg],
Pp6f kbsf ;§fdf csf]{ kb Nofpg] / kbx¿sf] qmdnfO{ kl/jt{g ug]{ ul/G5 . o;nfO{ qmdzM
nf]k, cfud, cfb]z / qmdkl/jt{g lgod eGg] ul/G5 . h:t} M
⇒ ;lqm nf]k
s= cf=;+= /fd kf]v/f hfG5 . /fd e/] cfpF5 .
⇒ ;dfg kb nf]k
/fd kf]v/f hf . /fd e/] cfpF5 .
⇒ s[bGt :yfkg
/fd kf]v/f hf e/] cfpF5 .
af=;+= /fd kf]v/f uP/ e/] cfpF5 .
oxfF ;lqm nf]k / ;dfgkb nf]k nf]k lgod x'g\ eg] s[bGt:yfkg cfud lgod xf] .
⇒ ;fj{gfdLs/0f
v= cf=;+= ha s]6f] ahf/ hfG5, ta s]6f] uN5 .
af=;+= ha s]6f] ahf/ hfG5, ta pm uN5 .
oxfF ‘s]6f]’ sf 7fpFdf ‘pm’ cfPsfn] of] cfb]z lgod xf] .
⇒ hf]8
u= cf=;+= s]6f] ahf/ uof] .
af=;+= ahf/ s]6f] t uof] .

144
 oxfF hf]8sf ;Gbe{df ‘ahf/’ kb cfÇgf] 7fpFdf cjz]if (trace) 5f8L cu|Ls[t ePsfn]
of] qmdkl/jt{g lgod xf] .
¿kfGt/0f x'Fbf h]hlt lgodx¿ nfU5g\ ltgLx¿ oL rf/ kIf;Fu g} ;DalGwt x'G5g\ . oL
rf/cf]6f lgodnfO{ ¿kfGt/0fsf sfo{ klg eGg] ul/G5 . cfGtl/s ;+/rgfnfO{ afÅo ;+/rgfdf
NofpFbf jf s'g} ;+/rgfnfO{ csf{ ;+/rgfdf abNbf log} k|lqmofx¿ k"/f ePsf x'G5g\ .
cfGtl/s ;+/rgfnfO{ afÅo ;+/rgfdf NofpFbf jf jfSofGt/0fsf ;Gbe{df x'g] ¿kfGt/0f
k|lqmofnfO{ ;+/rgf ljj/0f, ;+/rgf ;ª\s]tg / ;+/rgf kl/jt{g ltg efudf b]vfpg] ul/G5 .
;+/rgf ljj/0f eg]sf] ¿kfGt/0f lgod nfUg] ;+/rgfsf] ljj/0f lbg] sfo{ xf] . o;/L ljj/0f lbFbf
¿kfGt/0f lgod nfUg] / gnfUg] 36snfO{ km/s–km/s ;ª\s]tåf/f lrgfOG5 . ¿kfGt/0f lgod
gnfUg] 36s eg]sf crn 36s x'g\ . o:tf 36snfO{ s, v cflb j0f{åf/f
lrgfOG5 . ¿kfGt/0f lgod nfUg] jf ¿kfGt/0fåf/f k|efljt x'g] 36s rn 36s
x'g\ . ;+/rgf ljj/0f lbFbf o:tf 36snfO{ gfk, lqmk cflbåf/f lrgfOG5 .
;+/rgf ;ª\s]tg eg]sf] ;+/rgf ljj/0fsf ;"rgfnfO{ cËåf/f ;ª\If]kdf lrgfpg] k4lt
xf] . ;+/rgf ;ª\s]tgcGtu{t g} pQm ;+/rgfdf nfUg] ¿kfGt/0f lgodnfO{ klg b]vfOG5 . ;+/rgf
kl/jt{gdf kl/jlt{t ;+/rgfnfO{ b]vfOG5 . o;kl5 dfq k|of]uof]Uo jfSonfO{ b]vfOG5 . cs/0f
¿kfGt/0f k|lqmofsf ;Gbe{df o;nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 M
s= bLkf+z'n] ld7fO{ vfOg\ .
v= ;+=lj= s v d'lqm ;lqm
⇒ cs/0f ;+of]hg
u= ;+=;+= ! @ # $
3= ;+=k= ! @ # $±g
ª= k|of]ufj:yfM bLkf+z'n] ld7fO{ vfOgg\ .
oxfF s= df cfwf/ ;+/rgfnfO{ /flvPsf] 5 eg] v=df cfwf/ ;+/rgfsf] ljj/0f lbOPsf]
5 . o;/L ljj/0f lbFbf ¿kfGt/0fåf/f k|efljt gx'g] 36snfO{ ‘s’ / ‘v’ åf/f / k|efljt x'g]
36snfO{ d'lqm / ;lqmaf6 lrgfOPsf] 5 . u=df cª\såf/f ;+/rgfnfO{ ;ª\s]t u/L ¿kfGt/0f
lgod nufOPsf] 5 eg] 3= df kl/jlt{t ;+/rgfnfO{ / ª=df k|of]ufj:yfnfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 . o;/L
cfGtl/s ;+/rgfnfO{ afÅo ;+/rgfdf NofpFbf jf Pp6f ;+/rgfnfO{ csf{ ;+/rgfdf n}hfFbf x'g]
k|lqmofnfO{ g} ¿kfGt/0f k|lqmof elgG5 .
-s_ cs/0f k|lqmof
cs/0f ¿kfGt/0f k|lqmofdf lqmofsf cufl8, k5fl8 jf lardf lgif]wfyL{ ‘g’ sf] ;+of]hg
u/L ;'?sf ;+/rgfsf] eGbf ljk/Lt cy{nfO{ JoQm ul/G5 . h:t} M
s= s]6f] ahf/ uof] .
;+=lj= s v d'lqm ;lqm
;+=;+= ! @ # $ ⇒ cs/0f ;+of]hg
;+=k= ! @ # $±g
k|of]ufj:yfM s]6f] ahf/ uPg .

v= bLkf+z' ;w}F l56f] p7\l5g\ .

;+=lj= s lqmlj v d'lqm ;lqm
;+=;+= ! @ # $ % ⇒ cfb]z ± cs/0f ;+of]hg

145
 ;+=k= ! slxNo} # $ %±g
k|of]ufj:yf M bLkf+z' slxNo} l56f] p7\lbgg\ .
-v_ ljWoy{s k|lqmof
ljWoy{s cGtu{t d'Vo ¿kdf OR5fy{s / cf1fy{s k|lqmofx¿ kb{5g\ . oL b'j} k|lqmofdf
;lqm nf]k, OR5fy{ tyf cf1fy{ ;+of]hgh:tf ¿kfGt/0f lgod nfU5g\ .
c= OR5fy{s k|lqmof
s= efO 3/ hfG5 .
;+=lj= s v d'lqm ;lqm
;+=;+= ! @ # $ ⇒ ;lqm nf]k ± OR5fy{ ;+of]hg
;+=k= ! @ # ± cf];\ φ
k|of]ufj:yf M efO 3/ hfcf];\ .
oxfF cfwf/ ;+/rgfaf6 OR5fy{df ¿kfGt/0f ubf{ ;xfos lqmof nf]k x'g] / OR5fy{ ;+of]lht
x'g] b'O6f k|lqmof k"/f ePsf b]lvG5g\ .
cf= cf1fy{ k|lqmof
v= ltdL ahf/ hfG5f} .
;+=lj= s v d'lqm ;lqm
;+=;+= ! @ # $ ⇒ ;lqm nf]k ± cf1fy{ ;+of]hg
;=k= ! @ # ± pm φ
k|of]ufj:yf M ltdL 3/ hfpm .
-u_ ;Defjgfy{s k|lqmof
g]kfnLdf ;Defjgfy{s k|lqmofdf ;lqm nf]k tyf ‘nf’ cfud h:tf ¿kfGt/0f lgodx¿
nfU5g\ . h:t} M
s= cfh efO cfpF5 .
;+=lj= s v d'lqm ;lqm
;+=;+= ! @ # $ ⇒ ;lqm nf]k ± ;Defjgfy{ ;+of]hg
;+=k= ! @ # ± nf φ
k|of]ufj:yf M cfh efO cfpnf .
-3_ jfRofGt/0f k|lqmof
g]kfnLdf sd{jfRofGt/0f / efjjfRofGt/0f u/L jfRofGt/0fsf b'O{ k|lqmofx¿ /x]sf
b]lvG5g\ M
c_ sd{jfRofGt/0f k|lqmof
g]kfnLdf st{[jfRoaf6 sd{jfRodf jfRofGt/0f ubf{ stf{ nf]k x'g] jf stf{df ‘åf/f’ cyjf
‘af6’ nfUg], d'Vo lqmof;Fu ‘O’ ufFl;g], sd{sf] ‘nfO{’ nf]k x'g] / sd{;Ílt x'g] h:tf k|lqmof nfu'
x'G5g\ . h:t} M
s= p;n] dnfO{ lk6\of] .
;+=lj= gfk gfk ljelQm d'lqm ;lqm
;+=;+= ! @ # $ % ⇒ stf{ nf]k ± sd{ ‘nfO{’ nf]k ± ‘O‘ cfud ± sd{ ;ª\ult
;+=k= φ @ φ $±O%
k|of]ufj:yf M d lkl6PF .

146
 v= p;n] dnfO{ lk6\of] .
;+=lj= gfk lj= gfk lj= d'lqm ;lqm
;+=;+= ! @ # $ % ^ ⇒ stf{ ‘åf/f’ cfb]z ± sd{ ‘nfO{’ nf]k ± ‘O‘ cfud ± sd{ ;ª\ult
;+=k= ! ± åf/f # φ % ± O ^
k|of]ufj:yf M p;åf/f d lkl6PF .
oxfF s=df nf]k x'g] k|lqmofnfO{ / v=df stf{ nf]k gx'g] k|lqmofnfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 .
-cf_ efjjfRofGt/0f k|lqmof
efjjfRofGt/0f k|lqmofdf stf{ nf]k x'g], lqmof;Fu ‘O’ cfud x'g] tyf lglZrt -t[tLo k'?if,
Psjrg, cgfb/, c:qLlnÍ_ ;ª\ult x'g] h:tf k|lqmof nfu" x'G5g\ . h:t} M
s]6f] ahf/ uof] .
;+=lj= gfk gfk d'lqm ;lqm
;+=;+= ! @ # $ ⇒ stf{ nf]k ± ‘O‘ cfud ± lglZrt ;ª\ult
;+=k+= φ @ #±O $
k|of]ufj:yf M ahf/ uOof] .
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= ‘p;n] efOnfO{ lk6\of]’ jfSonfO{ ‘p;åf/f efO lkl6of]’ df kl/jt{g ubf{ ¿kfGt/0fsf] s'g
k|lqmof nfu" ePsf] 5 <
-s_ sd{jfRofGt/0f k|lqmof -v_ efjjfRofGt/0f k|lqmof
-u_ st{[jfRofGt/0f k|lqmof -3_ cst{[jfRofGt/0f k|lqmof
@= ‘s]6f] ahf/ hfG5 / s]6f] cfpF5’ jfSonfO{ ‘s]6f] ahf/ uP/ cfpF5’ agfpFbf ¿kfGt/0f
k|lqmofsf s'gs'g lgod nfu]sf x'G5g\ <
-s_ nf]k / cfb]z -v_ cfb]zs / cfud
-u_ nf]k / cfud -3_ cfud / qmd kl/jt{g
#= ‘tF lstfa k9\5;\’ nfO{ ‘tF lstfa k9\’ agfpFbf ¿kfGt/0fsf s'gs'g lgod nfU5g\ <
-s_ nf]k / cf1fy{ ;+of]hg -v_ cfb]z / OR5fy{ ;+of]hg
-u_ qmdkl/jt{g / ;Defjgfy{ ;+of]hg -u_ cfud / ;fdfGofy{ ;+of]hg
ljifout k|Zg
-1_ ¿kfGt/ k|lqmofnfO{ ;f]bfx/0f lrgfpg'xf];\ .
-2_ ‘efO 3/ hfG5’ jfSonfO{ ¿kfGt/0fsf] jfRofGt/0f k|lqmof k|of]u u/L ljZn]if0f ug{'xf];\ .
$=#=!* g]kfnLsf cfwf/e"t, ;/n, ;+o'Qm / ;lGglji6 jfSox¿
-!_ cfwf/e"t jfSo
¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fdf lgZrofy{s, s/0f, st{[jfrs / c;lGglji6 jfSonfO{ cfwf/e"t
jfSo dflgPsf] 5 . cs/0f, sd{jfrs jf efjjfrs, ;/n, ;+o'Qm, ld> nufotsf jfSox¿
oxL cfwf/e"t jfSoaf6 Jo'Tkflbt x'g] ePsfn] ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fdf o:tf jfSonfO{ aLh jfSo
elgPsf] kfOG5 . ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fsf dfGotfdf cfwfl/t eO{ cfwf/e"t jfSosf gd'gfnfO{
lgDgcg';f/ lrgfpg ;lsG5 M
-s_ bLkf+z' SofDk; uOg\ .
-v_ *bLkf+z' SofDk; hflng\ .
-u_ *bLkf+z' SofDk; uOgg\ .

147
 -3_ *bLkf+z'af6 SofDk; uOof] .
-ª_ *bLkf+z' SofDk; uP/ cfOg\ .
oxfF s= jfSodfq cfwf/e"t jfSo xf] . of] jfSo lgZrofy{s, s/0f, st{[jfrs /
c;lGglji6 k|s[ltsf] 5 . v–ª jfSox¿ oxL cfwf/e"t jfSoaf6 Jo'Tkflbt ePsf x'g\ . oxfFsf
s= afx]ssf cGo jfSox¿dWo] v= jfSo clgZrofy{s, u= jfSo cs/0faf]ws, 3= jfSo
efjjfrs / ª= jfSo ;lGglji6 k|s[ltsf x'g\ . s= jfSodfq oxfF cfwf/e"t jfSosf ¿kdf
b]vfk/]sf] 5 .
cfwf/e"t jfSodf ;fdfGotof stf{, sd{ / lqmof /x]sf x'G5g\ . lqmofkbsf] k|s[ltsf
sf/0f g]kfnL efiffdf ;fdfGotof lgDgcg';f/sf cfwf/e"t jfSox¿ /x]sf b]lvG5g\ M
→ 9fFrf–! jfSo ˜ stf{ ± lqmof
g]kfnL efiffdf csd{s lqmofsf] k|of]usf ;Gbe{df of] 9fFrfsf] cfwf/e"t jfSo lgdf{0f
ePsf] kfOG5 . h:t}M
-s_ efO /f]of]
-v_ alxgL xfFl;g\ .
→ 9fFrf–@
jfSo ˜ stf{ ± k"/s÷;dfgflws/0f±lqmof
g]kfnL efiffdf k"/s kb;lxtsf] csd{s lqmofsf] k|of]u x'Fbf o; 9fFrfsf] jfSosf] lgdf{0f
ePsf] b]lvG5 . h:t}M
-s_ pgLx¿ kl/>dL 5g\ .
-v_ efO /f]uL eof] .
→ 9fFrf–#
jfSo˜ stf{ ± sd{ ± lqmof
Pssd{s lqmofsf] k|of]usf ;Gbe{df g]kfnLdf o; 9fFrfsf jfSosf] k|of]u ePsf]
b]lvG5 . h:t}M
-s_ xl/ sljtf n]V5 .
-v_ pgLx¿n] km'6an v]n] .
→ 9fFrf–$
jfSo ˜ stf{ ± ck|ToIf sd{ ± k|ToIf sd{ ± lqmof
låsd{s lqmofsf] k|of]usf ;Gbe{df g]kfnLdf o; 9fFrfsf cfwf/e"t jfSox¿sf] lgdf{0f
ePsf] kfOG5 . h:t}M
-s_ /fdn] xl/nfO{ lstfa lbof] .
-v_ u'?n] xfdLnfO{ k'/:sf/ afF8\ge
' of] .
k"/s jf ;dfgflws/0f kb;lxtsf] ;sd{s lqmofsf] k|of]u x'Fbf klg g]kfnLdf oxL
9fFrfsf] jfSosf] lgdf{0f ePsf] kfOG5 . h:t}M
jfSo ˜ stf{ ± sd{ ± k"/s ÷ ;dfgflws/0f ± lqmof
-s_ xfdLn] /fdnfO{ k|ltlglw r'Gof}+ .
-v_ ljBfyL{x¿n] u'?nfO{ ljåfg\ 7fg] .

148
 plNnlvt 9fFrfsf jfSox¿df P]lR5s 36ssf ¿kdf Psb]lv tLgj6f;Dd
lqmofof]uLx¿ cfpg ;S5g\ . lqmofof]uLsf] k|of]unfO{ cfwf/ agfpFbf k|To]s 9fFrfsf rf/–rf/j6f
jfSox¿ aGg ;S5g\ . h:t}M
9fFrf–! -s_ efO /f]of] .
-v_ efO a];/L /f]of] .
-u_ efO cfh a];/L /f]of] .
-3_ efO cfh emg\ a];/L /f]of] .
o:t} lsl;dn] c¿ 9fFrfsf jfSox¿ klg lj:tfl/t x'g ;Sg] ePsfn] g]kfnL efiffsf
cfwf/e"t jfSox¿sf] 9fFrf ;f]x| lsl;dsf] x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . o;}u/L oL cfwf/e"t 9fFrfdf /x]sf
36sx¿n] lgwf{/s tyf ljz]if0fx¿ klg lng ;S5g\ . o; cj:yfdf klg oL jfSonfO{ cfwf/e"t
g} dfGg ;lsG5 .
-@_ ;/n jfSo
cfGtl/s ;+/rgfdf Pp6f dfq pkjfSo jf Pp6f dfq cfwf/e"t jfSo ePsf jfSonfO{
¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fdf ;/n jfSo elgPsf] 5 . k/Dk/fut Jofs/0fdf eg] Pp6f dfq ;dflksf
lqmof ePsf] jfSonfO{ ;/n jfSo eGg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . k/Dk/fut Jofs/0fcg';f/ ;/n jfSodf
hlt klg c;dflksf lqmof /xg ;S5g\ . efiffj}1flgs b[li6n] eg] Psdfq ;dflksf lqmof /x]sf]
/ To;;Fu cGo s'g} lqmof;lxt jf lqmof/lxt ljw]o gePsf] jfSo ;/n jfSo x'G5 .
jf:tjdf cfwf/e"t jfSo g} ;/n jfSo xf]ý t/ cfwf/e"t jfSo / ;/n jfSodf s]
leGgtf kfOG5 eg] ;a} cfwf/e"t jfSox¿ ;/n jfSo x'G5g\ t/ ;a} ;/n jfSox¿ cfwf/e"t
jfSo rflxF x'g ;St}gg\ . lgZrofy{s, s/0ffy{s / st{[jfrs jfSodfq cfwf/e"t jfSo x'g ;S5g\
t/ oL jfSosf cltl/Qm clgZrofy{s, cs/0ffy{s / sd{ jf efjjfrs jfSo klg ;/n jfSo x'g
;S5g\ . h:t}M
-s_ bLkf+z' SofDk; uOg\ .
-v_ bLkf+z' SofDk; hflng\ .
-u_ bLkf+z' SofDk; uOgg\ .
-3_ bLkf+z'af6 SofDk; uOof] .
oL ;a} jfSox¿ ;/n jfSo x'g\ . cfwf/e"t jfSodf h:t} ;/n jfSodf klg stf{, k|ToIf
sd{, ck|ToIf sd{, k"/s / lqmofh:tf ;+/rs 36sx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . lqmofkbsf] k|s[lt jf oL
36sx¿sf] pkl:yltsf cfwf/df g]kfnLdf ;/n jfSo klg cfwf/e"t jfSos} 9fFrfsf ljljw
k|s[ltsf x'g ;S5g\ .
-#_ ;+o'Qm jfSo
PseGbf a9L pkjfSox¿nfO{ ;+of]hsx¿n] ;+of]hg u/L lgdf{0f ul/Psf jfSonfO{
;+oQ
' m jfSo elgG5 . ;+o'Qm jfSosf cfGtl/s ;+/rgfdf b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L cfwf/e"t jfSox¿
/x]sf x'G5g\ eg] afÅo ;+/rgfdf tL jfSox¿nfO{ lg/k]If ;+of]hsn] hf]8]sf x'G5g\ .
-s_ s]6Lx¿ kl/>d u5{g\ t/ s]6fx¿ kl/>d ub{}gg\ .
-v_ xl/ 3/ uof] clg ;ljgf ahf/ uOg\ .
g]kfnLdf pkjfSosf] k|s[lt / ;+of]hssf] :j¿kcg';f/ ;+o'Qm jfSo lgDgcg';f/ ljljw
k|s[ltsf x'g;S5g\ M
-s_ ;d'Rrfos M pm n]V5 klg k9\5 klg .
-v_ qmdaf]ws M xfdL w]/} k9\5f}+ / b]zsf] ljsf; u5f{}+ .
-u_ ljsNkaf]ws M ltdL hfpm jf ghfpm .

149
 -3_ ljk/Ltfy{s M d}n] w]/} sfd u/]+ t/ k};f sdfOgF .
-ª_ JofVofy{s M ltdL cb\e't 5f} cyf{t\ cgf}7f 5f} .
-r_ zL3|tfy{s M vfOof] ls dl/of] . cflb .
-$_ ;lGglji6 jfSo
cfGtl/s ;+/rgfdf /x]sf b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L pkjfSox¿ ;+lZni6 ¿kdf hf]l8O{ lgdf{0f
ePsf jfSonfO{ ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fdf ;lGglji6 jfSo elgPsf] kfOG5 . of] kl/efiffcg';f/
gfdLs/0f Pj+ s[bGtLs/0f k|lqmofåf/f lgld{t k/Dk/fut Jofs/0fdf ;/n dflgPsf jfSox¿ /
ld> Pj+ ldlnt jfSox¿ ;lGglji6 jfSocGtu{t kb{5g\ . h:t}M
-s_ s]6f] 3/ uP/ cfof] .
-v_ u'? c;n ljBfyL{nfO{ dfof ug{'x'G5 .
-u_ ha /fd cfpF5 ta ;Ltf hfG5] .
-3_ hxfF w'jfF x'G5, ToxfF cfuf] x'G5 eGg] s'/f l7s xf]Og .
jfSo s= ‘s]6f] 3/ uof]’ / ‘s]6f] cfof]’ b'O6f cfwf/e"t jfSodf s[bGtLs/0f k|lqmofåf/f
;lGglji6tf cfPsf] 5 . v= jfSo klg ljz]if0fLs/0f k|lqmofåf/f lgld{t ePsf] b]lvG5ý of
‘ljBfyL{ c;n 5g\’ / ‘u'? ljBfyL{nfO{ dfof ug{'x'G5’ b'O6f cfwf/e"t jfSox¿ ldn]/ ag]sf]
b]lvG5 . k/Dk/fut Jofs/0fdf o:tf jfSonfO{ ;/n dflgPsf] 5 . jfSo u= df ‘/fd cfpF5’ /
‘;Ltf hfG5]’ b'O6f cfwf/e"t jfSonfO{ cf>osn] cfl>t agfOlbPsf 5g\ . oxfF ‘/fd cfpF5’
cfl>t pkjfSo aGg k'u]sf] 5 . jfSo 3= df ‘cfuf] x'G5’, ‘w'jfF x'G5’ / ‘s'/f 7Ls xf]Og’ ltgj6f
cfwf/e"t jfSosf] cGt/ld>0f /x]sf] 5 . oxfF cf>osn] oL cfwf/e"t jfSonfO{ k/:k/ cfl>t
agfOlbPsf 5g\ . plNnlvt jfSox¿sf] ;lGglji6tfnfO{ tyf oL jfSosf cfwf/e"t jfSox¿nfO{
cf/]vdf lgDgcg';f/ x]g{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ s]6f] 3/ uP/ cfof]
jf

gfk lqmk
s]6f]
lqmljk lqmk
cfp –;lqm
jf

gfk lqmk
s]6f]
lqmljk lqmk
3/ hf–;lqm
oxfF ‘s]6f] 3/ hf–;lqm’ cfwf/e"t jfSo s[bGtLs/0f k|lqmofåf/f ‘s]6f] cfp–;lqm’
cfwf/e"t jfSodf ;lGglji6 ePsf] b]lvG5 .

150
 -v_ u'? c;n ljBfyL{nfO{ dfof ug{'x'G5 .
jf

gfk lqmk
u'?
gfk lqmk

ljk gfk gfk lqmk

ljBfyL{nfO{ dfof u/\ – ;lqm
jf

gfk lqmk
ljBfyL{
ljk lqmk
c;n x' – ;lqm
oxfF ‘ljBfyL{ c;n x'–;lqm’ cfwf/e"t jfSo ljz]if0fLs/0f k|lqmofåf/f ‘u'? ljBfyL{nfO{
dfof u/\–;lqm’ cfwf/e"t jfSodf ;lGglji6 ePsf] 5 .
-u_ ha /fd cfpF5 ta ;Ltf hfG5] .
jf

gfk lqmk
;Ltf
lqmljk lqmk
hf–;lqm
jf

gfk lqmk
/fd cfp–;lqm
oxfF ‘/fd cfp–;lqm’ cfwf/e"t jfSonfO{ ‘ha’ / ‘ta’ cf>osn] ‘;Ltf hf–;lqm’
cfwf/e"t jfSosf] cfl>t agfOlbPsf 5g\ .
-3_ hxfF w'jfF x'G5 ToxfF cfuf] x'G5 eGg] s'/f l7s xf]Og .
jf

gfk lqmk
s'/f
gfk ljk lqmk
7Ls x'– ;lqm cs/0f
jf

gfk lqmk
cfuf]

lqmljk lqmk
x'– ;lqm
jf

gfk lqmk
w'jfF x'– ;lqm

151
 oxfF ‘w'jfF x'–;lqm’ cfwf/e"t jfSonfO{ ‘hxfF’ ‘ToxfF’ cf>osn] ‘cfuf] x'– ;lqm’
cfwf/e"t jfSosf cfl>t pkjfSosf ¿kdf / ‘hxfF w'jfF x'– ;lqm, ToxfF cfuf] x'–;lqm’ ;du|
jfSonfO{ ‘eGg]’ cf>osn] ‘s'/f l7s x'– ;lqm–cs/0f’ jfSosf] cfl>t agfOlbPsf] 5 . o;y{
dfly s=, v=, u= / 3= 9fFrfsf ;a} jfSox¿ ;lGglji6 jfSocGtu{t /xg] s'/f rD:sLsf] ¿kfGt/0f
Jofs/0fdf cufl8 ;fl/Psf] 5 .
j:t'tM ;lGglji6 jfSox¿ ld>0f k|lqmofåf/f lgld{t x'G5g\ . of] ld>0f k|lqmof PsLs[t /
k[ysLs[t u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf] x'G5 M
-s_ PsLs[t ld>0f k4lt
:ki6 ¿kdf cfwf/e"t jfSox¿ ldl;Psf] gb]lvg] u/L jfSold>0f ug{] k4ltnfO{
PsLs[t ld>0f k4lt elgg5 . o;/L jfSold>0f x'Fbf cfwf/e"t jfSodf gfdLs/0f,
ljz]if0fLs/0f, s[bGtLs/0fh:tf k|lqmof nfu" eO{ cfwf/e"t jfSox¿ gfd, ljz]if0f jf lqmofof]uL
aGg k'Ub5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf o; k4ltåf/f ldl>t jfSodf b'O6f ;dflksf lqmofsf] k|of]u x'Fb}gý
h:t}M
-s_ s]6f] k9\5 . of] s]6fsf] /fd|f] afgL xf] .
→ k9\g' s]6fsf] /fd|f] afgL xf] .
-v_ ljBfyL{ kl/>dL 5g\ . ljBfyL{ pQL0f{ x'G5g\ .
→ kl/>dL ljBfyL{ pQL0f{ x'G5g\ .
-u_ 5f]/f] ahf/ uof] . 5f]/f] cfof] .
→ 5f]/f] ahf/ uP/ cfof] .
oxfF s= df /x]sf b'O6f cfwf/e"t jfSodWo] ‘s]6f] k9\5’ jfSo gfdLs/0f k|lqmofåf/f Pp6f
gfd eO{ csf{] jfSo;Fu ldl;Psf] 5 . pbfx/0f v= df o:t} lsl;dsf] ljz]if0fLs/0f k|lqmofaf6 /
u= df s[bGtLs/0f k|lqmofåf/f cfwf/e"t jfSox¿ qmdzM ljz]if0f / lqmofof]uL eO{ csf{ jfSo;Fu
ldl;Psf 5g\ . To;}n] PsLs[t jfSo ld>0fdf b'O6f jfSox¿ Pp6} h:tf] eP/ ;+lZni6 aGg
k'U5g\ .
-v_ k[ysLs[t ld>0f k4lt
cf>ossf dfWodaf6 Pp6f jfSonfO{ csf{ jfSodfly cfl>t agfpg] k|lqmofnfO{
k[ysLs[t ld>0f k4lt elgG5 . o; k|lqmofaf6 k/Dk/fut Jofs/0fn] dfGg] u/]sf ld> jfSox¿
lgld{t x'G5g\ . ldlnt jfSodf klg oxL k4lt nfu' ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; k|lqmofåf/f jfSold>0f
x'bF f egL, eg]/, eGg], ls, s] ===== eg], ha ===== ta, h] ====== Tof], hxfF ====== ToxfF h:tf
cf>osx¿n] cfwf/e"t jfSox¿nfO{ d'Vo Pj+ cfl>t pkjfSo agfOlbG5g\ . h:t}M
-s_ ltdLx¿ emu8f gu/ . Zofdn] eGof]
 Zofdn] ltdLx¿ emu8f gu/ eGof] . -cf>os–φ_
-v_ ltdLx¿ k9 . u'?n] ;Demfpg'eof] .
 ltdLx¿ k9 egL u'?n] ;Demfpg'eof] . -cf>os ‘egL’_
-u_ k/LIff ;lhnf] x'Fb}g . ljBfyL{n] yfxf kfP .
 ljBfyL{n] k/LIff ;lhnf] x'Fb}g eGg] yfxf kfP . -cf>os ‘eGg]’_
-3_ kfgL k5{ . lxnf] x'G5 .
 hxfF kfgL k5{, ToxfF lxnf] x'G5 . -cf>os ‘hxfF ====== ToxfF’_
-ª_ uNtL eof] . ;a} k5'tfpF5g\ .
 uNtL eof] eg] ;a} k5'tfpF5g\ . -cf>os ‘eg]’_
oL dflysf ;a} jfSox¿ k[ysLs[t ld>0f k4ltaf6 lgld{t ;lGglji6 jfSo x'g\ .
k/Dk/fut Jofs/0fdf ldlnt elgPsf sltko ;lGglji6 jfSox¿ klg oxL k4ltaf6 ldl>t
ePsf b]lvG5g\ . h:t}M
-s_ 3fd nfU5 . udL{ x'G5 . pgsf] egfO l7s xf] .

152
 ha 3fd nfU5, ta udL{ x'G5 eGg] pgsf] egfO l7s xf] . -cf>os ‘ha ===== ta’, ‘eGg]’_
sltko ldlnt jfSodf eg] ld>0f / ;+of]hg b'j} k|lqmof nfu" ePsf] b]lvG5 . o:tf
jfSonfO{ klg ;lGglji6 jfSo g} eGg] ul/G5 . h:t} M
-s_ u0ftGq cfof] . cftª\s a9\of] . hgtf lg?T;flxt ePgg\ .
ha u0ftGq cfof] ta cftª\s a9\of] t/ hgtf lg?T;flxt ePgg\ . -cf>os ‘ha ======
ta’, ;+of]hs ‘t/’_
PsfOut ;f/f+z
jfSolj1fg o; PsfOsf] d'Vo zLif{s /x]sf] / o; cGtu{t jfSolj1fgsf] kl/ro,
¿klj1fg / jfSolj1fgsf] ;DaGw, eflifs PsfOsf] kl/ro Pjd\ Jofs/0ffTds sf]l6sf]
cWoogsf ;fy} kb;ª\ult / zf;g, kbqmd / o;sf k|sf/, ;dtnLo ;+/rgf / txut ;+/rgf,
cjz]if / ;~rng, Jofs/0ffTds k|sfo{;Fu ;DalGwt ;fdu|Lx? /x]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L kbfjnLsf]
zLif{s / ljz]ifs, kbfjnLsf d"n k|ltaGwg, cf>ossf] kl/ro, lgs636s ljz]if0f / o;sf
;Ldf cGtM s]lGb|s ;+/rgf / alxM s]lGb|s ;+/rgf, rD:sLsf] ¿kfGt/ Jofs/0fsf cfwf/e"t
cjwf/0ff, ¿kfGt/0f lgod, ¿kfGt/0f k|lqmof Pjd\ g]kfnLsf cfwf/e"t, ;/n, ;+oS' t /
;lGglji6 jfSox¿sf] cWoog ug{] d'Vo p2]Zosf] lgisif{sf ?kdf oL ;fdu|Lx? k|:t't ul/Psf
5g\ .
PsfOut cEof;
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fn] s:tf jfSonfO{ cfwf/e"t jfSo dfg]sf] 5 <
-s_ st{[jfRo, ljWoy{s, s/0f -v_ st{[jfRo, ce"t, cs/0f
-u_ st{[jfRo, ;fdGofy{s, s/0f -3_ sd{jfRo, e"t, s/0f
@= cfwf/e"t jfSosf] pbfx/0f s'g xf] <
-s_ xl/ xfF:5 -v_ xl/åf/f xfFl;G5
-u_ xl/ a];/L xfF:5 -3_ xl/ xfF;]g
#= ;lGglji6 jfSo s'g xf] <
-s_ efO ljBfno uP/ cfof] . -v_ /d]zn] sfkL lsGof]
-u_ ;Ltf lr7L n]lV5g\ -3_ g]tfx¿ lhNnflt/ uPF
$= k[ysLs[t ld>0f k4ltåf/f lgld{t ;lGglji6 jfSo s'gnfO{ dflgG5 <
-s_ wgaxfb'/ r'gfjdf p7] t/ n7}t;Fu k/flht eP .
-v_ h;/L x'/Latf; cfof] To;/L g} kfgL k¥of] .
-u_ a'4 cfdfx¿ dlGb/df sLt{g ug{'x'G5 .
-3_ s]6fs]6Lx¿ cfh ahf/ uP5g\ .
%= ljz]if0fLs[t ;lGglji6 jfSo s'g xf] <
-s_ k9\g] ljBfyL{x¿ ;kmn x'G5g\ . -v_ efGhLn] efsf k'¥ofP/ lr7L n]lvg\
-u_ laxfg} 8'Ngfn] :jf:Yo /fd|f] x'G5 . -3_ efO ;'t]kl5 dfq} alxgL k9\5] .
ljifout k|Zg
;ª\lIfKt k|Zg
-1_ cfwf/e"t jfSo / ;/n jfSodf s] leGgtf 5 <
-2_ ;+oS' t jfSo / ;lGglji6 jfSonfO{ lrgfpg'xf];\ .
-3_ ;lGglji6 jfSocGtu{t PsLs[t ld>0f k4lt / k[ysLs[t ld>0f k4ltsf] leGgtf rrf{
ug{'xf];\ .
ljj]rgfTds k|Zg
-!_ g]kfnLsf cfwf/e"t, ;/n, ;+o'Qm / ;lGglji6 jfSosf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .

153
 PsfO kf“r
cy{lj1fg
%=! kl/ro
k|:t't PsfOsf] d'Vo zLif{s cy{lj1fg xf] . o;cGtu{t cy{lj1fgsf] kl/ro / If]q,
cy{sf sf]zLo, ;Gbe{k/s, ;xrof{Tds, Jofs/0ffTds / wf/0ffTds k|sf/sf lrgf/L, sf]zLo /
Jofs/0ffTds cy{df kfOg] leGgtfsf] ;fdfGo rrf{ ug{] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} ;ª\s]t
lqsf]0fsf] cjwf/0ff, ;+/rgfTds cy{lj1fg / kof{ojfrL, ck]sfyL{ ;dfj]zL, c;dfj]zL,
ljk/LtfyL{ cy{ ;DaGwnfO{ lrgfpg] nIo klg /flvPsf] 5 . To;}u/L cy{ljZn]if0fsf ;lGgwfg
l;4fGt, ;ª\36sfTds ljZn]if0f, / JofVofTds cy{lj1fg Pjd\ pTkfbs cy{lj1fg ;DaGwL
ljifoj:t' klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
%=@ ljlzi6 p2]Zo tyf kf7\oljifo
ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
• cy{lj1fgsf] kl/ro lbO{ To;sf] If]q cy{lj1fg
cf}+Nofpg %=! cy{lj1fgsf] kl/ro / o;sf] If]q
• cy{sf Jofs/0ffTds, sf]zLo, ;Gbe{k/s, %=@ cy{sf k|sf/
;fxrof{Tds, wf/0ffTds e]bsf] %=@=! Jofs/0ffTds
kl/ro;lxt pbfx/0f lbg %=@=@ sf]zLo
• Jofs/0ffTds / sf]zLo cy{df kfOg] %=@=# ;Gbe{k/s
leGgtf atfpg %=@=$ ;fxrof{Tds
• cf/]v ;lxt ;ª\s]t lqsf]0fsf] cjwf/0ff %=@=% wf/0ffTds
k|:t't ug{ %=# Jofs/0ffTds cy{ / sf]zLo cy{df e]b
• ;+/rgfTds cy{lj1fgsf] kl/ro lbO{ %=$ ;ª\st] lqsf]0f
kof{ojfrL, cg]sfyL{, ljk/LtfyL{, ;dfj]zL, %=% ;+/rgfTds cy{lj1fg / cy{ ;DaGwx¿
c;dfj]zL, ;dWjGofTds, ;d¿kfTds %=%=! kof{ojfrL
zAbdf kfOg] cy{ut ;DaGwsf] pbfx/0f %=%=@ cg]sfyL{
lbg %=%=# ljk/LtfyL{ ;dfj]zL
• cy{;DaGwdf ;lGgwfg l;4fGtsf] %=%=$ c;dfj]zL
cjwf/0ff k|:t't ug{ %=%=% ;dWjGofTds
• ;f]bfx/0f ;ª\36sfTds ljZn]if0fsf] %=%=^ ;d¿kfTds
lrgf/L lbg
%=^ ;lGgwfg l;4fGt
• JofVofTds cy{lj1fgsf] cjwf/0ff k|:t't
%=& ;ª\36sfTds ljZn]if0f
ug{
%=* JofVofTds cy{lj1fg
• pTkfbs cy{lj1fgsf] kl/ro lbg
%=( pTkfbs cy{lj1fg

%=# kf7\oj:t'sf] k|:t'tLs/0f

%=#=! cy{lj1fgsf] kl/ro / If]q
efiff cy{;fk]If x'G5 . Wjlg, ¿k, zAb, kb, kbfjnL, jfSo, ;ª\syg ;a} eflifs
;+/rgfsf PsfOx¿df cy{ /xG5 . logLx¿af6 cy{nfO{ cnu ul/Pdf ToxfF efiff /xFbg} , ef}lts
pRrf/dfq /xG5 . dfgj z/L/sf ;a} cjojx¿nfO{ dl:tisn] lgoGq0f u/]h:t} eflifs
PsfOx¿nfO{ cy{n] kl/rfng u/]sf] x'G5 . eflifs ;+/rgfsf PsfOx¿df /xg] ToxL cy{sf] j}1flgs
cWoog cy{lj1fgdf ul/G5 .

154
 cy{lj1fg efifflj1fgsf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ zfvf xf] . cy{;DaGwL lrGtgdgg ug{]
kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; w]/} klxn]bl] v g} x'Fb} cfPsf] eP klg o;sf] j}1flgs / Jojl:yt cWoognfO{
cfw'lgs o'us} pkh dflgG5 . k|frLg ;dodf cy{nfO{ ljåfg\x¿n] ts{zf:qsf] ljifo;Fu hf]8]/
x]g{] ub{y] . o;nfO{ j}1flgs ljZn]if0fsf lglDt pko'Qm 7fGb}gy] . efiffsf cGo 36sx¿sf]
t'ngfdf cy{nfO{ cd"t{ 7fgL ljåfg\x¿ cy{sf] j}1flgs cWoogk|lt pT;'s b]lvPsf lyPgg\ .
jt{dfgdf eg] cy{nfO{ efiffsf cGo 36sx¿h:t} ljZn]if0fLo 7flgPsf] 5 / ;f]xLadf]lhd
cy{lj1fgsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . To;}n] eflifs cy{sf] j}1flgs cWoog ug{] efifflj1fgsf]
zfvfnfO{ cy{lj1fg elgG5 .
eflifs cy{sf] cWoog g} cy{lj1fgsf] If]q xf] . o;n] n]Vo jf sYo ¿kdf k|:t't
eflifs PsfOn] lbg] cy{sf] dfq cWoog ub{5 . efif]t/ ;ª\s]tn] lbg] cy{sf] cWoog
cy{lj1fgdf ul/Fbg} . ;ª\s]tlj1fgn] eflifs–ceflifs b'j} k|s[ltsf ;ª\s]tn] lbg] cy{sf]
cWoog ub{5 . cy{lj1fgn] eg] eflifs ;ª\s]tn] lbg] cy{sf] dfq cWoog ub{5 . o;/L
cy{lj1fgnfO{ ;ª\s]tlj1fgsf] zfvfsf ¿kdf ;d]t lrgfpg ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf
pbfx/0fx¿af6 :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ hfpm
-v_ xl/of] aQL -;8sdf /flvPsf] ;jf/L ;ª\s]t_
oxfF lbOPsf b'j} pbfx/0f ;ª\s]t x'g\ / oL b'js
} f] cy{ klg 5 . ;jf/L ;ª\s]tsf ¿kdf
/flvPsf] ‘xl/of] aQL’ n] klg a6'jfnfO{ ‘hfpm’ eg]/ g} a'emfPsf] x'G5 . To;}n] oL ;ª\s]tsf]
;dfg cy{ b]lvG5 . olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg pbfx/0f -s_ eflifs / -v_ ceflifs ;ª\s]tsf ¿kdf
cfPsf] 5 . cy{lj1fgn] pbfx/0f -s_ a'emfpg] eflifs ;ª\s]tsf cy{sf] cWoog ub{5 / -v_
sf efif]t/ ;ª\s]tn] a'emfpg] cy{sf] eg] cWoog ub{}g .
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= s'g eflifs PsfOsf] cWoogsf] cfwf/ cy{ xf] <
-s_ Wjlg -v_ j0f{
-u_ ¿k -3_ zAb
ljifout k|Zg
;ª\lIfKt k|Zg
!= cy{lj1fgsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
@= cy{lj1fgsf] If]qaf/] :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
%=#=@ cy{sf k|sf/
efiffdf cy{sf] s]Gb|Lo e"ldsf /xG5 . cy{ljgf efiffsf] sNkgf;Dd ug{ ;lsFbg} . efiffsf]
;du| cl:tTj g} cy{df lge{/ /xG5 . efiffsf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] PsfO Wjlg÷j0f{sf] cfÇgf] 5'§} jf
:jtGq cy{ geP klg efiffdf k|of]u x'Fbf tL klg cy{e]bs x'G5g\ . WjlgtflŒjs jf j0f{tflŒjs
;+/rgfsf txdf b]lvg] ¿kn] eg] cfÇgf] lglZrt cy{ lbPsf] x'G5 . ¿kx¿ d"ntM eflifs
;ª\u7g x'Fbf ljleGg txcg';f/sf] cfyL{ ;+/rgf tof/ x'Fb} hfG5 . s'g} klg eflifs PsfOn] ;f]emf]
cy{eGbf leGg ;Gbe{k/s / k|s/0fhlgt cy{sf] ;d]t af]w u/fpF5g\ . ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts,
;f+:s[lts, dgf]j1} flgs cflb b[li6n] ;d]t eflifs PsfOx¿sf] cy{df leGgtf cfpF5 . oxL
b[li6sf]0fsf cfwf/df cy{sf k|sf/x¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

155
-!_ Jofs/0ffTds cy{
jfSodf k|of]u ePsf zAbn] lgjf{x ug{] Jofs/0ffTds k|sfo{nfO{ Jofs/l0fs cy{
elgG5 . sf]zLo cy{ ;dfg eP klg jfSodf k|of]u x'bF f Pp6} zAb jrg, k'?if, sfn, kIf,
sf/sh:tf leGgleGg Jofs/l0fs e"ldsfdf /xg ;S5 . zAbsf] ToxL e"ldsfsf cfwf/df To;sf]
Jofs/0ffTds cy{ lgwf{/0f x'g] ub{5 M
-s_ dflg; cfof] .
-v_ p;n] glrg]sf] dflg;nfO{ af]nfof] .
-u_ dflg;x¿ cfPgg\ .
pko{'Qm ltgj6} pbfx/0fdf k|o'Qm ‘dflg;’ zAb sf]zLo cy{sf b[li6n] ;dfg 5 . ‘dflg;’
sf] sf]zLo cy{ ‘± dflg;’ 5 t/ Jofs/l0fs b[li6n] x]bf{ ‘dflg;’ zAb klxnf] jfSodf Psjrg
stf{, bf];|f] jfSodf Psjrg sd{ / t];|f] jfSodf ax'jrg stf{sf ¿kdf b]lvPsf] 5, h'g
Jofs/0ffTds cy{ xf] . To:t}
-s_ s]6fn] af3 nv]6\of] .
-v_ af3n] s]6fnfO{ nv]6\of] .
oL b'j} pbfx/0fdf cfPsf ‘s]6f]’ / ‘af3’ zAb sf]zLo cy{sf txdf ;dfg 5g\ t/
Jofs/l0fs cy{sf b[li6n] leGg 5g\ . pbfx/0f -s_ df ‘s]6f]’ zAb stf{ -nv]6\g] JolQm_sf ¿kdf
cfPsf] 5 eg] -v_ df ‘s]6f]’ sd{ -nv]l6g] JolQm_sf ¿kdf cfPsf] 5 . To:t} ‘af3’ zAb
pbfx/0f -s_ df sd{ -nv]l6g] cy{_sf ¿kdf cfPsf] 5 eg] pbfx/0f -v_ df stf{sf ¿kdf
-nv]6\g] cy{_df cfPsf] 5 . o;/L leGgleGg sf/sLo e"ldsfdf k|of]u eO{ oL zAbn] leGgleGg
Jofs/0ffTds cy{af]w u/fPsf] kfOG5 .
-@_ sf]zLo cy{
s'g} klg ¿lkd jf zAbdf lglxt d'Vofy{nfO{ sf]zLo cy{ elgG5 . o;n] zAbsf] ;f]emf]
cy{ a'emfpF5 . o:tf] cy{nfO{ zflAbs cy{ klg elgG5 . oxL sf]zLo cy{ g} zAbsf] cfwf/e"t cy{
xf] . of] tfls{s x'G5 . o;n] s'g} j:t' jf efj, ljrf/sf] ;ª\s]tdfq ub{5 . leGgleGg jfSodf
k|of]u x'Fbf Pp6} zAbsf] Jofs/l0fs cy{ leGgleGg x'g ;S5 t/ sf]zLo cy{ eg] h'g;'s}
cj:yfdf klg ;dfg /xG5 . dflg;, dflg;x¿, dflg;nfO{ h:tf eflifs PsfOsf] sf]zLo cy{
;dfg /x]af6 pSt s'/fsf] k'li6 x'G5 .
sf]zLo cy{nfO{ efifflj1fgdf lje]bs clenIf0fsf cfwf/df k|:t't ul/G5 M
k'?if :qL s]6f] s]6L
⎡±dfgj ⎤ ⎡±dfgj ⎤ ⎡±dfgj ⎤ ⎡±dfgj ⎤
⎢±jo:s⎥ ⎢±jo:s⎥ ⎢–jo:s⎥ ⎢–jo:s⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣±efn] ⎦ ⎣–efn] ⎦ ⎣±efn] ⎦ ⎣–efn] ⎦

pko{'Qm pbfx/0fdf ‘k'?if’, ‘:qL’, ‘s]6f]’ / ‘s]6L’ sf lglDt sf]i7sdf pNn]v ul/Psf
clenIf0fx¿ g} ltgsf sf]zLo cy{ x'g\ . sf]zLo cy{ jf:tljs hut\l;t ;Da4 x'G5 .
-#_ ;Gbe{k/s cy{
sltko ;Gbe{df s'g} ¿lkd jf zAb åoy{s÷aÅjy{s x'G5g\ . To:tf] cj:yfdf sygsf]
l;nl;nf, 36gf, ;do, :yfg, cj:yf cflbsf] cfwf/af6 lgwf{l/t x'g] cy{nfO{ ;Gbe{k/s cy{
elgG5 . o;nfO{ k|;ª\ufy{ klg elgG5 . ;Gbe{k/s cy{sf] lgwf{/0f pQm zAbsf] cl3 / kl5
cfPsf zAbaf6 klg x'g] ub{5 M
-s_ w]/} sfnkl5 ldNbf ldq bz{gsf] ;'v .

156
 8'Aof] cfgGbdf nf]s nufO{ xFl;nf] d'v .. -n]vgfy kf}8\ofn, Ct'ljrf/_
-v_ of] uwf xf] .
pbfx/0f -s_ df cfPsf] ‘ldq’ zAb Ct'j0f{gsf k|;ª\udf ‘;"o’{ / cGo k|;Ídf ‘;fyL’
cy{af]wssf ¿kdf cfPsf] 5 . pbfx/0f -v_ df ‘uwf’ zAb klg ‘hgfj/ ljz]if’ / ‘d"v{’ b'O{
cy{df k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5 . hgfj/nfO{ b]vfP/ ‘uwf’ eGbf To;n] hgfj/ ljz]ifnfO{ g} a'emfpF5
eg] dflg;nfO{ b]vfP/ ‘uwf’ eGbf To;n] d"v{ eGg] cy{ lbG5 . o;/L ;Gbe{sf cfwf/df nufOg]
s'g} klg zAbsf] cy{ g} ;Gbe{k/s cy{ xf] . o:tf] cy{ zfZjt\ / ;fj{hlgs eg] x'Fbg} . lgDg
jfSosf cfwf/df yk :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 M
-!_ cfh ;bgdf xf]xNnf eof] .
-@_ efg' ;bgsf ljBfyL{x¿ rnfv 5g\ .
-#_ b]jsf]6fn] ‘;'nf]rgf’ ;/:jtL ;bgdf d} n]v]sf x'g\ .
pko{'Qm jfSox¿df k|o'Qm ‘;bg’ zAbsf cg]s cy{ 5g\ . jfSo -s_ df k|ltlglw ;ef,
jfSo -v_ df sIffsf] ;d"x / jfSo -u_ df ejg ljz]ifsf ;Gbe{df ‘;bg’ zAbsf] k|of]u ePsf]
5.
To;}n] ;Gbe{ -:yfg, ;do, 36gf, cj:yf cflb_sf cfwf/df lgwf{l/t x'g] cy{nfO{ g}
;Gbe{k/s cy{ elgPsf] xf] .
-$_ ;fxrof{Tds cy{
p:t} cy{ a'emfpg] kof{ojfrL 7flgPsf zAbx¿ Psy/L zAbx¿;Fu cfpg] / csf{y/L
zAbx¿;Fu cfpg g;Sg] cj:yf /xG5 . zAbx¿sf] ;Fu;Fu} cfpg ;Sg] l:ylt g} ;fxro{ xf] .
;fdfGotof ‘gf/L’ / ‘canf’ b'js } f] cy{ ‘:qL’ eP klg ‘ljb'ifL gf/L’ x'G5, t/ ‘ljb'ifL canf’ x'g
;Sb}g . o;/L ‘ljb'ifL’ / ‘gf/L’ sf lar ;fxro{ ;DaGw eP klg ‘ljb'ifL’ / ‘canf’ lar ;fxro{
;DaGw ePsf] kfOFb}g .
oxL ;fxro{ ;DaGwsf cfwf/df lgwf{l/t x'g] cy{nfO{ ;fxrof{Tds cy{ elgG5 . h:t}M
-s_ t/sf/Ldf lgs} /; xfNg" .
-v_ uf}/L s?0f /; k|wfg sfJo xf] .
oL b'j} jfSodf ‘/;’ zAbsf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 t/ ;dfg cy{df eg] xf]Og . klxnf] jfSodf
‘/;’ n] ‘t/sf/L’ sf] ;fxro{af6 ‘emf]n’ eGg] cy{ a'emfPsf] 5 eg] bf];|f] jfSodf ‘/;’ n] ‘sfJo’
sf] ;fxro{af6 ‘efj’ eGg] cy{ hgfPsf] 5 .
-%_ wf/0ffTds cy{
wf/0ffTds cy{sf JofVoftf k|l;4 bfz{lgs a6{]N8 /;]n x'g\ . pgL zAb / cy{sf] ;fdfGo
jf hfltu|x0f l;4fGtsf kIfdf 5g\ . zAb hltkN6 pRrl/t x'G5, To;sf Tolt g} ¿k x'g] / k|To]s
¿k k/:k/ leGg eP klg tL ;a} ¿kaf6 Pp6f ;fdfGo ¿ksf] af]w x'G5 eGg] ljrf/ pgsf] 5 .
pgL zAbn] j:t'sf ;fdfGo ¿ksf] dfq ;ª\s]t ub{5 eGg] wf/0ff /fVb5g\ . /;]nsf cg';f/ zAb
eg]sf] s'g} dfg; ljsNk jf wf/0ff JoQm ug{] k|tLs xf] . To;}n] ljrf/sf] k|ltlglwTj g} zAbfy{
xf]– /;]n eGb5g\ . cy{ ;To–c;To b'j} x'G5 . 3/, uf]7, xfQL, 3f]8fh:tf zAbn] lbg] cy{ ;To
x'G5g\ t/ ‘jGWof;'t’, ‘dgsf] n8\8'’, ‘cfFvfsf] sl;ª\u/’ h:tf kb / kbfjnLsf cy{ c;To
x'G5g\ . oL wf/0ffTds ¿kdf dfq ;fy{s x'G5g\ .
wf/0ffTds cy{sf kIfw/x¿ zAbåf/f dfgja'l4df l:yt k|Too, ljrf/ jf af]w g} To;sf]
cy{ xf] eGg]df b[9 b]lvG5g\ . o;cg';f/ j:t'sf] cjwf/0ffaf6 zAbsf] hGd x'G5 / To;n] >f]tfsf

157
dgdf To:t} cjwf/0ff pTkGg ub{5 . ctM s'g} klg kb, kbfjnL jf jfSon] JoQm ug{] zflAbs
cy{eGbf leGg JolQm–dgdf pTkGg u/fpg] cjwf/0ffd"ns cy{nfO{ wf/0ffTds cy{ elgG5 .
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= dfG5]nfO{ b]vfP/ ‘of] uwf’ eGbf s'g cy{ k|s6 x'G5 <
-s_ sf]zLo -v_ Jofs/l0fs -u_ ;fxrof{Tds -3_ ;Gbe{k/s
@= ‘kf7\ok':ts’ / ‘kf7\oqmd’ sf ;fxro{df cfpg] zAb s'g x'g\ <
-s_ bfn / eft -v_ sfkL / snd -u_ lstfa / vf6 -3_ v]t / af/L
#= ;Gbe{k/s cy{ hgfpg] jfSo s'g xf] <
-s_ dL/f Pd=P8= k9\l5g\ -v_ ;Ltf uLt ;'lG5g\ .
-u_ alxgL 3/ hflG5g\ -3_ pgL eft vflG5g\ .
$= ± dfgj – jo:s ± k'?if hgfpg] zAb s'g xf] <
-s_ s]6f] -v_ s]6L -u_ k'?if -3_ :qL
%= Jofs/l0fs cy{ hgfpg] PsfO s'g x]f <
-s_ Wjlg -v_ j0f{ -u_ ¿k -3_ zAb
^= ;fxrof{Tds ;DaGwsf] pko'St gd'gf s'gnfO{ dfGg ;lsG5 <
-s_ ljb'ifL cjnf -v_ ljb'ifL efof{
-u_ ljb'ifL gf/L -3_ ljb'ifL jlgtf
ljifout k|Zg
-1_ Jofs/0ffTds cy{sf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-2_ sf]zLo cy{nfO{ ;f]bfx/0f lrgfpg'xf];\ .
-3_ ;Gbe{k/s cy{sf] cjwf/0ff cf}+Nofpg'xf];\ .
-4_ ;fxrof{Tds cy{sf ;DaGwdf :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
-5_ wf/0ffTds cy{sf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
%=#=# Jofs/0ffTds cy{ / sf]zLo cy{df e]b
jfSodf k|of]u ul/+bf zAbn] a'emfpg] jrg, k'?if, sfn, kIf, sf/sh:tf cy{nfO{
Jofs/0ffTds cy{ elgG5 . Pp6} zAb jfSodf k|of]u x'Fbf leGgleGg Jofs/l0fs e"ldsfdf b]lvg
;S5 . o;af6 pQm zAbsf] Jofs/0ffTds cy{ klg leGgleGg x'g ;Sb5 .
-s_ /fdn] ZofdnfO{ s'6\of] .
-v_ Zofdn] /fdnfO{ s'6\of] .
pbfx/0f -s_ / -v_ b'j} zAbdf ‘/fd’ / ‘Zofd’ zAbsf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 . -s_ df cfPsf]
‘/fd’ stf{sf] e"ldsfdf 5 eg] -v_ df pxL ‘/fd’ sd{sf] e"ldsfdf 5 . To:t} -s_ df ‘Zofd’
sd{sf] e"ldsfdf 5 eg] -v_ df stf{sf] e"ldsfdf cfPsf] 5 . Jofs/l0fs e"ldsf leGgleGg
ePsf sf/0f ltgsf] cy{df ;d]t leGgtf b]lvPsf] 5 . jfSo -s_ df /fdn] ZofdnfO{ s'6]sf] 5
eg] -v_ df /fd Zofdaf6 s'l6Psf] 5 . To;}u/L -s_ df Zofd s'l6Psf] 5 eg] -v_ df Zofdn]
/fdnfO{ s'6]sf] 5 . o;/L -s_ sf] ‘/fd’ / -v_ sf] ‘/fd’ n] leGgleGg Jofs/0ffTds cy{
a'emfPsf 5g\ eg] -s_ sf] ‘Zofd’ / -v_ sf] ‘Zofd’ n] ;d]t leGgleGg Jofs/0ffTds cy{
a'emfPsf 5g\ . ctM jfSofTds ;+/rgfdf cfpFbf Jofs/l0fs k|sfo{sf b[li6n] zAbn] a'emfpg]

158
cy{nfO{ Jofs/0ffTds cy{ elgG5 . jfSofTds ;+/rgfaf6 Jofs/0ffTds cy{sf] af]w x'g] ePsfn]
o;nfO{ ;+/rgfTds cy{ klg elgG5 .
s'g} klg ¿lkd jf zAbdf lglxt jfRo, clew]o jf zAbs]fzLo cy{nfO{ sf]zLo cy{
elgG5 . sf]zLo cy{nfO{ zflAbs cy{ klg elgG5 . leGgleGg Jofs/l0fs ;+/rgfdf k|of]u eP
klg zAbn] a'emfpg] sf]zLo cy{ ;dfg x'g] ub{5 . dflysf] pbfx/0f -s_ df cfPsf] ‘/fd’ / -v_
df cfPsf] ‘/fd’ tyf -s_ df cfPsf] ‘Zofd’ / -v_ df cfPsf] ‘Zofd’ sf]zLo cy{sf b[li6n]
;dfg 5g\ . sf]zLo cy{ g} zAbsf] cfwf/e"t cy{ xf] . zAbsf] o:tf] cy{ zAbsf]zdf lbOg] x'Fbf
o;nfO{ sf]zLo cy{ elgPsf] xf] . sf]zLo cy{n] s'g} j:t', efj of ljrf/sf] ;ª\s]t ub{5 .
sf]zLo cy{nfO{ lje]bs clenIf0fsf cfwf/df k|:t't ul/G5 . h:t}M
k'?if :qL s]6f] s]6L
⎡±dfgj ⎤ ⎡±dfgj ⎤ ⎡±dfgj ⎤ ⎡±dfgj ⎤
⎢±jo:s⎥ ⎢±jo:s⎥ ⎢–jo:s⎥ ⎢–jo:s⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣±efn] ⎦ ⎣–efn] ⎦ ⎣±efn] ⎦ ⎣–efn] ⎦
dfly pbfx/0fdf ‘k'?if’, ‘:qL’, ‘s]6f]’ / ‘s]6L’ sf]zLo zAb x'g\ eg] ltgnfO{ lrgfpg
sf]i7sleq pNn]v ul/Psf clenIf0fx¿ ltgsf sf]zLo cy{ x'g\ .
o;k|sf/ Jofs/0ffTds cy{ / sf]zLo cy{sf larsf] leGgtf ;xh ¿kdf a'em\g
;lsG5 . Jofs/0ffTds cy{ jfSofTds ;+/rgfaf6 k|fKt x'g] cy{ xf] eg] sf]zLo cy{ zAbdf
lglxt cy{ xf] . Jofs/l0fs b[li6n] Pp6} zAb leGgleGg x'g ;S5 eg] h'g;'s} jfSodf k|of]u eP
klg To;sf] sf]zLo cy{ ;dfg k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . Jofs/0ffTds cy{nfO{ ;+/rgfTds cy{ elgG5
eg] sf]zLo cy{nfO{ zflAbs cy{ elgG5 . Jofs/0ffTds cy{sf] klxrfg pQm zAbn] jfSodf
lgjf{x u/]sf] Jofs/l0fs k|sfo{sf cfwf/df ul/G5 eg] sf]zLo cy{sf] klxrfg lje]bs
clenIf0fsf cfwf/df ul/G5 . Jofs/0ffTds cy{sf] af]wsf lglDt zAbx¿nfO{ jfSofTds
;+/rgfdf pko'Qm qmddf k|of]u ug{' kb{5 eg] sf]zLo cy{ zAbut cy{ ePsfn] To;sf]
cy{af]wsf lglDt jfSofTds ;+/rgfsf] pko'Qmtf cfjZos kb{}g . o;/L x]bf{ Jofs/0ffTds cy{
jfSofTds ;+/rgfdf cfa4 b]lvg cfpF5 eg] sf]zLo cy{ :jtGq x'G5 . cfÇgf] :jtGq cy{
ePsf sf]zLo zAbdf ljleGg ¿kfTds k|Toosf] of]u u/L jfSodf k|of]uof]Uo agfPkl5 ltgn]
Jofs/l0fs cy{ k|bfg ug{ yfNb5g\ .
ljifout k|Zg
-1_ Jofs/0ffTds cy{ / sf]zLo cy{df s] leGgtf 5 < :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
%=#=$ ;ª\s]t lqsf]0f
zAbfy{af]wsf ;Gbe{df k|tLsjfbL cfrfo{x¿åf/f NofOPsf] k|tLsfTds lqsf]0fsf]
l;4fGt dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . k|tLsjfbLx¿ efiffnfO{ ofb[lR5s jfs\k|tLsx¿sf] Joj:yf
7fGb5g\ . logLx¿ zAb / cy{df ;"rs–;"Ro ;DaGw b]Vb5g\ . logLx¿sf ljrf/df jf:tljs
hut\sf s'g} j:t'sf] ljDa jf cfs[lt jQmfsf dl:tisdf x'G5, jQmf To;nfO{ ;Dk|]lift ug{
k/Dk/fut Wjlgx¿sf] 5gf]6 u/]/ k|tLs tof/ kfb{5 . pQm k|tLsn] ;"rssf] sfd ub{5 . jQmfn]
pRrf/0f ugf{;fy pRrl/t jfs\k|tLs >f]tfsf sfgdf k'Ub5g\ . jQmf / >f]tfsf larsf] dfgl;s
;fdfGoLs/0fn] ubf{ tL ;"rs k|tLsn] j:t'sf] ;"rgf lbG5g\ . o;af6 >f]tfsf dl:tisdf ljDa
tof/ x'G5 / cy{af]w x'G5 . o;/L cy{af]w x'g' eg]sf] dl:tisdf s'g} j:t'sf] ¿k cfpg' xf], j:t' g}
cfpg' xf]Og . k|tLsjfbsf cg';f/ zAb k|tLs xf] eg] cy{ k|tLlst .
k|l;4 dfg;jfbL ljrf/s cf]U8]g / l/r8{;n] zAbfy{ ;DaGwdf af]w jf /]km/]G;, zAb jf
l;Dan / lglb{i6 j:t' jf /]km/]G6 u/L lgDglnlvt lqsf]0fsf] sNkgf u/]sf 5g\ M

159
 af]w

zAb j:t'
o;cg';f/ k|ydtM jQmfsf dgdf s'g} af]w jf ljrf/ pTkGg x'G5, To;kl5 pm To;nfO{
hgfpg] zAbsf] k|of]u ub{5 / To; zAbn] s'g} ef}lts j:t'nfO{ lgb{]zg ub{5 . >f]tf ha ;'Gb5 ta
p;df af]w hfu[t x'G5 / To; af]waf6 j:t' lglb{i6 x'G5 . o;/L zAb / af]wsf lar zAbfy{ l:ylt
/xG5 . zAb / af]wsf larsf] of] kf/:kl/s / k|Tofjt{gLo ;DaGw g} zAbfy{ ;DaGw xf] .
dfg;jfbL l;4fGt cg';f/ cy{sf] :j¿k k|ToIffTds af]wsf ;DaGwdf oyfy{ eP klg
k|ToIf af]w / zAbaf]w leGgfleGg} x'g,\ To;}n] zAbaf]wdf ljDa u|x0fsf] l;4fGt ;j{q nfu' x'Fb}g .
cnf]sl;4 / cd"t{ kbfy{af]ws zAbsf] ljDa g} x'Fbg} . a|fpgn] k|Zg u/]sf 5g\– ‘kz'’ zAbaf6
pb\a4 ' x'g] dfg; ljDa olb rf/v'§] kz'sf] x'G5 eg] To;af6 b'O{v'§] dflg; cflb;Fusf] ;DaGw
s;/L :yfkgf x'G5 < dflg;nfO{ klg t ‘ljj]so'Qm kz'’ elgG5 . olb ljDaut kz'sf] uw{g ;fgf]
5 eg] lh/fkm cflbnfO{ kz' eGg] ls geGg] < To;} u/L p8jy{n] dfg; ljDaljwfgsf] k/LIf0fsf
nflu ‘s] s'g} JolQmn] cfÇgL ljwjf kTgLsL alxgL;Fu ljjfx ug{ kfpF5 <’ egL k|Zg u/] /
>f]tfsf] dgdf ag]sf] ljDaaf/] hfGg vf]h] . hLljt JolQmsL ljwjf kTgL < ljDa u|x0f x'g g;Sg]
b]lvof] . To:t} ‘dgsf] n8\8'’ sf] ljDau|x0f s:tf] x'g] < log} sf/0faf6 ljDa l;4fGtåf/f k|:t't
zAbaf]w k|lqmof cfnf]Ro aGg k'u]sf] 5 . cf]U8]g / l/r8{;sf] lqsf]0f l;4fGtsf] klg v08g
eO;s]sf] b]lvG5, lsgeg] zAbåf/f lglb{i6 afÅo j:t' af]wl;tsf] :j¿kut ;fDon] af]wuDo t
x'G5 t/ Tof] j:t' zAbfy{ x'Fbg} . ‘wgklt’ zAb s'g} JolQmsf] gfdsf ¿kdf k|oQ ' m x'Fbf To;n] pQm
JolQmnfO{ lglb{i6 ub{5, t/ Tof] JolQm ‘wgklt’ zAbsf] cy{ xf]Og . o;/L cf]U8]g / l/r8{;åf/f
k|:t't lqsf]0ffTds cjwf/0ff klg cfnf]rgfd'Qm aGg ;s]sf] kfOFb}g .
h]ge] f ;Dk|bfosf k|l;4 efiffzf:qL kml8{GofG8 l8= ;:o'/n] efiffnfO{ ;ª\s]t Joj:yfsf
¿kdf k|:t't ub{} ;ª\s]t l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf cg';f/ ;+;f/df ltg k|sf/sf
;ª\s]t x'G5g\ M
• k|ltdfk/s
• ;"rgfk/s
• ;fdfGo
k|ltdfk/s ;ª\s]t eg]sf ;fb[Zoaf6 a'emfpg] ;ª\s]t x'g\ . s'g} j:t' x]bf{ h:tf] b]lvG5
To:t} lrq k|ltdfk/s ;ª\s]t x'g\ . o:tf ;ª\s]tx¿ d"t{, cfsf/jfg\ / ;fj{bl] zs x'G5g\ .
;"rgfk/s ;ª\s]t eg]sf sf/0faf6 sfo{sf] hfgsf/L lbg] ;ª\s]t x'g\ . w'jfF b]v]kl5
cfuf] x'G5 jf afSnf] d]3 b]v]kl5 kfgL k5{ eg]/ x'g] cg'dfg ;"rgfk/s ;ª\s]t x'g\ .
;fdfGo ;ª\st] eg]sf] s'g} j:t' jf cg'ejsf wf/0ffnfO{ JoQm ug{] WjlgljDasf] ;DaGw
xf] . o:tf ;ª\st] ofb[lR5s x'G5g\ . o:tf ;ª\s]tnfO{ k|tLs elgG5 .
;:o'/sf cg';f/ k|ydtM jQmfsf dl:tisdf s'g} wf/0ff x'G5, tL wf/0ffsf] cleJolQmsf
nflu Wjlgsf] pRrf/0f x'G5 . o:tf Wjlgx¿ ;ª\s]ts jf k|tLs x'g\ . pRrfo{ cleJolQmåf/f h]
a'emfOPsf] x'G5 To;nfO{ ;ª\s]ltt jf cy{ elgG5 . ;ª\s]ts / ;ª\s]lttsf larsf] ;DaGwaf6
jflSqmof ;DkGg x'g] atfpFb} ;:o'/n] ;ª\s]t Joj:yfnfO{ efiff dfg]sf] b]lvG5 . ;:o'/n] eflifs
cy{sf nflu k|:t't u/]sf] ;ª\s]t lqsf]0f o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M

160
 ;ª\s]ts

;ª\s]ltt ;ª\s]t
;:o'/n] d"t{–cd"t{ j:t', 36gf / efjnfO{ a'emfpg cfjZos ljleGg ;ª\s]tx¿sf af/]df
rrf{ ub{} zAbsf] pRrf/0faf6 cy{af]wdf x'g ;Sg] afwfsf] lg¿k0f u/]sf 5g\ .
ljDajfbLx¿÷k|tLsjfbLx¿sf dfGotfx¿n] cd"t{ j:t'sf] af]w u/fpg g;s]sf kl/k|]Iodf
;:o'/n] ;fdfGo ;ª\s]tsf dfWodaf6 cg'ejsf wf/0ffx¿ JoQm ug{ ;lsg] s'/f p7fP/ ;ª\s]t
lqsf]0fsf] l;4fGtnfO{ :yflkt u/fPsf 5g\ .
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= ;ª\s]t lqsf]0fsf] k|;Í s'g;Fu ;DalGwt 5 <
-s_ Wjlg / ¿k -v_ zAb / cy{
-u_ ¿k / kbfjnL -3_ jfSo / ¿k
@= ;ª\s]t lqsf]0fn] s]sf] ;DaGw hgfpF5 <
-s_ zAb, wf/0ff, j:t' -v_ cfjfh, j:t', efj
-u_ wf/0ff, u'0f, cfjfh -3_ zAb, u'0f, wf/0ff
#= cy{;DaGwL ;ª\s]t lqsf]0fsf] wf/0ff Nofpg] efiffzf:qL sf] x'g\ <
-s_ An'dlkmN8 -v_ ;lko/ / jf]cf;
-u_ cf]U8]g / l/r8{;
\ -3_ knkf;L
ljifout k|Zg
-1_ ;ª\s]t lqsf]0fsf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
%=#=% ;+/rgfTds cy{lj1fg / cy{;DaGwx¿
-!_ ;+/rgfTds cy{lj1fg
;+/rgfTds cy{lj1fgcg';f/ k|To]s Jofs/l0fs PsfO -¿k, zAb, kb, kbfjnL /
jfSo_ df efiffsf] ;Í7g x'g] x'Fbf cy{sf] klg lglZrt ;+/rgf x'G5 . o;y{ cy{sf] cWoog ubf{
oL txx¿df b]vfk/]sf cfyL{ leGgtfnfO{ :ki6 kfg{'kb{5 . oxL cfwf/df ;+/rgfTds cy{lj1fgnfO{
efiffsf zAbx¿sf lardf b]vfkg{] cy{ut ;DaGw cWoog ug{] efifflj1fgsf] zfvfsf ¿kdf
kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 .
;+/rgfTds cy{lj1fgnfO{ j0f{gfTds cy{lj1fg klg elgG5 . o;n] efiffdf k|o'Qm
sf]zLo Pjd\ Jofs/l0fs PsfOsf] j}1flgs 9Ín] cy{ljZn]if0f ub{5 . sYo jf n]Vo h'g;'s}
¿kdf cleJoQm efiffsf] ;+/rgfk/s 9Ín] cfyL{ ljZn]if0f ug{] sfo{ ;+/rgfTds cy{lj1fgn]
ub{5 . ¿k, zAb, kb, kbfjnL, pkjfSo, jfSo, cg'R5]b / ;ª\syg h:tf eflifs PsfOx¿sf]
;+/rgf / cy{ x'G5 . log}sf] cy{kIfsf] ljZn]if0fdf o;n] cfkm"nfO{ s]lGb|t ub{5 . efifflj1fgsf
ljljw cWoog k4ltx¿ -t'ngfTds, Jolt/]sL, sfnqmlds cflb_ sf] k|of]u u/L eflifs
PsfOsf cy{kIfsf] ljZn]if0f ;+/rgfTds cy{lj1fgn] ub{5 .

161
-@_ cy{;DaGwx¿
efiffdf ¿k, zAb, kb, kbfjnL, pkjfSo cflb ljleGg txsf eflifs PsfOx¿ x'G5g\ .
tLdWo] Pp6f txsf eflifs PsfOx¿lar ljleGg vfnsf] cy{;DaGw kfOG5 . oxfF jQmfåf/f
k|o'Qm eflifs pRrf/sf lgDglnlvt cy{;DaGwaf/] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 M
-s_ kof{ojfrL cy{;DaGw
-v_ cg]sfyL{ cy{;DaGw
-u_ ljk/LtfyL{ cy{;DaGw
-3_ ;dfj]zL cy{;DaGw
-ª_ c;dfj]zL cy{;DaGw
-r_ ;dWjGofTds cy{;DaGw
-5_ ;d¿kfTds cy{;DaGw .
-s_ kof{ojfrL cy{;DaGw
;dfg cfyL{ clenIf0fx¿ ePsf Psflws zAbx¿sf larsf] cfyL{;DaGwnfO{ kof{ojfrL
cy{;DaGw elgG5 . h:t} M
lktf a'jf hgs
⎡±j+z ⎤ ⎡±j+z ⎤ ⎡±j+z ⎤
⎢±k':tf⎥ ⎢±k':tf⎥ ⎢±k':tf⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣±k'?if ⎦ ⎣±k'?if ⎦ ⎣±k'?if ⎦
oxfF ‘lktf’, ‘a'jf’ / ‘hgs’ zAbsf cfyL{ clenIf0fx¿ ;dfg 5g\ . To;}n] oL zAbx¿sf
lar kof{ojfrL cy{;DaGw /x]sf] 5 . oL zAbx¿sf lar k"0f{ kof{ojfrstf eg] x'Fbg} ý lsgeg]
logdf z}nLut, ;|ft] ut cflb leGgtf /x]sf 5g\ . o;/L x]bf{ s'g} klg efiffdf k"0f{ kof{ojfrL zAbx¿
kfpg g;lsg] x'G5 . ctM oxfF cf+lzs kof{ojfrL cy{;DaGwsf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 M
Psflws zAbx¿sf lar ;a} cfyL{ PsfO lrlÅgt geP/ s]xL PsfOdfq lrlÅgt x'G5g\
eg] To;nfO{ cf+lzs kof{ojfrstf elgG5ý h:t} M
gf/L cjnf
± dfgj ± dfgj
± jo:s ± jo:s
– efn] – efn]
± zlQm – zlQm
oxfF ‘gf/L’ / ‘canf’ zAbsf ltgj6f cfyL{ clenIf0f ;dfg 5g\ t/ Pp6f clenIf0f
leGg 5 . ctM oL b'O{ zAbsf lar cf+lzs kof{ojfrstf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o:tf s]xL cf+lzs
kof{ojfrL ;DaGw ePsf zAbx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\M
g/]z /fhf
;fd|f1L /fgL
labf 5'§L
cf+lzs kof{ojfrstfsf klg z}nLut, eflifssfut / cGtef{lifs e]bx¿ kfOG5g\ M
-c_ z}nLut
;dfg cy{ eP/ klg jfSodf b'j}sf] k|of]u x'g g;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ z}nLut ;dfgfy{stf
elgG5 . ‘klxrfg’ / ‘kl/ro’ ;dfgfyL{ zAb eP klg ‘oxfFsf] kl/ro kfpmF’ eGg] 7fpFdf ‘oxfFsf]
klxrfg kfpmF’ eGg] k|of]u pko'Qm x'Fbg} . c;Eo / kfv], v';L / k|;Ggtf, Ohfht / cf1f, s7f]/ /
s8f, /fh x'g' / a:g', kfNg' eof] / cfpg'eof]nfO{ klg z}nLut kof{o dfGg ;lsG5 .

162
-cf_ eflifsfut
Pp6} efiffsf leGgleGg eflifsfdf k|of]u x'g] ;dfgfyL{ zAbnfO{ eflifsfut ;dfgfy{stf
elgG5 . cDaf–cDas–a]nf}tL, lemFugL–leG8L, uf]ne]F8f– /fde]F8f, cgL{ / vfhf, cf]ng / b'w,
;'kf] / gfª\nf] .
-O_ cGtef{lifs
leGgleGg efiffdf k|of]u x'g] ;dfgfyL{ zAbnfO{ cGtef{lifs ;dfgfy{stf elgG5 .
!= s's/' -g]kfnL_ @= 3/ -g]kfnL_ #= r'/f]6 -g]kfnL $= a'af -g]kfnL
s'Qf -lxGbL_ dsfg -lxGbL_ l;u/]6 -c+uh
|] L_ 8\of8L -c+uh
|] L_
8u -c+u|]hL_ xfp; -c+uh |] L_ lktf -;+:s[t_
Zjfg -;+:s[t_ u[x -;+:s[t_
lvrf -g]jf/L_ 5]F -g]jf/L_
l;of -cfUg]nL_
-v_ cg]sfyL{ cy{;DaGw
s'g} zAbsf] ¿k jf cfs[lt ;dfg eP klg To;n] PseGbf a9L cy{ JoQm ub{5 eg]
To;nfO{ cg]sfy{stf elgG5 . kof{ojfrstfdf PseGbf a9L zAbsf] cy{ Pp6} x'G5 t/
cg]sfy{stfdf Pp6f zAbsf cg]s cy{ x'G5g\ . h:t}
;fFrf] – ;To, tfnf vf]Ng] j:t'
tfn – kf]v/L, 5fF6, tfFnL, 9Í, 9f]sfsf] cfUnf] p3fg{] ;fwg
s/ – xft, ls/0f, lt/f], lh2L
kq – lr7L, kft, sfuhsf kGgf, tx
t/ – k/Gt', tg{] sfd u/
xf/ – k/fho, dfnf, kª\lQm, ljjztf
plNnlvt ;fFrf], tfn, s/, kq, t/ / xf/ cg]sfyL{ zAbx¿ x'g\ . s'g} Pp6f ;Gbe{df
o:tf zAbsf ;a} cy{x¿ k|s6 x'Fb}gg\ . jfSodf k|of]u x'Fbf cGo zAbx¿;Fusf] ;x;DaGwsf
cfwf/df o:tf zAbx¿sf] s'g} Ps cy{ lglZrt x'G5 .
-u_ ljk/LtfyL{ cy{;DaGw
Ps–csf{sf lar ljk/Lt jf pN6f] cy{ hgfpg] zAbx¿sf larsf] cfyL{ ;DaGwnfO{
ljk/LtfyL{ ;DaGw elgG5 . pHofnf]–cFWof/f], lbg –/ft, kftnf]–afSnf], /fd|f–] g/fd|f] .
ljk/Ltfy{stf zAb txdf / ¿lklds txdf kfOG5 . h:t}
-!_ zAb txdf
lbg – /ft
laxfg – a]ns ' f
hLjg– d/0f cflb .
-@_ ¿lklds txdf
/fd|f]– g/fd|f]
vfof] – vfPg
s]6f]– s]6L cflb .
ljk/Ltfy{stf d'VotM b'O{ k|sf/sf] x'G5 M >]l0fs / c>]l0fs .
-!_ >]l0fs ljk/Ltfy{stf
t'ngfTds /rgfdf k|of]u x'g ;Sg] jf k'/} ljk/Lt gx'g] cfyL{ ;DaGwnfO{ >]l0fs
ljk/Ltfy{stf elgG5 . h:t}M

163
 c;n– sd;n
wgL – ul/a
;]tf] – sfnf] cflb .
oxfF ‘/fd c;n 5}g’ eGg'sf] cy{ ‘/fd sd;n 5’ eGg] dfq xf]Ogý To:t} ‘xl/ wgL 5}g’
eGg'sf] cy{ ‘xl/ ul/a 5’ eGg] dfq xf]Ogý lsgeg] ‘c;n’, ‘wgL’ h:tf zAbsf >]0fL x'G5g\ .
o;sf cltl/St lr;f] / tftf], bfO / efO, sfnf]eGbf sfnf], lxpFeGbf lr;f]nfO{ klg pbfx/0fsf
¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .
-@_ c>]l0fs ljk/Ltfy{stf
t'ngf ug{ gldNg], >]0fL gx'g], ls of] ls Tof] x'g}kg{] lsl;dsf cfyL{ ;DaGwnfO{ c>]l0fs
ljk/Ltfy{stf elgG5 . h:t}M s'df/– ljjflxt, ;wjf– ljwjf, hGd– d/0f cflb . oL
pbfx/0faf6 s]xL k|Zg p7\b5g\– lgif]wjfrstfnfO{ ljk/Ltfy{s eGg ;lsG5 of ;lsFb}g < ‘s]6f]’
sf] ljk/Ltfy{s ‘s]6L’ ls ‘a'9f]’ < o:tf k|Zgx¿nfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ ljk/Ltfy{stfsf Ps jf cg]s
cfwf/ x'g ;S5g\ . s'g} cfyL{ clenIf0f csf{]df 5}g eg] ToxL cfwf/df Tof] ljk/Ltfy{s x'G5ý h:t}M
s]6f] s]6L
⎡±dfgj ⎤ ⎡±dfgj ⎤
⎢–jo:s⎥ ⎢–jo:s⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣±k'?if ⎦ ⎣–k'?if ⎦
pko{'Qm pbfx/0fnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ oxfF ‘s]6f]’ / ‘s]6L’ sf lar lnÍut cfwf/df
ljk/Ltfy{stf /x]sf] :ki6 x'G5 . h:t}
/fhf /ª\s /fgL
± dfgj ± dfgj ± dfgj
± wgL – wgL ± wgL
± k'?if ± k'?if – k'?if
oL pbfx/0fdf ‘/fhf’ / ‘/ª\s’ sf lar wg;DklQsf cfwf/df ljk/Ltfy{stf kfOG5 eg]
‘/fhf’ / ‘/fgL’ sf lar lnÍut cfwf/df ljk/Ltfy{stf b]lvG5 .
-3_ ;dfj]zL cy{;DaGw
s'g} Pp6f zAbsf cy{df csf{ zAbsf] cy{ klg ;dfj]z x'g] l:yltnfO{ ;dfj]zfTdstf
elgG5 . k|foM hfltjfrs gfddf tbGtu{tsf JolQmjfrs gfdx¿ :jtM ;dflji6 x'G5g\ . h'g
zAbdf cGo cy{x¿ :jtM ;dflji6 x'G5g\ To:tf] zAbnfO{ ;dfj]zs / ;dflji6 x'g] zAbnfO{
;dfj]lzt elgG5 . h:t}M
;dfj]zs ;dfj]lzt
km"n u'/fF;, rd]nL, nfn'kft], ;okqL, dvdnL = = =
t/sf/L cfn', km;L{, efG6f, nf}sf, l;dL = = =
kz' ufO{, uf]?, e};L, e]F8f, afv|f = = =
gbL d]rL, sf];L, gf/fo0fL, u08sL, s0ff{nL = = =
b]z g]kfn, ef/t, >Lnª\sf, hfkfg = = =
cGg ds}, ux'F, hf}, wfg, sf]bf], = = =
?v ;fn, l;;f}, plQ;, vo/, lkkn = = =

164
 oxfF cfPsf ‘km"n’, ‘t/sf/L’ ‘kz'’, ‘gbL’, ‘b]z’, ‘cGg’ / ‘?v’ zAbn] cfkm"cGtu{t
ljleGg zAbnfO{ ;dfj]z u/fPsfn] lognfO{ ;dfj]zs kb elgG5 . o;cGtu{t ;dflji6 x'g k'Ug]
kbx¿ ;dfj]lzt kbsf ¿kdf cfPsf 5g\ . ;dfj]zsnfO{ pRr kb / ;dfjlztnfO{ lgDgkb klg
elgG5 .
-ª_ c;dfj]zL cy{;DaGw
Pp6f zAbn] lbg] cy{leq csf{] zAbsf] cy{ gkg{] l:yltnfO{ c;dfj]zL cy{;DaGw
elgG5 . g]kfnLdf ljk/LtfyL{ eg]/ rrf{ ul/g] zAbnfO{ c;dfj]zL dflgG5 . c;dfj]zL
cy{;DaGwnfO{ klg ltg k|sf/df afF8]/ cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 M
!= >]0fLa4 ljk/Ltfy{stf
@= kl/k"/s ljk/Ltfy{stf
#= lj?4fy{stf
!= >]0fLa4 ljk/Ltfy{stf
Ps–cfk;sf] >]0fLnfO{ a'emfpg] ljk/Lt cy{df k|o'Qm zAbx¿sf larsf] cfyL{;DaGwsf]
cj:yf >]0fLa4 ljk/Ltfy{stf xf] . ‘cUnf]’ / ‘xf]Frf]’, ‘;fgf]’ / ‘7'nf]’, ‘tftf]’ / ‘lr;f]’ >]0fLa4
ljk/Ltfy{s zAb x'g\ . o:tf zAbx¿ t'ngfjfrL ;+/rgfdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t}M
/fd xl/eGbf xf]rf] 5 .
d';f] la/fnf]eGbf ;fgf] 5 .
lxpF kfgLeGbf lr;f] x'G5 .
oL pbfx/0fdf cfPsf ‘eGbf xf]rf]’, ‘eGbf ;fgf]’ / ‘eGbf lr;f]’ t'ngfjfrL ;+/rgf x'g\ .
‘xf]+rf]’, ‘;fgf]’ / ‘lr;f]’ sf ljk/LtfyL{ zAbx¿ qmdzM ‘cUnf]’, ‘7'nf]’ / ‘tftf]’ x'g\ . o;/L
t'ngfjfrL ;+/rgfdf cfpg ;Sg] ljk/Ltfy{s zAbx¿sf larsf] ;DaGwnfO{ >]0fLa4
ljk/Ltfy{s zAb elgG5 .
@= kl/k"/s ljk/Ltfy{stf
b'O{ ljk/Lt w|'jL zAbx¿sf larsf] cfyL{;DaGwnfO{ kl/k"/s ljk/Ltfy{stf elgG5 .
kl/k"/s ljk/Ltfy{s ;DaGw /x]sf zAbx¿ g t t'ngfjfrL ;+/rgfdf k|of]u x'g ;S5g\, g t
ltgLx¿sf lar s'g} >]0fL g} x'G5 . h:t}M
hLljt ↔ d[t
leq ↔ aflx/
ljjflxt ↔ cljjflxt
rf]/ ↔ ;fw'
vfg' ↔ gvfg'
d"v{ ↔ ljåfg\
;wjf ↔ ljwjf
;'Tg' ↔ p7\g' cflb .
kl/k"/s ljk/Ltfy{s zAbdWo] Pp6fsf] cs/0f–cy{n] csf{] zAbnfO{ a'emfpF5 . h:t}M
-s_ ufO{ hLljt 5 .
-v_ ufO{ hLljt 5}g .

165
 -u_ ufO{ d[t 5 .
oxfF -s_ jfSosf] cs/0f -v_ xf] eg] -v_ sf] cy{ -u_ xf] . ctM ‘hLljt’ / ‘d[t’
zAbsf lar kl/k"/s ljk/Ltfy{stf /x]sf] 5 .
#= lj?4fy{stf
>]0fLa4 / kl/k"/s ljk/Ltfy{stf eGbf leGg k|jl[ Qsf] c;dfj]zfTdstf g} lj?4fy{stf
xf] . o:tf zAbx¿ g t >]0fLqmddf /x]sf x'G5g\ g t ljk/Lt w|'jL g} x'G5g\ . To;}u/L o:tf zAbnfO{
t'ngfjfrL ;+/rgf tyf cs/0faf6 k/LIf0f ug{ ;ls+bg} . h:t}M
-s_ */fd ZofdeGbf bfh' xf] .
-v_ */fd ZofdeGbf efO xf] .
oxfF ‘bfh'’ / ‘efO’ t'ngfTds ;+/rgfdf cfpg g;s]sfn] oL >]0fLa4 ljk/Ltfy{s
xf]Ogg\ . To;}u/L M
-s_ /fd Zofdsf] bfh' xf] .
-v_ /fd Zofdsf] bfh' xf]Og .
-u_ /fd Zofdsf] efO xf] .
-3_ /fd Zofdsf] 5f]/f] xf] .
oxfF -s_ jfSosf] cs/0f -v_ jfSo xf] . -u_ / -3_ jfSo -v_ sf ;Defljt cy{ x'g\ .
oxfF ‘bfh'’ sf] cs/0fn] ‘efO’, ‘5f]/f]’ cflb hgfPsfn] cyf{t\ ‘bfh'’ sf] cs/0fn] ‘efO’ dfq}
ga'emfpg] ePsfn] ‘bfh'–efO’ kl/k"/s ljk/Ltfy{s klg xf]Ogg\ . ctM logLx¿sf lar lj?4fy{stf
kfOG5 .
-r_ ;dWjGofTds cy{;DaGw
;dfg pRrf/0f ePsf zAbx¿larsf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;dWjGofTds ;DaGw elgG5 .
;dWjGofTds zAbx¿sf] cy{ tyf n]Vo ¿kdf klg leGgtf kfOG5 . >'lt;dleGgfy{s zAbx¿
;dWjGofTds cGtu{t kb{5g\ . h:t}M
lbg ÷lbg\÷ – lbj;
bLg ÷lbg\÷ – b'MvL
km"n ÷k'mn\÷ – k'ik
km'n ÷km'n\÷ – cG8f
afu ÷ afu\÷ –au}Frf
af3 ÷afu\÷ – af3
oxfF cfPsf ‘lbg–bLg’, ‘km"n–km'n’ / ‘afu–af3’ ;dWjGofTds ;DaGw ePsf zAbx¿
x'g\ .
-5_ ;d¿kfTds cy{;DaGw
leGgleGg cy{ a'emfpg] t/ pRrf/0f / n]vgdf ;dfg zAbx¿sf larsf] cy{;DaGwnfO{
;d¿kfTdstf elgG5 . ;d¿kfTdstfnfO{ ;dlnKofTdstf klg elgG5 . h:t}M
s/! – lh2L
s/@ – lt/f]
s/# – xft
kq! –af]6lj?jfsf] kft
kq@ – lr7Lkq

166
 kq# – vft, tx, bn
s]6fs]6L! – ;–;fgf gfgL–afa'x¿
s]6fs]6L@ – b'nfxf–b'nxL
s]6fs]6L# – u}8+ fsf aRrfaRrL
oxfF cfPsf ‘s/’, ‘kq’ / ‘s]6fs]6L’ zAb ;d¿kfTds zAb x'g\ . af]nfO / n]vfOdf ;dfg
eP klg cy{df leGgtf /xg] o:tf zAbx¿nfO{ cg]sfyL{ zAb klg elgG5 . ;dWjGofTds
zAbx¿df pRrfo{ :j¿kdfq ;dfg x'G5 eg] ;d¿kfTds zAbx¿df pRrfo{ / n]Vo b'j} ¿k
;dfg x'G5g\ .
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= cy{;DaGwsf b[li6n] ;dfj]zfTds zAb s'g xf] <
-s_ u'/fF; -v_ ;okqL -u_ km"n -3_ dvdnL
@= ‘km"n’ / ‘kfl/hft’ zAbsf larsf] cy{ ;DaGw s] x'g ;S5 <
-s_ kof{ojfrL -v_ ljk/LtfyL{
-u_ ;dfj]zL -3_ c;dfj]zL
#= cy{ut ;DaGwsf qmddf >]0fLut ljko{o hgfpg] zAb s'g xf] <
-s_ hLljt–d[t -v_ afa'–5f]/f]
-u_ ;fgf]–7'nf] -3_ efph"–sfsL
$= ;df]Rrfl/t zAbhf]8L s'g xf] <
-s_ t/÷t/ -v_ s/÷s/ -u_ kq÷kq -3_ afu÷af3
%= ;dfj]zfTds zAb s'g xf] <
-s_ ?v -v_ kLkn -u_ cfFk -3_ s6x/
^= g]kfnL efifLn] ‘vfhf’ nfO{ ‘cgL{’ / ‘bf]kx/]’ eGg' s:tf] kof{otf xf] <
-s_ eflifsfut -v_ z}nLut -u_ kof{out -3_ efiffut
&= ;d¿kfTds zAb s'g xf] <
-s_ sfd -v_ ;fn -u_ k};f -3_ 3fd
*= >]0fLut ljk/LtfyL{ cy{ ;DaGw hgfpg] zAb s'g xf] <
-s_ lhpFbf] -v_ lgbfPsf] -u_ xf]rf] -3_ l/;fxf
(= z}nLut kof{otfsf] pbfx/0f s'g xf] <
-s_ c;Eo / kfv] -v_ dg / d'g
-u_ tdfv' / ;'tL{ -3_ efO / alxgL
!)= ;d¿kfTds cy{;DaGw ePsf zAbx¿ s'g x'g\ <
-s_ s]6fs]6L -v_ af3 -u_ ;f3' -3_ h]7f]
ljifout k|Zg
-1_ cy{;DaGwsf b[li6n] ;dfj]zL zAbnfO{ lrgfpg'xf];\ .
-2_ cy{sf b[li6n] cg]sfy{sf af/]df rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
-3_ ;d¿KofTds cy{ / ;dWjGofTds cy{df kfOg] leGgtf cf}+Nofpg'xf];\ .
-4_ cy{ut ;DaGwsf cfwf/df kof{ojfrL zAbx¿sf] rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .

167
-5_ c;dfj]zfTds cy{sf ;DaGwdf k|sfz kfg{x' f];\ .
ljj]rgfTds k|Zg
-1_ ;+/rgfTds cy{lj1fgsf] kl/ro lbO{ o;sf k|sf/x¿sf] ;f]bfx/0f rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
%=#=^ ;lGgwfg l;4fGt
;+/rgfTds efifflj1fgcGtu{t cy{lj1fgsf] Pp6f l;4fGt ;lGgwfg l;4fGt xf] . o;sf
k|lti7fks h]=cf/= kmy{ dflgG5g\ . o;n] zAbfy{sf] cWoog jfSo–ljGof;fTds ;DaGwsf
cfwf/df ub{5 t/ jfSosf 36ssf ¿kdf geP/ sf]zLo PsfOsf ¿kdf zAbnfO{ x]b5{ .
;lGgwfgsf] cy{ xf]– s'g} efiffsf s'g} zAbsf] csf{ vf; zAb;Fusf] ;DaGw jf ;fxro{ý h:t}M
h'gn] L /ft, pHofnf] lbg, afp5f]/f, xfjf vfg' cflb . oxfF ‘/ft’ sf cl3 ‘pHofnf]’, ‘lbg’sf cl3
‘h'g]nL’ ljz]if0f cfpg ;Sb}gg\ eg] ‘afp5f]/f’ klg ‘lktf5f]/f’, ‘afpk'q’ / ‘xfjf vfg'’ sf ;§fdf
‘jfo' vfg'’ x'g ;Sb}gg\ . o;/L qmdzM /ft, lbg, 5f]/f / vfg';Fu qmdzM h'gn ] L, pHofnf], afp /
xfjfsf] ;flGgWo 5 . o; lsl;dn] s'g} klg efiffdf vf;–vf; zAb vf;–vf; zAb;Fudfq
cfpF5g\ / cy{ lbG5g\ eGg] s'/f ;lGgwfg l;4fGtn] atfpF5 . cª\u|]hLdf l;:6/, a|b/sf cy{ csf{
zAbsf ;fxro{df lgwf{l/t x'G5g\ . ;fdfGotof ‘ljBfyL{’ / ‘lzIffyL{’ ;dfgfyL{ x'g\ t/ ‘ljBfyL{df
pR5[ª\vntf cfPsf] 5’ x'G5, ‘lzIffyL{df pR5[ª\vntf cfPsf] 5’ x'Fbg} . ltjf/L, uf]tfd] p:t} y/
ljz]if x'g\ t/ ‘tfs k/] ltjf/L gq uf]tfd]’sf ;§f c¿ y/ /fvL ‘tfs k/] ;'jb] L gq d}gfnL’ eGg
ldNb}g . o;/L s'g} zAbsf lgot jfRofy{df ljZjf; gu/L ;xk|of]usf cfwf/df zAbfy{sf]
cWoog ug{] l;4fGtljz]ifnfO{ ;lGgwfg l;4fGt elgG5 . kmy{n] of] l;4fGt d]lngf]A:sLaf6
k|efljt eP/ u|x0f u/]sf x'g\ . g[tŒjzf:qL d]lngf]A:sLn] zAb jf cy{sf] s'g} :jtGq ;Qf x'Fb}g
eg]sf lyP . pgsf ljrf/df eflifs j0f{g / ;f+:s[lts ljZn]if0f k/:k/ ;+oQ ' m 5g\ . ;Da4tfsf
b[li6n] g} zAb:j¿ksf] cWoog ul/g'k5{ eGb} pgn] ;flxlTos plQm, d'Qm ljrf/–ljlgdosf]
plQm / Jofjxfl/s hLjgsf s'/fsfgLsf plQmdf leGgtf cf}FNofPsf lyP . kmy{n] klg nf}lss
Jojxf/sf plQm / lnlvt efiffsf plQmsf af]w–k|lqmofdf leGgfleGg} 9Ín] ljrf/ ug{'kg{]
atfPsf lyP . pgsf ljrf/df zAbsf] cy{ kl/efiffaf6 l;Sg ;ls+b}g, cy{sf] ;Qf Jofjxfl/s /
kl/l:yltut x'G5ý h:t}M
3/Jojxf/df – t/sf/Ldf lgs} /; xfNg' .
;flxTodf – uf}/L s?0f /; k|wfg sfJo xf] .
cfo'j{]bdf – b'a{ntfsf] cg'ej eof] eg] /;flb ;]jg ug{' .
pQm ltg jfSodf Pp6} /; zAbsf] cy{ ;xrfo{af6 t/sf/L, s?0f, ;]jg jf b'an { tfaf6
lgwf{l/t ePsf 5g\ .
kmy{sf ljrf/df zAbsf] k|of]u lgwf{/0f d"ntM lgDglnlvt ltg cfwf/df x'G5 M
-!_ ;xefuLsf] ljz]iftf / e"ldsf
-@_ ljifo ;fdu|L
-#_ eflifs Jojxf/sf] nIo
Pp6f jQmf eG5– e'hf Ho'gf/ xf];\, csf{] eG5– l3r\ . oxfF ;xefuLsf ;fGble{s
ljz]iftf k|s6 ePsf 5g\ . 1fglj1fgsf kmfF6df zAb / cy{sf] lgwf{/0f ltgLx¿sf ;fdu|Ln] ub{5
eg] >f]tfnfO{ k|efljt kfg{ klg ljlzi6 zAb;+of]hg x'G5 t/ To;df cy{sf ;Ldf x'G5g\ .
;Ldflgwf{/0f To; ;dfhsf k/Dk/faf6 cfPsf] x'G5 . xfdL dflg;nfO{ :ju{jf; eof] eG5f}F t/
ufO{nfO{ :ju{jf; k|of]u ub{}gf}+ .
lgZro g} efiffdf ;xk|of]usf] dxŒj 5 . ljz]if u/]/ pvfg –6'Ssfdfý t/ ;a} zAbfy{df
of] 3l6t x'Fbg} . o;sf/0f o;sf cfÇgf ;Ldf / If]q 5g\ .

168
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= ;lGgwfg l;4fGtn] cy{sf] s'g kIfnfO{ lgb{z
] u5{ <
-s_ clGjltut ;DaGw -v_ e"ldsfut ;DaGw
-u_ kof{ojfrL ;DaGw -3_ clenIf0fut ;DaGw
@= ;lGgwfg l;4fGtsf k|ltkfbs sf] x'g\ <
-s_ h]=cf/= kmy{ -v_ ;L= xs]6
-u_ Åofl/; -3_ h]=Pn= cl:6g
#= ;fxro{sf cfwf/df zAbfy{sf] cWoog ug{] k|lqmofnfO{ s] elgG5 <
-s_ ;lGgwfg l;4fGt -v_ JofVofTds cy{lj1fg
-3_ ;ª\36sfTds ljZn]if0f -3_ pTkfbs cy{lj1fg
ljifout k|Zg
-1_ ;lGgwfg l;4fGtsf] ;f]bfx/0f rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .
%=#=& ;ª\36sfTds ljZn]if0f
;+/rgfTds cy{lj1fgcGtu{tsf] Ps l;4fGt tyf k4lt xf]– ;ª\36sfTds ljZn]if0f .
j:t'tM of] l;4fGteGbf a9L k4lt jf 9fFrf xf] . h;/L jfSonfO{ To;sf Go"gtd 36sdf kl/0ft
ub{} uOG5, To;} u/L s'g} zAbsf Go"gtd cjoj jf 36snfO{ b]vfpg] k4lt xf]– ;ª\36sfTds
ljZn]if0f . o;cg';f/ jfSo PseGbf a9L zAbx¿sf] ;+of]hg xf] eg] zAb Psflws cy{sf]
;d'Rro xf] . o; k4ltn] s'g} zAbfy{ lgwf{/0f ubf{ Go"gtd 36sdf 6'qm\ofpg] sfd ub{5 . o;sf
nflu cg]s cfwf/ lnOG5g\ . pbfx/0ffy{ g]kfnLdf k/:k/ ;DalGwt g/, gf/L, s]6f], s]6L nfO{ lnpmF
. logLx¿nfO{ lgDglnlvt ¿kdf b]vfpg ;lsG5 M
k'?if :qL
jo:s g/ gf/L

cjo:s s]6f] s]6L

pQm lrqn] cy{sf b'O{ cfofd b]vfPsf] 5– of]lg / jo:stf . o;df t];|f] cfofd
dfgjLo, cdfgjLo klg /fVg ;lsG5 . o;/L k|To]s zAbleq lglxt cfyL{ 36sx¿nfO{
lgDglnlvt ljz]iftfaf6 ;ª\s]t ul/G5 M
g/ ˜ ± dfgj, ± jo:s, ± k'?if
gf/L ˜ ± dfgj, ± jo:s, – k'?if
s]6f ˜ ± dfgj, – jo:s, ± k'?if
s]6L ˜ ± dfgj, – jo:s, – k'?if
o;/L ;ª\36sfTds ljZn]if0fsf d'Vo p2]Zox¿ ltgj6f 5g\– -!_ zAbfy{df /x]sf cfyL{
cjoj 5'6\ofpg', -@_ tL cjojx¿sf] ljZn]if0f u/]/ cWoog ug{' / -#_ cy{x¿sf] kf/:kl/s
;DaGwnfO{ :ki6 ug{' . oL s'/fx¿ ef}lts j:t'af]ws, cem gftfaf]ws zAbfy{sf ljZn]if0faf6
;lhn} k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] x'Fbf efiffzf:qL / dfgjzf:qLx¿n] o;} lsl;dsf zAbsf] ljZn]if0fdf
?lr lnPsf 5g\ . pbfx/0ffy{ M
j+zut ;dfgfGt/ k':tf k'?if :qL
sfsf ± – ± ± –
sfsL ± – ± – ±
afa' ± – ± ± –

169
 cfdf ± – ± – ±
alxgL ± ± – – ±
efO ± ± – ± –
-;+s]t ˜ ± ePsf], – gePsf], ± b'j}_
oxfF j+zut eg]/ To; ;+:s[ltdf :yflkt j+zk/Dk/fnfO{, ;dfgfGt/ eg]/ leGg} t/ p:t}
:t/ / lsl;dsfnfO{, k':tf eg]/ cfÇgf] jf cl3Nnf] lk+9LnfO{ lnOPsf] 5 . o;cg';f/ g]kfnL
efifLsf ;dfhdf afa' zAbn] j+zut cfÇg} ;f]emf] ;DaGw ePsf cl3Nnf k':tfsf k'?ifnfO{
a'emfpF5 eg] efO, alxgL zAbn] Ps} j+zsf t/ ;f]emf] ;DaGw ePsf -afa'sf] 5f]/f jf 5f]/L_ jf
gePsf -sfsf cflbsf] 5f]/f] jf 5f]/L_ cfÇg} k':tfsf JolQmnfO{ hgfpF5 .
o; lsl;dsf] ljZn]if0faf6 g} kof{ojfrstf, ljk/Ltfy{stf, cg]sfy{stf cflbsf]
lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] b[li6sf]0f ;ª\36sfTds ljZn]if0fjfbLx¿n] /fv]sf] kfOG5 .
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= ;ª\36sfTds ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df ul/g] cy{sf] d"ntM Jofs/0fdf cfwfl/t 5 <
-s_ ;+/rgfTds -v_ Joj:yfk/s
-u_ ¿kfGt/0ffTds -3_ ¿kfy{k/s
@= ;ª\36sfTds ljZn]if0fsf] d'Vo ljz]iftf s] xf] <
-s_ cy{x¿sf] kf/:kl/s ;DaGw s]nfpg'
-v_ cfGtl/s ;+/rgfsf] JofVof ug{'
-u_ ;fxro{sf cfwf/df cy{ lgwf{l/t ug{'
-3_ ;Gbe{sf cfwf/df cy{ v'6o\ fpg'
#= ;ª\36sfTds ljZn]if0fn] s:tf zAbsf] ljZn]if0fdf ?lr /fV5 <
-s_ gftfaf]ws -v_ k|f0fLjfrs
-u_ j:t'jfrs -3_ efjjfrs
ljifout k|Zg
!= ;ª\36sfTds ljZn]if0fsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
%=#=* JofVofTds cy{lj1fg
rD:sLn] ;g\ !(%& sf] Snfl;sn l;4fGtdf cy{sf] pNn]v u/]sf lyPgg\ . o; sf/0f
sf6\h / kmf]8/n] ;lGbUwfy{s jfSox¿ b]vfP/ ltgLx¿sf] cy{ lgwf{/0f s;/L ug{] eGg] k|Zg p7fO{
pgsf] cfnf]rgf u/]sf lyP . o; ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ rD:sLn] k|hgs Jofs/0fdf cy{nfO{
JofVofTds 36scGtu{t /fvL ;g\ !(^% sf] dfgs l;4fGtleq ;dfj]z u/] . o;}nfO{
JofVofTds cy{lj1fg elgG5 . o; l;4fGtsf] cfwf/e"t dfGotf xf]– cfyL{ 36sn] cfGtl/s
;+/rgfd} cy{sf] lgwf{/0f u5{ . ¿kfGt/0f x'Fbf cy{ abln+b}g cyf{t\ ¿kfGt/0f cy{;/+ Ifs g} x'G5 .
o;sf/0f s'g} å\oy{s jfSo 5 eg] To;sf cfGtl/s ;+/rgf g} leGgleGg x'G5g\ . jfSofTds
36s k|hgs x'G5g\, cfyL{ 36sn] k|hgg gu/]/ cfGtl/s /rgfsf] JofVof u5{ . o; egfOnfO{
dfgs l;4fGtn] lgDglnlvt ¿kdf k|:t't u/]sf] 5 M

170
 cfyL{ JofVof

cfGtl/s ;+/rgf
¿kfGt/0f lgod

afÅo ;+/rgf
:jg k|lqmofTds 36s

:jgfTds JofVof
o;/L ;lGbUwfy{s jfSox¿sf] JofVof u/]/ ltgLx¿ cfGtl/s ;+/rgfd} leGgfleGg} x'G5g\
eg]/ ;lGbUwfy{s jfSosf] ;d:of t ;dfwfg ul/of] t/ kl5 rD:sLnfO{ s] nfUof] eg] afÅo
;+/rgfdf klg cy{kl/jt{g x'G5 . o;sf/0f pgn] ;g\ !(&) df lj:tfl/t dfgs l;4fGtsf]
k|ltkfbg u/L ¿kfGt/0f lgodx¿ ;w}+ cy{;+/Ifs x'Fb}gg\ eg] . o;nfO{ pgn] lgDglnlvt ¿kdf
k|:t't u/] M
cfyL{ JofVof
-;+/If0f lgod_

cfGtl/s ;+/rgf
¿kfGt/0f lgod

afÅo ;+/rgf
:jg k|lqmofTds lgod

:jgfTds JofVof
o;k|sf/ ;g\ !(^% sf] dfgs l;4fGtdf cleJoQm cfyL{ 36sn] cfGtl/s ;+/rgfd}
cy{sf] lgwf{/0f u5{ eGg] dfGotf g} JofVofTds cy{lj1fgsf ¿kdf k|l;4 5 .
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= JofVofTds cy{lj1fgsf] rrf{ rD:sLsf] s'g l;4fGtdf ul/Psf] 5 <
-s_ zf:qLo -v_ dfgs
-u_ lj:tfl/t dfgs -3_ zf;g ty cfj4tf
@= rD:sLsf] Snfl;sn l;4fGtdf ;lGbUwfy{s jfSo b]vfP/ To; l;4fGtsf] cfnf]rgf
ug{] JolSt sf] x'g\ <
-s_ h]=cf/= kmy{ -v_ sf6\h / kmf]8/
-u_ lkmNdf]/ -3_ Åofln8]
#= JofVofTds cy{lj1fgn] s'g egfOdf hf]8 lbG5 <
-s_ cfGtl/s ;+/rgfdf g} cy{sf] JofVof ul/G5 .
-v_ afÅo ;+/rgfdf dfq cy{sf] JofVof x'G5 .
-u_ cfGtl/s ;+/rgfdf cy{sf] JofVof ug{ ;ls+b}g .
-3_ ;lGbUwfy{s jfSosf] cfGtl/s ;+/rgfdf cJofVo]o x'G5 .
ljifout k|Zg

171
!= JofVofTds cy{lj1fgsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
%=#=( pTkfbs cy{lj1fg
pTkfbs cy{lj1fg ¿kfGt/0f k|hgs Jofs/0faf6} ljsl;t ePsf] xf] . o;sf JofVoftf
x'g\ – n]sfkm, d]sfn] / /; . rD:sL;Fu k|hgs Jofs/0fsf If]qdf sfd ug{]x¿df ¿kfGt/0f lgod
/ cy{nfO{ lnP/ dtleGgtf eof] . rD:sLn] ¿kfGt/0f lgodsf qmddf cfyL{ 36snfO{
JofVofTds dfg] . pgn] cy{sf] ;DaGw cfGtl/s / afÅo b'j} ;+/rgf;Fu x'G5 eGg] atfPsf lyP
t/ cGo ;xof]uLx¿ o; ljrf/;Fu ;xdt ePgg\ / dfgs l;4fGts} cfwf/df cfyL{36s
cfGtl/s ;+/rgfdf nfu" x'G5, eflifs ;+/rgfdf cy{ g} pTkfbssf ¿kdf cfpF5 / cfyL{ ;+/rgf
kfPkl5 dfq jfSosf] lgdf{0f x'G5 eGg] dfGotf /fVb} cy{lj1fgsf If]qdf sfd ub{} /x] . o;}af6
pTkfbs cy{lj1fgsf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] . o; cy{lj1fgn] jfSosf :yfgdf cy{nfO{ pTkfbs
dfg]sf] b]lvG5 . h:t}
cfyL{ k|ltlglwTj -cfGtl/s ;+/rgf_

¿kfGt/0f lgod
afÅo ;+/rgf
:jg k|lqmofTds lgod

:jgfTds JofVof
pTkfbs cy{lj1fgsf cg';f/ cfGtl/s ;+/rgfdf k6sk6s ¿kfGt/0f lgod nfu]/ dfq
k|of]u;Ddt afÅo ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f x'G5 . cd"t{ cy{nfO{ k|:yfgljGb' dfg]/ k6s–k6s ¿kfGt/0f
lgod nfu]kl5 dfq jfSofTds ;+/rgfsf] txdf k'Ug ;lsg] pTkfbs cy{lj1fgsf] wf/0ff hl6n
k|s[ltsf] t b]lvG5 g} ;fy;fy} cfnf]rgfd'Qm klg b]lv+b}g .
PsfOut ;f/f+z
k|:t't PsfOsf] d'Vo zLif{s cy{lj1fg xf] . o;cGtu{t cy{lj1fgsf] kl/ro / If]q,
cy{sf sf]zLo, ;Gbe{k/s, ;xrof{Tds, Jofs/0ffTds / wf/0ffTds k|sf/sf lrgf/L, sf]zLo /
Jofs/0ffTds cy{df kfOg] leGgtfsf] ;fdfGo rrf{sf ;fy} ;ª\s]t lqsf]0fsf] cjwf/0ff,
;+/rgfTds cy{lj1fg / kof{ojfrL, ck]sfyL{ ;dfj]zL, c;dfj]zL, ljk/LtfyL{ cy{ ;DaGw /
cy{ljZn]if0fsf ;lGgwfg l;4fGt, ;ª\36sfTds ljZn]if0f, / JofVofTds cy{lj1fg Pjd\
pTkfbs cy{lj1fg ;DaGwL ljifoj:t' o; PsfOsf lgisif{sf ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
PsfOut cEof;
j:t'ut k|Zg
!= pTkfbs cy{lj1fgsf] cfwf/ Jofs/0f s'g xf] <
-s_ ;+/rgfTds -v_ ¿kfy{k/s
-u_ Joj:yfk/s -3_ ¿kfGt/0f
@= pTkfbs cy{lj1fgsf If]qdf sfd ug{]x¿ rD:sLsf s'g ljrf/;Fu c;xdt ePsf x'g\ <
-s_ ¿kfGt/0f lgod / cfyL{ JofVof
-v_ cfGtl/s / afÅo;+/rgf

172
 -u_ ¿kfGt/0f k|sf/ / k|lqmof
-3_ eflifs ;Dkfbg / ;fdYo{
ljifout k|Zg
!= pTkfbs cy{lj1fgsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
@= JofVofTds cy{lj1fg / pTkfbs cy{lj1fgsf] leGgtf cf}+Nofpg'xf];\ .

173
 ;Gbe{;"rL
clwsf/L, x]dfÍ/fh -@)$(_, ;d;fdlos g]kfnL Jofs/0f, sf7df8f}+ M ljBfyL{ k':ts
e08f/ .
lqm:6n, 8]le8, -O{ !(*)_, lnlª\Ujl:6S;, xfdf{]G;\ jy{ M k]gu'Og k|sfzg .
u'Kt, e6gfu/ / cGo -;g\ !(&$_, cfw'lgs efifflj1fgsL e"ldsf, hok'/ M /fh:yfg lxGbL
u|Gy csfbdL .
uf}td, b]jLk|;fb -@)$(_, g]kfnL efiff kl/ro, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .
uf}td, b]jLk|;fb -@)%*_, g]kfnL ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0f, sf7df8f}+ M lr/~hLjL l3ld/] .
uf}td, b]jLk|;fb -@)%*_, dfgs tyf lj:tfl/t dfgs l;4fGt / g]kfnL jfSoJoj:yf,
sf7df8f}+ M lr/~hLjL l3ld/] .
uf}td, b]jLk|;fb / vu]Gb|k; | fb n'O6]n -@)%#_, Wjlglj1fg / j0f{lj1fg, sf7df8f}+ M gjLg
k|sfzg .
uf}td, b]jLk|;fb / k|]dk|;fb rf}nfufO{+ -@)^&_, efifflj1fg, sf7df8f}+ M kf7\o ;fdu|L k;n .
lu|gau{, h]=Pr= -!(&$ O{=_, Nofª\Uj]h 6fOkf]nhL M P lx:6f]l/sn PG8 Pgflnl6sn cf]e/
Eo', b x]uM d'6f] .
lUn;g, Pr=P= -!(^! O{=_, Pg OG6«f]8S;g 6' l8l:qmPl6e lnª\lUjl:6S;, Go'of]s{ M xN6
l/g]xf6{ PG8 ljG;6g .
9sfn, zflGtk|;fb -@)^#_, ;fdfGo efifflj1fg, sf7df8f}+ M z'esfdgf k|sfzg .
ltjf/L, ef]nfgfy -!(*% O{=_, cfw'lgs efifflj1fg, lbNnL M lnlkk|sfzg .
tf]jf, ;'of];L / cGo -@))% O{=_ g]kfndf efiffx¿sf] ljljwtf / nf]kf]Gd'v l:ylt -cg'=
n]vgfy zdf{ kf7s_ sf7df8f}+ M o'g:] sf] .
låj]bL, b]jLzË/ -!(^$ O{=_, efiff cf}/ eflifsL, cfu/f M nIdLgf/fo0f k|sfzg .
Gof}kfg], 6Ëk|;fb / cGo -@)^&_, ;fdfGo efifflj1fg, sf7df8f}+ M ;gnfO6 klAns];g .
Gof}kfg], 6Ëk|;fb / bLksk|;fb Gof}kfg], -@)^#_, ¿klj1fg, sf7df8f}+ M e'F8Lk'/f0f k|sfzg .
kf]v/]n, dfwjk|;fb -@)^$_, g]kfnL Wjlglj1fg / g]kfnsf efiffsf] Wjlgkl/ro, sf7df8f}+
M e'8F Lk'/f0f k|sfzg .
aGw', r"8fdl0f -@)%)_, efifflj1fg, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .
aGw', r"8fdl0f -@)%#_, efifflj1fgsf ;Dk|bfo, sf7df8f}+ M cIf/ ;bg .
e§/fO{, 8L=kL= -@)^)_, g]kfnL Jofs/0fsf sf]l6x¿, sf7df8f}+ M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/ .
e08f/L, kf/;dl0f -@)^%_, ;fdflhs tyf dgf]efifflj1fg, sf7df8f}+ M ljBfyL{ k':ts
e08f/ .
e08f/L, kf/;dl0f / cGo -@)^*_, efifflj1fg, sf7df8f}+ M ;gnfO6 klAns];g .
d]Yo'h, kL=Pr= -!(&$ O{=_, df]kmf{]nhL, SoflDa|h M SoflDa|h o'lgel;{6L k|]; .
d]Yo'h, kL=Pr= -!((#_, u|fdl6sn Yof}/L ckm b o'gfO6]8 :6]6;\ k|md An'd lkmN8 6' rf]D:sL,
SoflDa|h M SoflDa|h o'lgel;{6L k|]; .

174
ofbj, of]u]Gb|k|;fb / eLdgf/fo0f /]UdL -@)%(_, efifflj1fg, sf7df8f}+ M Go' xL/f a'S;
OG6/k|fOh]h .
o'n, hh{ -!(*( O{=_, b :68L ckm Nofª\Uj]h, SoflDa|h M SoflDa|h o'lgel;{6L k|]; .
/laG;, rfN; Pkm= -!(*) O{=_, hg/n lnª\lUjl:6S;\ M Pg OG6«f8] S6/L ;e{], nG8g M
nªDofG;\ .
n]K:sL, hL=;L= -!(&@ O{=_, P ;e{] ckm :6«Sr/n lnª\lUjl:6S;, nG8g M km]a/ PG8 km]a/ .
zdf{, b]jLbQ -!(*$ O{+=_ ;+:s[tsf P]ltxfl;s Pj+ ;+/rgfTds kl/ro, rG8Lu9 M xl/of0ff
;flxTo csfbdL .
zdf{, b]jG] b|gfy -!((^ O=_, cfw'lgs efifflj1fg sL e"ldsf, lbNnL M /fwfs[i0f k|sfzg
k|fOj]6 lnld6]8 .
>Ljf:tj, /jLGb|gfy -@))) O{=_, cg'k|o'Qm efifflj1fg M l;4fGt Pj+ k|of]u, lbNnL M
/fwfs[i0f k|sfzg .
l;+x, ;'/hdfg -!((@ O{=_, lxGbLsf jfSofTds Jofs/0f, lbNnL M ;flxTo;xsf/ .
xls6, rfN;{ Pkm= -!(%* O{=_, P sf];{ Og df]8{g lnª\lUjl:6S;, Go'of]s{ M Dofsldng .

175
 kl/lzi6 !
cGt/f{li6«o WjlgtflTjs j0f{dfnf ;g\ !(^^ df ;+zf]lwt cGt/f{li6 j0f{dfnfsf s]xL Wjlg
-s_ cGt/f{li6«o j0f{dfnfsf :j/Wjlgx¿
cu| s]Gb|Lo kZr
;+j[t i y i u  u

cw{ ;+j[Q e θ θ  o


cw{ ljj[Q ε æ 
^ 

e
ljj[Q a  a a
cuf]= uf]= cuf]= uf]=
-v_ cGt/f{li6«o WjlgtflŒjs j0f{dfnfsf kmf]S;] Jo~hg Wjlgx¿
åØf]i7\o bGTof]i7Ø bGTo jT:o{ pkjT:o{ d"w{Go tfnJo xg'd"nLo sfsNo u|;gLo s07Ø
:kz{ p b t d   c k g q G 
gfl;So m  n    N
slDkt B r R
tfl8t÷plTIfKt  
pmid φ β f v q  s z ∫     x  x    h 
kflZj{s pmid  
s]Gb|Lo÷cGtM:y ω    j 
kflZj{s÷cGtM:y l   L
-u_ cGt/f{li6«o WjlgtflŒjs j0f{dfnfsf ckmf]S;] Jo~hg Wjlgx¿
If]k0ffTds p ' t' k'
cGtM:kmf]6     
lSns  | ! 
oxfF :j/ / Jo~hgWjlgsf nflu *% j6f lrÅgx¿ lbOPsf] 5 . oL Wjlgsf cltl/Qm
Wjlgx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pklrÅgsf cfwf/df JoQm ul/Psf] x'G5 M
-c_ v08Lo pklrx\gx¿
(86) c3f]if [ ] h:t} n [ l ], d [ m ] cflb
(87) 3f]if [  ] h:t} [ s ], [ t ]
(88) dxfk|f0f [ ] h:t} km [ p], v [ k]
(89) a9L uf]lnt [ ] h:t} [  ]
(90) sd uf]lnt [ ] h:t} [  ]
(91) cem cl3lNt/ [  ] h:t} [ u ]
(92) cem kl5lNt/ [ ] h:t} [ i ]
(93) s]Gb|Ls[t [ ] h:t} [ e ]
(94) dWo s]Gb|Ls[t [ ] h:t} [ e ]

176
(95) cfIfl/s [ ] h:t} [  ], n[[ l ]
(96) cgfIfl/s [ ] h:t} [ e ]
(97) /]kmTj (Rhoticity) [ ] h:t} [ ]
(98) 3f]ifdxfk|f0f (Breathy) [  ] h:t} [ b ], 3 [ ]
(99) ss{/] 3f]if (Creaky Voiced) [  ] h:t} [ b ]
(100) lhÅjf]i7Ø (Linguolabial) [  ] h:t} [ t ], [ d ]
(101)cf]i7ØLs[t (Labialized) [ ] h:t} [ k], [ g]
(102) tfnJoLs[t (Velarized) [  ] h:t} [ t ], [ d ]
(103)xg'd"nLs[t (Velarized) [  ] h:t} [ t ], [ d ]
(104) u|;gLs[t (Pharyngealized) [ ] h:t} [ ], [ ]
(105) plTyt (Raised) [ ] h:t} [ e ]
(106) cjtl/t (Lowered) [ ] h:t} [ e ]
(107) cu|ut lhÅjkb (Advanced Tongue / Root) [ ] h:t} [ e ]
(108) kZrut lhÅjkb (Retracted Tongue Root) [  ] h:t} [ e ]
(109) bGTo (Dental) [ ] h:t} [ n ], [ t ]
(110)wf/Lo (Apical) [ ] h:t} [ t ], [ d ]
(111) kmnsLo (Laminal) [ ] h:t} [ t ], [ d ]
(112) cg'gfl;s (Nasalized) [ ] h:t} [ a ]
(113) od (Nasal Release) [ n ] h:t} [ dn ]
(114) kflZj{s od (Leteral Release) [ ' ] h:t} [ d' ]
(115) clelgwfg (Checked) [  ] h:t} [ d ]
-cf_ v08]t/ pklrx\gx¿
(116) k|f/lDes anf3ft (Primary stress) ['] h:t} /, egz: 'tei∫n/
(117) uf}0f anf3ft (Secondary Stress) []
(118) bL3{ (Long) [ : ] h:t} [ a: ]
(119) O{ifb\bL3{ (Half-long) [ ° ] h:t} [ a° ]
(120) O{ifb\–x|:j (Half-long) [  ] h:t} [ a ]
(121) cIf/–v08 (Syllable-Break) [ . ] h:t} [ ma.db ]
(122) n3' -u0f_ ;d"x (Monir (foot) group) : |

(123) a[xt\ -cg'tfg_ ;d"x (Major intonation Group) ||

(124) cv08 (Absence of a Break)

-O_ ;txL tfg

(125)cTo'Rr (Extra High) [  ] jf [e]
(126) pRr (High) [] jf [é]
(127)dWod (Mid) [ ] jf [ē]

177
 (128) lgDg (Low) [ ] jf [è ]
(129) cltlgDg (Extra Low) [] jf [e ]
(130)cjt/0f (Downstep) []
(131) cf/f]x0f (Upstep) []
-O{_ ;+¿9 tfg
(132) cf/f]xL jf pbfQ (Rising) [] jf [ĕ]
(133) cj/f]xL jf cg'bfQ (Falling) [] jf [ê]
(134) pRrf/f]xL (High Rising) [] jf [e]
(135) lgDgf/f]xL (Low Rising) [] jf [e]
(136) cf/f]xfj/f]xL jf :jl/t (Rising-falling) [] jf [e]
(137) k"0ff{/f]x0f (Global Rise) []
(138) k"0ff{j/f]x0f (Global Fall) []
(139) [] c3f]if cf]i7–xg'd"nLo pmid (Voiceless Labidal- Velar Fricative)

(140) [w] 3f]if cf]i7–xg'd"nLo cGtM:y (Voiced Labial-Velar Fricative)

(141) [] 3f]if cf]i7–tfnJo cGtM:y (Voiced Labial-Palatal Approximant)

(142) [] c3f]if unlhÅjLo pmid (Voiceless Epiglott Fricative)

(143) [] 3f]if unlhÅjLo pmid (Voiced Epiglottal Fricateve)

(144) [] unlhÅjLo :kz{ (Epiglottal Plosive)

(145) [], [] jT;{–tfnJo pmid (Alveolo-Palatal Fricatives)

(146) [] jT:o{ kflZj{s tfl8t (Alveolar Lateral Flap)

(147) [] Ps} ;dodf [∫] / [] sf] pRrf/0f .

(148) [ ts ], [ kp ] :kzf{]id (Affricate) jf ;xf]Rrf/0f

178
 kl/lzi6 @
kf7\of+z zLif{s M efifflj1fg qm]=cf= M #
kf7\of+z ;+Vof M g]kf=lz= %!^ k"0ff{ª\s M
kf7\of+z k|s[lt M ;}4flGts pQL0ff{ª\s M
tx M Pd=P8= k|ltxKtf kf73G6L M
;]d:] 6/ M klxnf] k|ltkf73G6L M
hDdf kf73G6L M
!= kf7of+z kl/ro
of] kf7\of+z lq=lj= lzIffzf:qdf ;]d:] 6/ k|0ffnLaf6 :gftsf]Q/ -Pd=P8=_ txdf g]kfnL
ljifo lnO{ ljlzi6Ls/0f ug{] ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . o;df g]kfnL efiffsf
kl/k|]Iodf efiff / efifflj1fgsf cfwf/e"t cjwf/0ffsf ;fy} efifflj1fgsf ljleGg kIf;Fu
;DalGwt ljljw ljifoj:t'x¿ ;dflxt ul/Psf 5g\ .
@= ;fwf/0f p2]Zo
o; kf7\of+zsf ;fwf/0f p2]Zox¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
• efiff / efifflj1fg;Fu kl/lrt u/fpg]
• Wjlglj1fg / o;sf zfvfx¿sf] j0f{g ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{]
• Wjlg pTkfbg k|lqmof / Wjlgx¿sf af/]df ;Ifd t'Nofpg]
• j0f{ l;4fGt / j0f{ ljZn]if0f k|lqmof;DaGwL Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 ug{]
• g]kfnL efiffsf j0f{x¿sf af/]df JofVof ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] clej[l4 ug{]
• ¿k ljZn]if0f k|lqmofsf ;fy} ¿kfog k|lqmofl;t kl/lrt u/fpg]
• zAbx¿sf] sfo{dn " s juL{s/0f ug{ / ;lGwlj1fg;Fu ;DalGwt Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{],
• jfSo lj1fgl;t kl/lrt u/fO{ efiffsf jfSotflTjs ljz]iftfx¿sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg]
• cy{lj1fgsf cfwf/e"t cjwf/0ffsf ;fy} cy{–ljZn]if0fsf k|dv ' k|lqmof / k4ltsf] j0f{g ug{
;Ifd t'Nofpg] .

#= ljlzi6 p2]Zo tyf kf7\oljifo

ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
• efiffsf] kl/ro lbg PsfO Ps M efiff / efifflj1fgsf] kl/ro
• efiffsf ljz]iftfx¿sf] j0f{g ug{ !=! efiffsf] kl/ro
• dfgj / dfgj]t/ kz'kG5Lsf] ;Dk|]if0f !=@ efiffsf ljz]iftfx¿
Joj:yfdf kfOg] cGt/ atfpg !=# dfgj / dfgj]t/ kz'kG5Lsf] ;Dk|]if0f Joj:yfdf kfOg] cGt/
• efifflj1fgsf] kl/ro lbg !=$ efifflj1fgsf] kl/ro
• efifflj1fgsf d"ne"t ljz]iftf atfpg !=% efifflj1fgsf d"ne"t ljz]iftf
• efifflj1fgsf If]qsf] kl/ro k|:t't ug{ !=^ efifflj1fgsf If]qsf] kl/ro
• efifflj1fgsf s]Gb|Lo If]q / kl/wLo If]qsf] !=^=! s]Gb|Lo M j0f{ / Jofs/0f
e]b atfpg !=^=@ kl/wLo M Wjlg / cy{
• lgwf{l/t efifflj1fgsf lgwf{l/t zfvfx¿sf] !=& efifflj1fgsf ljleGg zfvfsf] kl/ro
j0f{g ug{ !=&=! ;fdflhs efifflj1fg
• efifflj1fgsf pkof]lutfsf] aofg ug{ . !=&=@ dgf]efifflj1fg
!=&=# efifflzIf0f
!=&=$ cg'jfblj1fg
!=&=% sf]zlj1fg
!=&=^ z}nLlj1fg
!=&=& sDKo'6/ efifflj1fg
 ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
!=&=* Jolt/]sL efifflj1fg
!=&=( q'l6ljZn]if0f
!=&=!) ;ª\syg ljZn]if0f
!=* efifflj1fgsf] pkof]lutf
• cf}Rrfl/s, ;f~rfl/s / >fjl0fs Wjlglj1fgsf PsfO b'O{ M Wjlglj1fg / j0f{lj1fg
zfvf;lxt Wjlglj1fgsf] kl/ro lbg @=! Wjlglj1fgsf] kl/ro
• cf}Rrfl/s Wjlglj1fgsf ljz]iftf atfpg @=!=! cf}Rrfl/s
• Wjlgcjojx¿sf] lrq;lxt kl/ro k|:t't ug{ @=!=@ ;f~rfl/s /
• Wjlg pTkfbg k|lqmofsf] j0f{g ug{ @=!=# >fjl0fs Wjlglj1fg
• eflifs Wjlgx¿sf] klxrfg, juL{s/0f / j0f{g ug{ @=@ cf}Rrfl/s Wjlglj1fgsf ljz]iftf
• cGt/f{li6«o Wjlg tflŒjs j0f{dfnf / ltgsf @=# Wjlg cjojx¿sf] lrq;lxt j0f{g / Wjlg pTkfbg k|lqmof
ljz]iftf atfpg @=$ Wjlgx¿sf] klxrfg, juL{s/0f / j0f{g
• k|wfg / uf}0f dfg:j/;lxt dfg:j/sf] kl/ro @=% cGt/f{li6«o WjlgtflŒjs j0f{dfnf / ltgsf ljz]iftf
k|:t't ug{ @=^ dfg:j/sf] kl/ro M k|wfg / uf}0f dfg:j/
• j0f{lj1fgsf] kl/ro lbg @=& j0f{lj1fgsf] kl/ro
• Wjlglj1fg / j0f{lj1fgsf] ;DaGw atfpg @=&=! Wjlglj1fg / j0f{lj1fg
• j0f{ljZn]if0fsf ;fy} j0f{ljZn]if0f k|lqmofsf] @=&=@ j0f{l;4fGt / j0f{ljZn]if0f k|lqmof
;f]bfx/0f kl/ro k|:t't ug{ @=&=# j0f{, ;+j0f{ / n3'td o'Ud
• j0f{, ;+j0f{ / n3'td o'Udsf] cjwf/0ff @=&=$ v08Lo / v08]t/ j0f{
;f]bfx/0f :ki6 kfg{ @=&=% g]kfnL efiffsf j0f{x¿sf] klxrfg, juL{s/0f /
• v08Lo j0f{ / tbGtu{tsf :j/ / Jo~hgsf] j0f{g
kl/ro lbg @=&=^ lje]bs clenIf0fsf cfwf/df g]kfnL j0f{x¿sf]
• v08]t/ j0f{ / tbGtu{tsf cg'gfl;stf, klxrfg
dfqf, cf3ft / ;'/sf] aofg ug{
• g]kfnL efiffsf j0f{x¿sf] klxrfg, juL{s/0f /
j0f{g ug{
• lje]bs clenIf0fsf cfwf/df g]kfnL
j0f{x¿sf] klxrfg ug{
• ¿klj1fgsf] kl/ro lbg PsfO ltg M ¿klj1fg
• ¿kljZn]if0fsf k|lqmof / k4ltsf]] ;f]bfx/0f #=! ¿klj1fgsf] kl/ro
kl/ro lbg #=@ ¿kljZn]if0fsf k|lqmof / k4ltx¿
• ¿kljZn]if0fsf l;4fGtcGtu{t ;+/rgf, cy{ / #=# ¿kljZn]if0fsf]
kl/j]zsf cfwf/sf] pkof]u ug{ #=$ ¿kljZn]if0fsf] cEof;
• ¿kljZn]if0f;DaGwL cEof; ug{ #=% ¿kfogsf k|lqmof M ¿kfog sf]l6x¿ / ¿k;/l0f
• ljleGg zAbx¿sf] ¿kfog x'g] k|lqmof atfpg
#=^ Jo'Tkfbg M
• Jo'Tkfbgsf] kl/ro lbg
• Jo'Tkfbgdf pk;u{, dWo;u{ / k/;u{ #=^=! pk;u{, dWo;u{ / k/;u{ k|lqmof
k|lqmofsf] ;f]bfx/0f kl/ro lbg #=^=@ ju{kl/jt{s / ju{ ckl/jt{s Jo'Tkfbg
• pbfx/0f lbP/ ju{kl/jt{s / ju{ckl/jt{s #=& zAbju{ M zAbx¿sf] sfo{dn " s ju{ tyf pkju{
Jo'Tkfbgsf] lrgf/L lbg #=* ¿kfog k|lqmof / Jo'Tkfbg k|lqmofdf leGgtf
• zAbsf sfo{d"ns ju{ tyf ltgsf pkju{sf] #=( cGo k|lqmof M ;df;, låTj / cGo
j0f{g ug{ #=!) ;lGwlj1fg
• ¿kfog k|lqmofsf] kl/ro lbO{ ¿kfog / #=!)=! cfGtl/s / afXo;lGw
Jo'Tkfbg k|lqmofdf kfOg] leGgtf atfpg #=!)=@ ¿kWjGofTds kl/jt{gsf lgodx¿
• ;df;, låTj / cGo ljljw Jo'Tkfbg k|lqmofsf]
pbfx/0f lbg
• ;f]bfx/0f ;lGwlj1fgsf] lrgf/L lbg
• jfSolj1fgsf] kl/ro lbg, PsfO rf/ M jfSolj1fg
• ¿klj1fg / jfSolj1fgsf] ;DaGw atfpg $=! jfSolj1fgsf] kl/ro
 ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
• kb, kbfjnL, pkjfSo, jfSo / ;+sygsf] $=@ ¿klj1fg / jfSolj1fgsf] ;DaGw
kl/ro lbg $=# kb, kbfjnL, pkjfSo, jfSo / ;ª\sygsf] kl/ro
• lnË, jrg, k'?if, sf/s, ljelQm, sfn, efj, $=$ Jofs/0ffTds sf]l6
kIf / jfRo h:tf Jofs/0ffTds sf]l6sf] $=$=! lnË
:j¿k / k|of]u kIfsf] lrgf/L k|:t't ug{ $=$=@ jrg
• ;ª\ult / zf;gsf] kl/ro lbg $=$=# k'?if
• kbqmd / o;sf k|sf/x¿sf] j0f{g ug{ $=$=% sf/s
• ;dtnLo ;+/rgf / txut ;+/rgfsf] :j¿k $=$=^ ljelQm
/ pbfx/0f k|:t't ug{ $=$=& sfn
• cjz]if / ;+rngsf] pbfx/0f lbg $=$=* kIf
• Jofs/0ffTds k|sfo{sf] kl/ro lbg $=$=( efj
• kbfjnLsf ;fy} tbGtu{tsf zLif{s / $=$=!) jfRo
ljz]ifssf] kl/ro lbg $=% ;ª\ult / zf;gsf] kl/ro
• ;f]bfx/0f kbfjnLsf] d"n k|ltaGwgsf] :j¿k $=^ kbqmd / o;sf k|sf/
atfpg $=& ;dtnLo ;+/rgf / txut ;+/rgf
• cf>ossf] cjwf/0ff k|:t't ug{ $=* cjz]if / ;+rng
• jfSosf lgs6 36sx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug{ / $=( Jofs/0ffTds k|sfo{
To;sf] ;Ldf lgb{]z ug{ $=(=! p2]Zo
• pbfx/0f;lxt cGts]lGb|s / alxMs]lGb|s $=(=@ ljw]o
;+/rgfsf] :j¿k / k|sf/ atfpg $=(=# sd{
• rD:sLsf] ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fsf] cfwf/e"t $=(=$ k"/s
cjwf/0ff :ki6;Fu j0f{g ug{ $=!) kbfjnLsf] zLif{ / ljz]ifs -:k]l;kmfo/_
• ;f]bfx/0f clgjfo{ / P]lR5s ¿kfGt/0f $=!! kbfjnLsf d"n k|ltaGwg -sG:6]«G6_
lgodsf] JofVof ug{ $=!@ cf>os -slDKnd]G6/fOh/_ sf] kl/ro
• g]kfnL jfSosf cfwf/df ¿kfGt/0f k|lqmofsf] $=!# lgs6 36s ljZn]if0f / o;sf ;Ldf
lrgf/L lbg $=!$ cGtMs]lGb|s / alxMs]lGb|s ;+/rgf
• g]kfnLsf cfwf/e"t, ;/n, ;+o'Qm / ;lGglji6 $=!% rD:sLsf] ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0fsf cfwf/e"t cjwf/0ff
jfSosf] pbfx/0f;lxt kl/ro lbg $=!^ ¿kfGt/0f lgod -clgjfo{ tyf P]lR5s_
$=!& ¿kfGt/0f k|lqmof -cs/0f, ljWoy{s, ;+efjgfy{s tyf
jfSofGt/0ffTds_
$=!* g]kfnLsf cfwf/e"t, ;/n, ;+oQ ' m / ;lGglji6 jfSox¿
• cy{lj1fgsf] kl/ro lbO{ To;sf] If]q PsfO kfFr M cy{lj1fg
cf}+Nofpg %=! cy{lj1fgsf] kl/ro / o;sf] If]q
• cy{sf Jofs/0ffTds, sf]zLo, ;Gbe{k/s, %=@ cy{sf k|sf/
;fxrof{Tds, wf/0ffTds e]bsf] kl/ro;lxt %=@=! Jofs/0ffTds
pbfx/0f lbg %=@=@ sf]zLo
• Jofs/0ffTds / sf]zLo cy{df kfOg] leGgtf %=@=# ;Gbe{k/s
atfpg %=@=$ ;fxrof{Tds
• cf/]v ;lxt ;ª\s]t lqsf]0fsf] cjwf/0ff %=@=% wf/0ffTds
k|:t't ug{ %=# Jofs/0ffTds cy{ / sf]zLo cy{df e]b
• ;+/rgfTds cy{lj1fgsf] kl/ro lbO{ %=$ ;ª\st] lqsf]0f
kof{ojfrL, cg]sfyL{, ljk/LtfyL{, ;dfj]zL, %=% ;+/rgfTds cy{lj1fg / cy{ ;DaGwx¿
c;dfj]zL, ;dWjGofTds, ;d¿kfTds %=%=! kof{ojfrL
zAbdf kfOg] cy{ut ;DaGwsf] pbfx/0f lbg %=%=@ cg]sfyL{
• cy{;DaGwdf ;lGgwfg l;4fGtsf] cjwf/0ff %=%=# ljk/LtfyL{ ;dfj]zL
k|:t't ug{ %=%=$ c;dfj]zL
• ;f]bfx/0f ;ª\36sfTds ljZn]if0fsf] lrgf/L %=%=% ;dWjGofTds
lbg %=%=^ ;d¿kfTds
 ljlzi6 p2]Zo kf7\oljifo
• JofVofTds cy{lj1fgsf] cjwf/0ff k|:t't ug{ %=^ ;lGgwfg l;4fGt
• pTkfbs cy{lj1fgsf] kl/ro lbg %=& ;ª\36sfTds ljZn]if0f
%=* JofVofTds cy{lj1fg
%=( pTkfbs cy{lj1fg
b|i6Jo M sf]i7leqsf] cª\sn] cg'dflgt PsfO ef/ hgfpF5 .
$= lzIf0f k|ljlw
o; kf7\of+zsf] cWoog cWofkgsf qmddf k|of]u x'g] lzIf0f k|ljlwnfO{ b'O{ efudf juL{s/0f
ul/Psf] 5 . clwsf+z kf7\oj:t'x¿ cWofkg ug{ k|of]u ul/g] lzIf0f k|ljlw ;fwf/0f lzIf0f k|ljlwdf
/flvPsf 5g\ eg] s'g} lglZrt PsfOcGtu{tsf kf7\oj:t' cWofkg ug{ k|of]u ul/g] lzIf0f k|ljlwnfO{
ljlzi6 lzIf0f k|ljlw cGtu{t /flvPsf] 5 .
$=! ;fwf/0f lzIf0fk|ljlw
k|To]s PsfOdf cfjZostfcg';f/ JofVofg, k|Zgf]Q/, 5nkmn tyf u[xsfo{, sIffsfo{, kl/of]hgf
sfo{sf] k|:t'tLs/0f ljlwsf] pkof]u ul/g]5 . PsfOsf] k|s[ltcg'¿k kf7\ok':ts, ;xfos k':ts, ;Gbe{
k':ts, kf7kq, tflnsf / cf/]vx¿sf] pkof]u ul/g]5 .
$=@ ljlzi6 lzIf0fk|ljlw
;d"x sfo{ / k|:t'lt <
%= d"Nofª\sg k|lqmof
o; kf7\of+zsf] clGtd d"Nofª\sg lq=lj= ;]di] 6/ k/LIff k|0ffnLcg';f/ lnlvt k/LIffåf/f ul/g]5 .
lzIf0f l;sfOsf] cjlwdf kf7\oj:t'sf] k|sl[ tcg';f/ lnlvt k/LIff, ;d"xsfo{, df}lvs tyf lnlvt k|:t'ltaf6
d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsg]5 . ;]di] 6/ k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt x'g o;k|sf/sf d"Nofª\sgdf ljBfyL{ pQL0f{ ePsf] x'g'kg]{5
.
;]di] 6/ k/LIffdf ;f]lwg] k|Zgsf] k|sl[ t, k|Zg9fFrf / To;sf] cª\sef/ lgDgfg';f/ x'g5
] –
k|Zgsf] k|s[lt hDdf k|Zg ;ª\Vof pQ/ lbg'kg{] k|Zg ;ª\Vof / cª\sef/ s'n cª\sef/
;d"x …sÚ M ax'js} lNks k|Zg
;d"x …vÚ M 5f]6f k|Zg
;d"x …uÚ M nfdf] k|Zg
hDdfM %) k"0ff{ªs
\

^= l;kmfl/; ul/Psf k':ts tyf ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿

kf7\ok':ts
uf}td, b]jLk|;fb -@)%*_= g]kfnL ¿kfGt/0f Jofs/0f, sf7df8f}+ M lr/~hLjL l3ld/] -PsfO–% sf nflu_
Gof}kfg], 6ª\sk|;fb , e08f/L kf/;kl0f / cGo -@)^&_, ;fdfGo efifflj1fg, sf7df8f}+ M ;gnfO6 klAns];g
. -PsfO !–% sf nflu_
kf]v/]n, afns[i0f -;Dkf= @)#(_= kRrL; jif{sf eflifs rrf{, sf7df8f}+ M g]kfn k|1fk|lti7fg
kf]v/]n, dfwjk|;fb -@)^$_, g]kfnL Wjlglj1fg / g]kfnsf efiffsf] Wjlgkl/ro= sf7df8f}+ M e'F8Lk'/f0f
k|sfzg -PsfO–@ sf nflu_ .
aGw', r"8fdl0f -@)%)_= efifflj1fg, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg -PsfO !–% ;Ddsf nflu_ .
ofbj, of]u]Gb|k; | fb / /]UdL, eLdgf/fo0f -@)%(_, efifflj1fg, sf7df8f}+ M Go' lx/f a'S; OG6/k|fOh]h
-PsfO !–% ;Ddsf nflu_
;Gbe{;fdu|L
clwsf/L, ;"od { l0f -@)%^_, g]kfnL efiffsf] Oltxf;, sf7df8f}+ M e'F8Lk'/f0f k|sfzg .
clwsf/L, x]dfË/fh -@)$(_, ;d;fdlos g]kfnL Jofs/0f, sf7df8f}+ M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/ .
lqm:6n, 8]le8, -O{ !(*)_, lnlª\Ujl:6S;, xfdf{]G;\ jy{ M k]gu'Og k|sfzg .
Snfs{, hf]g -!(() O{_, / sf]lng ofnf]k, Pg OG6«f]8S;g 6' kmf]gl6S; PG8 kmf]gf]nhL, cS;kmf]8{ M afl;n
Anfs j}n .
u'Kt, e6gfu/ / cGo -;g\ !(&$_, cfw'lgs efifflj1fgsL e"ldsf, hok'/ M /fh:yfg lxGbL u|Gy csfbdL .
uf}td, b]jLk|;fb -@)$(_, g]kfnL efiff kl/ro, nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .
uf}td, b]jLk|;fb / n'OF6]n, vu]Gb|k; | fb -@)%#_, Wjlglj1fg / j0f{lj1fg, sf7df8f}+ M gjLg k|sfzg .
lu|gau{, h]=Pr=, -!(&$ O{=_, Nofª\Uj]h 6fOkf]nhL M P lx:6f]l/sn PG8 Pgflnl6sn cf]e/ Eo', b x]uM
d'6f] .
lUn;g, Pr=P= -!(^! O{=_, Pg OG6«f]8S;g 6' l8l:qmPl6e lnª\lUjl:6S;, Go'of]s{ M xN6 l/g]xf6{ PG8
ljG;6g .
l3ld/], jf;'b]j -@)^$_, P]ltxfl;s efifflj1fg, sf7df8f}+ M cl:dtf k|sfzg .
9sfn, zflGtk|;fb -@)^#_, ;fdfGo efifflj1fg, sf7df8f}+ M z'esfdgf k|sfzg .
ltjf/L, ef]nfgfy -!((@ O{=_, lxGbL efiffsL cfyL{ ;+/rgf, lbNnL M ;flxTo ;xsf/ .
ltjf/L, ef]nfgfy, -!(*% O{=_, cfw'lgs efifflj1fg, lbNnL M lnlkk|sfzg .
tf]jf, ;'of];L / cGo -@))% O{=_ g]kfndf efiffx¿sf] ljljwtf / nf]kf]Gd'v l:ylt -cg'= n]vgfy zdf{ kf7s_
sf7df8f}+ M o'g:] sf] .
låj]bL, b]jLzÍ/ -!(^$ O{=_, efiff cf}/ eflifsL, cfu/f M nIdLgf/fo0f k|sfzg .
Gof}kfg], 6Ík|;fb -@)%!_, efifflj1fgsf] ¿k/]vf, w/fg M g]kfn a's l8kf] .
Gof}kfg], 6Ík|;fb / bLkk|;fb Gof}kfg], -@)^#_, ¿klj1fg, sf7df8f}+ M e'F8Lk'/f0f k|sfzg .
kfd/, k|m}ªs\ -!(&! O{=_, u|fd/, xfdf{]G; jy{ M k]ª\lUjg k|sfzg .
kf]v/]n, afns[i0f -@)$&_, g]kfnL efiffsf] pTklQ, sf7df8f}+ M ef/åfh k|sfzg .
aGw', r"8fdl0f -@)%#_, efifflj1fgsf ;Dk|bfo, sf7df8f}+ M cIf/ ;bg .
An'dlkmN8, lnof]gf8{ -!(^* O{=_, efiff -cg'= ljZjgfy k|;fb_ agf/; M df]tLnfn agf/;L bf; .
e§/fO{, 8L=kL= -@)^)_, g]kfnL Jofs/0fsf sf]l6x¿, sf7df8f}+ M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/ .
e08f/L, kf/;dl0f -@)^@_, k|fof]lus efifflj1fgsf s]xL kIf, sf7df8f}+ M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/ .
d]Yo'h, kL=Pr= -!(&$ O{=_, df]kmf{]nhL, SoflDa|h M SoflDa|h o'lgel;{6L k|]; .
d]Yo'h, kL=Pr=-!((#_, u|fdl6sn Yof}/L ckm b o'gfO6]8 :6]6;\ k|md An'd lkmN8 6' rf]D:sL, SoflDa|h M
SoflDa|h o'lgel;{6L k|]; .
o'n, hh{ -!(*( O{=_, b :68L ckm Nofª\Uj]h, SoflDa|h M SoflDa|h o'lgel;{6L k|]; .
/laG;, rfN; Pkm= -!(*) O{=_, hg/n lnª\lUjl:6S;\ M Pg OG6«f]8S6/L ;e{], nG8g M nªDofG;\ .
nD;fn, /fdrGb| -@)^@_, g]kfnL efiff / Jofs/0f, sf7df8f}+ M ;gnfO6 k|sfzg .
lnr, Hof]km| L -!(*# O{=_ lk|lG;kn ckm Ko|fUDofl6S;, nG8g M nª\DofG;\ .
n]K:sL, hL=;L= -!(&@ O{=_, P ;e{] ckm :6«Sr/n lnª\lUjl:6S;, nG8g M km]a/ PG8 km]a/ .
n]xDofg, 8ANo"=kL= -!((% O{=_, lx:6f]l/sn lnª\lUjl:6S;, Go'of]s{ M ?6 n]/n .
Nof8]kmf]U8, lk6/ -!(*@ O{=_ P sf];{ Og kmf]g]l6S;= Go'of]s{ M xf/sf]6{ .
jdf{, ;Tosfd / Pg= s[i0ff:jfdL -!(*)_, df]8{g lnª\lUjl:6S; M Pg OG6«f]8S;g= lbNnL M cS;kmf]8{
o'lgel;{6L k|]; .
zdf{, b]jLbQ -!(*$ O{+=_ ;+:s[tsf P]ltxfl;s Pj+ ;+/rgfTds kl/ro, r08Lu9 M xl/of0ff ;flxTo
csfbdL .
zdf{, df]xg/fh / a/fn, s[i0fxl/ -@)%@_, efifflj1fg / g]kfnL efiff, sf7df8f}+ M sf7df8f}+ a's ;]G6/ .
>Ljf:tj, /jLGb|gfy -@))) O{=_, cg'k|o'Qm efifflj1fg M l;4fGt Pjd\ k|of]u, lbNnL M /fwfs[i0f k|sfzg .
l;+x, ;'/hdfg -!((@ O{=_, lxGbLsf jfSofTds Jofs/0f, lbNnL M ;flxTo;xsf/ .
xls6, rfN;{ Pkm= -!(%* O{=_, P sf];{ Og df]8{g lnª\lUjl:6S;, Go'of]s{ M Dofsldng .